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48-644: The patriarchate was established in Moscow in 1589: the first patriarch was Job . The patriarchate was abolished in 1721 by Peter the Great and replaced with the Most Holy Synod , before being restored on 10 November [ O.S. 28 October] 1917, by decision of the All-Russian Local Council . The current patriarch is Kirill , who acceded to the position on 1 February 2009. Different variations of

96-471: A monk . His father, however, insisted that he marry. Once, Ioann asked his father's permission to see his confessor in the Uspensky Monastery in their native town of Staritsa ( Tver Oblast ). Upon his arrival in 1551, Ioann immediately took monastic vows and assumed the religious name of Job. Job spent fifteen years in the cloister and finally became its abbot in 1566 with the help of Ivan

144-558: A university in Moscow staffed with foreign professors because he believed their influence and non- Orthodox faith would spread heterodoxy and endanger the purity of the Russian Church. Under Job's supervision, the Russians corrected books for the divine services and prepared them for publication. He assisted in the glorification (canonization) of some of the Russian saints , ordering

192-416: A year in order to dispel superstition or apostates and to congregate believers (point 6). Finally, the oath compelled bishops to swear that they would not become involved in secular affairs or legal proceedings. Peter was determined to westernize Russia during his reign, and the church was an integral part of his campaign. As mentioned earlier, the new structure of the church in many ways resembled that which

240-550: The de facto independence ( autocephaly ) of the Moscow (north-eastern) part of the Church. Meanwhile, in the lands of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland , the rulers continued to recognise Isidore as metropolitan; Jonah was rejected and was unable to exercise any pastoral control beyond the borders of Muscovy. The metropolis continued to operate beyond Muscovy under

288-557: The Julian calendar ; reorganizing the Russian army in the European style; establishing a meritocracy (as opposed to the previous system of delineating positions by aristocratic lineage); outlawing or taxing beards (which were common among the Old Believers ); etc. Peter's desire for the consolidation and standardization of authority led to the creation of the synod. With one leader (the patriarch)

336-646: The Lutheran countries of northern Europe. Although the emperor did not wield authority in matters of faith, the government effectively controlled organization, finances and policies of the church. Believing that the government should play an active role in the lives of citizens, Peter expected the church to do the same. He directed the church to form public welfare projects for the benefit of the common people. These included almshouses and Christian schools. In November 1718, Peter formed an Ecclesiastical College in St. Petersburg, as it

384-539: The Novospassky Monastery . In 1581, Job was consecrated as Bishop of Kolomna . Though a person of mediocre mental abilities, he nevertheless managed to draw the attention of Boris Godunov by his talent for reading the longest of prayers by heart in a very expressive manner. During the reign of Feodor I (whose government was controlled by Boris Godunov), Job was appointed archbishop of Rostov and Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia in 1587. Realizing

432-601: The Patriarchate when he began altering the administrative structure of the church. Delaying choosing a new patriarch proved economically advantageous; by restricting ecclesiastic land ownership and other financial luxuries of the clergy, the state saved money. This gave Peter further incentive to abolish the Patriarchy. In 1711, reform allotted the Senate jurisdiction over all peoples, including ecclesiastical subjects. This meant that

480-508: The Russian Orthodox Church , he also challenged traditional Russian values, which were rooted in religion and a social structure defined by boyars and aristocracy, merchants, clerics, peasants and serfs. He did so by implementing enlightenment ideals—except for any that would have resulted in democratizing the Russian government, tolerating political or religious dissent, or encouraging the free growth of thought or ideas; establishing

528-637: The mother church of the Ecumenical Patriarchate with the revised title of Metropolitan of Kiev, Galicia and all Rus' . In 1589, Jeremias II , the Patriarch of Constantinople, regularized Moscow's canonical status and raised Job to the status of patriarch . In 1685, the western part of the former metropolis that was situated in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was transferred from the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople to

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576-687: The Charter of the Russian Orthodox Church adopted in 2000, the tenure of a patriarch is for life , and the right to trial a deposed patriarch as well as the question of his retirement belong to the Council of Bishops . Between terms, the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church elects the chair from among its permanent members of the locum tenens of the Patriarchal throne. "Not later than six months after

624-550: The Council of Bishops earlier (and local council had the right to add to the list of new candidates), and the second — the two candidates with the most votes in the first round. Kirill I was elected on 27 January 2009 by the ROC Local Council (the 2009 Pomestny Sobor) as Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus' and Primate of the Russian Orthodox Church, with 508 votes out of 700. He was enthroned on 1 February 2009. The Patriarch enters

672-471: The Great inspired the creation of the Most Holy Synod. The new Imperial Age saw radical change and developments in economic, social and cultural aspects of Russian life. Peter traveled twice to Europe and made reforms that reflected his desire to westernize Russia and worked to Russify the European models to better fit his nation. Beyond forming the synod in an effort to enfeeble the power and authority of

720-560: The Moscow Patriarchate as the Metropolis of Kiev . It is a matter of dispute as to whether Moscow abided by the terms of the transfer. Upon the death of Patriarch Adrian in 1700, Peter I did not permit the election of a new patriarch; after 20 years he established a Theological College, soon renamed the Most Holy Synod , which, as a public body, acted as the general church administration from 1721 to 1917. The emperor (to 2 March 1917)

768-563: The Terrible , who had made Staritsa his residence during the time of the Oprichnina . According to Debra A. Coulter, "Job was known as a humble man of impeccable morals, learned for his times, who worked for the good of the church and the promotion of Orthodox Christianity." In 1571, Job was transferred to Moscow and appointed abbot of the Simonov Monastery . In 1575, he became the abbot of

816-426: The appropriate method for dealing with heretics and oppositionists. The third section designates that monks of their dioceses were not to travel outside diocese limits, unless for an urgent matter, and only then with written permission. The oath prohibited the building of any unnecessary churches (point 4) and the hiring on of any unessential clerics (point 5). The oath required clergy to visit their diocese at least once

864-469: The celebration of the memory of Basil Fool for Christ in 1588, as well as that of Joseph Volotsky and others. Patriarch Job also favored the construction of new cathedrals and monasteries and Christian missionary activities in the recently conquered Astrakhan Khanate and Siberia . He also corresponded with Catholicos Nicholas V of Georgia and exchanged gifts with him. After the mysterious death of tsarevich Dmitry Ivanovich in 1591, Job accepted

912-476: The church proved too great of a threat to Peter's rule, and he was unwilling to share power. When the conservative Patriarch Adrian died in 1700, Peter left the position unfilled and instead Archbishop Stephen Yavorsky , a supporter of reform, administered the church for roughly twenty years. In 1721 the church officially came under the cloak of the Russian national government with the Spiritual Order, which

960-403: The council and each member would get one vote when determining a dispute. Formed as a reaction to Peter's views of Russia as compared to Western Europe, the synod was a concentration of clerics who had received extensive formal higher education. It worked to gain as much of the disputed church property as possible, and after assuming control of the patriarchal domain the synod was accountable for

1008-690: The course of his church reform . Its establishment was followed by the abolition of the Patriarchate. The synod was composed partly of ecclesiastical persons, partly of laymen appointed by the Tsar . Members included the Metropolitans of Saint Petersburg , Moscow and Kiev , and the Exarch of Georgia . Originally, the Synod had ten ecclesiastical members, but the number later changed to twelve. A series of reforms by Peter

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1056-543: The death of Tsar Feodor I and the refusal of his wife, Irina Godunova, to accept the throne, Patriarch Job became the head of state in 1598. As he was much obliged to Boris Godunov for his promotion to the post of patriarch, Job offered his candidature as tsar to the Land Assembly (Zemsky sobor). On 21 February 1598, he headed a religious procession to Boris Godunov at the Novodevichy Convent, imploring him to accept

1104-455: The dignity during a special ceremony of enthronement, which is held a few days after the election. Patriarch Job of Moscow Job ( Russian : Иов , Iov ), also known as Job of Moscow (d. 19 June 1607), was the first Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia . He is venerated as a saint by the Russian Orthodox Church. He was the Metropolitan of Moscow and all Rus' from 1587 to 1589. He

1152-557: The dwindling power of the church. The church was made politically subject to the government, instead of the traditional relationship between church and state, in which rulers, such as Ivan IV , felt in some ways subject to the approval of the Orthodox Church in order to remain a legitimate sovereign. Peter used the Synod to find and punish dissident Russians. An addition in 1722 to the Ecclesiastic Regulation, which replaced

1200-488: The election of Metropolitan Sergius as patriarch in 1943. The church has its origins in the Metropolis of Kiev and all Rus' that was erected on the territory of Kievan Rus' . It existed between 988 AD and 1596 AD. Canonically , it was under the jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople . The episcopal seat ( cathedra ) was located in the city of Kiev . In 1325, Metropolitan Peter moved

1248-618: The episcopal seat from Vladimir to Moscow . Following the Union of Florence , the Grand Prince of Moscow — Vasily II of Moscow — voided the union in his lands and imprisoned Metropolitan Isidore of Kiev for some time. Having adjudged Isidore to have apostatized to Catholicism , he was deposed by a local synod. After the metropolitan throne lay vacant for seven years, the secular authorities replaced him with Jonah of Moscow . Like his immediate predecessors , he permanently resided in Moscow, and

1296-620: The grant of the dignity to the Patriarch Ignatius. Job was sent into exile to his monastery in Staritsa , where he went completely blind. Job was succeeded by Archbishop Ignatius of Ryazan and only returned to Moscow following the murder of False Dmitry I , the imprisonment of Patriarch Ignatius at the Monastery of the Miracle and the accession of Vasili IV of Russia . On 20 February 1607, at

1344-466: The limit; for example, he refrained from secularizing church lands. Under the synod, the church became more tolerant of various denominations, even extending this policy to the Old Believers for a period of time. Intermarriage between Orthodox and Western Christians was permitted starting in the year of the Synod's formation. The synod was intended, presumably, to mirror the church-state relationship in

1392-523: The lives of 6000 people. It was to be revered absolutely in all things and possessed "patriarchal power, honour, and authority". The primary duties of the synod were to supervise the direction of the Orthodox faith, instruct people on religious matters, celebrate feasts and determine questions of order and ritual. As mentioned before, the synod also suppressed heretics, judged miracles and relics and prevented Russian citizens from practicing witchcraft. The synod

1440-664: The necessity of strengthening the ecclesiastic authority in Russia , Godunov managed to persuade the Patriarch of Constantinople Jeremias II to establish a patriarchate in Russia. On 5 February 1589 (26 January, J.C.) Job was elected the first Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia . He exercised all his influence and played a major part in Boris Godunov's ascending to the Russian throne. Job did not approve, however, of Godunov's proposal to open

1488-528: The non-criminal version of his demise, supporting Boris Godunov every step of the way. In 1591, he headed the official enquiry into the death of Tsarevich Dmitry in Uglich. After consulting with the church council and the duma of boyars, the patriarch announced his verdict – the tsarevich had accidentally stabbed himself and not been murdered. In that year he also founded the Donskoy Monastery in Moscow. After

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1536-464: The patriarch as the church head, required clerics to report any seditious confessions. Before the creation of the Most Holy Synod, Peter was concerned personally with improvements in the church. He was particularly interested in improving the education of the clerics, since many were illiterate and unable to administer sacraments. At the time Peter established the synod, he also issued the Spiritual Order, mentioned above. One key aspect of this edict

1584-591: The patriarch of the charter was not detailed, "place-holder establishes the procedure for electing the Holy Synod". In 2011, the Presidium of the Inter-Council Presence reviewed the draft document "The procedure and criteria for the election of the Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus ' " and decided to send it to the diocese for comment and publish the discussion. In the 20th century, Metropolitan Tikhon as patriarch

1632-405: The release of locum tenens of the patriarchal throne, and the Holy Synod of the local council ... shall convene to elect a new Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus ' ." The candidate for the patriarch must be a bishop of the Russian Orthodox Church, not younger than 40 years old, have a "higher theological education, the expertise of the diocesan administration". The procedure for the election of

1680-679: The request of Tsar Vasili Shuisky , Patriarchs Hermogen and Job jointly celebrated the Holy Liturgy at the Dormition Cathedral in the Moscow Kremlin , where he forgave the people of Moscow and gave them his blessing. He died a very sick man in 1607. In 1652, Job's relics were transferred to the Cathedral of the Dormition of the Moscow Kremlin , where they remain to this day. Patriarch Job

1728-441: The state now had authority over issues that had been previously reserved for church authorities. With this power came the ability, in certain situations, for the state to determine clerics for administration in religious positions. In 1716 Peter formulated an oath for the bishops-elect of Vologda and Astrakhan and Yavorskii. The oath, divided into seven parts, served as a supplement to the present oath. The first two parts regard

1776-451: The throne. Job was known as a harsh critic of False Dmitry I and he tried to persuade the people of Moscow to remain loyal to the deceased tsar . The armed supporters of the impostor burst into the Cathedral of the Dormition and a boyar named P. F. Basmanov declared Job a traitor. Job's formal removal from office was on 24 June 1605, when the council announced his retirement because of old age and ill health. The same council announced

1824-527: The title, including "Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia", "Patriarch of Moscow and all the Great , and Small , and White Russia ", and others have been used. The modern form, "Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus'", was initially used in 1589 (when the see was elevated to patriarchate) through 1721 (when abolished by Peter the Great ). The current version of the title was restored beginning in 1917 until suspended by Soviet authorities in 1925, and since being reinstated with

1872-610: Was glorified as a saint by the Russian Orthodox Church in 1989. Most Holy Synod Autocephaly recognized by some autocephalous Churches de jure : Autocephaly and canonicity recognized by Constantinople and 3 other autocephalous Churches: Spiritual independence recognized by Georgian Orthodox Church: Semi-Autonomous: The Most Holy Governing Synod ( Russian : Святейший Правительствующий Синод , romanized :  Svyateyshiy Pravitel'stvuyushchiy Sinod , pre-reform orthography : Святѣйшій Правительствующій Сѵнодъ , Svyatěyshìy Pravitel'stvuyushchìy Sÿnod )

1920-431: Was "the highest judge of the assembly." This completed the transformation of the Moscow Patriarchate into a Caesaropapist entity that was under the control of the Russian state. The Patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church was restored by decision of the All-Russian Local Council on 28 October (11 November) 1917. The first patriarch elected after restoration was Patriarch Tikhon , Metropolitan of Moscow. According to

1968-401: Was current in European countries with established churches, such as Sweden and Germany. In a broader sense, though, Peter was attempting to modernize Russia through secularization, which was a vital step in the course of European political modernization during this time. Secularization, in this instance, meant the institutionalization and expansion of the state's wealth and authority coupled with

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2016-529: Was elected by lot from the three pre-approved for the Local Council candidates; between rigid state control over the affairs of the Russian Orthodox Church Sergius, Alexy I and Pimen were elected uncontested open vote on the approval of the government. Alexius II was elected to the Local Council in 1990 by secret ballot in the first round, which was attended by three candidates approved by

2064-660: Was ostensibly written primarily by Archbishop Theophan Prokopovich . After Patriarch Adrian died, Peter, through the inspiration and encouragement of his official A.A. Kurbatov, decided to abolish the patriarchal Razryadnyi Prikaz (rank prikaz), which was in charge of civil and military administration, and redirected all matters to the appropriate prikaz, an administrative or judicial office. This event and others demonstrated that little by little, Peter's administration rendered each church division powerless and their duties transferred to paralleled governmental departments. Some scholars argue, though, that Peter did not intend to abolish

2112-515: Was that it disregarded or denied the divinity of the church and characterized it as a state institution. The Holy Synod replaced the job of the patriarch with ten, and later twelve, clerics. The chief procurator (Ober-Prokuror), the first of whom was Colonel I. V. Boltin, oversaw the synod in order to verify the legality of their actions and the prompt and orderly fulfillment of their responsibilities. Peter required priests to report traitorous confessions, but he did not push his ability to control to

2160-469: Was the center of civil government. Soon, its name was changed to "Most Holy All-Ruling Synod". The synod functioned under the Ecclesiastical Regulation statute with the goal of administrating and reforming the church. The statute stated that the eleven members of the college were to be of varying classes and ranks. One president, two vice-presidents, four councilors and four assessors comprised

2208-522: Was the highest governing body of the Russian Orthodox Church between 1721 and 1917. It was abolished following the February Revolution of 1917 and replaced with a restored patriarchate under Tikhon of Moscow . The jurisdiction of the Most Holy Synod extended over every kind of ecclesiastical question and over some partly secular matters. Peter I of Russia established the Synod on January 25, 1721 in

2256-468: Was the last Moscow-based primate of the metropolis to keep the traditional title with reference to the metropolitan city of Kiev. He was also the first metropolitan in Moscow to be appointed without the approval of the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople as had been the norm. In 1448, Jonah unilaterally changed his title to Metropolitan of Moscow and all Russia . This signified the beginning of

2304-437: Was the seventeenth Metropolitan in Moscow to be appointed without the approval of the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople as had been the norm. In 1589, Jeremias II , the Patriarch of Constantinople, regularized Job's canonical status and raised him to the status of patriarch . His birth name was Ioann ( Russian : Иоанн , a form of John ). As a teenager, Ioann knew most of the biblical texts by heart and strove to become

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