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Cathedral of Our Lady of Kazan

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Kazan Cathedral or Kazanskiy Kafedralniy Sobor ( Russian : Казанский кафедральный собор , romanized :  Kazanskiy kafedral'nyy sobor ), also known as the Cathedral of Our Lady of Kazan, is a cathedral of the Russian Orthodox Church on the Nevsky Prospekt in Saint Petersburg . It is dedicated to Our Lady of Kazan , one of the most venerated icons in Russia.

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36-593: (Redirected from Kazan Cathedral ) Kazan Cathedral may refer to: Kazan Cathedral, St. Petersburg (Cathedral of Our Lady of Kazan) Kazan Cathedral, Moscow (Cathedral of Our Lady of Kazan) Kazan Cathedral, Volgograd Kazan Cathedral, Havana Cathedral of the Annunciation in the Kazan Kremlin Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with

72-640: A similar church on the other side of Nevsky Prospect that would mirror the Kazan Cathedral, but such plans failed to materialize. Although the Russian Orthodox Church strongly disapproved of the plans to create a replica of a Catholic basilica in Russia's then capital, several courtiers supported Voronikhin's Empire Style design. After Napoleon invaded Russia (1812) and the commander-in-chief General Mikhail Kutuzov asked Our Lady of Kazan for help,

108-470: A system of elected local self-government ( Zemstvo ) and an independent judicial system, but Russia did not have a national-level representative assembly ( Duma ) or a constitution until the 1905 Revolution . The system was abolished after the Russian Revolution of 1917 . The tsar himself, the embodiment of sovereign authority, stood at the center of the tsarist autocracy, with full power over

144-685: The Charter to the Gentry , legally affirming the rights and privileges they had acquired in preceding years, and the Charter of the Towns, establishing municipal self-government. This placated the powerful classes of society but left real power in the hands of the state bureaucracy. Building on this, Alexander I (reigned 1801–1825) established the State council as an advisory legislative body. Alexander II (1855–1881) established

180-666: The absolutism of the Muscovite political system as "patrimonial", and saw the stability of the Soviet Union in the fact that Russians accepted the legitimacy of this patrimonial organization. Some historians have pointed to a racial element in the concept. For example, American Cold War analysts, including George Kennan , linked the Soviet government's autocratic rule to Tatar influences during its history, and biographies of Russian leaders often stressed their possible Asiatic ancestries. In

216-524: The autocracy included writer Fyodor Dostoyevsky , Mikhail Katkov , Konstantin Aksakov , Nikolay Karamzin , Konstantin Pobedonostsev and Pyotr Semyonov . They all argued that a strong and prosperous Russia needed a strong tsar and that philosophies of republicanism and liberal democracy were alien to it. Some historians see the traditions of tsarist autocracy as partially responsible for laying

252-510: The boyar elites and the bureaucracy as its pillars. For example, Sergey M. Troitskii claimed that the Russian monarchs held sway of the nobility which was reduced to state service. According to Troitskii, absolutism in Russia was the same as everywhere else. This led to a difficult position within Marxism because absolutism revolves around institutions and laws, which were fundamentally less important than

288-608: The cathedral started in 1801 and continued for ten years under the supervision of Alexander Sergeyevich Stroganov . Upon its completion in 1811, the new church replaced the Church of Nativity of the Theotokos , which was disassembled when the Kazan Cathedral was consecrated. The architect Andrey Voronikhin modelled the building on St. Peter's Basilica in Rome . Some art historians assert that Emperor Paul (reigned 1796–1801) intended to build

324-501: The cathedral. In 1876 the Kazan demonstration , the first political demonstration in Russia, took place in front of the church. It later became a focal point of student demonstrations against the Tsarist autocracy , following the self-immolation of Maria Vetrova in 1897. After the Russian Revolution of 1917 the authorities closed the cathedral (January 1932). In November 1932 it reopened as

360-966: The central iconostasis contain 6 paintings, each of them depicting a different biblical character. The left door contains the portraits of St Luke the Evangelist, the Archangel Gabriel and St Matthew the Evangelist. The right door depicts St Mark the Evangelist, the Virgin Mary and St John the Evangelist. They were painted by Vladimir Borovikovsky . [REDACTED] Media related to Kazan Cathedral, Saint Petersburg at Wikimedia Commons 59°56′03″N 30°19′28″E  /  59.9343°N 30.3245°E  / 59.9343; 30.3245 Tsarist autocracy Defunct List of forms of government Philosophers Works Tsarist autocracy ( Russian : царское самодержавие , romanized :  tsarskoye samoderzhaviye ), also called Tsarism ,

396-541: The church's purpose altered. The Patriotic War over, Russians saw the cathedral primarily as a memorial to their victory over Napoleon. Kutuzov himself was interred in the cathedral in 1813; and Alexander Pushkin wrote celebrated lines meditating over his sepulchre . In 1815 keys to seventeen cities and eight fortresses were brought by the victorious Russian army from Europe and placed in the cathedral's sacristy . In 1837, Boris Orlovsky designed two bronze statues of Kutuzov and of Barclay de Tolly which stand in front of

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432-519: The entire period (see also historical usage of the term "tsar" ), but Muscovite is applicable only to the period of the Grand Duchy of Moscow , which was replaced by tsardom of Russia , a period for which the words imperial and Russian are applicable. Further, we can look at Muscovite despotism as a precursor for the tsarist absolutism , however, the very use of the word despotism has problems (see following note). Finally, care should be taken with

468-425: The exterior colonnade and is reminiscent of a palatial hall, being 69 metres in length and 62 metres in height. The interior features numerous sculptures and icons created by the best Russian artists of the day. A wrought-iron grille separating the cathedral from a small square behind it is sometimes cited as one of the finest ever constructed. The cathedral's huge bronze doors are one of four copies of

504-464: The eyes of Chistozvonov, whatever absolutist or autocratic elements were indeed present in Russia, they were not unique and do not warrant Russia's exclusive categorization. Similarly struggling with Marxist conceptions, Soviet historian Petr A. Zaionchkovskii and his student Larisa G. Zakharova focused on the importance of the political convictions of Russian officials and bureaucrats to explain nineteenth-century political decision-making. By showing that

540-419: The groundwork for the totalitarianism in the Soviet Union . They see the traditions of autocracy and patrimonialism as dominating Russia's political culture for centuries; for example, Stephen White is described as "the most consistent" defender of the position that the uniqueness of Russian political heritage is inseparable from its ethnic identity. In White's opinion, autocracy is the defining factor in

576-489: The history of Russian politics. He wrote that Russian political culture is "rooted in the historical experience of centuries of absolutism". Those views had been challenged by other historians, for example, Nicolai N. Petro and Martin Malia (as cited by Hoffmann). Richard Pipes is another influential historian among non-specialists who holds the position about the distinctness of Russian history and political system, describing

612-491: The interdependence of monarch and nobility in the practice of rule. Outside Russia and the Soviet Union, Hans-Joachim Torke among others tried to counter the notion of an all-powerful autocratic state by pointing at the mutual dependency of service elites and the state (coining the term "state-conditioned society"). Torke acknowledges that the tsars were not reined in by any form of constitution, but he emphasizes, for example,

648-581: The land"). During Michael's reign, when the Romanov dynasty was still weak, such assemblies were summoned annually. The Romanov dynasty consolidated absolute power in Russia during the reign of Peter the Great (reigned 1682–1725), who reduced the power of the nobility and strengthened the central power of the tsar, establishing a bureaucratic civil service based on the Table of Ranks but theoretically open to all classes of

684-596: The limitations of Christian morality and court customs. The so-called "American school" of the 1980s and 1990s argued for the important role of elite networks and their power in court. Edward Keenan went even further in his well-known piece on Muscovite political culture, claiming that the tsar was merely a puppet in the hands of boyars who wielded the actual power behind the scenes. For others, like David Ransel and Paul Bushkovitch, it goes too far to portray relations between tsar and nobility like Keenan does, because it does not appreciate their complexity. Bushkovitch argues that

720-614: The movement for separation of church and state in West European monarchies, the Russian Empire combined monarchy with the supreme authority on religious issues (see Church reform of Peter I and caesaropapism for details). Another key feature related to patrimonialism . In Russia, the tsar owned a much higher proportion of the state (lands, enterprises, etc.) than did Western monarchs. The tsarist autocracy had many supporters within Russia. Major Russian advocates and theorists of

756-576: The one hand, the tsar's relative power fluctuated per monarch, and on the other hand, that the nobility was all but unified; the balance of power changed with each tsar as well as the rise of boyars and in the case of Peter I even shifted multiple times. Charles J. Halperin cautioned against views that too easily claim tsar and state dominance in politics or society. While acknowledging the institutional differences between Muscovy and Western European monarchies, Halperin nevertheless stresses that these differences should not be considered absolute. In his view,

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792-772: The original doors of the Baptistery in Florence , Italy (the other three are at Grace Cathedral in San Francisco , United States , at the Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art in Kansas City , United States , and at the Florence Baptistery itself). The Kazan Cathedral is considered to be the model for the neoclassical style of Helsinki Cathedral , one of the most iconic landmarks of Helsinki , Finland . The royal doors of

828-400: The practice of rule, a matter of human interactions, is more important than theory and abstractions. a As used in those publications . b The existing literature pairs the words Russian, tsarist, Muscovite and imperial with despotism, absolutism and autocracy in all possible combinations, rarely giving clear definitions. Tsarist can be indeed applicable to

864-506: The pro-Marxist " Museum of the History of Religion and Atheism ". or, as one contemporary writer put it, "Leningrad's largest antireligious museum", complete with Spanish Inquisition waxworks. Services resumed in 1992, and four years later the cathedral was returned to the Russian Orthodox Church. As of 2017 it functions as the mother cathedral of the metropolis of St. Petersburg. The cathedral's interior, with its numerous columns, echoes

900-506: The same) as well as to its content (the question how Russian or "tsarist" autocracy differs from "regular" autocracy or from European absolutism for that matter). Regarding the substance of the autocracy model, its equation with despotism and its supposed origins in Mongol rule, as well as its supposed rise in medieval Muscovy, have been heavily debated. For one, Marxist Soviet scholars were concerned with prerevolutionary absolutism and identified

936-517: The society, in place of the nobility-only mestnichestvo which Feodor III had abolished in 1682 at the request of the highest boyars. Peter I also strengthened state control over the Russian Orthodox Church . Peter's reforms provoked a series of palace coups seeking to restore the power of the nobility. To end them, Catherine the Great , whose reign (1762–1796) is often regarded as the high point of absolutism in Russia, in 1785 issued

972-511: The socioeconomic base of society. This raises the question of how absolutism could be the same when socioeconomic circumstances in Russia were not the same as elsewhere. In order to reconcile the non-socioeconomic nature of absolutism with Marxist theory, Soviet scholar Alexander N. Chistozvonov proposed to group the Russian monarchy with the Prussian and Austrian ones, forming a distinct mix of Western European absolutism and "oriental despotism". In

1008-491: The state and its people. The autocrat delegated power to persons and institutions acting on his orders, and within the limits of his laws, for the common good of all Russia. The tsar was metaphorically a father and all of his subjects were his children; this metaphor even appeared in Orthodox primers , and is remembered in the common Russian expression "царь-батюшка" tsar-batyushka ("tsar-dear father"). Furthermore, contrary to

1044-402: The state was not a unified and powerful whole (commanded by the economically dominant class), they likewise tackled common (Marxist) conceptions of Russian autocracy. While like Troitskii, they studied the nobility and bureaucracy (in a later period), Zaionchkovskii and Zakharova painted a different picture of the tsar's position. Coinciding with Western scholars like Robert Crummey, they lay bare

1080-902: The term autocracy : Today, the autocrat is usually seen as synonymous with despot, tyrant, and/or dictator, though each of these terms originally had a separate and distinct meaning. Overall, out of the available terms, "tsarist autocracy" is the one that seems most correct for the entire period discussed, but it is worth keeping in mind that there are no ideal types and that the Russian political system evolved through time. c As used in those publications . d As used in those publications . e As used in those publications . f As used in those publications . g As used in those publications . h As used in those publications . i As used in those publications . j As used in those publications . k The terms oriental despotism and its development,

1116-412: The theoretic lack of limitations on the power of the tsar is irrelevant and instead claims that the "crucial question" is where the real power lay. In his view, this can only be shown by the political narrative of events. Bushkovitch placed the balance of power between the tsar, the individual boyars, and the tsar's favorites at the center of political decision-making. In so doing, Bushkovitch found that on

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1152-434: The time of Ivan III (1462−1505) and was abolished after the Russian Revolution of 1917 . Imperial autocracy, Russian autocracy, Muscovite autocracy, tsarist absolutism, imperial absolutism, Russian absolutism, Muscovite absolutism, Muscovite despotism, Russian despotism, tsarist despotism or imperial despotism. Ivan III (reigned 1462–1505) built upon Byzantine traditions and laid foundations for

1188-567: The title Cathedral of Our Lady of Kazan . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cathedral_of_Our_Lady_of_Kazan&oldid=962410884 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Church building disambiguation pages Kazan Cathedral, St. Petersburg Construction of

1224-586: The tradition of the racist ideology of the Nazis, they maintained that Asiatic influences rendered the Russians, along with the Chinese , untrustworthy. Historians of different backgrounds have criticized the concept of tsarist autocracy in its various forms. Their complaints range from the different names of the model being too vague, to its chronological implications (it is impossible to consider Russia in different centuries

1260-468: The tsarist autocracy which with some variations would govern Russia for centuries. Absolutism in Russia gradually developed during the 17th and 18th centuries, replacing the despotism of the Grand Duchy of Moscow . After the chaotic Time of Troubles (1598–1613), the first monarch of the Romanov dynasty , Michael of Russia (reigned 1613–1645), was elected to the throne by a Zemsky Sobor ("assembly of

1296-568: Was an autocracy , a form of absolute monarchy localised with the Grand Duchy of Moscow and its successor states, the Tsardom of Russia and the Russian Empire . In it, the Tsar possessed in principle authority and wealth, with more power than constitutional monarchs counterbalanced by legislative authority, as well as a more religious authority than Western monarchs. The institution originated during

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