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110-642: The Pryluky Regiment was one of the seventeen territorial-administrative subdivisions of the Hetman State . The regiment's capital was the city of Pryluky , now in the Chernihiv Oblast , north-central Ukraine . The regiment was created during the Khmelnytsky Uprising . Following the signing of the Treaty of Zboriv in 1649 it consisted a total of 21 companies , and had 2,100 registered Cossacks . During

220-602: A classic western education to their students. Many of those trained in Kyiv – such as Feofan Prokopovich – would later move to Moscow, so that Ivan Mazepa's patronage not only raised the level of culture in Ukraine but also in Moscow itself. A musical academy was established in 1737 in the Hetmanate's then-capital of Hlukhiv . Among its graduates were Maksym Berezovsky (the first composer from

330-583: A death toll between 20,000 and 100,000. Despite reinforcements, Zaporizhzhia was taken on 3 October 1941. The German occupation lasted two years; during which the Germans shot over 35,000 people, and sent 58,000 people to Germany as forced labourers . The Germans reformed Army Group South in February 1943, and put its headquarters in Zaporizhzhia. Adolf Hitler visited the headquarters in February 1943, and again

440-450: A dowry for daughters, and at the same time had a symbolic value, certifying status of their master, and were also family heirlooms. The household was important not only because it was the main source of livelihood for the master and his family, but also because it was the main support for military service. The fighting capacity of the Cossack army, the duration of military operations, and often

550-500: A geological feature, which looks like a large bowl in granite slabs, the Cossack's Bowl. It is said that in summer days, water can be boiled in this "bowl", and the Cossacks used it for cooking galushki (boiled dough in a spicy broth). Zaporizhzhia is an important transportation hub in Ukraine that includes roads, as well as rail, river and air links for passenger and freight transport. Zaporizhzhia International Airport , located to

660-477: A long time, the type of "house in two halves" characteristic of Ukrainian housing was preserved, but in the case of the Cossack Starshyna society, they differed in the number of rooms and interior decoration. In many respects, the interior of the home of the Cossack Starshyna still resembled folk dwellings. The traditions of painting windows, doors, strollers, and baby carriages were preserved. The inner walls of

770-582: A military orientation and were a good means of physical training of the Cossacks. Among the Zaporozhian Cossacks, various systems of martial arts have become widespread. The most famous formed the basis of the Cossack hopak ( Ukrainian : гопак ) dance. In 1620 The Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople reestablished the Kyiv Metropolis for the Eastern Orthodox communities that refused to join

880-514: A present could be, for example, a horse. Often the Starshyna had large apiaries and treated this business not only as a source of income, but also liked to rest there. Also, drinking coffee became a certain means of rest and relaxation in the environment of the Starshyna society. The free time of the Cossacks was filled with various physical exercises: competitions in swimming, running, rowing, wrestling, fistfights, etc. All these and other exercises had

990-537: A purely utilitarian function, but are also the subject of aesthetic tastes and preferences that form a style characteristic of different eras. In general, the clothes of the Starshyna society, both male and female, did not differ from the Eastern European style of the time. Men's zhupan (robes), kuntush , various belts were worn both in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and in Ukraine, just like

1100-675: A result of which the Ottoman-Tatar army completely destroyed the Cossack capital Chyhyryn. In order to deprive the enemy of support, the Left-bank hetman government forcibly removed the entire population of the Dnieper region to the Left-bank. The war ended with the conclusion of the Bakhchysarai Peace in 1681. According to this treaty, the Russo-Ottoman border was established along the Dnieper;

1210-457: A result, the noble estate now consisted of a merger between the nobility that had stayed in the territory of the Hetmanate (old noble families that did not succumb to Polonization and lesser nobles who had participated in the uprising on the side of the Cossacks against Poland) with members of the emergent Cossack officer class. Unlike the Polish nobles whose lands were redistributed, the nobles loyal to

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1320-745: A total of 35.2% of appeals to the Poltava city court in 1777-1780 concerned insults of the noble honor. Similar lawsuits came from both starshyna and ordinary Cossacks, which suggest to the existence in the Cossack society of that period of ideas that were very similar to the ideas of the nobility of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth of the XVII century. During the Hetmanate, the Roman Catholic Church and Uniate clergy were driven from Ukraine. The "black", or monastic , Orthodox clergy enjoyed

1430-427: A very high status in the Hetmanate, controlling 17% of the Hetmanate's land. Monasteries were exempt from taxes and at no times were peasants bound to monasteries allowed to forgo their duties. The Orthodox hierarchy became as wealthy and powerful as the most powerful nobles. The "white", or married, Orthodox clergy were also exempt from paying taxes. Priests' sons often entered the clergy or the Cossack civil service. It

1540-521: Is a city in southeast Ukraine , situated on the banks of the Dnieper River . It is the administrative centre of Zaporizhzhia Oblast . Zaporizhzhia has a population of 710,052 (2022 estimate). Zaporizhzhia is known for the historic island of Khortytsia , multiple power stations and for being an important industrial centre. Steel, aluminium, aircraft engines, automobiles, transformers for substations, and other heavy industrial goods are produced in

1650-430: Is a popular recreational area, has sanatoriums , resorts, health centres, and sandy beaches. Zaporizhzhia is the main city of Zaporizhzhia Oblast with a form of self-rule within the oblast. The city is divided into 7 urban districts . The population of the districts of the city of Zaporizhzhia as of 1 November 2015: The city population has been declining since the first years of state independence. In 2014–2015

1760-747: Is a reconstruction of the stronghold of the Zaporizhzhian Cossacks, and contains features of the military camp life and their lifestyle. Each of the smaller islands between the dam and the island Khortytsia has its own legend. On one of them, Durnya Scala ("Rock of the Fool"), Tzar Peter the Great flogged the Cossacks for their betrayal of the Russians during the Great Northern War between Russia and Sweden. Another small island, Stolb ("Pillar"), has

1870-516: Is important for transshipment for goods from the Donbas. Zaporizhstal, Ukraine's fourth largest steel maker, and ranking 54th in the world, is based in the city. Zaporizhzhia is a large electricity generating hub. There are hydroelectric power plant known as "DniproHES" Dnieper Hydroelectric Station and the largest nuclear power plant in Europe. Prior to the 2022 invasion, the plants generated about 25% of

1980-566: Is the central station, located in the southern part of the city and is a part of Simferopol-Kharkiv, the "north-south" transit route. The line of the Zaporizhzhia-the-Second station connects the Donbas coalfield with Kryvyi Rih. The city has an extensive tram network with 7 lines called the Zaporizhzhia Tram . The city's two river ports are part of the national water transportation infrastructure that connects Kyiv to Kherson along

2090-518: Is under the Moscow Patriarchate, is most popular. There are also St. Nicholas Church and St. Andrew's Cathedral in the city. Protestantism is represented by: Catholicism is represented by: The biggest Catholic church is Church of God, the Father of Mercy Orthodox Judaism is represented by one union and six communities. In the Zaporizhzhia district there are five communities which are part of

2200-650: Is used for official government business. The native language of people living in Zaporizhzhia, according to censuses in Ukraine (by percent): The following religious denominations are present in Zaporizhzhia: Most of the citizens are Orthodox Christians of Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) or Orthodox Church of Ukraine . Among the Orthodox churches the Church of the Intercession  [ uk ] , which

2310-680: The Crimean Tatars betrayed the Cossacks for the third time in 1653, Khmelnytsky realized he could no longer rely on Ottoman support against Poland, and he was forced to turn to Tsardom of Russia for help. Final attempts to negotiate took place in January 1654 in the town of Pereiaslav between Khmelnytsky with Cossack leaders and the Tsar's ambassador, Vasiliy Buturlin . The treaty was concluded in April in Moscow by

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2420-694: The DEKA Stock Association transferred its aircraft engine manufacturing plant from Saint Petersburg to Zaporizhzhia. During the Russian Civil War (1918–1921), Zaporizhzhia was the scene of fierce fighting between the Red Army and the White armies of Denikin and Wrangel , Petliura 's Ukrainian People's Army of the Ukrainian People's Republic , and German-Austrian troops. The opposing armies used

2530-688: The Dnieper and putting the Zaporozhian Sich under a formal joint Russian-Polish administration. After a failed attempt to break the union with Russia by Ivan Mazepa in 1708, the whole area was included into the Kiev Governorate , and Cossack autonomy was severely restricted. Catherine II of Russia officially abolished the institute of the Hetman in 1764, and from 1764 to 1781, the Cossack Hetmanate

2640-708: The Ford River Rouge steel mill to produce rolling steel strip. The annual capacity of the mill reached 540,000 tonnes (600,000 short tons) of 170 cm (66 inches) wide steel. After the outbreak of the War between the USSR and Nazi Germany in June 1941, the Soviet government began evacuating Zaporizhzhia's industries to Siberia . and the Soviet security forces began shooting political prisoners in

2750-821: The Little Russia Office was created as a government department. The Cossack Hetmanate was called the "Country of Ukraine" ( Turkish : اوكراینا مملكتی/Ukrayna memleketi ) by the Ottoman Empire . In the text of Treaty of Buchach , it is mentioned as the Ukrainian State ( Polish : Państwo Ukraińskie ). The map of Ukraine made by Johann Homann , refers to it as Ukraine, or the Land of Cossacks ( Latin : Ukrania quae et Terra Cosaccorum ). The Russian poet Alexander Pushkin also talks about "Ukraine" rather than "Cossack Hetmanate" in his poem Poltava describing events around

2860-578: The Spiritual Administration of Muslims of Ukraine and four independent Muslim communities. The city hosts a branch of the Vedic Academy . Zaporizhzhia is an important industrial centre of Ukraine, the country's main car manufacturing company, the Motor-Sich aircraft engine manufacturer. Well supplied with electricity, Zaporizhzhia forms, together with the adjoining Donets Basin ( Donbas ) and

2970-608: The Treaty of Andrusovo in 1667, the Tsardom of Russia gained sovereignty over Left-bank Ukraine and its regiments came under the administration of Russia. In 1782 the regiment had 11 companies and a population of 69,200. In 1782 the regiment was disbanded by the order of the Empress Catherine the Great . All of the regiment's territories were included into the Chernigov Governorate . Hetman State The Hetmanate

3080-730: The Union of Brest . In 1686 the Orthodox Church in Ukraine changed from being under the jurisdiction of the Patriarch in Constantinople to being under the authority of the Patriarch of Moscow . Nevertheless, before and after this date local Church leaders pursued a policy of independence. Hetman Ivan Mazepa established very close relations with Metropolitan Varlaam Iasynsky (reigned 1690–1707). Mazepa provided donations of land, money and entire villages to

3190-645: The Verkhovna Rada approved the " Decommunisation Law ". Since the introduction of the law, the city council renamed over 50 streets and administrative areas of the city, monuments of the Soviet Union leaders Lenin and Felix Dzerzhinsky have been destroyed, and names honouring Soviet leaders in the titles of industrial plants, factories, culture centres, and the DniproHES have been removed. Russian forces have been engaged in ongoing attacks on Zaporizhzhia since

3300-640: The Zaporizhzhia Arch Bridge area, construction began on the New Zaporizhzhia Dniper Bridge , although construction was halted soon after it began, due to a lack of funding. During the 2014 Euromaidan regional state administration occupations , during protests against President Viktor Yanukovych , Zaporizhzhia's regional state administration building was occupied by 4,500 protesters, and there were clashes between Ukrainian and pro-Russian activists in April 2014. On 19 May 2016,

3410-406: The clavichord were widespread. Also violin and horns , husli ( Ukrainian : гуслі ) and bandura ( Ukrainian : бандура ). While on a campaign, the Starshyna society danced, on church holidays they sang. Cossacks were extremely fond of church singing. A common phenomenon of the cultural life of the Hetmanate was the performances of the so-called traveling diaks ( Ukrainian : дяки ), students of

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3520-500: The 'Fountain of Life' at the Mayakovskoho square  [ uk ] . A daily exhibition of artists' organizations of the city is a unique place in Zaporizhzhia, where people can meet craftsmen and artists, watch carving , embroidery , beading classes, and receive advice from professional artists and designers. The historical and cultural museum "Zaporizka Sich" is placed on the northern rocky part of Khotritsa Island. The museum

3630-534: The 1709 Battle of Poltava . The founder of the Hetmanate, Bohdan Khmelnytsky , declared himself the ruler of the Ruthenian state to the Polish representative Adam Kysil in February 1649. His contemporary Metropolitan Sylvestr Kosiv recognized him as "the leader and the commander of our land". In his letter to Constantin Șerban (1657), he referred to himself as Clementiae divinae Generalis Dux Exercituum Zaporoviensium . Grand Principality of Ruthenia

3740-736: The 17th century. These resentments were frequently exploited by Russia. The Zaporizhian Sich served as a refuge for Cossacks fleeing the Hetmanate as it had been prior to Khmelnytsky's uprising. After 1735 Cossacks that were not part of starshyna, were split into Elected Cossacks ( Ukrainian : виборні козаки ) and Helper Cossacks ( Ukrainian : підпомічники ). Cossack privileges were preserved only for elected Cossacks, who were exempted from any duties, but were obliged to perform military service in person with their own equipment, weapons and horses. Similarly to Cossack starshyna, noble szlachta identity became widespread amongst ordinary Cossacks. Both Cossack and szlachta terms were used as synonyms. For example

3850-555: The Battle of Poltava, the Hetmanate's autonomy became nominal and the governorate of Kyiv was established. The Russian Empire also began to purge all suspected allies of Mazepa, culminating in the executions of Cossacks in Lebedyn . This resulted in the death of over 900 cossack officials, accused of treason. During the reign of Catherine II of Russia , the Cossack Hetmanate's autonomy was progressively destroyed. After several earlier attempts,

3960-514: The Church. He also financed the building of numerous churches in Kyiv, including the Church of the Epiphany and the cathedral of St. Michael's Golden-Domed Monastery , and restoration of older churches such as Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv , which had deteriorated to near ruin by the mid-17th century, in a style known as Ukrainian Baroque . The social structure of the Hetmanate consisted of five groups:

4070-536: The Cossack noble and officer class acquired huge landed estates comparable to those of the Polish-Ruthenian magnates whom they had replaced and emulated. Most Cossacks failed to enter the noble estate and continued their role as free soldiers. The lower rank Cossacks often resented their wealthier brethren and were responsible for frequent rebellions, particularly during the Ruin , a period of instability and civil war in

4180-717: The Cossacks Samiilo Bohdanovych-Zarudny and Pavlo Teteria , and by Aleksey Trubetskoy , Vasilii Buturlin, and other boyars . As a result of the treaty, the Zaporozhian Host became an autonomous Hetmanate within the Russian state. The treaty also led to the Russo-Polish War of 1654–1667 . The period of Hetmanate history known as "the Ruin ", lasting from 1657 to 1687, was marked by constant civil wars throughout

4290-423: The Dnieper-Buh confluence had to be uninhabited for 20 years. After the defeat of the Ottomans at the Battle of Vienna in 1683, the Tsardom of Russia and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth concluded the Treaty of Perpetual Peace in 1686, which also established the division of the Hetmanate between them. On the Left-bank, Samoilovych was considered to be the culprit of the disintegration of the Cossack state between

4400-426: The Dnieper. Freight ships and cutter boats travel between Zaporizhzhia and nearby villages. The island of Khortytsia splits the Dnieper into two; the main channel passes the island on its eastern side, with the Staryi Dnipro (Old Dnieper) flowing past the island on the western side. Zaporizhzhia is a setting in two Axis victory in World War II short novels by the American author Harry Turtledove , Ready for

4510-456: The Hetmanate retained their privileges, their lands, and the services of the peasants. Together, the old nobles and the new Cossack officers became known as the Distinguished Military Fellows ( Znachni Viiskovi Tovaryshi ). Thus, the nature of noble status was fundamentally changed. It no longer depended on ancient heredity, but instead on loyalty to the Hetmanate. Over time, however, Cossack officer lands and privileges too became hereditary, and

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4620-419: The Hetmanate's internal affairs. When the tsar refused to defend Ukraine against the Polish King Stanislaus Leszczynski , an ally of Charles XII of Sweden , Mazepa and some Zaporozhian Cossacks allied themselves with the Swedes on October 28, 1708. The decisive battle of Poltava (in 1709) was won by Russia, putting an end to Mazepa's goal of independence, promised in an earlier treaty with Sweden. Following

4730-479: The Hetmanate, Khmelnytsky engaged in state-building across multiple spheres: military, administration, finance, economics, and culture. He invested the Zaporozhian Host under the leadership of its hetman with supreme power in the new Ruthenian state, and he unified all the spheres of Ukrainian society under his authority. This involved building a government system and a developed military and civilian administration out of Cossack officers and Ruthenian nobles, as well as

4840-405: The Kyiv-Mohyla Academy or collegiums, who earned money for living and studying during the holidays by performing popular acts – interludes. There was also such a kind of intellectual pursuit of time as a game of chess. Among the popular leisure activities was playing cards, especially in winter. In 1727, such card games as picket, lumberjack, and fantas were mentioned. They played for money, sometimes

4950-421: The Nikopol manganese and Kryvyi Rih iron mines, one of Ukraine's leading industrial complexes. The city is a home of Ukraine's main automobile production centre, which is based at the Zaporizhzhia Automobile Factory (ZAZ), producing Ukrainian car brands such as Zaporozhets and Tavria . After the end of the Russian Revolution , the city became an important industrial centre. The presence of cheap labor and

5060-409: The Ottomans, who granted him Ukraine, while the hetman agreed to support Ottoman military action with his army. "By 1669 the Porte issued a patent (berat, nişan) granting Doroshenko all of Cossack Ukraine as an Ottoman sancak or province". This move sharply reduced his popularity among the Ukrainians and commoners, giving rise to the emergence of two self-proclaimed Right-bank hetmans, Petro Sukhovii and

5170-468: The Poles that he wanted to be the Hetman of a Ruthenia stretching to Chelm and Halych , and build with the Tatar's help. He warned them he intended to resume his military campaign. When the delegation returned and informed John II Casimir of Khmelnytsky's new campaign, the king called for an all szlachta volunteer army, and sent regular troops against the cossacks in southern Volhynia . However, after obtaining intelligence of superior cossack forces,

5280-409: The Polish reinforcements and block their way at a river crossing near Zboriv . Caught by some degree of surprise, John Casimir started negotiations with the Tatar's khan. With the khan at his side, he forced Khmelnytsky to start peace negotiations. Khmelnytsky signed the Treaty of Zboriv in August 1649, with a result somewhat less than the Cossack leader had anticipated from his campaign. As ruler of

5390-491: The Polish troops retreated to Zbarazh to set up a defense. The forces of Jeremi Wiśniowiecki reinforced the Zbarazh defenders while he took the lead of all Polish forces. Khmelnytsky besieged the city, wearing it down through a series of random attacks and bombardments. The king, while rushing to help Wiśniowiecki, was ambushed with his newly gathered forces. Khmelnytsky, leaving part of his army with Ivan Cherniata near Zbarazh, moved together with İslâm III Giray to intercept

5500-418: The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, zhupans and kuntush remained the main men's clothing until the end of the 18th century. The clothes of a Cossack Starshyna indicated belonging to a certain society, where the accepted style prevailed. At the same time, there was a formation of an individual style that distinguished a person among a certain social group. Clothes also had a family value. It was a tradition to leave

5610-538: The Ruin effectively ended when Ivan Mazepa was elected hetman, serving from 1687 to 1708. He brought stability to the Hetmanate, which was again united under a single hetman. The Hetmanate flourished under his rule, particularly in literature and architecture. The architectural style that developed during his reign was called the Cossack Baroque style. During his reign, the Great Northern War broke out between Russia and Sweden . Mazepa's alliance with Peter I caused heavy losses of cossacks and Russian interference in

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5720-439: The Russian Empire to be recognized in Europe) and Dmitry Bortniansky . In addition to traditional printing presses in Kyiv , new printing shops were established in Novhorod-Siverskyi and Chernihiv . Most of the books published were religious in nature, such as the Peternik , a book about the lives of the monks of the Kyiv-Pechersk monasatary. Books on local history were compiled. In a book written by Inokentiy Gizel in 1674,

5830-434: The Russian Plain and the Crimean peninsula were absorbed into the Russian Empire. The Aleksandrovskaya Fortress then lost its military significance, and became a small rural town, which from 1806 to around 1930 was called Alexandrovsk. The opening of the Kichkas Bridge at the start of the 20th century, the first rail crossing of the Dnieper , was followed by the industrial growth of Zaporizhzhia. In 1916, during World War I,

5940-592: The Theatre of Horse Riding " Zaporizhzhian Cossacks ", the Zaporizhzhia Regional Museum, the National Museum of the History of the Zaporizhzhian Cossacks, the Zaporizhzhia Regional Art Museum , the Motor Sich Aviation Museum, and the Zaporizhzhia Region Universal Scientific Library . There are a number of small amateur groups of folk music bands, art galleries in Zaporizhzhia. The city regularly holds festivals, Cossack martial arts competitions, and art exhibitions. Zaporizhzhia has an open-air exhibition-and-sale of Zaporizhzhia city association of artists «Kolorit» near

6050-405: The Tsardom of Russia, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Ottoman Empire. After the unsuccessful Crimean campaign of 1687, he was denounced, arrested and exiled to Siberia . At the same time, on the Right-bank, the Poles abolished the Cossack self-government and the regimental system in 1699. As a result, the Hetmanate continued to exist only on the Left-bank of the Dnieper. The period of

6160-415: The Tsardom of Russia, while Right-bank Ukraine remained part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and was temporarily occupied by the Ottoman Empire in the period of 1672-1699 (see the Treaty of Buchach and the Treaty of Karlowitz ). For a short time, Petro Doroshenko became the hetman of both banks. After treason by Demian Mnohohrishny and a new Polish offensive, Dorosenko concluded an alliance with

6270-426: The Ukrainian electricity supply. Located near Enerhodar and about 60 km (37 miles) from Zaporizhzhia is the Zaporizhzhia thermal power station and the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant , the largest nuclear power plant in Europe. Zaporizhzhia has an orchestra, museums, theatres, and libraries. These include the Magara Academic Drama Theatre, the Municipal Theatre Lab "VIE", the Theatre for Young-Age spectators,

6380-403: The Ukrainian population of the Right-bank began to flee to the Left-bank of the Dnieper, Sloboda Ukraine , Galicia and Volhynia . In 1674, Samoilovych's Left-bank Cossacks, together with the Russian army, invaded the Right-bank, and in 1676, deprived of support, Doroshenko capitulated, surrendering the hetman's capital of Chyhyryn with kleinods. These events unleashed the Russo-Turkish War , as

6490-475: The beginning of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine . On 27 February, fighting was reported in the southern outskirts, and Russian forces began shelling the city later that evening. Russia invaded and occupied part of Zaporizhzhia Oblast but failed to take Zaporizhzhia itself. On 3 March, Russian forces approached the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant , raising concerns about a potential nuclear meltdown. Russian military forces fired missiles on Zaporizhzhia on

6600-449: The central town, where sotnyk resided with his council. merged with Kropyvna merged with Chernihiv merged with Chernihiv Волинський Волинський other formation: 1657-1658 Zaporizhia Zaporizhzhia ( Ukrainian : Запоріжжя , IPA: [zɐpoˈriʒʲːɐ] ; Russian : Запорожье , romanized :  Zaporozhye , IPA: [zəpɐˈroʐje] ), formerly known as Oleksandrivsk until 1921,

6710-489: The city also enter the Dnieper: Sukha  [ uk ] and Mokra Moskovka  [ uk ] , Kushuhum  [ uk ] , and Verkhnia Khortytsia  [ uk ] . The flora of Khortytsia is unique and diverse, due to the dry steppe air and a large freshwater basin, which cleans the air polluted by industry. The island is a national park . The ground surface is cut by large ravines (" balka "), hiking routes and historical monuments. The island, which

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6820-412: The city as a bridgehead over the Dnieper with elements of 40th Panzer and 17th Corps. The Soviet Southwestern Front , commanded by Army General Rodion Malinovsky , attacked Zaporizhzhia on 10 October 1943. The defenders repelled these attacks, but the Red Army launched a surprise night attack on 13 October, which succeeded in reclaiming most parts of the city. In 2004, to alleviate congestion around

6930-478: The city in two; between them is Khortytsia Island . The city covers 334 km (129 sq mi) at an elevation of 50 m (160 ft) above sea level. The New and Old Dnieper flow past around Khortytsia: The New Dnieper  [ uk ] is about 800 m (2,600 feet) wide while the Old Dnieper  [ uk ] is about 200 m (660 feet) wide. The island size is 12 km × 2 km (7.5 mi × 1.2 mi). Smaller rivers in

7040-458: The city. On 18 August 1941, elements of the German 1st Panzergruppe reached the outskirts of Zaporizhzhia on the right bank and seized the island of Khortytsia. The Red Army blew a 120 by 10 metres (394 ft × 33 ft) hole in the Dnieper hydroelectric dam on 18 August 1941, producing a flood wave that swept from Zaporizhzhia to Nikopol . The flood killed local residents as well as soldiers from both armies, with historians estimating

7150-467: The clothes of the deceased in the family, giving away some of them after death. Among the things that were given great importance in the Starshyna society were jewelry. This can be traced to dowry registers, wills, property descriptions. Jewels, which are ornaments made of gold, silver, various precious stones – rubies , emeralds , sapphires , diamonds , pearls , corals – were called "jewels". They were used as capital investments, for example, to provide

7260-447: The conditions of the treaty, Ukraine would become a third and autonomous component of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, under the ultimate sovereignty of the King of Poland but with its own military, courts, and treasury. But the treaty, although ratified by the Diet in May 1659, was never implemented because it was unpopular among the lower classes of the Ruthenian society, where more rebellions occurred. Eventually Vyhovsky surrendered

7370-458: The demand for them. Interestingly, the clothes had value not only for women. According to sources, including diaries and property descriptions, men also attached importance to their wardrobe, although it was not as varied. The basic outerwear for men, kuntush, zhupan or kaftan , has been traditional for a long time. Zhupans or kaftans are mentioned in documents of the 16th century. Silk and cloth belts were quite expensive. In Ukraine, as well as in

7480-409: The diet was completely different, and the set of products also changed. When going on a campaign, a Cossack had to take with him a supply of food, which should last for several months. That is why they took something that did not spoil and could be used for a long time on the road. The basis of the ration in the campaigns was sukhari ( rusks ), cereals, flour, salo (salo is a high-calorie product – more

7590-467: The east of the city on the left-bank of the Dnieper, serves domestic and international flights. Shyroke Airfield is to the west of the city on the right-bank of the Dnieper. Zaporizhzhia is bypassed beyond its eastern outskirts by a major national highway M18 , which connects Kharkiv with Simferopol . The H08 , which starts just outside Kyiv and travels southeast along the Dnieper through Kremenchuk , Kamianske , Dnipro , passes through Zaporizhzhia on

7700-422: The establishment of an elite within the Cossack Hetman state. The Hetmanate used Polish currency, and Polish as an administrative language and language of command. However, after the Truce of Andrusovo in 1667, the "simple language" ( Ukrainian : проста мова ), or the commonly spoken vernacular language of Ukraine, began to be written down and widely used in official documents of the Cossack Hetmanate. After

7810-408: The evening of 12/13 May. On 30 September, hours before Russia formally annexed Southern and Eastern Ukraine , the Russian Armed Forces launched S-300 missiles at a civilian convoy in Zaporizhzhia , killing at least 30 people. On 9 October, Russian forces launched rockets at residential buildings, killing at least 17 people. Zaporizhzhia is located in south-eastern Ukraine . The Dnieper splits

7920-550: The expense of the lands owned by peasants and rank-and-file Cossacks, and the peasants were forced to work increasingly more days for their landlords. Nevertheless, their obligations remained lighter than they had been prior to the uprising; and until the end of the Hetmanate, peasants were never fully enserfed and retained the right to move. The Cossack Hetmanate was divided into military-administrative districts known as regiments ( regimental districts ; Ukrainian : полк , romanized :  polk ) whose number fluctuated with

8030-509: The final and complete integration of the Ukrainian lands and society into the Russian Empire. The Ukrainian people were turned into serfs of the Russian nobles, and an aggressive policy of Russification was also started. The Hetmanate coincided with a period of cultural flowering in Ukraine, particularly during the reign of hetman Ivan Mazepa . In the construction of dwelling , for

8140-579: The following month, where he was briefed by Field Marshal Eric von Manstein and his air force counterpart Field Marshal Wolfram Freiherr von Richthofen , and in September 1943, the month the Army Group moved its headquarters to Kirovohrad . In August 1943, the Germans built the Panther-Wotan defence line along the Dnieper from Kyiv to Crimea . They retreated back to this line in September 1943, holding

8250-555: The food was divided into daily, festive and fasting. There were differences in the diet of wealthy Cossacks and the poor. Often the poor were satisfied with empty borshch (without meat), fish and sauerkraut . Food was cooked in an oven (in the winter in the house, in the kitchen, in the summer in the summer kitchen or in the summer oven in the yard). Every family needed simple utensils: a Dutch oven ( Ukrainian : чавун , romanized :  chavun ), bowls, pans, rohachi ( Ukrainian : рогачі ), pokers. Visitors from abroad commented on

8360-431: The help of Tatars. During the battle Pushkar was killed and replaced with a new colonel, while the leaders of the uprising were strictly repressed. After this, Vyhovsky and General Starshyna considered the relationship with Russia to be broken. The newly elected Metropolitan Dionisi Balaban was transferred to Chyhyryn , away from Kyiv. A manifest nullifying the union with Russia was sent throughout Europe, mainly because it

8470-434: The high level of literacy, even among commoners, in the Hetmanate. There was a higher number of elementary schools per population in the Hetmanate than in either neighboring Russia or Poland. In the 1740s, of 1,099 settlements within seven regimental districts, as many as 866 had primary schools. The German visitor to the Hetmanate, writing in 1720, commented on how the son of Hetman Danylo Apostol , who had never left Ukraine,

8580-399: The houses were covered with wallpaper. The rooms were decorated with carpets made by local artisans. Stoves for heating were lined with tiles. Life was decorated with colourful and beautiful things. They bought mirrors, chandeliers , a lot of beautiful dishes – silver, porcelain dishes, teapots , coffee pots, spoons, knives, beer bottles, silver trays, cups, etc. Clothes do not only perform

8690-406: The independence of the Hetmanate, and from the Russian side there were attempts to declare agreements reached with Yurii Khmelnytsky in 1659 as nothing more than the "former Bohdan's agreements" of 1654. The 1667 Treaty of Andrusovo , conducted without any representation from the Cossack Hetmanate, established the borders between the Polish and Russian states, dividing the Hetmanate in half along

8800-441: The latter name is found in various Polish, Russian, Ottoman and Arab sources. Following the Khmelnytsky Uprising in 1648, the name "Little Russia" gained ground and was used in relations with Moscow, while internally, the territory was called Ukraine and its inhabitants as the "Ruthenian nation". In Russian diplomatic correspondence, it was called Little Russia ( Russian : Малороссия , romanized :  Malorossiya ) and

8910-464: The nobility, the Cossacks, the clergy, the townspeople, and the peasants. As had been the case under Poland, the nobility continued to be the dominant social class during the Hetmanate, although its composition and source of legitimacy within the new society had changed radically. During the Khmelnytsky Uprising , the Polish nobles and Polonized Ruthenian magnates fled the territory of the Hetmanate. As

9020-549: The office of hetman and fled to Poland. The newly re-installed Yurii Khmelnytsky signed the newly composed Pereiaslav Articles that were increasingly unfavorable for the Hetmanate and later led to introduction of serfdom rights. In 1667, the Russo-Polish war ended with the Treaty of Andrusovo , which split the Cossack Hetmanate along the Dnieper River: Left-bank Ukraine enjoyed a degree of autonomy within

9130-548: The office of the hetman was finally abolished by the Russian government in 1764, with the creation of the Little Russia Governorate . In 1781, the regimental administrative system of the Little Russia Governorate was completely abolished and viceroyalties were formed. The Little Russia Governorate was then divided into three viceroyalties (provinces): Kyiv, Chernihiv and Novhorod-Siverskyi. This step meant

9240-639: The original fortress that formed a part of the Dnieper Defence Line of the Russian Empire . Zaporizhzhia was founded in 1770, when the Aleksandrovskaya ( Александровская ) Fortress was built as a part of the Dnieper Defence Line, to protect the southern territories of the Russian Empire from Crimean Tatar invasions. Following the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca in 1775, the southern lands of

9350-604: The outcome of the entire war depended on the supply of food. Daily food was fish. It was dried, salted and boiled. The typical food of the Cossacks was varenyky (dumplings), halushky , borshch . The Cossacks consumed mainly boiled, stewed and baked food, thus, peculiar taste stereotypes and habits developed. Popular food in the Sich was porridge-like dishes made from various grains: solomakha ( Ukrainian : соломаха ), teteria ( Ukrainian : тетеря ), shcherba ( Ukrainian : щерба ), bratko ( Ukrainian : братко ). Kulish ( Ukrainian : куліш )

9460-434: The peasants under their control to continue to provide their services. Thus as a result of the uprising, approximately 50% of the territory consisted of lands given to Cossack officers or free self-governing villages controlled by the peasants, 33% of the land was owned by Cossack officers and nobles, and 17% of the land was owned by the Church. With time, the amount of territory owned by the nobles and officers gradually grew at

9570-513: The pro-Polish Mykhailo Khanenko . Direct armed support of the anti-Doroshenko forces by the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth forced Sultan Mehmed IV to intervene in the conflict. In 1672, Ottoman troops captured Podillia , the Bratslav region, and the southern Kyiv region and forced the Poles to sign the Treaty of Buchach . Doroshenko restored his power, but due to Tatar raids and violent islamization ,

9680-410: The proximity of deposits of coal, iron ore, and manganese created favorable conditions for large-scale enterprises of the iron and mechanical engineering industries. Today Zaporizhzhia is an important industrial centre of the region with heavy industry (particularly metallurgy ), aluminium, and chemical industry. Cars, avia motors and radioelectronics are manufactured in the city. The port of Zaporizhzhia

9790-633: The rate of the population decrease was −0.56%/year. In January 2017, the population was 750,685. The total reduction of the population of the city since independence has been around 146,000 (not including 2017–2018). According to the 2001 census , 70.28% of the population of Zaporizhzhia (total population 815,300) were Ukrainians , 25.39% were Russians , 0.67% were Belarusians, 0.44% were Bulgarians, 0.42% were Jews, 0.38% were Georgians, 0.38% were Armenians, 0.27% were Tatar, 0.15% were Azeris, 0.11% were Roma (Gypsies), 0.1% were Poles, 0.09% were Germans, 0.09% were Moldovans, and 0.07% were Greeks. Ukrainian

9900-541: The region. The name Zaporizhzhia refers to the position of the city: "beyond the rapids"—downstream or south of the Dnieper Rapids . These were previously an impediment to navigation and the site of important portages . In 1932, the rapids were flooded to become part of the reservoir of the Dnieper Hydroelectric Station . Before 1921, the city was called Aleksandrovsk (or Oleksandrivsk), named after

10010-506: The regions of Cossack Hetmanate completely disregarding the authority of hetman and spreading rumors that in truth Russia did not support the candidacy of Vyhovsky. Vyhovsky, seeing the situation turning out of his control, went on to extinguish the revolt led by the Zaporozhian Kish otaman Yakiv Barabash and Poltava Colonel Martyn Pushkar . In the spring of 1658 Vyhovsky crossed Dnieper and confronted mutineers near Poltava with

10120-440: The size of the Hetmanate's territory. In 1649, when the Hetmanate controlled both the right and left banks, it included 16 such districts. After the loss of Right-bank Ukraine, this number was reduced to ten. The regimental districts were further divided into sotnias ( Ukrainian : сотня ), which were administered by sotnyks ( Ukrainian : сотник ). The lowest division was the kurin ( Ukrainian : курінь ). Sotnias were named by

10230-417: The state. After Bohdan Khmelnytsky died in 1657, his sixteen-year-old son Yurii Khmelnytsky was elected as successor. Bohdan's son was not only too young and inexperienced, but also clearly lacked the charisma and leadership qualities of his father. In response, Ivan Vyhovsky , the general scribe ( Ukrainian : писар , romanized :  pysar ) of the Hetmanate and an adviser to Bohdan Khmelnytsky,

10340-405: The steppe spaces in close contact with nomads . Meat was an essential addition to the diet of the Cossacks both in summer and in winter. The food reserves of the Cossacks were constantly replenished. Those who lived in winter quarters especially tried. Their main task was to supply the Cossacks with various foods – from meat, flour, lard, cereals to vegetables and fruits. During military campaigns,

10450-683: The strategically important Kichkas Bridge to transfer troops, ammunition, and medical supplies. The Soviet government industrialized Zaporizhzhia still further during the 1920s and 1930s, when the Dnieper Hydroelectric Station, and the Zaporizhzhia Steel Plant , and the Dnieper Aluminium Plant were built. In the 1930s, the American United Engineering and Foundry Company built a strip mill similar to

10560-458: The theory that Moscow was the heir of ancient Kyiv was developed and elaborated for the first time. Among the cultural and educational interests that characterize the leisure time of a Cossack Starshyna, there is a passion for music. A love of music, singing, and dancing was cultivated in the Cossack Starshyna environment. Things that brought aesthetic pleasure, provided comfort to everyday life, were musical instruments. Keyboard instruments such as

10670-517: The uprising the regiment took part in the Battle of Berestechko in 1651. When a civil war emerged among the cossacks the Hetmanate was split along the Dnieper River into Left-bank Ukraine and Right-bank Ukraine , which placed the regiment under the control of Left-bank Ukraine hetmans . The regiment was involved in successfully suppressing Martyn Pushkar 's revolt against the Vyhovsky government. After

10780-528: The way to Mariupol . The H15 from Donetsk and the H23  [ de ] from Kropyvnytskyi via Kryvyi Rih, both end in Zaporizhzhia. There are four road bridges and two rail bridges over the Dnieper, nearly all of which bridges cross Khortytsia Island. President Volodymyr Zelenskyy opened the first stage of the New Zaporizhzhia Dniper Bridge early in 2022. The city has two rail stations, Zaporizhzhia-1 railway station and Zaporizhzhia-the-Second. The First

10890-438: The women's clothing – skirts, corsets (laces) were typical for the whole of Europe in the 18th century. The elements of the outfit differed, presumably, in the details of the cut, decorativeness, while the fabrics used were common to all of Europe: velvet , satin , brocade , taffeta , textile , silk , which were imported to Ukraine from Silesia and Saxony . Trade in these goods was conducted very actively, which indicates

11000-467: Was also often prepared. One of the peculiarities of the Cossack diet was the insignificant consumption of baked bread, because there was not always enough flour. One of the most famous first courses is the Cossack teteria, which is quite similar to the kulish. Simple and easy-to-prepare meals were nutritious, but above all, they kept for a long time. Eastern influence is also felt on the derivative cuisine. Teteria and solomakha became dishes that were formed on

11110-874: Was coined in the late 19th century, deriving from the word hetman , the title of the general of the Zaporizhian Army. Despite not being centered in Zaporizhia , the region's name ( lit.   ' beyond the rapids ' ) was derived from Cossacks in Southern Ukraine centered on the Zaporizhian Sich , as well as a general name for Ukrainian Cossacks as a political and military organization. The Constitution of Pylyp Orlyk refers to it as " Little Russia " ("кордони Малої Росії, Вітчизни нашої", lit.   ' borders of Little Russia, our Fatherland ' ) and "Ukraine" ( Ukrainian : Україна , Latin : Ucraina );

11220-541: Was conducting friendly relationships with Poland and supporting internal opposition within the Hetmanate. Negotiations with Sweden had frozen, while he had military support from the Crimean Khanate , so Vyhovsky decided to renegotiate with Poland, with whom talks continued for quite some time. On September 16, 1658 in Hadiach , an official document was signed between representatives of the Cossack Hetmanate and Poland. Under

11330-634: Was elected hetman in 1657 by the Starshyna council. His election caused widespread discontent among other regiments and the Zaporizhian Host, who sent runners to Moscow with complaints. As a result, new elections were called that same year at which Vyhovsky was reelected at the General Military Council. This election was also confirmed by Russian authorities who were informed according to the Pereiaslav treaty. Moscow continued to accept runners from

11440-506: Was fluent in the Latin, Italian, French, German, Polish and Russian languages. Under Mazepa, the Kyiv collegium was transformed into an academy and attracted some of the leading scholars of the Orthodox world. It was the largest educational institution in lands ruled by Russia. Mazepa established another collegium in Chernihiv. These schools largely used the Polish and Latin languages and provided

11550-577: Was founded by the Hetman of the Zaporizhian Host , Bohdan Khmelnytsky , during the Khmelnytsky Uprising from 1648 to 1657 in the eastern territories of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . Establishment of vassal relations with the Tsardom of Russia in the Treaty of Pereiaslav of 1654 is considered a benchmark of the Cossack Hetmanate in Soviet, Ukrainian, and Russian historiography . The second Pereiaslav Council in 1659 further restricted

11660-561: Was incorporated as the Little Russia Governorate headed by Pyotr Rumyantsev , with the last remnants of the Hetmanate's administrative system abolished in 1781. The official name of the Cossack Hetmanate was the Zaporizhian Host or Army of Zaporizhia ([Військо Запорозьке] Error: {{Langx}}: transliteration text not Latin script ( help ) ). The historiographic term Hetmanate ( Ukrainian : Гетьманщина , romanized :  Hetmanshchyna , lit.   ' Hetman state ' )

11770-461: Was not uncommon for nobles or Cossacks to become priests and vice versa. Twelve cities within the Hetmanate enjoyed Magdeburg rights , in which they were self-governing and controlled their own courts, finances and taxes. Wealthy townsmen were able to hold office within the Hetmanate or even to buy titles of nobility. Because the towns were generally small (the largest towns of Kyiv and Nizhyn had no more than 15,000 inhabitants), this social group

11880-427: Was not very significant relative to other social groups. Peasants comprised the majority of the Hetmanate's population. Although the institution of forced labor by the peasants was reduced significantly by the Khmelnytsky Uprising , in which the Polish and Ruthenian landlords and magnates were expelled from the territory controlled by the Hetman, those nobles loyal to the Hetman as well as the Orthodox Church expected

11990-567: Was the proposed name of the Cossack Hetmanate as part of the Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth . After many successful military campaigns against the Poles, Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky made a triumphant entry into Kyiv on Christmas 1648, where he was hailed as a liberator of the people from Polish captivity. In February 1649, during negotiations in Pereiaslav with a Polish delegation, Khmelnytsky made it clear to

12100-554: Was used in reserve: it can be stored for a long time, and also used in canning products). Cossacks carried water in wooden trunks tied to the saddle. Fishing nets were also taken on hikes. Among the sweet dishes in Cossack times, the following were known: kvas ( Ukrainian : квас ), kutia ( Ukrainian : кутя ) with honey, kutia with poppy seeds and nuts, rice with honey and cinnamon, kutia with raisins and nuts, soup made of dried apples, plums and cherries ( uzvar ). Traditional local tonic drinks were weak beer and fruit kvas. In general,

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