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68-730: Prior to the early 1800s, the only Grand duchies in Europe were located in what is now Italy: Tuscany (declared in 1569) and Savoy (in 1696). During the 19th century there were as many as 14 grand duchies in Europe at once (a few of which were first created as exclaves of the Napoleonic empire but later re-created, usually with different borders, under another dynasty). Some of these were sovereign and nominally independent ( Baden , Hesse and by Rhine , Mecklenburg-Schwerin , Mecklenburg-Strelitz , Oldenburg , Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach and Tuscany ), some sovereign but held in personal union with larger realms by

136-449: A bureaucracy of clerks, allowed the dukes to become celebrated art patrons and establish a glamorous court life that gave rise to conventions of behavior that lasted for centuries. Philip the Good (1419–1467) extended his personal control to the southeast; bringing Brussels , Namur and Liège under his control. He channeled the traditional independence of the cities through such mechanisms as

204-416: A discontinuity on land, such as in the case of Point Roberts. Along rivers that change course, pene-enclaves can be observed as complexes comprising many small pene-enclaves. A pene-enclave can also exist entirely on land, such as when intervening mountains render a territory, although geographically attached, inaccessible from other parts of a country except through alien territory. A commonly cited example

272-421: A key). Originally, it was a term of property law that denoted the situation of a land or parcel of land surrounded by land owned by a different owner, and that could not be reached for its exploitation in a practical and sufficient manner without crossing the surrounding land. In law, this created a servitude of passage for the benefit of the owner of the surrounded land. The first diplomatic document to contain

340-490: A male dynast . If there were no male heirs in a specific branch of the House of Nassau , the throne would go to the next in line from any of the other branches. This resulted in the title of grand duke being bestowed on a distant male cousin of William III, Adolphe , from the elder branch of Nassau-Weilburg (at present Luxembourg-Nassau ). The current monarch is Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg since 2000. The term "grand duchy"

408-463: A monarch whose grand-dukedom was borne as a subsidiary title (Finland, Luxembourg, Transylvania ), some of which were client states of a more powerful realm ( Cleves and Berg ), and some whose territorial boundaries were nominal and the position purely titular ( Frankfurt ). In the 21st century, only Luxembourg remains a grand duchy. The only grand duchy still extant is Luxembourg . It regained its independence from Napoleonic France and became

476-469: A new replacement site. The same possible curtailments and alterations never apply to proper exclaves. Burgundian Netherlands The Burgundian Netherlands ( Latin : Burgundiae Belgicae , French : Pays-Bas bourguignons , Dutch : Bourgondische Nederlanden , Luxembourgish : Burgundesch Nidderlanden , Walloon : Bas Payis borguignons ) were those parts of the Low Countries ruled by

544-677: A part of a sovereign state (like the Kaliningrad Oblast ). A pene-exclave is a part of the territory of one country that can be conveniently approached – in particular, by wheeled traffic – only through the territory of another country. Pene-exclaves are also called functional exclaves or practical exclaves. Many pene-exclaves partially border their own territorial waters (i.e., they are not surrounded by other nations' territorial waters), such as Point Roberts, Washington , and Minnesota's Northwest Angle . A pene-exclave can also exist entirely on land, such as when intervening mountains render

612-522: A quantitative principle applies: the land boundary must be longer than the coastline. Thus a state is classified as a sovereign semi-enclave if it borders on just one state, and its land boundary is longer than its sea coastline. (Since Vinokurov's writing in 2007, Canada and the Kingdom of Denmark have each gained a second bordering state — each other — with the 2022 division of Hans Island .) Vinokurov affirms that "no similar quantitative criterion

680-652: A sovereign grand duchy in 1815 by decision of the Congress of Vienna which dealt with the political aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars . In order to act as a sufficient counterbalance to France, the Congress decided to grant the dignity of grand duke of Luxembourg to the monarch of the newly created United Kingdom of the Netherlands which comprised present-day Netherlands and Belgium. Luxembourg remained in personal union with

748-521: A territory comprises both land territory and territorial waters. In the case of enclaves in territorial waters, they are called maritime (those surrounded by territorial sea) or lacustrine (if in a lake) enclaves. Most of the true national-level enclaves now existing are in Asia and Europe. While subnational enclaves are numerous the world over, there are only a few national-level true enclaves in Africa, Australia and

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816-465: A territory inaccessible from other parts of a country except through alien territory. A commonly cited example is the Kleinwalsertal , a valley part of Vorarlberg , Austria, that is accessible only from Germany to the north. The word enclave is French and first appeared in the mid-15th century as a derivative of the verb enclaver (1283), from the colloquial Latin inclavare (to close with

884-661: A united Kingdom of Italy . In 1696, the Duchy of Savoy became the Grand Duchy of Savoy when its duke was promoted to grand duke by writ of the emperor. The title was considered a necessary bribe to keep Savoy aligned with the rest of the imperial states during the Nine Years War against France. From 1713, the primary title of the ruler of the Savoyard state became "king" instead (briefly of Sicily, then of Sardinia from 1720 onward). In

952-479: Is Royal Highness (HRH). The title of grand duke borne under the Russian Empire by children and grandchildren of its rulers was a non-sovereign honorific, unrelated to any grand duchy, to which was attached the style of Imperial Highness (HIH). Ranking, internationally, no higher than the members of other reigning dynasties whose head held the title of emperor, the usage was an historical anomaly, persisting from

1020-441: Is a logically extended back-formation of enclave . Enclaves exist for a variety of historical , political and geographical reasons. For example, in the feudal system in Europe, the ownership of feudal domains was often transferred or partitioned, either through purchase and sale or through inheritance, and often such domains were or came to be surrounded by other domains. In particular, this state of affairs persisted into

1088-870: Is a portion of a state or district geographically separated from the main part, by some surrounding alien territory. Many exclaves are also enclaves, but an exclave surrounded by the territory of more than one state is not an enclave. The Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan is an example of an exclave that is not an enclave, as it borders Armenia , Turkey and Iran . Semi-enclaves and semi-exclaves are areas that, except for possessing an unsurrounded sea border (a coastline contiguous with international waters ), would otherwise be enclaves or exclaves. Semi-enclaves and enclaves are mutually exclusive. Likewise, semi-exclaves and exclaves are mutually exclusive. Enclaves and semi-enclaves can exist as independent states ( Monaco , The Gambia and Brunei are semi-enclaves), while exclaves and semi-exclaves proper always constitute just

1156-407: Is both an exclave of A and an enclave from the viewpoint of B. The singular territory D, although an enclave, is not an exclave. An enclave is a part of the territory of a state that is enclosed within the territory of another state. To distinguish the parts of a state entirely enclosed in a single other state, they are called true enclaves . A true enclave cannot be reached without passing through

1224-478: Is needed to define the scope of non-sovereign semi-enclaves/exclaves." Sometimes, administrative divisions of a country, for historical or practical reasons, caused some areas to belong to one division while being attached to another. The term pene -exclave was defined in Robinson (1959) as "parts of the territory of one country that can be approached conveniently – in particular by wheeled traffic – only through

1292-609: Is of relatively late invention, used at first in Western Europe in 1569 in the case of Tuscany, to denote either territories of a particularly mighty duke or territories of significant importance in political, economical or military matters without being of sufficient size or importance to be recognized internationally as a kingdom. The number of duchies had inflated towards the end of the Middle Ages to an extent that included middle-sized towns or relatively small fiefs , as compared to

1360-401: Is often used as a synonym for enclave (such as "the pockets of Puducherry district"). In British administrative history, subnational enclaves were usually called detachments or detached parts , and national enclaves as detached districts or detached dominions . In British ecclesiastic history, subnational enclaves were known as peculiars (see also royal peculiar ). The word exclave

1428-768: Is referred to as the Grand Principality of Transylvania in English rather than as a Grand Duchy, since its name/title derives directly from Großfürst(entum) . Until the 18th century it had been simply referred to as Fürstentum Siebenbürgen in German and the Principality of Transylvania in English, much like the Danubian Principalities . Junior members of the dynasties of historical grand duchies in Germany sometimes bore

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1496-648: Is said to have been used by the rulers of Lithuania , and after rulers from the Jagiellonian dynasty became Kings of Poland , it was found among the titles used by the rulers of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . The Polish kings of the Swedish House of Vasa also used this grand-princely title for their non-Polish territories. On the other hand, the Habsburg (Austrian) Großfürstentum Siebenbürgen

1564-475: Is the Kleinwalsertal , a valley part of Vorarlberg , Austria, that is only accessible from Germany to the north, being separated from the rest of Austria by high mountains traversed by no roads. Another example is the Spanish village of Os de Civís , accessible from Andorra. Hence, such areas are enclaves or exclaves for practical purposes , without meeting the strict definition. Many pene-exclaves partially border

1632-686: The Battle of Guinegate in 1479. Though Maximilian was victorious, he was only able to gain the County of Flanders according to the 1482 Treaty of Arras after his wife Mary had suddenly died, while France retained Artois. In her testament, Mary of Burgundy had bequested the Burgundian heritage to her and Maximilian's son, Philip the Handsome . His father, dissatisfied with the terms of the Arras agreement, continued to contest

1700-633: The Dukes of Burgundy during the Burgundian Age between 1384 and 1482. Within their Burgundian State , which itself belonged partly to the Holy Roman Empire and partly to the Kingdom of France , the dukes united these lowlands into a political union that went beyond a personal union as it gained central institutions for the first time (such as the States General ). The period began with Duke Philip

1768-567: The German Confederation . The term "grand duchy" is often, but incorrectly, used in reference to Warsaw between 1807 and 1813, which was in fact the Duchy of Warsaw . In Belgium and to some extent in France, Grand-Duché (French for "grand duchy") is often used as a metonym to refer to the neighbouring country, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg . This practice helps to avoid confusion with

1836-671: The Lordship of Mechelen , and the Boulonnais . Up to 1464, the Duke only maintained ties with each of the provincial States separately. In principle, the provincial Estates were composed of representatives of the three traditional estates : clergy , nobility and the Third Estate, but the exact composition and influence of each estate (within the provincial Estates) could differ. Convening an Estates General in which all provincial Estates were represented

1904-532: The 19th century in the Holy Roman Empire , and these domains (principalities, etc.) exhibited many of the characteristics of sovereign states. Prior to 1866 Prussia alone consisted of more than 270 discontiguous pieces of territory. Residing in an enclave within another country has often involved difficulties in such areas as passage rights, importing goods, currency, provision of utilities and health services, and host nation cooperation. Thus, over time, enclaves have tended to be eliminated. For example, two-thirds of

1972-725: The Americas (each such enclave being surrounded by the territorial waters of another country). A historical example is West Berlin before the reunification of Germany . Since 1945, all of Berlin had been ruled de jure by the four Allied powers. However, the East German government and the Soviet Union treated East Berlin as an integral part of East Germany, so West Berlin was a de facto enclave within East Germany . Also, 12 small West Berlin enclaves, such as Steinstücken , were separated from

2040-772: The Bold taking office as count of Flanders and Artois in 1384 and lasted until the death of Duchess Mary of Burgundy in 1482 after which the Burgundian State was dissolved, and the Low Countries came under the rule of the Habsburg monarchy by inheritance. In the 15th century, it was customary to refer to the Low Countries where the Duke of Burgundy ruled and usually resided as les pays de par-deçà meaning "the lands over here" as opposed to Burgundy proper (in Central France) which

2108-603: The Burgundian possessions in the Low Countries. The Imperial fiefs passed to the Austrian House of Habsburg through Charles' daughter Mary of Burgundy and her husband Archduke Maximilian of Habsburg , son of Emperor Frederick III . Maximilian, however, regarded the Burgundian Netherlands including Flanders and Artois as the undivided domains of his wife and himself and marched against the French. The conflict culminated at

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2176-464: The Gambia and Brunei . Vinokurov (2007) declares, "Technically, Portugal , Denmark , and Canada also border only one foreign state, but they are not enclosed in the geographical, political, or economic sense. They have vast access to international waters. At the same time, there are states that, although in possession of sea access, are still enclosed by the territories of a foreign state." Therefore,

2244-465: The Netherlands and Luxembourg and small parts of western Germany ( Burgundian Netherlands ). The first monarchy ever officially titled a "grand duchy" was the Medici sovereignty over Tuscany thanks to a papal bull issued by Pope Pius V , the first rulers receiving the title in 1569. Tuscany remained a grand duchy until 1860, when it was annexed by the Kingdom of Sardinia which succeeded in establishing

2312-601: The adjacent Belgian Province of Luxembourg , i.e. the Walloon -speaking part of the portion of Luxembourg which was annexed by Belgium in 1839. It's comparable to how "the Republic" is used in the UK and Ireland as a shorthand to refer to the Republic of Ireland instead of the island of Ireland or Northern Ireland . Exclave An enclave is a territory that is entirely surrounded by

2380-476: The city, some by only a few meters. True exclave is an extension of the concept of true enclave . In order to access a true exclave from the mainland, a traveller must go through the territory of at least one other state. Semi-enclaves and semi-exclaves are areas that, except for possessing an unsurrounded sea border, would otherwise be enclaves or exclaves. Semi-enclaves can exist as independent states that border only one other state, such as Monaco ,

2448-447: The crown of the Netherlands until 1890 when William III , King of the Netherlands and Grand Duke of Luxembourg, died without leaving a male heir. He was succeeded on the Dutch throne by his daughter Wilhelmina , but she could not become Grand Duchess of Luxembourg under the semi-Salic law established by the Congress of Vienna . In terms of the law, the grand ducal throne had to be passed to

2516-598: The early nineteenth century, Napoléon I occasionally used the title "grand duchy" for several French satellite states given to his relatives or generals. Other allies abandoned the orbit of the Holy Roman Empire to join Napoleon's nominally independent Confederation of the Rhine . The elevation of these vassals to the title of grand duke was usually accompanied by an expansion of their realms with additional territory gathered at

2584-419: The elevation of the Grand Duchy of Muscovy to the tsardom and, later, empire of All Russia, until its collapse in 1917. In several Balto-Slavic languages (such as Ukrainian, Lithuanian, Belarusian and Russian), the term often translated into English as "grand duke" is literally grand prince . In some western European languages (English, French, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, etc.), the term "grand prince"

2652-580: The enclave and exclave system in Baarle . As both Netherlands and Belgium are members of the European Union and Schengen Area , people, goods and services flow freely with little or no restrictions. For illustration, in the figure (above), A1 is a semi-enclave (attached to C and also bounded by water that only touches C's territorial water). Although A2 is an exclave of A, it cannot be classed as an enclave because it shares borders with B and C. The territory A3

2720-402: The enforced reduction of scope of a foreign embassy has always been a possibility, even to the point of expelling the foreign embassy entirely, usually on a breakdown of relations, in reaction to extreme actions such as espionage , or as another form of sanction. The same seems to be possible in profit-driven moving or drilling under any of the sites below, providing safeguards as the structure or

2788-406: The expense of subdued powers such as Prussia . Though Napoleon was defeated at the Battle of Waterloo and most of his newly created satellite states abolished, the Congress of Vienna restored some of the previous sovereign duchies and principalities, while recognizing others as grand duchies. As a result, the 19th century saw the creation of a new group of grand duchies in central Europe, such as

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2856-510: The first Estates-General , and consolidating of the region's economy. The first Estates General of the Burgundian territories met in the City Hall of Bruges on 9 January 1464. It included delegates from the Duchy of Brabant , the County of Flanders , Lille, Douai and Orchies , the County of Artois , the County of Hainaut , the County of Holland , the County of Zeeland , the County of Namur ,

2924-531: The first of the Valois dukes of Burgundy at Dijon , who thus inherited the County of Flanders . The Flemish comital House of Dampierre had been French vassals, who held territory around the affluent cities of Bruges and Ghent , but also adjacent lands in former Lower Lorraine east of the Scheldt river ("Imperial Flanders") including the exclave of Mechelen , which were a fief of the Holy Roman Empire, and furthermore

2992-527: The former Kingdom of Burgundy-Arles . In the following decades, the Burgundian dukes expanded their territories in the Low Countries by the acquisition of several Imperial States : Duke Philip the Good purchased the County of Namur in 1421, inherited the Duchies of Brabant and Limburg in 1430, and seized the Counties of Hainaut , Holland and Zeeland in 1432, and the Duchy of Luxembourg in 1441. His son,

3060-401: The grand duchies of Hesse , Baden and Oldenburg . Historically, in Europe a sovereign grand duke was one of the highest ranks among hereditary rulers after emperor and king , and was equal to that of prince-elector ; ranking as royalty, i.e., European rulers and, in Germany, the reigning nobility ( Hochadel ). The correct form of address (also for the heir apparent and his wife)

3128-694: The imperial House of Romanov who were children or patrilineal grandchildren of a Russian emperor. More remote descendants of emperors were titled "prince" ( князь , knyaz ). The Grand Duchy of Finland , an autonomous state ruled by the Russian Empire and established in 1809, was referred to in Swedish, Finnish and Russian as a Grand Principality ( Swedish : Storfurstendömet Finland ; Finnish : Suomen suuriruhtinaskunta ; Russian: Великое княжество Финляндское ) Velikoye knyazhestvo Finlyandskoye ; The Russian Tsar held title as Grand Duke of Finland. The title of "Grand Prince" ( Ukrainian : Великий Князь )

3196-430: The intensely local partisanship, the various taxation systems, weights and measures, internal customs barriers, fiercely defended local rights were all hindrances to a "good Valois". Attempts at enlarging personal control by the dukes resulted in revolts among the independent towns (sometimes supported by independent local nobles) and bloody military suppression in response. An increasingly modernized central government, with

3264-455: The last Burgundian duke Charles the Bold , in 1473 annexed the Duchy of Guelders , which had been pawned by late Arnold of Egmond . The Valois era would last until 1477, when Duke Charles the Bold died at the Battle of Nancy leaving no male heir. The territorial Duchy of Burgundy reverted to the French crown according to Salic law , and King Louis XI of France also seized the French portion of

3332-671: The national, pre-medieval tribal provinces. As a consequence, a new title was needed to make the difference between important and unimportant regional powers: the title grand duke was born. One of the first examples was the unofficial use of the title for the dukes of Burgundy , who almost succeeded in forming a new kingdom in the historical region of Lotharingia . Collectively known as the Burgundian State in modern historiography, they held lands in modern-day eastern France (Burgundy, Franche-Comté, Alsatia, Lorraine, Champagne, Picardy and Nord-Pas-de-Calais) as well as most of modern Belgium,

3400-421: The neighbouring French County of Artois . Together they initiated an era of Burgundian governance in the Low Countries. The Dampierre legacy further comprised the French counties of Rethel in northern Champagne and Nevers west of Burgundy proper, both held by Philip's younger son Philip II from 1407, as well as the County of Burgundy ( Franche-Comté ) east of it, an Imperial fief which had been part of

3468-400: The premises. Most non-embassy lands in such ownership are also not enclaves as they fall legally short of extraterritoriality , they are subject to alike court jurisdiction as before their grant/sale in most matters. Nonetheless, for a person's offence against the property itself, equally valid jurisdiction in criminal matters is more likely than elsewhere, assuming the perpetrator is found in

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3536-568: The prosecuting authority's homeland. Devoid of permanent residents, formally defined new sovereignty is not warranted or asserted in the examples below. Nonetheless, minor laws, especially on flag flying , are sometimes relaxed to accommodate the needs of the accommodated nation's monument. Embassies enjoy many different legal statuses approaching quasi-sovereignty, depending on the agreements reached and in practice upheld from time-to-time by host nations. Subject to hosts adhering to basic due process of international law , including giving warnings,

3604-458: The sea or another body of water, which comprises their own territorial waters (i.e., they are not surrounded by other nations' territorial waters). They border their own territorial waters in addition to a land border with another country, and hence they are not true exclaves. Still, one cannot travel to them on land without going through another country. Attribution of a pene-enclave status to a territory can sometimes be disputed, depending on whether

3672-774: The seized French territories. In 1493, King Charles VIII of France according to the Treaty of Senlis finally renounced Artois, which together with Flanders was incorporated into the Imperial Seventeen Provinces under the rule of Philip. The population of the main provinces of the Low Countries in 1477 ( Prince-Bishoprics in italics ). The Burgundian dukes who ruled the Burgundian territories were: House of Valois, territorial Dukes of Burgundy House of Valois, titular Duchess of Burgundy House of Habsburg, titular Dukes of Burgundy (see Habsburg Netherlands ) The sheer burden of variety of bishoprics and independent cities,

3740-495: The smaller post-1815 German states' rulers, and still in use today by the Prince of Liechtenstein ) and is distinct from Prinz , which is used for a member of the dynasty of a monarch; both are translated as "prince" in English. Emerging from the Middle Ages , the rulers of Ruthenia (modern Ukraine), Lithuania and some Eastern Slavic states , as well as other Eastern European princes and later Russian dynasts, were referred to by

3808-504: The style of Highness , sometimes that of Grand Ducal Highness , and continued to be accorded those styles post-monarchy by courtesy in such reference works as the Almanach de Gotha and Burke's Peerage . Prior to the Napoleonic Wars , only two grand duchies were recognized in Europe. Both were in Italy, the first, Tuscany, was elevated to that status by a papal bull while the second, Savoy,

3876-477: The territory is considered to be practically inaccessible from the mainland or not. One or more parcels/holdings of land in most countries is owned by other countries. Most instances are exempt from taxes. In the special case of embassies/consulates these enjoy special privileges driven by international consensus particularly the mutual wish to ensure free diplomatic missions , such as being exempt from major hindrances and host-country arrests in ordinary times on

3944-405: The territory of a single other state that surrounds it. In 2007, Evgeny Vinokurov called this the restrictive definition of "enclave" given by international law, which thus "comprises only so-called 'true enclaves'". Two examples are Büsingen am Hochrhein , a true enclave of Germany, and Campione d'Italia , a true enclave of Italy, both of which are surrounded by Switzerland. The definition of

4012-653: The territory of another country." Thus, a pene-exclave , although having land borders, is not completely surrounded by the other's land or territorial waters. Catudal (1974) and Vinokurov (2007) further elaborate upon examples, including Point Roberts . "Although physical connections by water with Point Roberts are entirely within the sovereignty of the United States, land access is only possible through Canada." Pene-enclaves are also called functional enclaves or practical enclaves. They can exhibit continuity of state territory across territorial waters but, nevertheless,

4080-515: The territory of only one other state or entity . An enclave can be an independent territory or part of a larger one. Enclaves may also exist within territorial waters . Enclave is sometimes used improperly to denote a territory that is only partly surrounded by another state. Enclaves that are not part of a larger territory are not exclaves, for example Vatican City and San Marino (both enclaved by Italy ) and Lesotho (enclaved by South Africa ) are enclaved sovereign states . An exclave

4148-644: The then-existing national-level enclaves were extinguished on 1 August 2015, when the governments of India and Bangladesh implemented a Land Boundary Agreement that exchanged 162 first-order enclaves (111 Indian and 51 Bangladeshi). This exchange thus effectively removed another two dozen second-order enclaves and one third-order enclave, eliminating 197 of the India–Bangladesh enclaves in all. The residents in these enclaves had complained of being effectively stateless. Only Bangladesh's Dahagram–Angarpota enclave remained. Netherlands and Belgium decided to keep

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4216-519: The title Великий Князь ( Veliky Knyaz , German: Großfürst ), whose literal English translation is "grand prince" rather than "grand duke". Although grand prince is found in historical references, since the reign of Catherine the Great , the Russian Veliky Knyaz has usually been translated into English as "grand duke". Since the 18th century it has also been used to refer to cadets of

4284-404: The word enclave was the Treaty of Madrid , signed in 1526. Later, the term enclave began to be used also to refer to parcels of countries, counties, fiefs, communes, towns, parishes, etc. that were surrounded by alien territory. This French word eventually entered English and other languages to denote the same concept, although local terms have continued to be used. In India, the word "pocket"

4352-496: Was designated les pays de par-delà meaning "the lands over there" (see also Terminology of the Low Countries ). A fair share (but not most) of these territories were inherited by the Burgundian dukes, a younger branch of the French royal House of Valois , upon the death of Count Louis II of Flanders in 1384. His heiress, Margaret III of Flanders in 1369 had married Philip the Bold , youngest son of King John II of France and

4420-482: Was elevated by the Holy Roman Emperor: Other states whose names are translated as "grand duchy" in English were, properly, grand principalities : The Napoleonic Wars saw several minor ducal titles so elevated, and between then and World War I there were many grand duchies in Europe. Some were created in the Napoleonic era, others were recognized by the Congress of Vienna and were founding members of

4488-507: Was part of Philip the Good 's policy of centralisation . From 1441, Philip based his ducal court in Brussels, but Bruges was the world center of commerce, though by the 1480s the inevitable silting of its harbor was bringing its economic hegemony to a close. Philip was a great patron of illuminated manuscripts and court painting reached new highs: Robert Campin , the famous Van Eyck brothers, and Rogier van der Weyden . In 1491 and 1492,

4556-415: Was rare or non-existent, used to refer to some rulers of Transylvania, Russia or Tuscany prior to the 19th century. In German and Scandinavian languages, both titles co-exist: Groß herzog ("grand duke") and Groß fürst ("grand prince"). Fürst is specifically a monarchal title (as used, for example, by the imperial princes ( Reichsfürsten ) of the Holy Roman Empire and retained by several of

4624-546: Was used by the supreme Kievan rulers of Kievan Rus' . After the dissantigration process occurred in the state, different members of the Rurik Dynasty in the northern principalities could compete for the title of Grand Prince of Kiev . Some princes however could add "Grand" to their title without winning the competition, such establishing their principality's independence from Kievan metropole . The title Magnus Dux or "grand duke" ( Lithuanian : Didysis kunigaikštis )

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