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111-492: Line 1 of the Saint Petersburg Metro , also known as Kirovsko-Vyborgskaya Line ( Russian : Ки́ровско-Вы́боргская ли́ния ) or Red Line , is the oldest rapid transit line in Saint Petersburg , Russia, opened in 1955, which connects Kirovsky and Vyborgsky districts of the city. The original stations are very beautiful and elaborately decorated, especially Avtovo and Narvskaya . The line connects four out of five Saint Petersburg 's main railway stations . In 1995,

222-628: A National Prize in architecture was introduced and it was won by a team of architects representing architectural schools of Moscow and Minsk, (M.Parusnikov, G.Badanov, I.Barsch, S.Botkovsky, A.Voinov, V.Korol, S.Musinsky, G.Sisoev, N.Trachtenberg, and N.Shpigelman) for the design and construction of the Nezaleznosci Avenue ensemble. The most famous Stalinist architectural ensembles in Minsk are also on Lenina Street, Kamsamolskaya Street, Kamunistychnaya Street, Pryvakzalnaya Square and others. Central Kiev

333-573: A city built very deep, not only to minimise disruption, but also, because of the Cold War threat, they were built to double as bomb shelters, and many old stations do feature provisions such as blast doors and air filters. In most cities, the lines become shallow or even begin to run above ground as they reach the city's outer residential districts. However, this is not the case in Saint Petersburg. The difficult geology means that all but 9 stations are at

444-432: A complete departure from prewar atheism. To see this altar, a rider had to pass a long row of plaster banners, bronze candlesticks and assorted military imagery. Park Kultury featured true Gothic chandeliers, another departure. Metrostroy operated its own marble and carpentry factories, producing 150 solid, whole block marble columns for this short section. The second section of Ring line was a tribute to "Heroic Labor" (with

555-583: A decade plans to build a metro in Petrograd languished. In 1938 the question of building a metro for St Petersburg (by then renamed to Leningrad), resurfaced at the initiative of Alexei Kosygin , Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Leningrad City Soviets of Working People's Deputies . Ivan Zubkov, an engineer who for his work was later to become a Hero of Socialist Labour was appointed

666-475: A deep level. The design and architecture went through numerous phases. The original stations were predominantly of the pylon type , of which there are 15 stations. Also popular was the column layout, and there are 16 such stations in the system. The first stage is exquisitely decorated in the Stalinist Architecture style, but from 1958, Nikita Khrushchev 's struggle with decorative extras restricted

777-708: A few months later) being put into public use. These stations later became part of the Kirovsko-Vyborgskaya Line , connecting the Moscow Rail Terminal in the city centre with the Kirovsky industrial zone in the southwest. Subsequent development included lines under the Neva River in 1958, and the construction of the Vyborgsky Radius in the mid-1970s to reach the new housing developments in the north. In 1978,

888-453: A flash can be done without a permit. Approximately fourteen people died and over 50 sustained injuries from an explosion 3 April 2017 on a train between Sennaya Ploshchad and Tekhnologicheski Institut stations, on the Line 2 . The explosion occurred at 2:20 pm, local time. Seven individuals were confirmed DOA, while others were rushed to hospital. Russian President Vladimir Putin's hometown

999-411: A flooding occurred in a tunnel between Lesnaya and Ploschad Muzhestva stations and, for nine years, the line was separated into two independent segments (the gap was connected by a shuttle bus route). The line contains three of the six shallow stations that are present in the metro. The line cuts Saint Petersburg centre on a northeast–southwest axis. In the south its alignment follows the shore of

1110-489: A flooding occurred in a tunnel between Lesnaya and Ploschad Muzhestva stations and, for nine years, the line was separated into two independent segments (the gap was connected by a shuttle bus route). The line is also one of the two lines in the network to feature shallow stations, the other being the Nevsko-Vasileostrovskaya Line . The line cuts Saint Petersburg centre on a northeast-southwest axis. In

1221-561: A group of skyscrapers in Moscow designed in the Stalinist style. Their English-language nickname is the " Seven Sisters " . They were built officially from 1947 to 1953 (some work extended years past official completion dates) in an elaborate combination of Russian Baroque and Gothic styles and the technology used in building American skyscrapers. The seven skyscrapers are the Hotel Ukraina ,

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1332-599: A height of 5–10 metres (16–33 ft), and the actual laying of track etc.) was projected to cost around 190 million rubles. However, in 1903 Emperor Nicholas II rejected the scheme before any work ever started. Almost all pre-revolutionary designs featured the concept of an elevated metro system, similar to the Paris or Vienna metros . However, as it was later discovered through the experience of operating uncovered ground-level metro sections in St. Petersburg (which were later closed due to

1443-406: A pledge "not to engage in hare-brained schemes in the future, but to exercise his efforts in matters appropriate to his estate." Other, more developed projects subsequently emerged, but they, too, received no recognition. Many arguments were advanced against the construction of an underground road. The "city fathers" stated that the excavation works would "violate the amenities and respectability of

1554-442: A record in the history of the construction of the St. Petersburg metro. This however, was not achieved, and the plans were only completed in late 2012. In 1994 it was planned, over 10 years, to massively extend the metro and almost "double" its size, building three new lines and 61 new stations. However, in reality, over this period until 2004, just 6 stations were opened. At this point the metro considered funding construction through

1665-622: A section of it between Lesnaya and Ploschad Muzhestva flooded. For more than nine years, the northern segment of the line was physically cut off from the rest of the system. A new set of tunnels was built and in June 2004 normal service was restored. Kirovsko-Vyborgskaya ("Kirovsky [district]–Vyborgsky [district]") Line is the oldest line of the metro, opened in 1955. The original stations are very beautiful and elaborately decorated, especially Avtovo and Narvskaya . The line connects four out of five Saint Petersburg 's main railway stations . In 1995,

1776-495: A sign of priority. It also demonstrates class stratification of eligible tenants of this time. Three Moscow buildings received awards: A change from Stalinist architecture to standard prefabricated concrete is usually associated with Khrushchev's reign and particularly the November 1955 decree On liquidation of excesses... (November 1955). Indeed, Khrushchev was involved in a cost-reduction campaign, but it began in 1948, while Stalin

1887-402: A system of individual stage and station sponsorship. Saint Petersburg's unforgiving geology has frequently hampered attempts by Metro builders. The most notable case took place on the Kirovsko-Vyborgskaya Line . While constructing the line in the 1970s, the tunnelers entered an underground cavity of the Neva River . They managed to complete the tunnel, but in 1995 the tunnel had to be closed and

1998-508: A time when the country was in ruins. The toll of this project on real urban needs can be judged from these numbers: Similar skyscrapers were built in Warsaw , Bucharest , and Riga ; the tower in Kiev was completed without crown and steeple. The upward surge of the high-rises, publicised since 1947, was recreated by numerous smaller buildings across the country. Eight to twelve-story high towers marked

2109-1279: A variety of strategies that created politicized discussions without much practical result; State intervention was imminent. Stalin's personal architectural preferences and the extent of his own influence remains, for the most part, a matter of deduction, conjecture and anecdotal evidence. The facts, or their representation in public Soviet documents, largely concerns the Palace of Soviets contest of 1931–33: The architects invited to direct these workshops included traditionalists Ivan Zholtovsky, Alexey Shchusev, Ivan Fomin, Boris Iofan, Vladimir Schuko as well as practising constructivists: Ilya Golosov , Panteleimon Golosov , Nikolai Kolli , Konstantin Melnikov , Victor Vesnin , Moisei Ginzburg and Nikolai Ladovsky . This began an important trend that lasted until 1955. Stalin chose Iofan for one project, but retained all competing architects in his employ. The first years of Stalinist architecture are characterized by individual buildings, or, at most, single-block development projects. Rebuilding vast spaces of Moscow proved much more difficult than razing historical districts. The three most important Moscow buildings of this time are on

2220-612: A walk through the exhibition recreated a tour of the huge country. The central pavilion by Vladimir Schuko was based slightly on the abortive 1932 Palace of Soviets draft by Zholtovsky. Unlike the "national" buildings, it hasn't survived (central gates and major pavilions were rebuilt during the early 1950s). The surviving 1939 pavilions are the last and only example of Stalin's monumental propaganda in their original setting. Such propaganda pieces were not built to last (like Shchusev's War Trophy Hangar in Gorky Park); some were demolished during

2331-407: Is the 26th busiest metro system in the world. The question of building an underground road in Saint Petersburg arose in 1820. A resident of the city, a self-taught man by the name of Torgovanov, submitted a bold project to Tsar Alexander I  — involving the digging of a tunnel from the center of the city to Vasilyevsky Island . The Russian ruler rejected the project and ordered the inventor to sign

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2442-459: Is Saint Petersburg, and he was in the city visiting when the attack occurred. He issued condolence statements to the victims' families immediately after the blast. Russia's National Anti-Terrorism Committee also on 3 April defused an improvised explosive device at Ploshchad Vosstaniya station, on the Line 1 . Stalinist architecture As part of the Soviet policy of rationalization of

2553-515: Is a line of the metro, opened in 1967. Since 1994, it has been officially designated as Line 3. It stands out among St. Petersburg metro lines for two reasons : its stations are almost exclusively of "Horizontal Lift" type and it has the longest inter-station tunnels in the entire system. Metro officials originally intended to add stations in-between the existing ones, but those plans were later abandoned. The line cuts Saint Petersburg centre on an east-west axis and then turns southeast following

2664-527: Is financed by the city of Saint Petersburg , from passenger fares, and from advertisement space at the stations and on the trains. Metro construction is undertaken by the subsidiary Lenmetrostroy ( Russian : Ленметрострой ) that is financed by the Metro as well as directly by the Ministry of Transportation . The rolling stock of the metro is provided by five depots with a total of 1403 cars forming 188 trains. Most of

2775-492: Is managed by the state municipal company Sankt-Peterburgsky Metropoliten ( Saint Petersburg Metropolitan , Russian : Санкт-Петербургский Метрополитен ) that was privatised from the Ministry of Rail Services. The Metro was renamed to coincide with the city's name change in the early 1990s. The company employs several thousand men and women in station and track management as well as rolling stock operation and maintenance. The Metro

2886-467: Is planned to be expanded to the north. The line originally opened in December 2008. It contained only two stations until 7 March 2009, when the Line 4 (Pravoberezhnaya Line) segment between Komendantsky Prospekt and Sadovaya stations became a part of the new line. Krasnosel'sko-Kalininskaya ("Krasnosel'sky [district]–Kalininsky [district]") Line will go from the southwest of Saint Petersburg, through

2997-485: The Frunzensko-Primorskaya Line 's southern extension. In addition, there are four termini stations that are on the surface and are located near the lines' connection with the train depots. The city's northern climate means that even here all of the station space is inside an enclosed structure. [REDACTED] The Metro has a very large expansion plan for the next half century. The Pravoberezhnaya Line

3108-530: The Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945, which would interrupt the process. During 1948–1952 construction was completed. Navigation was begun June 1, 1952. The canal and its facilities were predominantly built by prisoners, who were detained in several specially organized corrective labor camps . During 1952 the number of convicts employed by construction exceeded 100,000. The first stage of Moscow Metro (1931–1935) began as an ordinary city utility. There

3219-512: The Gulf of Finland . In the north it extends outside the city limits into the Leningrad oblast (it is the only line to stretch beyond the city boundary). The Kirovsko-Vyborgskaya Line generally coloured red on Metro maps. Moskovsko-Petrogradskaya ("Moskovsky [district]–Petrogradsky [district]") Line is the second oldest line of the metro, opened in 1961. It featured the first cross-platform transfer in

3330-716: The Kotelnicheskaya Embankment Building , the Kudrinskaya Square Building , the Leningradskaya Hotel , the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia main building , the main building of Moscow State University , and the Red Gate Building . In terms of construction methods, most of the structures, underneath the wet stucco walls, are simple brick masonry . Exceptions were Andrei Burov's medium-sized concrete block panel houses (such as

3441-633: The Moscow Metro to 5.5 metres (18 ft 1 in). On 3 September 1947 construction began again in the Leningrad subway, and in December 1954, the Council of Ministers of the USSR ordered the establishment of the state transport organization Leningradsky Metropoliten , to be headed by Ivan Novikov. The organisation set up its offices in the building directly above Tekhnologichesky Institut station. On 7 October 1955

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3552-568: The New Economic Policy began, their publicity resulted in architectural commissions. Experience was not gained quickly, and many Constructivist buildings were justly criticized for irrational floor plans , cost overruns and low quality. For a brief time in the mid-1920s, the architectural profession operated in the old-fashioned manner, with private companies, international contests, competitive bidding and disputes in professional magazines. Foreign architects were welcomed, especially towards

3663-568: The Order of Lenin ' (Леининградский Метрополитен Ордена Ленина имени В.И.Ленина). At the beginning of 1992 construction work was being carried out at 14 stations, or objects relating to them. These were six stations of the Primorsky radius ( Admiralteyskaya , Sportivnaya , Chkalovskaya , Krestovsky Ostrov , Staraya Derevnya , and Komendantsky Prospekt ), two stations on the fourth line ( Spasskaya and transfer tunnels to Sadovaya station), Parnas and

3774-516: The USSR . It was also the first metro line in Saint Petersburg to feature a unique platform type that soon became dubbed as "Horizontal Lift". The line cuts Saint Petersburg on a north-south axis and is generally coloured blue on Metro maps. In 2006, as an extension was opened, it became the longest line on the system. Nevsko-Vasileostrovskaya ("Nevsky [district]–Vasileostrovsky [district]") Line

3885-499: The de-Stalinization of 1956. Post-war architecture, sometimes perceived as a uniform style, was fragmented into at least four vectors of development: Residential construction in post-war cities was segregated according to the ranks of tenants. No effort was made to conceal luxuries; sometimes they were evident, sometimes deliberately exaggerated (in contrast with Iofan's plain House on Embankment ). Country residencies of Stalin's officials

3996-455: The 'Vyborg' depot on line 2, and five stations of the Frunzensky radius ( Zvenigorodskaya , Obvodny Kanal , Volkovskaya , Bukharestskaya , and Mezhdunarodnaya ). Thus, it was believed, considering the average time of construction of a metro station in Saint Petersburg being equal to 5.6 years, that, with sufficient funding, all the works mentioned above would be completed by no later than 1997;

4107-579: The 4–5 story high ensembles of post-war regional centers. The Central Pavilion of the All-Russia Exhibition Centre , reopened in 1954, is 90 meters high, has a cathedral -like main hall, 35 meters high, 25 meters wide with Stalinist sculpture and murals. The urban architectural ensemble of Nezalezhnastci Avenue in Minsk is an example of the integrated approach in organizing a city's environment by harmoniously combining its architectural monuments,

4218-617: The Ekaterinsky and Obvodny canals and beneath the Zabalkansky prospect) with the Baltiysky and Varshavsky Rail Terminals . In the same year, Reshevsky, also an engineer, working at the behest of the Emperor's minister for transport, came up with two possible projects, which aimed primarily to unite all of Saint Petersburg's main railway stations with one urban interchange. An interesting development,

4329-509: The Krasnoselsko-Kalininskaya line are already under construction, and should be opened in 2 stages by 2024. The Admiralteysko-Okhtinskaya and Koltsevaya line should appear after the 2030s. A 2 station expansion of Line 4 from Spasskaya to Gorny Institut is under construction and is set to open by 2024 and a 2 station expansion of Line 3 from Begovaya to Kamenka is under construction with the opening set around 2028-2030. Back in 2012,

4440-752: The Lace building, 1939–41) and large buildings like the Seven Sisters , which necessitated the use of concrete. The masonry naturally dictated narrow windows, thus leaving a large wall area to be decorated. Fireproof terracotta finishes were introduced during the early 1950s, although this was rarely used outside of Moscow. Most of the roofing was traditional wooden trusses covered with metallic sheets. About 1948, construction technology improved – at least in Moscow – as faster and cheaper processes became available. Houses also became safer by eliminating wooden ceilings and partitions. The standardized buildings of 1948–1955 had

4551-711: The Moscow Canal, the Volga–Don Canal , and the latter stages of the Moscow Metro. Before 1917, the Russian architectural scene was divided between Russky Modern (a local interpretation of Art Nouveau , stronger in Moscow), and Neoclassical Revival (stronger in Saint Petersburg ). The Neoclassical school produced mature architects like Alexey Shchusev , Ivan Zholtovsky , Ivan Fomin , Vladimir Shchuko and Alexander Tamanian ; by

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4662-484: The Nezalezhnastci Avenue ensemble is a good example. The layout provided for the main features of the town-planning ensemble – the length of the buildings facades, their silhouettes, the main divisions, and the general architectural pattern. The integrated building plan was based on the accommodation of innovative ideas with classical architecture. The survived pre-war buildings and park zones were incorporated into

4773-555: The Peschanaya Square development (a territory north from the 1948 Posokhin-Lagutenko block). Using the 'flow methode' of moving crews through a sequence of buildings in different completion stages and a moderate application of prefabricated concrete on otherwise traditional masonry, builders managed to complete typical 7-storey buildings in five to six months. Instead of wet stucco (which caused at least two months of delay), these buildings are finished with open brickwork outside and

4884-552: The Republic and the union to develop a new project for a complete reconstruction of the central city. Stalin Prize for the year 1949, announced in March 1950, showed a clear and present division of Stalinist architecture – extravagant, expensive buildings are still praised, but so are attempts to make Stalinist style affordable. The 1949 prize was given exclusively for completed apartment buildings,

4995-552: The Severnoe served the northern section whilst the Avtovo, along with other depots took over the southern section. As there was a large surplus in the north, conventional railway was used to transfer many of the trains to other depots. Upon the reunification of the two sections, the Severnoe depot's park was restored and the line became the first to start using eight-carriage trains, of which currently 34 and 20 trains are assigned respectively to

5106-510: The Skoda cars are equipped with sliding doors that go in to pockets rather than the plug doors now being used elsewhere. This is due to the fact that several stations on the system have platform doors that do not permit sufficient clearance for the plug ones. Transmashholding unveiled a new prototype train for the St Petersburg Metro in June 2019. In August 2022 an order was placed for 950 cars,

5217-464: The Vyborgsky radius, constructed in the 1970s, brought the metro to new residential areas constructed in the north-east of the city, and by 1978, those further out, in the nearby Leningrad Oblast . The metro was expanded to the south-west, with the construction of the Kirovsky radius, in 1977. Construction of the second, Moskovsko-Petrogradskaya line began almost immediately after the initial opening of

5328-549: The architectural ensemble. At present buildings which form the Nezalezhnastci Avenue ensemble are inscribed on the State List of Historical and Cultural Values of the Republic of Belarus . The architectural ensemble itself, with its buildings and structures, the layout and the landscape is protected by the state and inscribed on the List as a complex of historical and cultural values. In 1968

5439-400: The canal is 128 km. It was constructed from the year 1932 to the year 1937 by gulag prisoners during the early-to-mid Stalin era. During the late 1930s, the construction industry was experienced enough to build large, multi-block urban redevelopments – although all of these were in Moscow. The three most important Moscow projects were: In 1936, the annual Agricultural Exhibition

5550-465: The city centre, to the northeast of the city. The first stage which consists of two stations is under construction and should be opened on the 30th of April, 2025. These stations are Yugo-Zapadnaya (Kazakovskaya) and Putilovskaya. Some of the features of the Saint Petersburg Metro make it stand out amongst others, even those in the former USSR. It is customary to have stations in the centre of

5661-497: The city"; the landlords affirmed that underground traffic would undermine the foundations of the buildings; the merchants feared that "the open excavations would interfere with normal trade"; but the most violent adversaries of the novelty, the clergy, insisted that "the underground passages running near church buildings would detract from their dignity". Thus all the projects for the construction of an underground passage in Saint Petersburg, and later in Petrograd, remained on paper. By

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5772-419: The colour of the line. * Upon the 1977 extension, the temporary station Dachnoye (which had been the terminus since 1966) and its tracks were demolished. The transfer on Tekhnologichesky Institut is a cross-platform one. Last transfer to the Frunzensko-Primorskaya Line has opened via Pushkinskaya in 2008. Two depots serve the line, Avtovo (№ 1) and Severnoe (№ 4), although when the lines separated in 1995

5883-505: The constructed stations were used as bomb shelters. It was finally opened on 15 November 1955. Formerly known as the Order of Lenin Leningrad Metro named after V. I. Lenin ( Ленинградский Ордена Ленина Метрополитен имени В. И. Ленина ), the system exhibits many typical Soviet designs and features exquisite decorations and artwork making it one of the most attractive and elegant metros in

5994-427: The country, all cities were built to a general development plan . Each was divided into districts, with allotments based on the city's geography. Projects would be designed for whole districts, visibly transforming a city's architectural image. The interaction of the state with the architects would prove to be one of the features of this time. The same building could be declared a formalist blasphemy and then receive

6105-419: The country. This was still an experiment, not backed by industrial capacity or fast-track project schedules. Posokhin also devised various pseudo-Stalinist configurations of the same building blocks, with decorative excesses ; these were not implemented. Concrete frames became common for industrial construction, but too expensive for mass housing. It is not known for sure which Party leader personally initiated

6216-700: The drive to reduce costs. The need was imminent. What is known is that in January 1951, Khrushchev – then City of Moscow party boss – hosted a professional conference on construction problems. The conference decreed a transition to plant-made, large-sized concrete parts, building new plants for prefabricated concrete and other materials, and replacement of wet masonry technology with fast assembly of prefabricated elements. The industry still had to decide – should they use big, story-high panels, or smaller ones, or maybe two-story panels, as Lagutenko tried in Kuzminki ? Basic technology

6327-532: The eastern part of city, along the right bank of the Neva River . However, delays in the construction of the future Line 5 , compelled to temporarily link the already completed northern part of the Line 5 (starting from Sadovaya ) to Pravoberezhnaya Line, as they felt that it was better to have a single connected line rather than two unconnected ones. From that point on, the line expanded northward, as per original plans of Line 5 expansion. On 7 March 2009 Spasskaya station

6438-476: The electricity was turned on in the metro, and on 5 November 1955, the act by which the first stage of the metro was put into operation, was signed. Ten years after the end of the war, at the beginning of the post-Stalin Khrushchev Thaw , the city finally got an underground transport network. The subway grand opening was held on 15 November 1955, with the first seven stations (the eighth one, Pushkinskaya opened

6549-472: The end of the 19th century, certain interested parties began discussing the possibility of opening the Russian Empire 's first metropolitan railway system. The press of the time praised the initial plans, while engineers privately worried about the serious lack of experience in the sort of projects required to build a metro; at the time, Saint Petersburg did not even have electrified tramways . However, due to

6660-497: The end of this period, when the Great Depression reduced their jobs at home. Among these were Ernst May , Albert Kahn , Le Corbusier , Bruno Taut and Mart Stam . The difference between traditionalists and constructivists was not well defined. Zholtovsky and Shchusev hired modernists as junior partners for their projects, and at the same time incorporated constructivist novelties in their own designs. In 1930 Gosproektstroi

6771-412: The exception of Shchusev's Komsomolskaya , set up as a retelling of Stalin's speech of November 7, 1941). On April 4, 1953, the public learn that a 1935 stretch from Alexandrovsky Sad , then Kalininskaya , to Kievskaya is closed for good and replaced with a brand-new, deep-alignment line. No official explanation of this expensive change exists; all speculations concern a bomb shelter function. One of

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6882-411: The expansion of Line 3 from Primorskaya to Begovaya opened adding 2 new stations (Zenit (Novokrestovskaya when opened) and Begovaya) and the newest extension of the system adding 3 new stations on Line 5 (Prospekt Slavy, Dunayskaya and Shushary) opened in 2019. Three new lines, Krasnoselsko-Kalininskaya, Admiralteysko-Okhtinskaya and Koltsevaya, are to be constructed in the future. The first six stations of

6993-486: The experimental Industrial Construction Bureau, with an objective to study and design the low-cost technology suitable for fast mass construction. Lagutenko emphasized large prefabricated concrete panes. He joined architects Mikhail Posokhin and Ashot Mndoyants, and in 1948 this team built their first concrete frame-and-panel building near present-day Polezhaevskaya metro station. Four identical buildings followed nearby; similar buildings were built during 1949–1952 across

7104-650: The first director for the metro construction. The initial project was designed by the Moscow institute 'Metrogiprotrans', but on 21 January 1941 'Construction Directorate № 5 of the People's Commissariat' was founded as a body to specifically oversee the design and construction of the Leningrad Metro. By April 1941, 34 shafts for the initial phase of construction had been finished. During the Second World War construction work

7215-523: The first post-war metro line (a 6.4 km section of the Ring Line ). These stations were dedicated to "Victory". No more Comintern (the Comintern metro station was renamed Kalininskaya in December 1946), no more World revolution , but a statement of victorious, nationalist Stalinism. Oktyabrskaya station by Leonid Polyakov was built like a Classicist temple, with a shiny white-blue altar behind iron gates –

7326-488: The first was delivered in September 2022. The Metro was originally built as a system that could offer shelter in case of a nuclear attack. Every station is equipped with CCTV surveillance following recent terrorist threats. Until the summer of 2009, all photography and video filming in the Metro required a written permit. However, because of a legal challenge by an amateur photographer, after 24 August 2009, photography without

7437-480: The fourth line was expanded with the addition of Spasskaya station, the fifth line finally (as dictated in earlier projects) began to directly serve both the Primorsky and Frunzensky districts of Saint Petersburg. By the time of the USSR's collapse, the Leningrad Metro comprised 54 stations and 94.2 kilometres (58.5 mi) of track. Up until this period, it was officially known as the 'V.I. Lenin Leningrad Metro of

7548-452: The general layout of the former Sovietskaya Street began in 1944, soon after the liberation of Minsk from the Nazi troops. The main architects from Moscow and Minsk were involved with the project. In 1947, as a result of the competition, the project which had been developed with the supervision of the academician of architecture M. Parusnikov, was selected for the implementation. The project plan of

7659-449: The greatest praise the next year, as happened to Ivan Zholtovsky and his Bolshaya Kaluzhskaya in 1949–50. Authentic styles like Zholtovsky's Renaissance Revival , Ivan Fomin 's St. Petersburg Neoclassical architecture and Art Deco adaptation by Alexey Dushkin and Vladimir Shchuko coexisted with imitations and eclecticism that became characteristic of that era. The Vysotki or Stalinskie Vysotki ( Сталинские высотки ) are

7770-454: The harsh underground geology that forms the Neva Delta. The six shallow column stations are located in the southern and northwestern sections of the city, and the first three are found on the Kirovsko-Vyborgskaya Line . The first one, Avtovo , is considered to be one of the most beautiful stations in the world and was opened as part of the first stage in 1955, while the other two were built in

7881-522: The last of these stations opened, marks the end of all late Stalinist construction. Stalin's 1946 idea of building many skyscrapers in Moscow resulted in a decree of January 1947 that started a six-year-long publicity campaign. By the time of official groundbreaking, September 1947, eight construction sites were identified (the Eighth Sister , in Zaryadye , would be cancelled). Eight design teams, directed by

7992-522: The late 1970s as typical Moscow-style pillar trispan stations. There are two shallow-column stations on the Nevsko-Vasileostrovskaya Line : Zenit and Begovaya . Both of these stations, which use a modified version of the horizontal lift design, were opened in May 2018 as part of the line's extension to the northwestern section of the city. A sixth shallow-column station, Dunayskaya , opened in October 2019 as part of

8103-452: The left bank of the Neva River. It is generally coloured green on Metro maps. Lakhtinsko-Pravoberezhnaya ("Lakhta–Right Bank") Line , initially known just as Pravoberezhnaya ("Right Bank") line , was opened in 1985. It is the shortest line in the system with the stations featuring a modern design. The line originally opened to provide access from the centre for the new residential areas in

8214-644: The line was extended past the city limits into the Leningrad Oblast . 1,023 governmental awards were made to participants of the construction of the metro first stage. The first expansion of the metro took place in 1958, when the first line (later to become the Kirovsko-Vyborgskaya Line) was extended beneath the Neva river to the Finlyandsky Rail Terminal . Later this same line was extended when

8325-414: The metro first phase. A new version of the metro project, devised by specialists, identified two new solutions to the problems to be encountered during the metro construction. Firstly, stations were to be built at a level slightly raised above that of normal track so as to prevent drainage directly into them, whilst the average tunnel width was to be reduced from the 6 metres (19 ft 8 in) standard of

8436-406: The metro. Just six years later, in 1961, the section from Tekhnologichesky Institut to Park Pobedy , along Moskovsky Prospect to the southern areas of the city, was opened. In 1963 the line was extended north to the station Petrogradskaya station; in the process making Tekhnologichesky Institut the USSR's first cross-platform interchange station. Further extension of the line was undertaken to

8547-399: The metro. Most of them are E, Em, Ema, and Emx trains built in the 1960s and 1970s. Given the age of most of the stations on this line, constant renovations take place to restore them. The Vladimirskaya and Narvskaya stations closed for reconstruction from autumn 2006 until 2008. Debate continues over whether to open the controversial mosaic of Stalin (located on Narvskaya station behind

8658-441: The mid-1970s, a new open "single-vault" design was developed by local engineers and became very popular, not only in Saint Petersburg, but some other cities as well. Known technically as Leningradky Odnosvod , it remains the most popular of all and there are 16 such stations in the city. The remaining stations are located virtually on the edge of the city, and one, Devyatkino , is territorially in Leningrad Oblast , far away from

8769-647: The models are the Metrowagonmash 81-717/714 that are very common in all ex-Soviet cities. In addition there are older E and Em type trains on the Kirovsko-Vyborgskaya Line and newer 81-540/541 (built by Škoda Transportation unit Vagonmash) on the Pravoberezhnaya and Fruzenskaya-Primorskaya Line. In addition, the Metro has also received 81-722 and 81-724 cars from Metrowagonmash, which are custom models specifically for Saint Petersburg. Both these and

8880-416: The needs of mass construction. This inefficiency largely ended Stalinist architecture and resulted in mass construction methods which began while Stalin was still alive. Although Stalin rejected Constructivism , completion of constructivist buildings extended through the 1930s. Industrial construction, endorsed by Albert Kahn and later supervised by Viktor Vesnin , was influenced by modernist ideas. It

8991-832: The new generation of main architects (37 to 62 years old), produced numerous drafts; there was not any open contest or evaluation commission, which is an indicator of Stalin's personal management. All major architects were awarded Stalin prizes in April 1949 for preliminary drafts; corrections and amendments followed until very late completion stages. All the buildings had overengineered steel frames with concrete ceilings and masonry infill, based on concrete slab foundations (which sometimes required ingenious water retention technology). Skyscraper projects required new materials (especially ceramics) and technologies; solving these problems contributed to later housing and infrastructure development. However, it came at cost of slowing down regular construction, at

9102-510: The official website of the Saint Petersburg metro claimed the opening of 54 new stations, 5 new depots and 71 kilometres (44 mi) of new lines. Delays due to the difficult geology of the city's underground and to the insufficient funding have cut down these plans, as of 2014 (2 new stations later), to 17 new stations and one new depot until 2025. At the same time, there are several short and mid-term projects on station upgrades, including escalator replacements and lighting upgrades. The Metro

9213-445: The old city and "first-rate" streets, as well as single-family homebuilding. Low-cost development proceeded in remote areas, but most funds were diverted to new, expensive "ensemble" projects which valued façades and grandeur more than the needs of overcrowded cities. The Moscow Master Plan also included maintaining old city cores as administrative areas while building industry on city peripheries with green space and residences between

9324-453: The planning structure, the landscape and the natural or man-made places of vegetation. The Ensemble was constructed during the fifteen years after World War II. Its length was 2900 metres, although now it stretches to the outskirts of the city totaling nearly 16 km (which makes it one of the longest in Europe). The width of the road including side-walks varies from 42 to 48 metres. The work on

9435-413: The relative rank and occupation of tenants is represented by ornaments, sometimes by memorial plaques. Note that these are all Moscow features. In smaller cities, the social elite usually comprised just one or two classes; St. Petersburg always had a supply of pre-revolutionary luxury space. The construction of the present Volga–Don Canal , designed by Sergey Zhuk's Hydroproject Institute, began prior to

9546-470: The same housing quality as the Stalinist classics and are classified as such by real estate agents, but are excluded from the scope of Stalinist architecture. Ideologically they belong to mass housing, an intermediate phase before Nikita Khrushchev 's standardized buildings known as Khrushchyovka . Stalinist architecture does not equate to everything built during Stalin's era. It relied on labor-intensive and time-consuming masonry, and could not be scaled to

9657-535: The same reason), such projects would lead to many difficulties in its maintaining. Unfortunately, Russian engineers had neither sufficient equipment nor technical skills at the time to build deep-lying tunnels through the challenging ground beneath St. Petersburg. In 1918 Moscow became the country's capital after the October Revolution of 1917 and the Russian Civil War (1917–1922) followed; for more than

9768-567: The same square, all built between 1931 and 1935, yet each draft evolved independently, with little thought given to overall ensemble (see prewar movie stills 1936 1938 1939 ). Each set its own vector of development for the next two decades. А separate type of development, known as "early Stalinism" or Postconstructivism , evolved from 1932 to 1938. It can be traced both to simplified Art Deco (through Schuko and Iofan), and to indigenous Constructivism, being converted slowly to Neoclassicism (Ilya Golosov, Vladimir Vladimirov). These buildings retain

9879-445: The service room) to the public. As of 2016 discussions have begun on extending the line southward. Saint Petersburg Metro The Saint Petersburg Metro (Russian: Петербургский метрополитен , romanized:  Peterburgskiy metropoliten ) is a rapid transit system in Saint Petersburg , Russia. Construction began in early 1941, but was put on hold due to World War II and the subsequent Siege of Leningrad , during which

9990-546: The simple rectangular shapes and large glass surfaces of Constructivism, but with ornate balconies , porticos and columns (usually rectangular and very lightweight). By 1938, it became disused. In July 1935 the State evaluated the results and finally issued a decree on the Moscow Master Plan. The Plan, among other things, included Stalin's urban development ideas: These rules effectively banned low-cost mass construction in

10101-472: The south in the early 1970s, and in the 1980s to the north, with the final station Parnas being opened, following numerous delays, in 2006. The third Nevsko-Vasileostrovskaya Line was first opened in 1967 and eventually linked Vasilievsky Island , the city centre, and the industrial zones on the southeastern bank of the Neva in a series of extensions (1970, 1979, 1981 and 1984). The fourth line, Pravoberezhnaya ,

10212-495: The south its alignment follows the shore of the Gulf of Finland . In the north it extends outside the city limits into the Leningrad oblast (it is the only line to stretch beyond the city boundary). The Kirovsko-Vyborgskaya Line is generally coloured red on Metro maps , and markup of this colour has been added to its stations for ease of passenger orientation; the new generation trains of Yubileyniy  [ ru ] carriages since 2010s also have their outside colour matching

10323-592: The stations, Arbatskaya (2) by Leonid Polyakov, became the longest station in the system, 250 meters instead of the standard 160, and probably the most extravagant. "To some extent, it is Moscow Petrine baroque, yet despite citations from historical legacy, this station is hyperbolic, ethereal and unreal". Stalinist canon was officially condemned when two more sections, to Luzhniki and VDNKh , were being built. These stations, completed in 1957 and 1958, were mostly stripped of excesses , but architecturally they still belong to Stalin's lineage. The date of May 1, 1958 when

10434-833: The time of the 1917 Revolution they were established professionals, with their own companies, schools and followers. These people would eventually become Stalinism's architectural elders and produce the best examples of the period. Another school that began after the Revolution is now known as Constructivism . Some of the Constructivists (like the Vesnin brothers ) were young professionals who had established themselves before 1917, while others had just completed their professional education (like Konstantin Melnikov ) or didn't have any. They associated themselves with groups of modern artists, compensating for lack of experience with public exposure. When

10545-812: The two. The canal connects the Moskva River with the main transportation artery of European Russia , the Volga River . It is located in Moscow itself and in the Moscow Oblast . The canal connects to the Moskva River 191 kilometers from its estuary in Tushino (an area in the north-west of Moscow), and to the Volga River in the town of Dubna , just upstream of the dam of the Ivankovo Reservoir . Length of

10656-475: The vivid decorations to simple aesthetic themes. During this time a new design called "horizontal lift" became widespread, and 10 stations were built with this layout. The horizontal lift design is a variation of a station with platform screen doors , and has not been found elsewhere outside Saint Petersburg. However, because the design became unpopular with passengers, and for technical reasons, no stations featuring this design were built between 1972 and 2018. From

10767-467: The wish of the municipal authorities of the time to take ownership of the metro after its eventual entry into service, none of the aforementioned projects ever came to fruition. In 1901 the engineer Vladimir Pechkovsky presented his project to build an elevated station in the middle of Nevsky Prospect , opposite the Kazan Cathedral , and to link it, via elevated and underground sections of track (above

10878-450: The work upon which had been carried out for many years by railway engineer P.I. Balinsky (one of the first Russian metro engineers) involved plans to build a dedicated network of six urban lines, two of which would be radial lines with a total length of 172 kilometres (107 mi). The construction work (including the filling of low-lying areas of the city in order to avoid flooding, construction of 11 major bridges, embankments and viaducts at

10989-456: The world. Due to the city's unique geology , the Saint Petersburg Metro is also one of the deepest metro systems in the world and the deepest by the average depth of all the stations. The system's deepest station, Admiralteyskaya , is 86 metres (282 ft) below ground. The network consists of 5 lines with a total length of 124 kilometres (77 mi). It has 72 stations including 7 transfer points. Serving about 2 million passengers daily, it

11100-409: Was alive. A conversion to mass construction is evident in economy Stalinist buildings like Zholtovsky's Bolshaya Kaluzhskaya, 7. Based on masonry, they provided only a marginal gain; there had to be new technology. During 1948–1955, various architectural offices conducted an enormous feasibility study , devising and testing new technologies. In 1947, engineer Vitaly Lagutenko was appointed to direct

11211-399: Was completed, creating the city's first three-way transfer and it officially became the new terminal for Line 4. As per the original plan, all Line 4 stations north of Dostoyevskaya were absorbed into the recently opened Line 5. Frunzensko-Primorskaya ("Frunzensky [district]–Primorsky [district]") Line connects the city's historical centre to the northwestern and southern districts. The line

11322-641: Was destroyed during World War II when the Red Army abandoned the city and employed remote explosives to detonate bombs, and deny it to German forces. After Kiev's liberation, the streets and squares of the city were cleared of the ruins. Symbolically (as commemoration of Operation Barbarossa , the German invasion of the USSR) on 22 June 1944 the City Soviet organized a competition for architects from Kiev as well as other places from

11433-467: Was established as part of the Building Commission of Vesenkha with the help of Albert Kahn Inc. It employed 3,000 designers with a budget of 417 million  Rbls . Urban planning developed separately. Housing crises in big cities and the industrialization of remote areas required mass housing construction, development of new territories and reconstruction of old cities. Theorists devised

11544-399: Was frozen due to severe lack of funding, manpower and equipment. At this time, many of the metro construction workers were employed in the construction and repair of railheads and other objects vital to the besieged city. Zubkov died in 1944, having never seen the opening of the metro. In 1946 Lenmetroproyekt was created, under the leadership of M A Samodurov, to finish the construction of

11655-532: Was much propaganda about building it, but the subway itself wasn't perceived as propaganda. "Unlike other projects, Moscow Metro was never named Stalin's metro ". Old architects avoided Metro commissions. Attitudes changed when the second stage work started in 1935. This time, the subway was a political statement and enjoyed much better funding. The second stage produced such different examples of Stalinist style as Mayakovskaya (1938), Elektrozavodskaya and Partizanskaya (1944). It required six years to complete

11766-575: Was not as important to Stalin's urban plans, so most industrial buildings (excluding megaprojects like the Moscow Canal ) are not part of the Stalinist category. Even the first stage of the Moscow Metro , completed during 1935, was not scrutinized by Stalin, and so included substantial constructivist influence. Thus, the scope of Stalinist architecture is generally limited to urban public and residential buildings of good and middle quality, excluding mass housing, and selected infrastructure projects like

11877-577: Was on the top level; so was the 1945 House of Lions by Ivan Zholtovsky (House of Lions was designed by Nikolai Gaigarov and M.M. Dzisko of Zholtovsky Workshop. Zholtovsky supervised and promoted the project), a luxurious downtown residence for Red Army Marshals . 1947 Marshals Apartments by Lev Rudnev , on the same block, has a less extravagant exterior package. There was a type of building for every rank of Stalin's hierarchy. High-class buildings can be identified easily by tell-tale details like spacing between windows, penthouses and bay windows . Sometimes,

11988-423: Was opened in 1985 to serve the new residential districts on the right bank of the Neva before reaching the city centre in 1991 and continuing to the northwest in the late 1990s. It was in this period that the opening of the metro's fifth ( Frunzensko-Primorskaya ) line was planned, however, it was only in 2008, with the opening of Volkovskaya and Zvenigorodskaya stations, that this took place. On 7 March 2009, when

12099-505: Was relocated to an empty field north of Moscow. By August 1, 1939, more than 250 pavilions were built on 136 hectares (340 acres). A 1937 statue by Vera Mukhina , Worker and Kolkhoz Woman , atop the USSR pavilion of the Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne (1937) (Paris Expo of 1937), was rebuilt at the entrance gates. Pavilions were created in the national styles of Soviet republics and regions;

12210-471: Was set, feasibility studies continued. A year later, this line of action – establishing prefabricated concrete plants – was made a law by the XIX Party Congress, Stalin attending. Major public buildings and elite housing were not affected yet. A different type of experiment concerned the improvement of project management, switching from a single-building to a multi-block project scale. This was tested in

12321-480: Was split in early 2009, and the new fifth line ( Frunzensko-Primorskaya ) took the northern (Primorsky) radius away from Pravoberezhnaya and opened with a new section (Frunzensky) to the south. The Pravoberezhnaya line will extend to the west, and then north to Lakhta, and then to Yuntolovo. The two stations, Bukharestskaya and Mezhdunarodnaya of the Frunzensko-Primorskaya line, opened in December 2012. In 2018

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