117-466: The Zaporizhzhia Tram is a tram network in the city of Zaporizhzhia , Ukraine . The network comprises 7 routes spanning 157.9 km of which 99.345 km are in use. The tram began operating on July 17, 1932. Service on the system has been interrupted but continued operating through the Russian Invasion of Ukraine 2022. The system carried 100,500 daily riders as of 2020. The idea of developing
234-551: A captured Swedish fortress , and was named after the apostle Saint Peter . In Russia , Saint Petersburg is historically and culturally associated with the birth of the Russian Empire and Russia's entry into modern history as a European great power . It served as a capital of the Tsardom of Russia , and the subsequent Russian Empire, from 1712 to 1918 (being replaced by Moscow for a short period of time between 1728 and 1730). After
351-515: A batch of 20 new-generation Tatra T6B5 cars with a thyristor-impulse control system. On August 20, 1993, around 4:00 p.m., on Gorky Street (now Poshtova Street) near Volya Square, a Tatra T6B5 tram derailed and collided with an oncoming tram. Tram driver Tetyana Volkova was killed, and 22 passengers received various injuries. In 2000, the Zaporizhia Executive Committee headed by the newly elected mayor Oleksandr Polyak initiated
468-698: A branding of the Zaporizhzhia Tram and municipal buses. Zaporizhzhia trams were the only ones in Ukraine that are decorated with an "embroidered" ornament. The design of the corporate brand was developed by the specialists of KP "Zaporizhelectrotrans". Corporate embroidered ornament on red electric transport. In July 2018, the first 3 of 12 Tatra KT4 D trams, which were previously operated in Berlin , arrived in Zaporizhzhia. In February 2021, Zaporizhia Electrotrans, based on
585-523: A city-wide referendum . As Russia's cultural centre, Saint Petersburg received over 15 million tourists in 2018. It is considered an important economic, scientific, and tourism centre of Russia and Europe. In modern times, the city has the nickname of being "the Northern Capital of Russia" and is home to notable federal government bodies such as the Constitutional Court of Russia and
702-430: A composter, but the ticket is valid only in the tram where it was purchased. All municipal trams are equipped with contactless fare payment validators as of 2021. Zaporizhzhia Zaporizhzhia ( Ukrainian : Запоріжжя , IPA: [zɐpoˈriʒʲːɐ] ; Russian : Запорожье , romanized : Zaporozhye , IPA: [zəpɐˈroʐje] ), formerly known as Oleksandrivsk until 1921,
819-528: A death toll between 20,000 and 100,000. Despite reinforcements, Zaporizhzhia was taken on 3 October 1941. The German occupation lasted two years; during which the Germans shot over 35,000 people, and sent 58,000 people to Germany as forced labourers . The Germans reformed Army Group South in February 1943, and put its headquarters in Zaporizhzhia. Adolf Hitler visited the headquarters in February 1943, and again
936-521: A fortress at the mouth of the Neva River in 1611, which was later called Ingermanland . The small town of Nyen grew up around the fort. Before the 17th century, this area was inhabited by Finnic Izhorians and Votians . The Ingrian Finns moved to the region from the provinces of Karelia and Savonia during the Swedish rule. There was also some Estonian , Karelian , Russian and German population in
1053-550: A geological feature, which looks like a large bowl in granite slabs, the Cossack's Bowl. It is said that in summer days, water can be boiled in this "bowl", and the Cossacks used it for cooking galushki (boiled dough in a spicy broth). Zaporizhzhia is an important transportation hub in Ukraine that includes roads, as well as rail, river and air links for passenger and freight transport. Zaporizhzhia International Airport , located to
1170-701: A line was laid from the RMZ to the Fireclay Plant. In 1937, the line was extended to the Dnipro Titanium and Magnesium Plant. In 1939, tram traffic was opened along Diagonal Street from the Southern Highway to the Ferroalloy Plant. In 1940, a line was built to Zeleny Yar. In November 1941, work on the restoration of tram traffic began. Work continued on the restoration of damaged tracks and contact network. However,
1287-492: A new general plan was outlined, whereby the city should expand to the south. Constructivism was rejected in favour of a more pompous Stalinist architecture . Moving the city centre further from the border with Finland, Stalin adopted a plan to build a new city hall with a huge adjacent square at the southern end of Moskovsky Prospekt , designated as the new main street of Leningrad. After the Winter (Soviet-Finnish) war in 1939–1940,
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#17328526063381404-577: A new plan in 1737. The city was divided into five boroughs, and the city centre was moved to the Admiralty borough, on the east bank between the Neva and Fontanka . It developed along three radial streets, which meet at the Admiralty building and are now known as Nevsky Prospect (which is considered the main street of the city), Gorokhovaya Street and Voznesensky Avenue . Baroque architecture became dominant in
1521-557: A rectangular grid of canals. The project was not completed but is evident in the layout of the streets. In 1716, Peter the Great appointed Frenchman Jean-Baptiste Alexandre Le Blond as the chief architect of Saint Petersburg. The style of Petrine Baroque , developed by Trezzini and other architects and exemplified by such buildings as the Menshikov Palace , Kunstkamera , Peter and Paul Cathedral , Twelve Collegia , became prominent in
1638-407: A single-track turning circle was built on Zavodska Street near Zaporizhia Tsyrka. The network reaches its maximum development, having a length of 110.2 km with 13 active routes. In March 2004, the reconstruction of Lenin (Soborny) Avenue began in the section from Shevchenko Boulevard to Metallurgiv Avenue, so tram traffic from Lermontova Street in the direction of the river port was stopped. With
1755-460: A time marked by additional line openings. They consisted of the following: 1954 — the line to the fireclay plant was opened 1955 — the line to Pavlo-Kickas was opened 1956 — the line to the Dnipro titanium-magnesium plant was opened 1958 — a new line connecting the Southern Highway and Zeleny Yar, as well as a line to the meat processing plant, was opened 1961 — tram depot No. 2 was opened in
1872-760: A tram line in Zaporizhzhia was first put forward in 1898. A proposal for the construction of an electric tram line was submitted to the Zemstvo Assembly from the Aleksandriv City Duma. According to the project of the Odesa businessman Brodsky, the line was supposed to run from the city through the Schoenwiese colony to the station of the Kursk-Kharkiv-Sevastopol railway. The idea was received positively, but
1989-521: Is a city in southeast Ukraine , situated on the banks of the Dnieper River . It is the administrative centre of Zaporizhzhia Oblast . Zaporizhzhia has a population of 710,052 (2022 estimate). Zaporizhzhia is known for the historic island of Khortytsia , multiple power stations and for being an important industrial centre. Steel, aluminium, aircraft engines, automobiles, transformers for substations, and other heavy industrial goods are produced in
2106-430: Is a popular recreational area, has sanatoriums , resorts, health centres, and sandy beaches. Zaporizhzhia is the main city of Zaporizhzhia Oblast with a form of self-rule within the oblast. The city is divided into 7 urban districts . The population of the districts of the city of Zaporizhzhia as of 1 November 2015: The city population has been declining since the first years of state independence. In 2014–2015
2223-699: Is a reconstruction of the stronghold of the Zaporizhzhian Cossacks, and contains features of the military camp life and their lifestyle. Each of the smaller islands between the dam and the island Khortytsia has its own legend. On one of them, Durnya Scala ("Rock of the Fool"), Tzar Peter the Great flogged the Cossacks for their betrayal of the Russians during the Great Northern War between Russia and Sweden. Another small island, Stolb ("Pillar"), has
2340-492: Is combined with the city's Russian heritage. Another nickname of Saint Petersburg is "The City of the White Nights" because of a natural phenomenon which arises due to the closeness to the polar region and ensures that in summer the night skies of the city do not get completely dark for a month. The city is also often called the "Northern Palmyra ", due to its extravagant architecture. Swedish colonists built Nyenskans ,
2457-711: Is home to the Hermitage , one of the largest art museums in the world, the Lakhta Center , the tallest skyscraper in Europe , and was one of the host cities of the 2018 FIFA World Cup and the UEFA Euro 2020 . The name day of Peter I falls on 29 June, when the Russian Orthodox Church observes the memory of apostles Peter and Paul . The consecration of the small wooden church in their names (its construction began at
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#17328526063382574-467: Is important for transshipment for goods from the Donbas. Zaporizhstal, Ukraine's fourth largest steel maker, and ranking 54th in the world, is based in the city. Zaporizhzhia is a large electricity generating hub. There are hydroelectric power plant known as "DniproHES" Dnieper Hydroelectric Station and the largest nuclear power plant in Europe. Prior to the 2022 invasion, the plants generated about 25% of
2691-448: Is still named Leningrad . Having passed the role of capital to Petersburg, Moscow never relinquished the title of "capital", being called pervoprestolnaya ('first throned') for 200 years. An equivalent name for Petersburg, the "Northern Capital", has re-entered usage today since several federal institutions were recently moved from Moscow to Saint Petersburg. Solemn descriptive names like "the city of three revolutions" and "the cradle of
2808-566: Is the central station, located in the southern part of the city and is a part of Simferopol-Kharkiv, the "north-south" transit route. The line of the Zaporizhzhia-the-Second station connects the Donbas coalfield with Kryvyi Rih. The city has an extensive tram network with 7 lines called the Zaporizhzhia Tram . The city's two river ports are part of the national water transportation infrastructure that connects Kyiv to Kherson along
2925-518: Is under the Moscow Patriarchate, is most popular. There are also St. Nicholas Church and St. Andrew's Cathedral in the city. Protestantism is represented by: Catholicism is represented by: The biggest Catholic church is Church of God, the Father of Mercy Orthodox Judaism is represented by one union and six communities. In the Zaporizhzhia district there are five communities which are part of
3042-650: Is used for official government business. The native language of people living in Zaporizhzhia, according to censuses in Ukraine (by percent): The following religious denominations are present in Zaporizhzhia: Most of the citizens are Orthodox Christians of Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) or Orthodox Church of Ukraine . Among the Orthodox churches the Church of the Intercession [ uk ] , which
3159-588: Is Αγία Πετρούπολη, Agia Petroupoli ). Saint Petersburg has been traditionally called the "Window to Europe" and the "Window to the West" by the Russians. The city is the northernmost metropolis with more than 1 million people in the world, and is also often described as the " Venice of the North" or the "Russian Venice" due to its many water corridors, as the city is built on swamp and water. Furthermore, it has strongly Western European-inspired architecture and culture, which
3276-694: The DEKA Stock Association transferred its aircraft engine manufacturing plant from Saint Petersburg to Zaporizhzhia. During the Russian Civil War (1918–1921), Zaporizhzhia was the scene of fierce fighting between the Red Army and the White armies of Denikin and Wrangel , Petliura 's Ukrainian People's Army of the Ukrainian People's Republic , and German-Austrian troops. The opposing armies used
3393-622: The Dnieper Hydroelectric Station . Between 1945 and 1946, traffic on almost all pre-war lines was restored. Only traffic through the Dnieper Hydroelectric Station dam to the Right Bank had not been restored. In April 1948, a rally was held in Zaporizhzhia, during which the director of the Leningrad Wagon Repair Plant No. 2, as a gift, handed over tram cars from the workers of Leningrad . The 1950s and 1960s were
3510-708: The Ford River Rouge steel mill to produce rolling steel strip. The annual capacity of the mill reached 540,000 tonnes (600,000 short tons) of 170 cm (66 inches) wide steel. After the outbreak of the War between the USSR and Nazi Germany in June 1941, the Soviet government began evacuating Zaporizhzhia's industries to Siberia . and the Soviet security forces began shooting political prisoners in
3627-685: The Gold Star sign was installed in April 1985. In October 1946 some territories along the northern coast of the Gulf of Finland , which had been annexed into the USSR from Finland in 1940 under the peace treaty following the Winter War , were transferred from Leningrad Oblast to Leningrad and divided into Sestroretsky District and Kurortny District . These included the town of Terijoki (renamed Zelenogorsk in 1948). Leningrad and many of its suburbs were rebuilt over
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3744-546: The Great Northern War , Peter the Great captured Nyenskans and soon replaced the fortress. On 27 May [ O.S. 16 May] 1703, closer to the estuary (5 km (3 mi) inland from the gulf ), on Zayachy (Hare) Island , he laid down the Peter and Paul Fortress , which became the first brick and stone building of the new city. The city was built by conscripted peasants from all over Russia; in some years several Swedish prisoners of war were also involved under
3861-916: The Heraldic Council of the President of the Russian Federation . It is also a seat for the National Library of Russia and a planned location for the Supreme Court of Russia , as well as the home to the headquarters of the Russian Navy , and the Leningrad Military District of the Russian Armed Forces . The Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments constitute a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Saint Petersburg
3978-518: The Leningrad Affair (1949–1952), a notable event in the postwar political struggle in the USSR . It was a product of rivalry between Stalin's potential successors where one side was represented by the leaders of the city Communist Party organization – the second most significant one in the country after Moscow. The entire elite leadership of Leningrad was destroyed, including the former mayor Kuznetsov ,
4095-685: The Narva Triumphal Arch . In 1825, the suppressed Decembrist revolt against Nicholas I took place on the Senate Square in the city, a day after Nicholas assumed the throne. By the 1840s, neoclassical architecture had given way to various romanticist styles, which dominated until the 1890s, represented by such architects as Andrei Stackenschneider ( Mariinsky Palace , Beloselsky-Belozersky Palace , Nicholas Palace , New Michael Palace ) and Konstantin Thon ( Moskovsky railway station ). With
4212-644: The October Revolution in 1917, the Bolsheviks moved their government to Moscow. The city was renamed Leningrad after Lenin's death in 1924. It was the site of the siege of Leningrad during the Second World War , the most lethal siege in history. In June 1991, only a few months before the Belovezha Accords and the dissolution of the USSR , voters supported restoring the city's original appellation in
4329-544: The October Revolution , which led to the end of the social-democratic provisional government , the transfer of all political power to the Soviets , and the rise of the Communist Party . After that the city acquired a new descriptive name, "the city of three revolutions", referring to the three major developments in the political history of Russia of the early 20th century. In September and October 1917, German troops invaded
4446-472: The October revolution " used in the Soviet era are reminders of the pivotal events in national history that occurred here. Petropolis is a translation of a city name to Greek, and is also a kind of descriptive name: Πέτρ- is a Greek root for 'stone', so the "city from stone" emphasizes the material that had been forcibly made obligatory for construction from the first years of the city (a modern Greek translation
4563-578: The Spiritual Administration of Muslims of Ukraine and four independent Muslim communities. The city hosts a branch of the Vedic Academy . Zaporizhzhia is an important industrial centre of Ukraine, the country's main car manufacturing company, the Motor-Sich aircraft engine manufacturer. Well supplied with electricity, Zaporizhzhia forms, together with the adjoining Donets Basin ( Donbas ) and
4680-645: The Verkhovna Rada approved the " Decommunisation Law ". Since the introduction of the law, the city council renamed over 50 streets and administrative areas of the city, monuments of the Soviet Union leaders Lenin and Felix Dzerzhinsky have been destroyed, and names honouring Soviet leaders in the titles of industrial plants, factories, culture centres, and the DniproHES have been removed. Russian forces have been engaged in ongoing attacks on Zaporizhzhia since
4797-490: The West Estonian archipelago and threatened Petrograd with bombardment and invasion. On 12 March 1918, Lenin transferred the government of Soviet Russia to Moscow, to keep it away from the state border. During the Russian Civil War , in mid-1919 Russian anti-communist forces with the help of Estonians attempted to capture the city, but Leon Trotsky mobilized the army and forced them to retreat back to Estonia . On 26 January 1924, five days after Lenin's death, Petrograd
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4914-502: The Zaporizhzhia Arch Bridge area, construction began on the New Zaporizhzhia Dniper Bridge , although construction was halted soon after it began, due to a lack of funding. During the 2014 Euromaidan regional state administration occupations , during protests against President Viktor Yanukovych , Zaporizhzhia's regional state administration building was occupied by 4,500 protesters, and there were clashes between Ukrainian and pro-Russian activists in April 2014. On 19 May 2016,
5031-410: The emancipation of the serfs undertaken by Alexander II in 1861 and an Industrial Revolution , the influx of former peasants into the capital increased greatly. Poor boroughs spontaneously developed on the outskirts of the city. Saint Petersburg surpassed Moscow in population and industrial growth; it became one of the largest industrial cities in Europe, with a major naval base (in Kronstadt ),
5148-404: The metropolitan area . Saint Petersburg is the fourth-most populous city in Europe, the most populous city on the Baltic Sea, and the world's northernmost city of more than 1 million residents. As the former capital of Imperial Russia , and a historically strategic port , it is governed as a federal city . The city was founded by Tsar Peter the Great on 27 May 1703 on the site of
5265-446: The 'Fountain of Life' at the Mayakovskoho square [ uk ] . A daily exhibition of artists' organizations of the city is a unique place in Zaporizhzhia, where people can meet craftsmen and artists, watch carving , embroidery , beading classes, and receive advice from professional artists and designers. The historical and cultural museum "Zaporizka Sich" is placed on the northern rocky part of Khotritsa Island. The museum
5382-435: The 1920s and 1930s, the poor outskirts were reconstructed into regularly planned boroughs . Constructivist architecture flourished around that time. Housing became a government-provided amenity ; many "bourgeois" apartments were so large that numerous families were assigned to what were called "communal" apartments ( kommunalkas ). By the 1930s, 68% of the population lived in such housing under very poor conditions. In 1935,
5499-438: The Axis invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941. The siege lasted 872 days, or almost two and a half years, from 8 September 1941 to 27 January 1944. The Siege of Leningrad proved one of the longest, most destructive, and most lethal sieges of a major city in modern history . It isolated the city from food supplies except those provided through the Road of Life across Lake Ladoga , which could not make it through until
5616-426: The Dnieper. Freight ships and cutter boats travel between Zaporizhzhia and nearby villages. The island of Khortytsia splits the Dnieper into two; the main channel passes the island on its eastern side, with the Staryi Dnipro (Old Dnieper) flowing past the island on the western side. Zaporizhzhia is a setting in two Axis victory in World War II short novels by the American author Harry Turtledove , Ready for
5733-452: The Fatherland (1991) and The Phantom Tolbukhin (1998). Zaporizhzhia is twinned with: St. Petersburgh Saint Petersburg , formerly known as Petrograd and later Leningrad , is the second-largest city in Russia after Moscow . It is situated on the River Neva , at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea . The city had a population of 5,601,911 residents as of 2021, with more than 6.4 million people living in
5850-400: The German words Sankt and Burg . In March 1917, during the February Revolution Nicholas II abdicated for himself and on behalf of his son, ending the Russian monarchy and over three hundred years of Romanov dynastic rule . On 7 November [ O.S. 25 October] 1917, the Bolsheviks , led by Vladimir Lenin , stormed the Winter Palace in an event known thereafter as
5967-496: The Neva River, and a seaport on the Baltic. The names of Saints Peter and Paul , bestowed upon the original city's citadel and its cathedral (from 1725 – a burial vault of Russian emperors) coincidentally were the names of the first two assassinated Russian emperors, Peter III (1762, supposedly killed in a conspiracy led by his wife, Catherine the Great ) and Paul I (1801, Nikolay Alexandrovich Zubov and other conspirators who brought to power Alexander I ,
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#17328526063386084-421: The Nikopol manganese and Kryvyi Rih iron mines, one of Ukraine's leading industrial complexes. The city is a home of Ukraine's main automobile production centre, which is based at the Zaporizhzhia Automobile Factory (ZAZ), producing Ukrainian car brands such as Zaporozhets and Tavria . After the end of the Russian Revolution , the city became an important industrial centre. The presence of cheap labor and
6201-434: The Russian Plain and the Crimean peninsula were absorbed into the Russian Empire. The Aleksandrovskaya Fortress then lost its military significance, and became a small rural town, which from 1806 to around 1930 was called Alexandrovsk. The opening of the Kichkas Bridge at the start of the 20th century, the first rail crossing of the Dnieper , was followed by the industrial growth of Zaporizhzhia. In 1916, during World War I,
6318-549: The Soviet era, many historic architectural monuments of the previous centuries were destroyed by the new regime for ideological reasons. While that mainly concerned churches and cathedrals, some other buildings were also demolished. On 1 December 1934, Sergey Kirov , the Bolshevik leader of Leningrad, was assassinated under suspicious circumstances, which became the pretext for the Great Purge . In Leningrad, approximately 40,000 were executed during Stalin's purges. During World War II, German forces besieged Leningrad following
6435-504: The Soviet–Finnish border moved northwards. Nevsky Prospekt with Palace Square maintained the functions and the role of a city centre. In December 1931, Leningrad was administratively separated from Leningrad Oblast . At that time it included the Leningrad Suburban District, some parts of which were transferred back to Leningrad Oblast in 1936 and turned into Vsevolozhsky District , Krasnoselsky District , Pargolovsky District and Slutsky District (renamed Pavlovsky District in 1944). During
6552-592: The Theatre of Horse Riding " Zaporizhzhian Cossacks ", the Zaporizhzhia Regional Museum, the National Museum of the History of the Zaporizhzhian Cossacks, the Zaporizhzhia Regional Art Museum , the Motor Sich Aviation Museum, and the Zaporizhzhia Region Universal Scientific Library . There are a number of small amateur groups of folk music bands, art galleries in Zaporizhzhia. The city regularly holds festivals, Cossack martial arts competitions, and art exhibitions. Zaporizhzhia has an open-air exhibition-and-sale of Zaporizhzhia city association of artists «Kolorit» near
6669-426: The Ukrainian electricity supply. Located near Enerhodar and about 60 km (37 miles) from Zaporizhzhia is the Zaporizhzhia thermal power station and the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant , the largest nuclear power plant in Europe. Zaporizhzhia has an orchestra, museums, theatres, and libraries. These include the Magara Academic Drama Theatre, the Municipal Theatre Lab "VIE", the Theatre for Young-Age spectators,
6786-400: The Winter Palace and prohibited spacing between buildings. During the reign of Catherine the Great in the 1760s–1780s, the banks of the Neva were lined with granite embankments. However, it was not until 1850 that the first permanent bridge across the Neva, Annunciation Bridge , was allowed to open. Before that, only pontoon bridges were allowed. Obvodny Canal (dug in 1769–1833) became
6903-508: The acting mayor Pyotr Sergeevich Popkov, and all their deputies; overall 23 leaders were sentenced to the death penalty, 181 to prison or exile (rehabilitated in 1954). About 2,000 ranking officials across the USSR were expelled from the party and the Komsomol and removed from leadership positions. The Leningrad Metro underground rapid transit system , designed before the war, opened in 1955 with its first eight stations decorated with marble and bronze . However, after Stalin's death in 1953,
7020-412: The area. At the end of the 17th century, Peter the Great, who was interested in seafaring and maritime affairs, wanted Russia to gain a seaport to trade with the rest of Europe. He needed a better seaport than the country's main one at the time, Arkhangelsk , which was on the White Sea in the far north and closed to shipping during the winter. On 12 May [ O.S. 1 May] 1703, during
7137-475: The beginning of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine . On 27 February, fighting was reported in the southern outskirts, and Russian forces began shelling the city later that evening. Russia invaded and occupied part of Zaporizhzhia Oblast but failed to take Zaporizhzhia itself. On 3 March, Russian forces approached the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant , raising concerns about a potential nuclear meltdown. Russian military forces fired missiles on Zaporizhzhia on
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#17328526063387254-418: The beginning of the construction of the Dnieper Hydroelectric Station , the issue of transportation for the city's residents arose, because of the town's rapid growth. In 1929, the population of Zaporizhzhia and Pavlo-Kickas (then the name of the settlement on the Right Bank of the Dnieper) numbered 82,500 people. In the summer of 1931, work began on the construction of the Dniprobud— Zaporizhzhia tram line. At
7371-426: The city Menshikov is maybe also the author of the first nickname of Petersburg which he called Петри ( Petri ). It took some years until the known Russian spelling of this name finally settled. In 1740s Mikhail Lomonosov uses a derivative of Greek: Πετρόπολις (Петрополис, Petropolis ) in a Russified form Petropol ' (Петрополь). A combo Piterpol (Питерпол) also appears at this time. In any case, eventually
7488-489: The city also enter the Dnieper: Sukha [ uk ] and Mokra Moskovka [ uk ] , Kushuhum [ uk ] , and Verkhnia Khortytsia [ uk ] . The flora of Khortytsia is unique and diverse, due to the dry steppe air and a large freshwater basin, which cleans the air polluted by industry. The island is a national park . The ground surface is cut by large ravines (" balka "), hiking routes and historical monuments. The island, which
7605-514: The city architecture of the early 18th century. In 1724 the Academy of Sciences , University and Academic Gymnasium were established in Saint Petersburg by Peter the Great. In 1725, Peter died at age fifty-two. His endeavors to modernize Russia had been opposed by the Russian nobility . There were several attempts on his life and a treason case involving his son. In 1728, Peter II of Russia moved his seat back to Moscow. But four years later, in 1732, under Empress Anna of Russia , Saint Petersburg
7722-412: The city as a bridgehead over the Dnieper with elements of 40th Panzer and 17th Corps. The Soviet Southwestern Front , commanded by Army General Rodion Malinovsky , attacked Zaporizhzhia on 10 October 1943. The defenders repelled these attacks, but the Red Army launched a surprise night attack on 13 October, which succeeded in reclaiming most parts of the city. In 2004, to alleviate congestion around
7839-400: The city authorities arranged for the mayoral elections and a referendum upon the city's name, when the original name Saint Petersburg was restored. The turnout was 65%; 66.13% of the total count of votes went to Anatoly Sobchak , who became the first directly elected mayor of the city . Meanwhile, economic conditions started to deteriorate as the country tried to adapt to major changes. For
7956-496: The city authorities until December 2010, when after the statement of President Dmitry Medvedev , the city decided to find a more appropriate location for this project. In the same year, the new location for the project was relocated to Lakhta , a historical area northwest of the city centre, and the new project would be named Lakhta Center . Construction was approved by Gazprom and the city administration and commenced in 2012. The 462 m (1,516 ft) high Lakhta Center has become
8073-407: The city during the first sixty years, culminating in the Elizabethan Baroque, represented most notably by Italian Bartolomeo Rastrelli with such buildings as the Winter Palace . In the 1760s, Baroque architecture was succeeded by neoclassical architecture . Established in 1762, the Commission of Stone Buildings of Moscow and Saint Petersburg ruled that no structure in the city could be higher than
8190-478: The city in two; between them is Khortytsia Island . The city covers 334 km (129 sq mi) at an elevation of 50 m (160 ft) above sea level. The New and Old Dnieper flow past around Khortytsia: The New Dnieper [ uk ] is about 800 m (2,600 feet) wide while the Old Dnieper [ uk ] is about 200 m (660 feet) wide. The island size is 12 km × 2 km (7.5 mi × 1.2 mi). Smaller rivers in
8307-415: The city was renamed Leningrad in January 1924. The referendum on restoring the historic name was held on 12 June 1991, with 55% of voters supporting " Saint Petersburg " and 43% supporting " Leningrad ". The turnout was 65% . Renaming the city Petrograd was not an option. This change officially took effect on 6 September 1991. Meanwhile, the oblast whose administrative center is also in Saint Petersburg
8424-556: The city. On 18 August 1941, elements of the German 1st Panzergruppe reached the outskirts of Zaporizhzhia on the right bank and seized the island of Khortytsia. The Red Army blew a 120 by 10 metres (394 ft × 33 ft) hole in the Dnieper hydroelectric dam on 18 August 1941, producing a flood wave that swept from Zaporizhzhia to Nikopol . The flood killed local residents as well as soldiers from both armies, with historians estimating
8541-729: The closure of the tram line, routes No. 1 and 17 were redirected to the Zaporizhia Circle ring. Also in 2004, route No. 2 — to the Youth Sports Palace, and routes No. 4 and 7 we closed. Operation of routes No. 6 and 11 was resumed, and route No. 10A "Meat processing plant - Maidan Voli - ZaporizhCircle" was opened. By June 2004, routes No. 10A and 17 were canceled. The closures coincided with population decline in Zaporizhia caused by out-migration and natural causes. The proliferation of private automobiles, various municipal financial issues and
8658-545: The depot, routes No. 5 and 6 were closed. During July to October 2012, the tram track on Lenina Avenue was reconstructed in the section from Metalist Square to Transport Square. Between October and December 2012, at the expense of the owner of the Aurora Shopping Center, a 300 m long tram line was reconstructed on Gorky Street between Gryaznova Street and Komunarivska Street. In 2012, at the initiative of People's Deputy of Ukraine Vyacheslav Boguslaev, cooperation between
8775-467: The east of the city on the left-bank of the Dnieper, serves domestic and international flights. Shyroke Airfield is to the west of the city on the right-bank of the Dnieper. Zaporizhzhia is bypassed beyond its eastern outskirts by a major national highway M18 , which connects Kharkiv with Simferopol . The H08 , which starts just outside Kyiv and travels southeast along the Dnieper through Kremenchuk , Kamianske , Dnipro , passes through Zaporizhzhia on
8892-497: The enterprises "Motor Sich" and "Zaporizhelektrotrans" began. In 2015, 5 trams were repaired for a total of 2,259,000 ₴ with the funds of the international charity fund Dnipro-Sich. In general, during the years 2012–2015, the Dnipro-Sich Bank provided 6,458,000 ₴ of financial support for major repairs of Tatra T6B5 trams. Ongoing repairs to the system, namely track crossings were done in 2015 and 2016. Since 2016, Vyshyvanka become
9009-471: The evening of 12/13 May. On 30 September, hours before Russia formally annexed Southern and Eastern Ukraine , the Russian Armed Forces launched S-300 missiles at a civilian convoy in Zaporizhzhia , killing at least 30 people. On 9 October, Russian forces launched rockets at residential buildings, killing at least 17 people. Zaporizhzhia is located in south-eastern Ukraine . The Dnieper splits
9126-531: The first time since the 1940s, food rationing was introduced, and the city received humanitarian food aid from abroad. This dramatic time was depicted in photographic series of Russian photographer Alexey Titarenko . Economic conditions began to improve only at the beginning of the 21st century. In 1995, a northern section of the Kirovsko-Vyborgskaya Line of the Saint Petersburg Metro
9243-579: The following month, where he was briefed by Field Marshal Eric von Manstein and his air force counterpart Field Marshal Wolfram Freiherr von Richthofen , and in September 1943, the month the Army Group moved its headquarters to Kirovohrad . In August 1943, the Germans built the Panther-Wotan defence line along the Dnieper from Kyiv to Crimea . They retreated back to this line in September 1943, holding
9360-436: The growth of informal forms of transport caused ridership and demand to decline. In April 2005, the tram crossing at the intersection of Lermontova Street and Soborny Avenue was reconstructed, with the track being paved with cast iron tiles. Later, using similar technology, a crossing was arranged across Soborny Avenue near Volya Square. In July 2005, in connection with the construction of the "Amstor" supermarket, tram traffic
9477-467: The head of the city administration . The title of the city head was changed from "mayor" to "governor". In 2000, Yakovlev won re-election. His second term expired in 2004; the long-awaited restoration of the broken subway connection was expected to finish by that time. But in 2003 Yakovlev suddenly resigned, leaving the governor's office to Valentina Matviyenko . The law on election of the City Governor
9594-472: The lack of electricity became an obstacle to recovery. During the year following the liberation of the city from the German troops, work continued on the restoration of the tram system. In the months following the war, 35 km of track and contact network were rebuilt, a traction substation was put into operation, and 10 wagons were repaired. 10 wagons each were received from Kyiv and Kharkiv . In October 1944,
9711-420: The lake froze. More than one million civilians were killed, mainly from starvation. There were incidents of cannibalism, with around 2,000 residents arrested for eating other people. Many others escaped or were evacuated, so the city became largely depopulated. On 1 May 1945 Joseph Stalin , in his Supreme Commander Order No. 20, named Leningrad, alongside Stalingrad , Sevastopol , and Odesa , hero cities of
9828-617: The launch of the first line took place with trams operating on two routes. Before the opening of the second phase, the "Tramtrust" team rebuilt two bridges (over the Kapustyan Beam and at the bridge crossing), consisting of more than 16 km of track. The restoration of the tram connection with the Sixth settlement took place in December 1944 with trams again running from the Zaporozhye I Station to
9945-562: The liquidation of the tram line on Lenin Avenue (Soborny) on the section from Lermontov Street to the river port. This decision was opposed by labor groups, public organizations, residents of the city, and the body of deputies. In March 2001, the city council voted by two-thirds against the mayor's efforts. However, a year later, on 25 September 2002, the Zaporizhia City Council of the next convocation decided to stop tram traffic. In 2003,
10062-561: The matter did not reach construction Later, attempts to arrange a tram in Aleksandriv were also accepted by the mayor Felix Movchanovsky. On September 29–30, 1913, Aleksandriv was visited by Belgian engineers. They considered Mr. Niebuhr's project to connect the city with the Aleksandriv Sanatorium by electric tram. The city administration considered this issue, but historical events stood in the way of further material development. With
10179-688: The original fortress that formed a part of the Dnieper Defence Line of the Russian Empire . Zaporizhzhia was founded in 1770, when the Aleksandrovskaya ( Александровская ) Fortress was built as a part of the Dnieper Defence Line, to protect the southern territories of the Russian Empire from Crimean Tatar invasions. Following the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca in 1775, the southern lands of
10296-466: The original name, Sankt-Peterburg , was returned by citywide referendum. Today, in English the city is known as Saint Petersburg . Local residents often refer to the city by its shortened nickname, Piter (Russian: Питер , IPA: [ˈpʲitʲɪr] ). After the October Revolution the name Red Petrograd (Красный Петроград, Krasny Petrograd ) was often used in newspapers and other prints until
10413-484: The perceived ornamental excesses of the Stalinist architecture were abandoned. From the 1960s to the 1980s many new residential boroughs were built on the outskirts; while the functionalist apartment blocks were nearly identical to each other, many families moved there from kommunalkas in the city centre to live in separate apartments. On 12 June 1991 , simultaneously with the first Russian SFSR presidential elections ,
10530-480: The post-war decades, partially according to pre-war plans. The 1948 general plan for Leningrad featured radial urban development in the north as well as in the south. In 1953, Pavlovsky District in Leningrad Oblast was abolished, and parts of its territory, including Pavlovsk, merged with Leningrad. In 1954, the settlements Levashovo , Pargolovo and Pesochny merged with Leningrad. Leningrad gave its name to
10647-594: The preservation of its historical and architectural environment became controversial. After 2005, the demolition of older buildings in the historical centre was permitted. In 2006, Gazprom announced an ambitious project to erect a 403 m (1,322 ft) skyscraper (the Okhta Center ) opposite to Smolny , which could result in the loss of the unique line of Petersburg landscape. Urgent protests by citizens and prominent public figures of Russia against this project were not considered by Governor Valentina Matviyenko and
10764-410: The proximity of deposits of coal, iron ore, and manganese created favorable conditions for large-scale enterprises of the iron and mechanical engineering industries. Today Zaporizhzhia is an important industrial centre of the region with heavy industry (particularly metallurgy ), aluminium, and chemical industry. Cars, avia motors and radioelectronics are manufactured in the city. The port of Zaporizhzhia
10881-633: The rate of the population decrease was −0.56%/year. In January 2017, the population was 750,685. The total reduction of the population of the city since independence has been around 146,000 (not including 2017–2018). According to the 2001 census , 70.28% of the population of Zaporizhzhia (total population 815,300) were Ukrainians , 25.39% were Russians , 0.67% were Belarusians, 0.44% were Bulgarians, 0.42% were Jews, 0.38% were Georgians, 0.38% were Armenians, 0.27% were Tatar, 0.15% were Azeris, 0.11% were Roma (Gypsies), 0.1% were Poles, 0.09% were Germans, 0.09% were Moldovans, and 0.07% were Greeks. Ukrainian
10998-470: The region. The name Zaporizhzhia refers to the position of the city: "beyond the rapids"—downstream or south of the Dnieper Rapids . These were previously an impediment to navigation and the site of important portages . In 1932, the rapids were flooded to become part of the reservoir of the Dnieper Hydroelectric Station . Before 1921, the city was called Aleksandrovsk (or Oleksandrivsk), named after
11115-423: The results of open tenders, concluded a contract with LLC TD LITAN on the purchase of 12 Tatra KT4D tram cars for the amount of 38,156,400 ₴. In March 2021, the first stage of transport digitization of public transport was completed in Zaporizhzhia. All trams have additional terminals for contactless fare payment. In the future plans to install passenger sensors and introduce modern travel cards. Service continued on
11232-528: The same time as the citadel) made them the heavenly patrons of the Peter and Paul Fortress , while Saint Peter at the same time became the eponym of the whole city. When in June 1703 Peter the Great renamed the site after Saint Peter, he did not issue a naming act that established an official spelling; even in his own letters he used diverse spellings, such as Санктьпетерсьбурк ( Sanktpetersburk ), emulating German Sankt Petersburg , and Сантпитербурх ( Santpiterburkh ), emulating Dutch Sint-Pietersburgh , as Peter
11349-561: The same year, the line was extended to the South Station. In 1932, the tram carried more than 4 million passengers. 1933 witnessed the rapid growth of the tram network with lines opening in May, to the wharf and in June with a line connecting the Southern Highway to the Zaporizhstal office. Rapid growth continued between 1934 and 1939. In 1934, 3 new lines were opened. The first in May, when a line
11466-601: The son of their victim). The third emperor's assassination took place in Saint Petersburg in 1881 when Alexander II was murdered by terrorists (see the Church of the Savior on Spilled Blood ). The Revolution of 1905 began in Saint Petersburg and spread rapidly into the provinces. On 1 September 1914, after the outbreak of World War I, the Imperial government renamed the city Petrograd , meaning "Peter's City", to remove
11583-681: The southern limit of the city. The most prominent neoclassical and Empire-style architects in Saint Petersburg included: In 1810, Alexander I established the first engineering higher education , the Saint Petersburg Main military engineering School in Saint Petersburg. Many monuments commemorate the Russian victory over Napoleonic France in the Patriotic War of 1812 , including the Alexander Column by Montferrand, erected in 1834, and
11700-683: The strategically important Kichkas Bridge to transfer troops, ammunition, and medical supplies. The Soviet government industrialized Zaporizhzhia still further during the 1920s and 1930s, when the Dnieper Hydroelectric Station, and the Zaporizhzhia Steel Plant , and the Dnieper Aluminium Plant were built. In the 1930s, the American United Engineering and Foundry Company built a strip mill similar to
11817-477: The supervision of Alexander Menshikov . Tens of thousands of serfs died while building the city. Later, the city became the centre of the Saint Petersburg Governorate . Peter moved the capital from Moscow to Saint Petersburg in 1712, nine years before the Treaty of Nystad of 1721 ended the war. He referred to Saint Petersburg as the capital (or seat of government) as early as 1704. While the city
11934-414: The time of the launch of the first phase of the tram connection, about 70,000 m³ of earthworks were carried out, up to 26,000 m³ of ballast was removed, three bridges with iron trusses were built and 18 km of tracks were laid. On 17 July 1932, at 05:00 in the morning, the first carriages started regular flights between the old city (from Volya Square) and the Dnieper Hydroelectric Station . In October of
12051-519: The tram system despite the Russian invasion of Ukraine (2022–present) and extensive attacks on Zaporizhia . Targeted strikes on Ukraine's infrastructure caused the city to reduce tram service in an attempt to conserve electricity. On 23 February 2023, electric transport was fully restored in Zaporizhzhia , which had been operating in a reduced mode since 16 November 2022. Due to those attacks there are currently on 6 tram lines operating as compared to 7 before
12168-449: The usage of prefix " Sankt- " ceased except for the formal official documents, where a three-letter abbreviation "СПб" ( SPb ) was very widely used as well. In the 1830s Alexander Pushkin translated the "foreign" city name of "Saint Petersburg" to the more Russian Petrograd (Russian: Петроград , IPA: [pʲɪtrɐˈgrat] ) in one of his poems. However, it was only on 31 August [ O.S. 18 August] 1914, after
12285-560: The village of Pavlo-Kickas 1964 — a line was laid along Main Street In 1965, the first Tatra T3 wagon was received from Kyiv , and in 1966, a batch of 30 such wagons arrived from the ČKD plant. For the next 20 years, the city received only Tatra T3 wagons. By the end of the 1980s, they had replaced all the oldest wagons. As of 1966, 14 routes operated in the city. In 1988, the Zaporizhia Tram and Trolleybus Administration (ZTTU) received
12402-554: The war with Germany had begun, that Tsar Nicholas II renamed the city Petrograd in order to expunge the German words Sankt and Burg . Since the prefix "Saint" was omitted, this act also changed the eponym and the "patron" of the city from Saint Peter to Peter the Great, its founder. On 26 January 1924, shortly after the death of Vladimir Lenin , it was renamed to Leningrad (Russian: Ленинград , IPA: [lʲɪnʲɪnˈgrat] ), meaning 'Lenin City'. On 6 September 1991,
12519-430: The war. Tram Depot No. 1 Tram Depot No. 2 30 traction substations provide power for the contact network of tram and trolleybus lines of KP Zaporizhelektrotrans. In 2017, 4 substations were equipped with traction network monitoring and protection systems. From 1 May 2021, the fare on trams is 6.00 ₴. The fare is paid to the driver upon entering the tram. The purchased ticket from the driver must be stamped with
12636-686: The war. A law acknowledging the honorary title of "Hero City" passed on 8 May 1965 (the 20th anniversary of the victory in the Great Patriotic War), during the Brezhnev era . The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR awarded Leningrad as a Hero City the Order of Lenin and the Gold Star medal "for the heroic resistance of the city and tenacity of the survivors of the Siege". The Hero-City Obelisk bearing
12753-600: The way to Mariupol . The H15 from Donetsk and the H23 [ de ] from Kropyvnytskyi via Kryvyi Rih, both end in Zaporizhzhia. There are four road bridges and two rail bridges over the Dnieper, nearly all of which bridges cross Khortytsia Island. President Volodymyr Zelenskyy opened the first stage of the New Zaporizhzhia Dniper Bridge early in 2022. The city has two rail stations, Zaporizhzhia-1 railway station and Zaporizhzhia-the-Second. The First
12870-525: Was again designated as the capital of the Russian Empire . It remained the seat of the Romanov dynasty and the Imperial Court of the Russian tsars , as well as the seat of the Russian government, for another 186 years until the communist revolution of 1917 . In 1736–1737 the city suffered from catastrophic fires. To rebuild the damaged boroughs, a committee under Burkhard Christoph von Münnich commissioned
12987-576: Was being built, Peter lived in a three-room log cabin with his wife Catherine and their children. During its first few years, the city developed around Trinity Square on the right bank of the Neva, near the Peter and Paul Fortress. However, Saint Petersburg soon started to be built out according to a plan. By 1716 the Swiss Italian Domenico Trezzini had elaborated a project whereby the city centre would be on Vasilyevsky Island and shaped by
13104-524: Was changed, breaking the tradition of democratic election by universal suffrage that started in 1991. In 2006, the city legislature re-approved Matviyenko as governor. Residential building had intensified again; real-estate prices inflated greatly, which caused many new problems for the preservation of the historical part of the city. Although the central part of the city has a UNESCO designation (there are about 8,000 architectural monuments in Petersburg),
13221-483: Was closed along Lermontova Street from Pravda Street to the Youth Sports Palace. Tram routes No. 2, 5 and 6 were shortened to the Zaporizhia Circle Ring. A supermarket parking lot has been built on the site of the tram ring. During March — April 2008, the line was finally dismantled. In 2008, modern tram cars were purchased for the system. In August 2012, tram depot No. 2 was renovated. After the conservation of
13338-400: Was cut off by underground flooding, creating a major obstacle to the city development for almost ten years. On 13 June 1996, Saint Petersburg, alongside Leningrad Oblast and Tver Oblast , signed a power-sharing agreement with the federal government, granting it autonomy. This agreement was abolished on 4 April 2002. In 1996, Vladimir Yakovlev defeated Anatoly Sobchak in the elections for
13455-603: Was multilingual and a Hollandophile. The name was later normalized and russified to Санкт-Петербург. A former spelling of the city's name in English was Saint Petersburgh . This spelling survives in the name of a street in the Bayswater district of London, near St Sophia's Cathedral , named after a visit by the Tsar to London in 1814. A 14 to 15-letter-long name, composed of the three roots , proved too cumbersome, and many shortened versions were used. The first General Governor of
13572-528: Was opened along Zhukovsky and Zhovtneva streets to the Baranov Plant. In September, the line over the Dnieper Hydroelectric Station dam to the Right Bank was opened. The trams at this time had steering wheels at the back and front, the driver changed positions at the terminuses. Trams ran every hour from 06:00 to 01:00. In November, the line to RMZ (Repair and Mechanical Plant) was opened. Between 1936 and 1940 additional lines and extensions were added. In 1936,
13689-478: Was renamed Leningrad . Later many streets and other toponyms were renamed accordingly, with names in honour of communist figures replacing historic names given centuries before. The city has over 230 places associated with the life and activities of Lenin. Some of them were turned into museums, including the cruiser Aurora – a symbol of the October Revolution and the oldest ship in the Russian Navy . In
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