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58-638: The Karelian Labor Commune was an autonomous region established in 1920 following the successes of the Red Army 's incursion into the Republic of Uhtua , to undermine and discredit the separatist movements and to make Finland give up on attempting to liberate East Karelia shortly before the beginning of negotiations for the Treaty of Tartu and during the Heimosodat . Edvard Gylling and Yrjö Sirola , former members of

116-638: A Baltic Finnic ethnic group who are indigenous to the historical region of Karelia , which is today split between Finland and Russia . Karelians living in Russian Karelia are considered a distinct ethnic group closely related to Finnish Karelians , who are considered a subset of Finns . This distinction historically arose from Karelia having been fought over and eventually split between Sweden and Novgorod , resulting in Karelians being under different cultural spheres. In Russia, Karelians mostly live in

174-508: A region of France , enjoys a greater degree of autonomy on matters such as tax and education compared to mainland regions. New Caledonia , a sui generis collectivity, and French Polynesia , an overseas collectivity , are highly autonomous territories with their own government, legislature, currency, and constitution. They do not, however, have legislative powers for policy areas relating to law and order, defense, border control or university education. Other smaller overseas collectivities have

232-743: A sawmill in Neglinka which was run by the Cheka until Gylling requested it for it to be run by the Karelian Economic Council . The extreme infighting within the Karelian Labor Commune led to the sporadic division of resources between the Executive Committee of Aunus and the Karelian Economic Council , which was headed by Šotman . The Karelian Labor Commune had been given economic and administrative autonomy relating to their resources by

290-593: A forceful sundering as Sweden and Novgorod divided Karelian lands and their inhabitants by signing a peace agreement . The agreement transferred governance of all western Karelian lands to Swedish sovereignty, while eastern Karelian lands fell under Novgorodian rule. This sundering started a long process of separation of Karelians into two different halves, with the main difference being religion, as western Karelians became first Roman Catholic and later Lutheran , while eastern Karelians were converted to Eastern Orthodoxy. Subsequent wars had Karelians fighting on both sides of

348-550: A high level of Steppe-related admixture. Karelians cluster with Finns and Vepsians . Karelians share more IBD ( identity-by-descent ) segments with several other Uralic-speaking groups, including geographically distant ones from Volga-Ural and Siberia , than with their non-Uralic-speaking neighbours. This is consistent with the idea that the Uralic peoples share common roots to some degree. Karelians are found to have significant IBD sharing with some non-Uralic-speaking peoples from

406-451: A joint raid of Novgorod and Karelians on Tavastia in 1191. In the 13th century, the Karelian relationship with Novgorod underwent significant changes, from partnership and alliance to gradual dominance by the latter. In 1227, an attempt was made to convert Karelians to Eastern Orthodoxy . In 1253, Karelians aided Novgorod in its wars with Estonians . In 1269, the prince of Novgorod prepared

464-650: A lesser degree of autonomy through local legislatures. The five overseas regions, French Guiana , Guadeloupe , Martinique , Mayotte , and Réunion , are generally governed the same as mainland regions; however, they enjoy some additional powers, including certain legislative powers for devolved areas. New Zealand maintains nominal sovereignty over three Pacific Island nations. The Cook Islands and Niue are self-governing countries in free association with New Zealand that maintain some international relationships in their own name. Tokelau remains an autonomous dependency of New Zealand. The Chatham Islands —despite having

522-652: A number of factors. These include low birthrates (characteristic of the region in general) and especially Russification , due to the predominance of Russian language and culture. In 1926, according to the census, Karelians only accounted for 37.4% of the population in the Soviet Karelian Republic (which at that time did not yet include territories that would later be taken from Finland and added, most of which had mostly Karelian inhabitants), or 100,781 Karelians. Russians, meanwhile, numbered 153,967 in Karelia, or 57.2% of

580-447: A raid against Karelians, but he abandoned his plans as he was advised against it by his councilors. In 1278, Novgorod made war against Karelians and, according to the chronicle, put Karelian lands "to sword and fire", which significantly reduced Karelian military power. While Novgorod unsuccessfully tried to subdue Karelians, Sweden achieved its goals over the neighbouring Finnish tribes. The Swedes raided Karelian lands, began to convert

638-502: A resolution on 8 June 1920 when the Karrevkom resigned due it having completed its temporary task. The Karelian Revolutionary Committee (Karrevkom) despite its continued authority over the Executive Committee of Olonets , resorted to a Joint Presidium between the two groups, which was called a provincial executive committee , alongside this a lot of political power was granted to a Council of People's Commissars (CPC). The formation of

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696-596: A sub-group of the Finns. The ideology of Karelianism inspired Finnish artists and researchers, who believed that the Orthodox Karelians had retained elements of an archaic, original Finnish culture which had disappeared from Finland. This led to numerous confusions with some claiming that western and eastern Karelians were different nations. As Finland gained its independence in 1917 the process of "finnisation" continued, but now even eastern Karelians were viewed as part of

754-498: Is approximately as common for Karelian males, and 10 percent of them belong to the haplogroup I-M170 . The mtDNA haplogroups among Karelians include H (45.7 %) and U (27.2 %), especially its subclade U5 . While their autosomal ancestry is mostly European, Karelians also carry some Siberian-related admixture (6–12 %) commonly found in Uralic-speaking groups. Like other Baltic Finnic peoples, Karelians have

812-580: Is closely related to the Finnish language . There are the dialects of what can be classified of Karelian language Ludic in the easternmost part of Karelian republic is currently considered as language of its own. In addition to that, dialects of Karelian language are also spoken in different locations in the current area of Finland and elsewhere after WWII and in some villages near the Russian border in Kainuu region

870-543: The Executive Committee of Olonets. 144 delegates took part in this session of congress and Edward Gylling was elected to be chairman of the Karoblispolkom. The All-Karelian Congress of Soviets of Workers', Peasants' and Red Army Deputies held a congress in Petrozavodsk between 1–3 July 1920 and it was a de facto election between the 142 delegates representing 24 Karelian volosts of the Karelian Labor Commune, within

928-569: The Finnish Government due to their sponsoring of anti-communist and separatist movements. The 1. All-Karelian Congress of Soviets of Workers', Peasants' and Red Army Deputies was held between 11 and 19 February 1921. The 1. All-Karelian Congress of Soviets elected the chairman of the Karelian Regional Executive Committee (Karoblispolkom), which had jurisdiction over all territory other than that in conflict with

986-612: The Karelian Revolutionary Committee (Karrevkom), which was headed by Edvard Gylling , a former member of the government of the FSWR . Much of the leadership of the Karelian Labor Commune were that of Red Finns, who were expatriates that got government jobs, such as Gylling , Aleksandr Šotman and et cetera. Around 20,000 Finnish people, mostly people who were a part of the Finnish People's Delegation or Red Guards fled to

1044-654: The Petrozavodsk and Povenets unincluded regions, this was rejected by all parties, including the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs of the RSFSR, who rejected the proposal. This led to the proposal being given to the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars, who rejected the proposal on 11 September 1920, the rejection to the proposal was signed by Vladimir Lenin , and it

1102-558: The Republic of Karelia , where they are the designated ethnic group, and in other adjacent north-western parts of the country. They traditionally speak the Karelian language and are Eastern Orthodox Christians . There are also significant Karelian enclaves in the Tver and Novgorod oblasts , as some Karelians migrated to those areas after the Russo-Swedish War of 1656–1658. In Finland,

1160-631: The Russian Empire . As they saw it to be the legitimate option as the Governorate had never been formally dissolved and in de jure control of the Executive Committee of Olonets. Gylling was infavour of Karelization or Karelianization , which in his words meant: Karelization means that the Karelian dialects have civil rights everywhere, that Karelians in all offices and meetings will be able to explain their business in their own dialect. But if one thinks of Karelization as meaning that one wants to use

1218-546: The Tver oblast of Russia , resettled after Russia's defeat in 1617 against Sweden — in order to escape forced conversion to Lutheranism in Swedish Karelia . The Russians also promised tax deductions if the Orthodox Karelians migrated there. Olonets (Aunus) is the only city in Russia where the Karelians form a majority (60% of the population). Karelians have been declining in numbers in modern times significantly due to

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1276-593: The Vikings as early as the 7th century. Another mention of Karelians in Scandinavian sources is The Chronicle of Erik . Part of the Chronicle attributes to the Karelians the sack and pillage of Sigtuna in 1187. This mention of Karelian raids on Sweden in the chronicle is given as the main reason to found Stockholm , the current capital of Sweden . The first mention of Karelians in Russian chronicles dates to 1143, when

1334-596: The Commune following or nearing the end of the Finnish Civil War . The Capital of the Commune was chosen to be Petrozavodsk . This was a problem as this led to the formation of two administrative centers for the Commune, for the existence of the Executive Committee of Olonets . The existence of two administrative centers led to infighting and petty disputes, such as the demarcation of the border based on either ethnic, legal/historical or economic boundaries. The borders of

1392-581: The Fennoman movement started and the new Finnish nation commenced its forming and shaping process, attempts were made to restore the lost Finnish identity. The process of "finnisation" of Finland started. As part of that process during the 19th century, Finnish folklorists including Elias Lönnrot traveled to different parts of Eastern Karelia to gather folklore and epic poetry. The Orthodox Karelians in North Karelia and Russia were now seen as close brethren or even

1450-526: The Finnish government until recently, most of these Karelians had no choice but to learn Finnish and now speak mostly Finnish. During the Early Middle Ages , settlers from western Finland mixed with the local population to form the Karelian ethnic group. Possible migration from elsewhere may also have contributed to the Karelian ethnic composition. Archeological evidence indicates that Karelian inhabitation

1508-606: The Finnish language after the war. Some of the evacuees later immigrated , mainly to Sweden, Australia and North America . Russian Karelians, living in the Republic of Karelia, are nowadays rapidly being absorbed into the Russian population. This process began several decades ago. For example, it has been estimated that even between the 1959 and 1970 Soviet censuses, nearly 30 percent of those who were enumerated as Karelian by self-identification in 1959 changed their self-identification to Russian 11 years later. The Karelian language

1566-648: The Finnish nation. From 1918 to 1922, Finland made several attempts to expand into Eastern Karelia with some support by local Karelians. Several thousands of eastern Karelians migrated to Finland by 1922 from different parts of Eastern Karelia. After the Winter War, Finland had to cede the Karelian Isthmus and Ladoga Karelia to the USSR . As the local Karelian population was unwilling to end up under Soviet rule, over 400,000 people were evacuated across Finland's new border from

1624-720: The Government in Moscow . The Karelian Labor Commune was not meant to be just limited to East Karelia or Karelia as a whole, the intentions reflecting the sometimes debated intentions of the Karelo-Finnish SSR in its expansion. It is often thought that the Commune was meant to be a runway for the expansion of the communist revolution to Finland. These ideas were killed with the Socialism in One Country policy applied by Stalin , in result of

1682-552: The Karelian Labor Commune were drawn in such a way that the Karelian people and/or Finnish people would form to be the majority of the region, as according to the census carried out in 1920, 145,753 people lived there, of which 60.8%, or 89,951 people, were ethnically Karelians. The bitter infighting led to the eastern border to run roughly along the Murmansk railroad from the White Sea to Lake Onega , so that Shunga , Shyoltozero and

1740-500: The Karelian dialects, which often are mixed up with Russian words more than half of the time, as a literary language, then Karelization is naturally irrational. This led to the policy of regions that spoke majority Karelian language or Finnish language would only have their services in the Finnish language. The policy of Karelization was meant to make the Karelian people not support the Karelian United Government and

1798-459: The Novgorod chronicle mentions that Karelians raided neighbouring Tavastia (Häme). Russian chronicles referred to Karelians as Koryela . Until the end of the 13th century, Karelians enjoyed a period of relative independence and self-government. However, as Karelians came in contact with Novgorod some of them started to take part in internal and external Novgorodian politics. Russian chronicles mention

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1856-729: The Provincial Executive Committee did not solve a lot of problems, as areas which were inside the Olonets Governorate but outside the reach of the CPC still were under de jure control of the Executive Committee of Olonets . These areas outside the Commune which retained their powers were neighbouring areas of Petrozavodsk and Povenets . This led to the Administrative Commission of the Presidium proposing to include

1914-854: The Soviet failure in the Polish–Soviet War . Autonomous administrative division Tobago Gibraltar is a self-governing overseas territory of the UK . Most of the other 13 British Overseas Territories also have autonomy in internal affairs through local legislatures. Aruba , Curaçao , and Sint Maarten are autonomous countries within the Kingdom of the Netherlands , each with their own parliament. In addition they enjoy autonomy in taxation matters as well as having their own currencies. The French Constitution recognises three autonomous jurisdictions. Corsica ,

1972-555: The aid of some of the sympathizing local Orthodox population, but after two years of fighting both sides came to a stand-still. Many of the Karelians who remained Orthodox by 1658 were unwilling to remain in Sweden and convert to Lutheranism, which triggered a mass migration of many Orthodox Karelians from these areas into other parts of Russia, some going to the region of Tver and forming the Tver Karelians minority, while others moved to

2030-481: The changes happening in Northern Karelia and Kainuu. However, in 1617, the history of Karelians underwent a significant change as Russia ceded to Sweden, along with other territories, the eastern part of the Karelian Isthmus, Ladoga Karelia and modern-day North Karelia . This meant that the majority of Karelians were again living in one country, yet it did not bring peace to the Karelian people. As Sweden commenced

2088-631: The conflict and often against each other. Meanwhile, Karelians on the Novgorodian and later Russian side of the border continued to settle northward towards the White Sea. By the late 14th century, Russian Karelians established control over White Karelia and came in conflict with the Norwegians on the peninsula of Kola. As the struggle for power in the region continued over the next centuries the borderline between Sweden and Russia moved several times with most of

2146-488: The congress the delegates represented around 105,000 Karelian people. The All-Karelian Congress of Soviets was held to see the opinions of regions relating to the subject of independence , joining Finland or staying in the RSFSR . The results of the congress were that 88.3% of all respondents were in favor of remaining a part of the RSFSR, 10.8% were in favor of independence, and 0.9% were in favor of joining Finland. The congress

2204-516: The designation of Territory —is an integral part of the country, situated within the New Zealand archipelago; its council is not autonomous and has broadly the same powers as other local councils, although notably it can also charge levies on goods entering or leaving the islands. In Ethiopia , "special woredas" are a subgroup of woredas (districts) that are organized around the traditional homelands of specific ethnic minorities , and are outside

2262-518: The eighth century. The considerably higher number of archeological discoveries in these regions from AD 800 to AD 1050 indicates that the Karelian population grew and expanded rapidly during this time. The first written mention of Karelia and Karelians occurs in Scandinavian sources. Several old Scandinavian sagas and chronicles refer to Karelia sometimes as Karjalabotn, Kirjalabotnar, or Kirjaland, which means that Karelians and Karelia were known to

2320-717: The government of the Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic , met with Vladimir Lenin in the Kremlin to propose autonomy for Karelia within the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic . The Commune was founded on 8 June 1920 and was disestablished on 25 July 1923 and succeeded by the Karelian ASSR , following the end of the Heimosodat. The Government of the Karelian Labor Commune was run by

2378-460: The local population to Roman Catholicism and attempted to ensure their complete dominance with the foundation of castles, in 1293 at Vyborg and in 1295 at Kexholm (Käkisalmi in Finnish, Koryela in Russian chronicles), on the sites of ancient Karelian settlements. However, Novgorod managed to repel the Swedish attack by capturing and burning down Kexholm Castle. After this, Sweden and Novgorod engaged in

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2436-462: The local population to Orthodoxy these did not meet with any success. After Russia conquered the entire Finnish territories in yet another Russo-Swedish war in 1808–09, it was decided to join the Karelian Isthmus and Ladoga Karelia to the newly formed Grand Duchy of Finland in 1812, which brought all western Karelians into the same state with Finns, while eastern Karelians remained under independent Russian administration. Although Karelians ended up in

2494-435: The long conflict for rule over the Karelians and their lands. In 1314, Karelians rose up against efforts made to convert them to Christianity, according to the Novgorod chronicle. The first rebellion started against Russian Orthodoxy with Käkisalmi captured and the killing of all Christians there. Then the rebellion spread over all Karelian lands, which sufficiently weakened Novgorodian influence. In 1323, Karelians suffered

2552-412: The majority of the population became Lutheran) and to some extent linguistically, but it did not bring major changes to the ethnic map of Karelia. The next change happened in 1721 as Russia won the great northern war against Sweden (1700–21), which forced Sweden to cede the entire Karelian Isthmus and Ladoga Karelia to Russia, with its now mostly Lutheran population. Although there were attempts to convert

2610-566: The mouth of the River Svir would remain outside of the Commune, to limit the number of Russian people within the borders of the labor commune. Green represents areas under the Karrevkom /the Labour Commune and Red represents areas under the control of the Olonets Governorate . The borders which the Executive Committee of Olonets wished for were those of the Olonets Governorate of that under

2668-437: The northern dialect of Karelian language has been spoken continuously until now. The majority of Russian Karelians are Eastern Orthodox Christians . Karelian shamanism is still practiced by some Karelians. Folk-beliefs have also been widely incorporated into Christianity by Orthodox Karelians. Karelian tales, along with some Finnish ones, have been collected to form Kalevala . Significant enclaves of Karelians exist in

2726-543: The population in Karelia. In the 2021 Census, there were 25,901 Karelians in the Republic of Karelia, only 5.5% of the population. Meanwhile Russians now make up 86.4% of the population in Karelia. The total number of Karelians in Russia was 32,422, or 0.02% of the country's population. The Y-chromosome haplogroup N1c is typical among Karelians, as it is observed in either slightly more or less than 40 percent of Karelian men. It has high frequencies among Uralic-speaking and other North Eurasian populations. Haplogroup R1a

2784-510: The population. Adding the Tver Karelian population of 140,567 at the time to the statistic gives a total of at least 241,348 Karelians in the whole USSR, if not far more. By 2000, there were 65,651 Karelians in the Republic of Karelia (65.1% of the number in 1926, including the Karelian regions taken from Finland which were not counted in 1926), and Karelians made up only 9.2% of the population in their homeland. Russians, meanwhile, were 76.6% of

2842-511: The process of conversion of population of the ceded territories to Lutheran Protestantism, resistance appeared among Old-Believer Orthodox Karelians and neighbouring Orthodox Izhorians . By the mid-17th century, the tension between the Lutheran Swedish government and Orthodox Karelians led to yet another conflict between Sweden and Russia. From 1656 to 1658, Russian armed forces waged war on Karelian territories and tried to recapture them with

2900-464: The region of Valdai in the Novgorod region and yet others to White Karelia by the White Sea. As some of the lands in the eastern Karelian Isthmus and Ladoga Karelia became partially depopulated Sweden decided to move settlers from Savonia to those Karelian lands which resulted in a mixture of local Karelians with Savonians in some areas. However, as Savonians themselves are of Karelian origin, this migration mostly affected local Karelians religiously (as

2958-557: The same country the religious difference between eastern and western Karelians remained a dividing factor, which somewhat affected the linguistics but even until the beginning of the 20th century both groups could understand each other. Yet eastern Karelians managed to preserve traditions and folklore better than western Karelians. As the Grand Duchy of Finland was formed, its inhabitants struggled to properly identify themselves ethnically, some being Finnish, some Swedish and some Karelian. As

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3016-778: The term Karelian generally refers to the Finnish Karelians , who are a subset of Finns. There were Karelian-speaking Karelians living in the easternmost parts of Finnish Karelia, known as " Border Karelia " ( Raja-Karjala ). As Finland had to cede parts of Karelia to the Soviet Union in World War II, evacuated Karelians and Finnish Karelians settled elsewhere in Finland. A minority of them, about 38,000, were Border Karelian Orthodox Christians, who traditionally spoke Karelian. However, owing to Karelian not being recognized as its own language by

3074-476: The territories that were to be ceded. After the Continuation War (1941–1944), in which Finland temporarily held most of Eastern Karelia, several thousands of Karelians chose to migrate west as Finnish forces retreated. The Karelians who migrated to Finland in the 20th century were initially Karelian speakers, but due to minor lingual differences and in order to assimilate into the local communities soon adopted

3132-526: The usual hierarchy of a kilil , or region. These woredas have many similarities to autonomous areas in other countries. Other areas that are autonomous in nature but not in name are areas designated for indigenous peoples , such as those of the Americas : Karelians Karelians ( Karelian : karjalaižet, karjalazet, karjalaiset ; Finnish : karjalaiset ; Swedish : kareler, karelare ; Russian : карелы , romanized :  karely ) are

3190-552: Was filled with regionalist debate, with the Executive Committee of Olonets having wishes to stay within the RSFSR, while the White Karelia region wishing more for outright independence or joining Finland. The congress itself was promoted by the Executive Committee of Olonets on April 28, 1920, when they adopted a special resolution in which a congress would be held on the subject of independence, joining Finland or staying within Russia for Karelia. The All-Karelian Congress of Soviets

3248-506: Was highest along the western shore of Lake Ladoga and the Karelian Isthmus , with multiple cemeteries and other archeological discoveries dating from AD 600 to AD 800. In South Karelia , the number of archeological discoveries from this time period is lower, though permanent inhabitation was nonetheless present. Lappee , South Karelia has been continuously inhabited for approximately 2,000 years. In North Karelia , only one archeological discovery from this time period has been found, dating to

3306-407: Was however not only related to independence, as it also adopted an order for the Karelian Revolutionary Committee to take measures to combat hunger , in order to prevent a famine , restore agriculture , fisheries and the forestry industry. The All-Karelian Congress of Soviets of Workers', Peasants' and Red Army Deputies became the supreme state power of the Karelian Labour Commune following

3364-424: Was said to be a need for the preservation of the old province, and its subject economic, food and land departments. P.F. Anokhin was later elected the chairman of the Presidium in August 1920. The Karelian Labor Commune was faced with a labor shortage due to conflict in the region, this alongside the political motives of the Bolshevik Party had established various forced labor camps within its territory, such as

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