The Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic , Karelian ASSR for short, sometimes referred to as Soviet Karelia or simply Karelia , was an autonomous republic of the Russian SFSR , Soviet Union , with the capital in Petrozavodsk .
70-983: The Karelian ASSR was formed as a part of the Russian SFSR by the Resolution of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (VTsIK) of June 27, 1923 and by the Decree of the VTsIK and the Council of People's Commissars of July 25, 1923 from the Karelian Labor Commune . In 1927, the ASSR was divided into districts , which replaced the old volosts . Prior to the Great Purge and World War II ,
140-640: A Union Republic to an ASSR, and retroceded to the Russian SFSR. Due to the ethnic composition, it was decided in 1958 to abolish the compulsory study of the Finnish language within the KASSR. However, Finnish retained its status as an official language. The last territorial change of the Karelian ASSR happened in 1987, when the locality of Poyakonda was transferred to the Murmansk Oblast. Beginning on August 9, 1990,
210-566: A reformed Cyrillic script was used to write the language, in contrast with the Latin script officially used in Romania. The linguist Leonid Madan was assigned the task of establishing a literary standard, based on the Moldavian dialects of Transnistria and Bessarabia, as well as Russian loanwords or Russian-based calque . In 1932, when in the entire Soviet Union there was a trend to move all languages to
280-453: A chance that even Romania and the entire Balkans would be revolutionized. For the Soviets the republic was to be a way for winning over Bessarabians of Romania and the first step towards a revolution in Romania. This purpose is explained in an article of the newspaper Odessa Izvestia in 1924, in which a Russian politician, Vadeev says that "all the oppressed Moldavians from Bessarabia look at
350-514: A new congress of Soviets as soon as the conditions are created for its proper convocation. On November 8, at the evening session of the congress, Lenin proposed to dissolve the old composition of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, choosing instead the new composition of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and forming a temporary workers' and peasants' government – the Council of People's Commissars . Among
420-448: A small portion of the population of this region was of Karelian or Finnish ethnic background. Some later historians believe that this unorthodox upgrade was likely a "convenient means for facilitating the possible incorporation of additional Finnish territory" (or all of Finland) or "at least a way to keep Finland continuously under the gun". On July 16, 1956, the SSR was downgraded from
490-539: Is authorized and does not have the right to take the initiative to convene a congress. Nevertheless, the Northern Regional Congress, convened in violation of all the rules established for regional conventions and representing random and randomly chosen Councils, has the right to do so. The Socialist Revolutionary and Menshevik All-Russian Central Executive Committee accused the Bolsheviks of frauds in organizing
560-702: Is distinct from the Romanian was heavily promoted in the republic. Modern linguists generally agree that there is little difference between the two, mainly in accent and vocabulary. The republic also promoted irredentism towards Romania, proclaiming that the Moldavians in Bessarabia were "oppressed by Romanian imperialists". As part of the effort to keep the language in Soviet Moldavia ("Moldavian Socialist culture") far from Romanian influences ("Romanian bourgeois culture"),
630-749: Is still enforced in Moldova's breakaway region of Transnistria , where it is claimed to be returning the language to its roots. On June 26, 1940 the Soviet government issued an ultimatum to the Romanian minister in Moscow, demanding Romania to immediately cede Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina . Italy and Germany , which needed a stable Romania and access to its oil fields urged King Carol II to comply. Under duress, with no prospect of aid from France or Britain, Romania ceded those territories. On June 28, Soviet troops crossed
700-656: The Dniester and occupied Bessarabia, Northern Bukovina, and the Hertsa region . Territories where ethnic Ukrainians were the largest ethnic group (parts of Northern Bukovina and parts of Hotin , Cetatea Albă , and Izmail ), as well as some adjoining regions with a Romanian majority, such as the Hertsa region, were annexed to the Ukrainian SSR. The transfer of Bessarabia's Black Sea and Danube frontage to Ukraine ensured its control by
770-619: The Latin script , the Latin script and literary Romanian language was introduced in Moldavian schools and public use. Madan's books were removed from libraries and destroyed. This movement, however, was short lived, and in the second half of the 1940s a new trend of moving languages to the Cyrillic script started in the Soviet Union. In 1937, during the Soviet Great Purge , many intellectuals in
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#1732845436153840-542: The 101 members of the new All-Russian Central Executive Committee were 62 Bolsheviks and 29 Left Social Revolutionaries. Although the Bolsheviks and the Left Social Revolutionaries secured a majority in advance, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee also represented a fraction of the Menshevik Internationalists close to the Bolsheviks, Ukrainian socialists, there was one representative of
910-466: The All-Russian Central Executive Committee convene the All-Russian Congress of Soviets at least twice a year (Statute 26 of Article III). Additional sessions could be called by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee or on the request of local Soviets. The All-Russian Central Executive Committee was elected by a full Congress, with no more than 200 individuals. It was completely subordinate to
980-721: The All-Russian Central Executive Committee, jointly with the executive committee of the All-Russian Council of Peasant Deputies, initiated the convening of a Democratic Conference , as opposed to the August Moscow State Conference . In a telegram inviting representatives of parties and public organizations to take part in the meeting signed by the Chairmen of the Central Executive Committees Nikolay Chkheidze and Nikolay Avksentiev , it
1050-766: The All-Russian Central Executive Committee. On the eve of the Second Congress, the Bolshevik Petrograd Soviet organized the First Congress of Soviets of the Northern Region, in which Petrograd was included, with the participation of representatives of the Baltic Fleet. The congress, which took place on October 24–26 in Petrograd, was characterized by a sharp predominance of radical socialists – the Bolsheviks and
1120-546: The All-Russian Congress of Soviets to which it presented the reports on its activity, general policy, and other inquiries. The All-Russian Central Executive Committee formed the Council of People's Commissars for general administrative affairs of the republic and departments (called People's Commissariats) for the management of separate branches of administration. Deputies of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee worked in
1190-539: The All-Russian Congress of Soviets was not a governing body, and its chairman Nikolai Chkheidze was not the head of the Russian state. The congress elected the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of 320 deputies. It included 123 Mensheviks , 119 Social Revolutionaries , 58 Bolsheviks , 13 United Social Democrats, 7 others, which roughly corresponded to the Social Revolutionary-Menshevik composition of
1260-543: The Central Committee of the Communist Party (Bolshevik) of Ukraine and signed by Grigory Kotovsky , Bădulescu Alexandru , Pavel Tcacenco , Solomon Tinkelman (Timov), Alexandru Nicolau , Alter Zalic , Ion Dic Dicescu (also known as Isidor Cantor), Theodor Diamandescu, Teodor Chioran, and Vladimir Popovici, all signatories being Bolshevik activists (several of them from Bucharest ). The memorandum emphasized on
1330-810: The Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine on allocation of the Moldavian population into a special Autonomous republic as part of the Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic and obligated it to report already after a month about the course of the relevant work. The decision about creation of the Autonomous Moldavian Socialist Soviet Republic was accepted by the 8th convocation of the All-Ukrainian Central Executive Committee at its 3rd session on 12 October 1924. The Moldavian ASSR
1400-532: The Central Executive Committee of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets and became chairman of the newly formed Central Executive Committee of the All-Union Congress of Soviets as well. Both positions were mostly ceremonial, increasingly so in later years. Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic The Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic , shortened to Moldavian ASSR ,
1470-523: The Congress of the Northern Region to be the highest authority, but delegates adopted a resolution that the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets should decide the issue of power. The Northern Regional Committee, elected at the congress of 11 Bolsheviks and 6 left-wing Socialist Revolutionaries, launched a stormy activity to prepare the Second All-Russian Congress. This activity took place against
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#17328454361531540-667: The Congress. The functions of the Collegiate or the Presidium were not declared in the Constitution, but presumably they were supposed to be purely supervisory or revisionary bodies. The All-Russian Central Executive Committee gave a general direction for the policies of the Worker-Peasant government and all bodies of the Soviet power in the country. It united and coordinated activities for legislation and administration as well as supervised
1610-513: The Council of Trade Unions, the Union of Factory and Factory Committees, Vikzhel, the Union of Postal and Telegraph Workers and Employees, provided and only after re-election of the All-Russian Council of Peasant Deputies and organizations that have not been re-elected in the last three months. On November 28, 1917, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, elected by the Second All-Russian Congress of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies' Soviets, merged with
1680-1813: The Karelian ASSR declared state sovereignty and renamed to the Karelian Soviet Socialist Republic . The Karelian SSR was renamed to the Republic of Karelia on November 13, 1991, and remains a federal subject of Russia. 1918–24 Turkestan 1918–41 Volga German 1919–90 Bashkir 1920–25 Kirghiz 1920–90 Tatar 1921–91 Adjarian 1921–45 Crimean 1921–91 Dagestan 1921–24 Mountain 1921–90 Nakhichevan 1922–91 Yakut 1923–90 Buryat 1923–40 Karelian 1924–40 Moldavian 1924–29 Tajik 1925–92 Chuvash 1925–36 Kazakh 1926–36 Kirghiz 1931–92 Abkhaz 1932–92 Karakalpak 1934–90 Mordovian 1934–90 Udmurt 1935–43 Kalmyk 1936–44 Checheno-Ingush 1936–44 Kabardino-Balkarian 1936–90 Komi 1936–90 Mari 1936–90 North Ossetian 1944–57 Kabardin 1956–91 Karelian 1957–92 Checheno-Ingush 1957–91 Kabardino-Balkarian 1958–90 Kalmyk 1961–92 Tuvan 1990–91 Gorno-Altai 1991–92 Crimean All-Russian Central Executive Committee The All-Russian Central Executive Committee ( Russian : Всероссийский Центральный Исполнительный Комитет (ВЦИК) , romanized : Vserossijskij Tsentraĺný Ispolniteĺný Komitet (VTsIK) )
1750-567: The Left Socialist Revolutionaries. The Socialist Revolutionary-Menshevik All-Russian Central Executive Committee refused to recognize the legality of this congress, accusing the Bolsheviks of violating the procedures for electing delegates. On the other hand, the leadership of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (Bolsheviks), and first of all Lenin personally, considered the possibility of declaring
1820-544: The MASSR survived a famine. In December 1927, Time reported a number of anti-Soviet uprisings among peasants and factory workers in Tiraspol and other cities ( Mogilev-Podolskiy , Kamyanets-Podolskiy ) of southern Ukrainian SSR. Troops from Moscow were sent to the region and suppressed the unrest, resulting in ca. 4000 deaths. The insurrections were at the time completely denied by the official Kremlin press. Collectivization in
1890-479: The MASSR was integrated into the newly created Moldavian SSR , in 1940. The Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was established inside the Ukrainian SSR, on 12 October 1924. The area was quickly industrialized, and because of the lack of a qualified workforce, a significant migration from other Soviet republics occurred, predominantly Ukrainians and Russians. In particular, in 1928, of 14,300 industrial workers only about 600 were Moldavians. In 1925,
1960-501: The MASSR was even more fast-paced than in Ukraine and was reported to be complete by summer 1931. This was accompanied by the deportation of about 2,000 families to Kazakhstan . In 1932 and 1933 another famine, known as Holodomor in Ukraine, occurred, with tens of thousands of peasants dying of starvation. During the famine, thousands of inhabitants tried to escape over the Dniester, despite
2030-642: The Moldavian ASSR, accused of being enemies of the people , bourgeois nationalist or Trotskyist , were removed from their positions and repressed, with a large number of them executed. In 1938 the Cyrillic script was again declared official for the Moldavian and the Latin script was banned. However, the literary language did not fully return to Madan's creation and remained closer to Romanian. After 1956, Madan's influences were entirely dropped from school books. This policy remained in effect until 1989. Use of Cyrillic
2100-464: The Second All-Russian Congress of Peasant Deputies was held, like the First Congress, separately from the Congress of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies. In advance declaring the Second Congress of Soviets illegal, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, however, agreed to convene it, postponing only the opening date of the Congress from October 20 (NS: November 2) to October 25 (NS: November 7) of 1917. The congress opened on November 7 at 10:40 pm, at
2170-456: The Second Congress failed and regards it as a private meeting of the Bolshevik delegates. The decisions of this congress, as illegal, are declared by the Central Executive Committee as optional for local Soviets and all army committees. The Central Executive Committee calls on the Soviets and army organizations to rally around him to defend the revolution. The Central Executive Committee will convene
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2240-471: The Soviet system at that time, artificially overstating the number of delegates from those Soviets where they had the majority. As a result, for example, 10% of the Congress delegates were Latvians, which did not correspond to their share in the population. The peasant majority of the country's population, which supported primarily the Social Revolutionaries, was not represented at all at the Congress;
2310-577: The actions of the Provisional Government, welcomed the appointment of Social Revolutionary Aleksandr Kerensky as minister-chairman of the government and decided to recognize unlimited powers for the government. Until August 1917, All-Russian Central Executive Committee sat in the Tauride Palace , after which it moved to Smolny . In early September, after the liquidation of the Kornilov revolt,
2380-684: The backdrop of the reluctance of the Mensheviks and right-wing Socialist Revolutionaries to convene this Congress as a matter of fact which predetermined the will of the Constituent Assembly on the question of power in the country. Particularly strong was the opposition of the Right Socialist Revolutionary permanent bodies of the First All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Peasant Deputies. Richard Pipes also indicates that
2450-727: The chairman of the Presidium of the Moscow Council, Lev Trotsky – the chairman of the Petrograd Council. Soldiers' committees, primarily the Northern and Western fronts, the Petrograd garrison and Central Committee of the Baltic Fleet went over to the Bolsheviks. At the Second Congress of the Deputies of the Baltic Fleet, the Bolshevik-Left Socialist Revolutionary Central Committee of the Baltic Fleet
2520-621: The context of the loss of larger Bessarabia to Romania in April 1918. In such a manner, the Bolshevik leadership tried to radicalize pro-Soviet feelings in Bessarabia with the goal of setting up favorable conditions for the creation of a geopolitical "place d'armes" ( bridgehead ), in an attempt to execute a breakthrough in the direction of the Balkans by projecting influence upon Romanian Bessarabia, which would eventually be occupied and annexed in 1940 after
2590-511: The creation of the Moldavian ASSR, the Soviet Union also hoped to bolster its claim to Bessarabia. On March 7, 1924, the Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (b) of Ukraine recognized a political prudence in creation of autonomy, yet to the final untangling of the question it was decided to return after a careful ascertainment of situation in the region. The debated question
2660-558: The creation of the autonomy inappropriate. However, in Moscow this position was ignored. The All-Ukrainian Central Executive Committee (VUTsVK) yet went further and about a week later on 24 April 1924 it created the VUTsVK Central Commission on affairs of national minorities. Accepted on 29 July, the decision of the Central Committee of the Russian Communist Party (Bolshevik) contained categorical indication for
2730-398: The defeat of the Reds in the Finnish Civil War . However, with Stalin's purges, Gylling was executed and any indigenization process and effort faded away, giving way to Russification instead. He was replaced by Tver Karelian Pavel Bushuev, who also got purged not long after. Pjotr Soljakov replaced Bushuev, and he led the Karelian ASSR until 1940. In 1938, the Kandalakshsky District
2800-422: The delegates to the First Congress of Soviets. The Menshevik Nikolay Chkheidze became the chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. After the July events , representatives of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee took part in the work of the commission on the establishment of order in Petrograd, established by the Provisional Government . The All-Russian Central Executive Committee supported
2870-526: The departments or executed special assignments of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. State budgets (for the RSFSR as a whole and for each of the republic's administrative divisions) were decided jointly by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the All-Russian Congress of Soviets. The first All-Russian Central Executive Committee was elected at the First All-Russian Congress of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies' Soviets , held in Petrograd , June 3–24 1917. The first Central Executive Committee of
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2940-445: The elections for the Second Congress; in violation of electoral procedures, the Bolsheviks organized the election of soldiers' delegates not from army-level army committees, but from regimental, divisional, and corps-level, mainly pro-Bolshevik soldier-level committees, and the Bolsheviks launched re-election and army committees. In addition, the Bolsheviks took full advantage of the chaos and disproportionate representation that existed in
3010-432: The endorsement of the Soviet Constitution, declarations of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets and central bodies of the Soviet power. The All-Russian Central Executive Committee reviewed and adopted the projects of decrees and other propositions introduced by the Council of People's Commissars and separate departments as well as issued its own decrees and instructions. The All-Russian Central Executive Committee summoned
3080-427: The executive committee (108 people) elected at the Extraordinary All-Russian Peasants' Congress, after which the left Socialist Revolutionaries agreed to join the Council of People's Commissars of the Russian Soviet Republic and form a coalition with the Bolsheviks. It was composed of 62 Bolsheviks , 29 Left SRs , and 10 Mensheviks and Right SRs The chairman of the second All-Russian Central Executive Committee
3150-438: The fact that on the left bank of Dniester compactly live from 500,000 to 800,000 Moldavians and that creation of Moldavian republic would play a role of powerful political and propaganda factor in solving the so-called Bessarabian question . Establishing the republic became a matter of dispute. Despite the objections of Soviet commissar of foreign relations Chicherin who argued that the new establishment would only strengthen
3220-402: The future Republic like at a lighthouse, which spreads the light of freedom and human dignity," as well as in a book published in Moscow, which claimed that "once the economic and cultural growth of Moldavia has begun, aristocracy-led Romania will not be able to maintain its hold on Bessarabia." While the creation of ethnic-based autonomous republics was a general Soviet policy at that time, with
3290-442: The height of the armed uprising that began in Petrograd . The peasant councils and all the soldier-level committees of the army refused to participate in the activities of the congress. The Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionaries condemned the Bolshevik's actions as an "illegal coup". The old composition of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee also condemned the Bolsheviks, saying that The Central Executive Committee considers
3360-439: The initiative of the regional Congress of Soviets to convene the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets was itself illegal and not coordinated with the old Soviet bodies. According to the procedures that existed at that time, only the All-Russian Central Executive Committee – the permanent body of the previous Congress – was entitled to convene a new All-Russian Congress of Soviets. However, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee
3430-415: The leaders of the Karelian ASSR were applying a significant policy of indigenization over the ASSR. This was mainly taken care of by the long-time leader of the Karelian ASSR, Edvard Gylling . Finnish was used as the primary language for education and administration, with Russian in second. It's believed that Gylling, a Finnish socialist, wished to create his own Red Finland in Soviet Karelia following
3500-421: The position of Romanians towards Bessarabia and able to activate "expansionist claims of Romanian chauvinism", Kremlin launched a campaign to create the autonomy attracting to it Bessarabian refugees and Romanian political emigrants who lived in Moscow and the Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic . On the other hand, Kotovski held that a new republic would spread Communist ideas into neighboring Bessarabia, with
3570-409: The powers of the commissars of the former (Socialist Revolutionary-Menshevik) composition of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee in the army and on the ground were declared discontinued. On November 14, 1917, the new All-Russian Central Executive Committee adopted a resolution "On the terms of an agreement with other parties", in which it explicitly indicated that it considers the "agreement of
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#17328454361533640-420: The radical faction of the maximalist Socialist Revolutionaries. Representatives of moderate socialists did not join the All-Russian Central Executive Committee because of their boycott. Lev Kamenev became the chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. On November 9, the Congress issued an appeal to the local Soviets with a call to "rally around the new composition of the Central Executive Committee",
3710-400: The signing of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact . The active propagandist of idea in creation of Moldavian autonomy on territory of Ukrainian Transnistria was Russian revolutionary and a native of Bessarabia Grigory Kotovsky (a member of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee ). In February 1924, a memorandum directed to the Central Committee of the Russian Communist Party (Bolshevik) and
3780-401: The socialist parties desirable". The terms of such an agreement were set forth as follows: 1. Recognition of the program of the Soviet government, as expressed in the decrees on land, peace, and both projects on workers' control. 2. Recognition of the need for a ruthless struggle against counter-revolution (Kerensky, Kornilov and Kaledin). 3. Recognition of the Second All-Russian Congress as
3850-450: The sole source of power. 4. The government is responsible to the Central Executive Committee. 5. Addition of the Central Executive Committee, except for organizations that are not members of the Council, by representatives from Councils of workers', soldiers' and peasants' deputies not represented in it; proportional representation of the workers' and soldiers' deputies who left the congress, all-Russian professional organizations, such as:
3920-441: The status of an autonomous republic and included several other territories, including some with little Moldavian population, such as the Balta district (where the capital was located), which had only 2.52% Moldavians. The official capital was proclaimed the "temporarily occupied city of Kishinev (Chișinău)". Meanwhile, a provisional capital was established in Balta and moved to Tiraspol in 1929, where it remained until part of
3990-442: The threat of being shot. The most notable such incident happened near the village Olănești on February 23, 1932, when 40 persons were shot. This was reported in European newspapers by survivors. The Soviet side reported this as an escape of " kulak elements subverted by Romanian propaganda." On 30 October 1930, from an improvised studio in Tiraspol, started broadcasting in Romanian a Soviet radio of 4 kW whose main purpose
4060-465: Was Lev Kamenev , who directed the day-to-day work of the committee and had a tie-breaking vote. Following the adoption of the 1936 Soviet Constitution , the All-Russian Central Executive Committee was replaced with the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR . On December 30, 1922, the Soviet Union was formed. It comprised the Russian SFSR and other communist-controlled Soviet republics. Mikhail Kalinin retained his position as chairman of
4130-412: Was (June – November 1917) a permanent body formed by the First All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies (held from June 16 to July 7, 1917 in Petrograd ), then became the supreme governing body of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic in between sessions of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets from 1917 to 1937. In 1937, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee
4200-400: Was 7,516 km (2,902 sq mi) and included 11 raions on the left bank of Dniester. According to the 1926 Soviet census, the Republic had a population of 572,339, of which: Despite this extensive territory allotted to the Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, about 85,000 Moldavians remained in Ukraine outside the territory of MASSR. The tenet that the Moldavian
4270-417: Was about a form in meeting the interests of Moldavian population (autonomous republic, autonomous oblast, district, or raion). Whereas in process of carried work it became clear that statistical data on the number of Moldavians presented by the Kotovsky's commission is inflated compared to official, on 18 April 1924 the Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (b) of Ukraine approved to consider
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#17328454361534340-423: Was accompanied by the ousting of moderate socialists that had previously dominated them, especially the Socialist Revolutionaries and Mensheviks, from these authorities. By the beginning of November, the Bolsheviks occupied up to 90% of the seats in the Petrograd Soviet, up to 60% in Moscow, the majority of the seats in the 80 local Soviets of large industrial cities. In September, the Bolshevik Viktor Nogin became
4410-413: Was an autonomous republic of the Ukrainian SSR between 12 October 1924 and 2 August 1940, encompassing the modern territory of Transnistria (today de jure in Moldova , but de facto functioning as an independent state; see Transnistria conflict ) as well as much of the present-day Podilsk Raion of Ukraine . It was an artificial political creation inspired by the Bolshevik nationalities policy in
4480-407: Was created from a territory previously administered as parts of the Odessa and Podolia Governorates of Ukraine. It accounted for two percent of the land and population of the Ukrainian SSR at the time. Initially (March 1924) organized as an oblast (Moldavian Autonomous Oblast), it had only four districts, all of them having a Moldavian majority: On 12 October 1924, the oblast was elevated to
4550-441: Was elected. "Bolshevization" of soldiers' committees, starting from the bottom, reached the committees of the regimental level. At the same time, the Army Committees until November 1917 remained Socialist Revolutionary–Menshevik. Having received an absolute majority of seats in the Petrograd Council, the Bolsheviks began active work in winning the upcoming Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets, and, accordingly, its permanent body,
4620-411: Was of the Social Revolutionary-Menshevik composition, and he was not going to convene a new Congress. The old Central Executive Committee declared that, in connection with violations, the Second Congress would be only an illegal "private meeting of individual Soviets". On October 19, the official Soviet newspaper Izvestia noted that No other committee [except the All-Russian Central Executive Committee]
4690-515: Was replaced with the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR . At formation, its full name was the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies . Later it was the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the Soviets of Workers', Peasants', Red Army, and Cossack Deputies ( Russian : Всероссийский Центральный Исполнительный Комитет Советов рабочих, крестьянских, красноармейских и казачьих депутатов ). The 1918 Russian Constitution required that
4760-439: Was said that "a congress of all organized Democracy of Russia in Petrograd would create a strong revolutionary government capable of uniting all revolutionary Russia to repel external to enemies and for the suppression of any attempts on conquered freedom". The All-Russian Central Executive Committee tried to counteract the process of Bolshevization of Soviets , which began in August, which intensified in September–October 1917 and
4830-440: Was the anti- Romanian propaganda to Bessarabia between Prut and Dniester . In the context in which a new radio mast, M. Gorky, built in 1936 in Tiraspol, allowed a greater coverage of the territory of Moldavia, the Romanian state broadcaster started in 1937 to build Radio Basarabia , to counter Soviet propaganda . Moldavian ASSR had a mixed population, in which less than one third was Moldavian. At its creation, its area
4900-424: Was transferred from the Karelian ASSR to the Murmansk Oblast . From 1940 to 1956, territory annexed from Finland (which had briefly constituted a puppet Finnish Democratic Republic ) was incorporated with the previous Karelian Autonomous Republic to form the Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic , which had the status of a union republic in the federal structure of the Soviet Union. However, by this time, only
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