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77-630: The city is situated where three rivers meet, splitting the town into northern and southern parts by the Volga, and divided again into quarters by the Tvertsa River , which splits the left (northern) bank into east and west halves, and the Tmaka River which does the same along the southern bank. Tver was formerly the capital of a powerful medieval state and a model provincial town in the Russian Empire , with

154-548: A European. A monument to Nikitin was opened on the Volga embankment in 1955. On 12 September 1485, the forces of Ivan III seized the city, leading to it to be formally annexed by Moscow. The principality was given as an appanage to Ivan's son, Ivan the Young , only to be abolished several decades later. The last scions of the ruling dynasty were executed by Ivan the Terrible during the oprichnina . During that turbulent time, Tver

231-589: A criminal case opened in 2005, closed in 2006 and renewed by the Prosecutor General of Russia in March 2008 (Lebedev was accused of hindering the work of the investigation against his deputy Oleg Kudryashov). On 2 May Oleg Lebedev was reinstated, and on 3 June, again dismissed, and on 25 June he was taken into custody and transported to Kashin , where he was convicted by visiting college of Tver Regional Court jury to eighteen years’ imprisonment, which automatically meant

308-588: A dynasty of local princes descended. Four of them were killed by the Golden Horde and were proclaimed saints by the Russian Orthodox church . Formerly a land of woods and bogs, the Principality of Tver was quickly transformed into one of the richest and most populous Russian states. As the area was hardly accessible for Tatar raids, there was a great influx of population from the recently devastated south. By

385-501: A largely unfocused terror. Such interpretations are derived from the 1960s works by Ruslan Skrynnikov who described the Oprichnina as the reign of terror designed to root out every possible challenge to the autocracy: Under conditions of mass terror, universal fear and denunciations, the apparatus of violence acquired an entire overwhelming influence on the political structure of the leadership. The infernal machine of terror escaped from

462-426: A levy of 100,000 rubles to pay for the oprichnina. The oprichnina consisted of a separate territory within the borders of Russia, mostly in the territory of the former Novgorod Republic in the north. This region included many of the financial centers of the state, including the salt region of Staraya Russa and prominent merchant towns. Ivan held exclusive power over the oprichnina territory. The Boyar Council ruled

539-578: A number of departments and divisions), as well as the administration of the four districts: Zavolzhsky, Moskovsky, Proletarsky and Tsentralny. A considerable part of the government buildings of the city of Tver and the Tver Oblast lay along Sovetskaya Street: the building on the square of St. Michael (Sovetskaya, 44) is the residence of the Governor of the Oblast, and a former Regional Party Committee (Sovetskaya, 33)

616-528: A number of nobles to Moscow. The Tsar even called upon zemshchina nobles for a zemskii sobor concerning the Livonian War. Ivan posed the question whether Russia should surrender the Livonian territories to recently victorious Lithuania or maintain the effort to conquer the region. The body approved war measures and advanced emergency taxes to support the draining treasury. However, the zemskii sobor also forwarded

693-502: A period of war and its significant social and economic pressures. Alternatively, Ivan may have deemed the oprichnina a success; the weakening of the princely elite having been achieved, the Tsar may have felt that the terror had simply outlived its usefulness. Scholar Robert O. Crummey and Platonov have emphasized the social impact of the mass resettlements under the oprichnina. The division of large estates into smaller oprichnik plots subjected

770-421: A petition to end the oprichnina. The Tsar reacted with a renewal of the oprichnina terror. He ordered the immediate arrest of the petitioners and executed the alleged leaders of the protest. Further investigations tied Ivan Federov, leader of the zemshchina duma, to a plot to overthrow Tsar Ivan; Federov was removed from court and executed shortly thereafter. The overthrow of King Erik XIV of Sweden in 1568 and

847-481: A population of 60,000 by 14 January 1913. The city was known as Kalinin ( Калинин ) from 1931 to 1990. According to one hypothesis, the name of the city is of Finnic origin, *Tiheverä . Tver's foundation year is officially accepted to be 1135. Originally a minor settlement of Novgorodian traders, it passed to the grand prince of Vladimir in 1209. In 1246, Alexander Nevsky granted it to his younger brother Yaroslav Yaroslavich ( d.  1271 ), from whom

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924-618: A reformed Boyar Council, which included members from both sides of the divided apparatus. Scholars have cited diverse factors to explain the dissolution of the oprichnina. When the Crimean Tatars burnt Moscow in 1571 during the Russo-Crimean War , the oprichniki failed to offer serious resistance. The success of the Tatars may have shaken the Tsar's faith in the effectiveness of the oprichnina. Ivan may have found state division ineffective in

1001-586: A thin majority of seventeen votes (United Russia, Fair Russia and the Liberal Democratic Party) against sixteen (Communist Party). On 27 December 2011 by a majority vote (22 for, six against) City Council voted in favor of early termination of Vasily Toloko. On 29 March 2012 the Tver City Duma (25 for, 4 against) appointed Valery Pavlov to the post of Head of the Administration. He had previously held

1078-408: A thousand strong. The noble oprichniki Aleksei Basmanov and Afanasy Viazemsky oversaw recruitment. Nobles and townsmen free of relations to the zemshchina or its administration were eligible for Ivan’s new guard. Henri Troyat has emphasized the lowly origin of the oprichnina recruits. However, historian Vladimir Kobrin has contested that a shift to the lower classes constituted a late development in

1155-571: A trading blockade and escalating costs of war ravaged Russia. In 1564, Prince Andrey Kurbsky defected to the Lithuanians and commanded the Lithuanian army against Russia, devastating the Russian region of Velikiye Luki . Tsar Ivan began to suspect other aristocrats of readiness to betray him. Historians Vasily Klyuchevsky (1841–1911) and Stepan Veselovsky  [ ru ] (1876–1952) explained

1232-632: Is 2.9 kilometres (1.8 mi) long and a part of the Vyshny Volochyok Waterway , is considered the Tvertsa's riverhead, which connects the river with the Vyshny Volochyok Reservoir . The latter drains up to 80 percent of its water from the river Tsna into the Tvertsa. The Tvertsa flows south, crosses the western part of Spirovsky District, and south of Torzhok turns east. There, the river enters Kalininsky District and flows towards

1309-488: Is The Legislative Assembly of Tver Oblast . Tver City Duma as a representative body of the city existed from 1785 to 1918, was reconstituted after the dissolution of councils and adoption of the new Constitution of Russia in 1993. On 20 March 1994, elections were held in the House of Representatives, which on 26 May was renamed Tver City Duma. On 7 June deputies were able to hold the first meeting, and on 14 June Valery Matitsyn

1386-486: Is a part of the Pan-European corridors system. The roads to Rzhev (A112), Vesyegonsk (P84) and Volokolamsk (P90), along with many smaller regional roads, originate in the city. The new highway between Moscow and St. Petersburg, that is designed at the present time, will pass close to the northern border of Tver. Tver is notable for a high number of private cars: there are 288 cars per thousand residents, which

1463-490: Is generally warm and humid, with the temperature often rising higher than +30 °C (86 °F). The highest temperature (+38.8°C) was recorded on August 7, 2010, the lowest temperature (−43.8°C) was recorded on December 31, 1978. Tver has four functioning Russian Orthodox cathedrals, fifteen Orthodox churches, a Mormon chapel, a Catholic church, a mosque , and a synagogue . Within Tver, as in other cities of Central Russia ,

1540-440: Is graced with Catharinian and Soviet edifices, bridges, and embankments. Tver's most notable industries are rolling stock manufacturer Tver Carriage Works , opened in 1898, an excavator factory, and a glass factory. Tver is home to Migalovo , which is one of Russia's biggest military airlift facilities. Tver is the administrative centre of the oblast and, within the framework of administrative divisions , it also serves as

1617-477: Is the oldest surviving stone building in Tver. It is subordinate to the ruling bishop. Ascension Cathedral, built in the 1750s, is in the historic centre of the city on Tverskoy Avenue and has the status of an episcopal monastery. Preserved Assumption Cathedral 18th century pre-existing Otroch monastery is in Trans-Volga district, near the mouth of Tvertsa river . Resurrection Cathedral was built in 1912–1913, marking

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1694-456: Is well above average among the other regions of Russia. There is a local bus station that interconnects Tver with minor towns of Tver Oblast, neighbouring oblasts, and Moscow. Local public transit consists of trolleybuses , buses, and marshrutkas (routed taxis). The latter two have taken priority during recent years. In the past, trams carried passengers in Tver, however, in November 2018,

1771-698: The 300th anniversary of the Romanov dynasty , and in the 1990s, after the return of the church, received the status of the cathedral and is directly subordinate to the ruling bishop. Not far from the cathedral is the Cathedral of the Nativity of Christ and the monastery, built in the 1810s. Tver is twinned with: Tvertsa River The Tvertsa ( Russian : Тверца́ ) is a river in Vyshnevolotsky , Spirovsky , Torzhoksky , and Kalininsky Districts , as well as in

1848-574: The Great Feudal War in the Grand Duchy of Moscow , Tver again rose to prominence and concluded defensive alliances with Lithuania, Novgorod, Byzantium , and the Golden Horde. Boris of Tver sent one of his men, Afanasy Nikitin , to search for gold and diamonds as far as India . Nikitin's travelogue , describing his journey from 1466 to 1472, is one of the first ever firsthand accounts of India by

1925-467: The Tolstoy train connecting Moscow to Helsinki , Finland. The newly designed high-speed railway line between Moscow and St Petersburg is expected to have a "New Tver'" station several kilometres southward of the city border. The narrow gauge railway of KSM-2 factory , Tver plant of building materials No.2. The major M10 Highway linking Moscow and St. Petersburg also crosses the city. This motorway

2002-503: The fool-for-Christ prophesied the fall of Ivan and thus motivated the deeply religious Tsar to spare the city. Alternatively, Ivan may have felt no need to institute a terror in Pskov due to his prior sack of the city in wake of the Izborsk treason. The dire financial condition of the state and the need to bolster the war treasury likely inspired the second raid. The persecutions began to target

2079-401: The zemshchina ('land'), the second division of the state. Until 1568, the oprichnina relied upon many administrative institutions under zemshchina jurisdiction. Only when conflict between the zemshchina and oprichnina reached its peak did Ivan create independent institutions within the oprichnina. Ivan also stipulated the creation of a personal guard known as the oprichniki. Originally it was

2156-467: The "even" and "odd" electoral districts. In 2007, 12 former deputies (including the former chairman of the Duma Victor Pochtaryov) were convicted of taking bribes for decisions in favor of Rosvodokanal and other utilities. In October 2008, the elections of some deputies have already passed on party lists, and in March 2009 the entire City Duma has been transferred to this system, while discontinued

2233-449: The Livonian campaign constituted a significant drain on state resources, Ivan targeted ecclesiastical and merchant holdings with particular fervor. After Novgorod, the oprichniki company turned to the adjacent merchant city Pskov . The city received relatively merciful treatment. The oprichniki limited executions and focused primarily upon the seizure of ecclesiastical wealth. According to a popular apocryphal account, Nicholas Salos of Pskov

2310-462: The Mayor. There is a garment factory located in Tver, established in 1918. As of 2016, the factory has 300 workers. The Oktyabrskaya Railway linking Moscow and St. Petersburg crosses the city. Since 1850, there has been a railway connection between Tver and Moscow. The primary Tver Railway Station has a locomotive and car shed, allowing it to service both passenger and cargo trains. In addition to

2387-570: The Travel Palace of the Empress (designed by the celebrated Matvei Kazakov ), and the Ascension church (designed by Nikolay Lvov and consecrated in 1813). In 1809, a committee was established to improve the city. An architect designed the Cathedral of Christ and houses on the waterfront and in the city center (30 buildings), and rebuilt the summer palace. Catherine Pavlovna (a sister of Alexander I )

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2464-513: The Tver Central Station, there are four minor stations within the city perimeter: Lazurnaya, Proletarskaya, Doroshikha and PPGT. The suburban railway service links Tver to Moscow , Bologoye , Torzhok . Most trains passing from Moscow to the north-west regions make a short stop in Tver. The high-speed train Sapsan , which connects Moscow with St. Petersburg, also makes stops in Tver, as well as

2541-518: The Tvertsa has been a part of a waterway connecting the Baltic Sea and the Volga, which runs along the rivers Neva , Volkhov , and Msta . The drainage basin of the Tvertsa includes the southwestern part of Vyshnevolotsky District, the western parts of Spirovsky and Likhoslavlsky districts, the major part of Torzhoksky District, the eastern part of Kuvshinovsky District , and the northwestern part of Kalininsky District, all of Tver Oblast, as well as

2618-472: The administrative centre of Kalininsky District , even though it is not a part of it. As an administrative division, it is incorporated separately as Tver Okrug , an administrative unit with a status equal to that of the districts . As a municipal division , Tver Okrug is incorporated as Tver Urban Okrug . The city was divided into districts in 1936. The districts were updated several times in 1965 and 1976. The final city division, currently in use, divides

2695-458: The brutal treatment of Novgorod. Furthermore, class disparity may have set the lower recruits against the princely oprichniki. As Ivan already suspected the older oprichniki on the issue of Novgorod, the lower-born recruits may have advanced the new persecutions to increase their influence in the oprichnina hierarchy. 1572 saw the fall of the oprichnina state structure. The zemshchina and oprichnina territories were reunited and placed under rule of

2772-768: The cities of Torzhok and Tver in Tver Oblast , Russia , a left tributary of the Volga . It is 188 kilometres (117 mi) long, and the area of its basin 6,510 square kilometres (2,510 sq mi). The principal tributaries of the Tvertsa are the Malaya Tigma (left), the Shchegrinka (right), the Osuga (right), the Logovyazh (left), and the Kava (left). The Starotveretsky Canal , which

2849-771: The city in ashes. Kalinin was the first major city in Europe to be retaken from the Wehrmacht. During the Cold War , Kalinin was home to the Kryuchkovo air base, which is no longer in service. The city's historic name of Tver was restored on 17 July 1990. Apart from the suburban White Trinity Church (1564) ( Russian : Храм Троицы Живоначальной , the Temple of the Lifegiving Trinity), there are no ancient monuments left in Tver. The central part

2926-441: The city into four districts: The Tver City Duma , the local parliament , is composed of 33 deputies. The executive branch is the Administration of Tver. The structure consists of the mayor (since 2017 – Alexey Ogonkov), his deputies, industry bodies (departments of architecture and construction, housing and communal services, health and social policy, property management and land resources; economy, investment and industrial policy,

3003-518: The city of Tver. In the northern outskirts of the city, the Tvertsa turns south. Its mouth is located in the city center of Tver. The Tvertsa River freezes up in November through early January and stays under the ice until late March or April. The towns of Torzhok and Vyshny Volochyok are located on the Tvertsa River. The city of Tver is located at its confluence with the Volga. Since the Middle Ages

3080-481: The clergy and their protection of denounced boyars. In conclusion, Ivan announced his abdication . The second letter addressed the population of Moscow and claimed "he had no anger against" its citizenry. Divided between Aleksandrova Sloboda and Moscow, the boyar court was unable to rule in the absence of Ivan and feared the wrath of the Muscovite citizenry. Envoys departed for Aleksandrova Sloboda to beg Ivan to return to

3157-411: The control of its creators. The final victims of the Oprichnina proved to be all of those who had stood at its cradle. Ivan Lazhechnikov wrote the tragedy The Oprichniki ( Russian : Опричники ), on which Tchaikovsky based his opera The Oprichnik . In turn, Tchaikovsky's opera inspired a 1911 painting by Apollinary Vasnetsov , depicting a city street and people fleeing in panic at the arrival of

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3234-463: The death of Ivan's second wife in 1569 exacerbated Ivan's suspicions. His attention turned to the northwestern city of Novgorod . The second largest city in Russia, Novgorod housed a large service nobility with ties to some of the condemned boyar families of Moscow. Despite the sack of the city under Ivan III, Novgorod maintained a political organization removed from Russia’s central administration. Moreover,

3311-573: The end of the century, it vied with Moscow for supremacy in Russia. Both Tver and Moscow were recently founded cities, so the outcome of their rivalry was far from certain. Mikhail Yaroslavich , the prince of Tver , who ascended the throne of Vladimir in 1305, was one of the most revered medieval Russian rulers. His policy of open conflict with the Golden Horde led to his assassination there in 1318. His son, Dmitry Mikhailovich ("the Terrible Eyes"), succeeded him and, concluding an alliance with

3388-542: The influence of the city in the northeast had increased as the city fronted the military advance against the Lithuanian border. The treasonous surrender of the border town Izborsk to Lithuania also caused Ivan to question the faith of border towns. Ivan IV and an oprichniki detachment instituted a month-long terror in Novgorod (the Massacre of Novgorod ). The oprichniki raided the town and conducted executions among all classes. As

3465-428: The influential families of Suzdal. Ivan executed, exiled, or tortured prominent members of the boyar clans on questionable accusations of conspiracy. 1566 saw the oprichnina extended to eight central districts. Of the 12,000 nobles there, 570 became oprichniks, and the rest were expelled. They had to make their way to the zemshchina in mid-winter; peasants who helped them were executed. In a show of clemency, Ivan recalled

3542-505: The issue by the Communists to citywide referendum were not supported by City Duma. In March 2009, City Duma elected Vladimir Babichev as the new mayor (now ceremonial post), and in May the same year, Vasily Toloko was appointed as the head of the city administration. He had previously been the first deputy governor of the Tver Oblast. The mayor and the head of the local administration were elected with

3619-586: The main religion is Russian Orthodox Christianity . Tver is the centre of Diocese of Tver and Kashin of the Russian Orthodox Church, having the diocesan administration and residence of the ruling bishop. Since 14 July 2018 the Metropolitan of Tver and Kashin has been Savva (Mikheyev). White Trinity Temple in Zatmachye, recently renamed Trinity Cathedral, built in 1564 and since repeatedly reconstructed,

3696-587: The mighty Grand Duchy of Lithuania , managed to raise Tver's prestige even higher. Exasperated by Dmitry's influence, Ivan Kalita , the prince of Moscow , engineered his murder by the Mongols in 1326. On hearing the news of this crime, the city revolted against the Mongol Horde . The Horde joined its forces with the Muscovites and brutally repressed the rebellion . Many citizens were killed, enslaved or deported. This

3773-508: The nearest airport with regular scheduled commercial service is Sheremetyevo airport in Moscow . The river station (Речной Вокзал, " rechnoy vokzal ") is located on the left bank of the Volga River, close to the confluence with the river Tvertsa . There is also a small cargo port in the lower part of the Volga. During the summertime, pleasure boats ply up and down the Volga, with their base off

3850-676: The oprichniki. A fantasy variation on the Oprichnina appears in the Japanese light novel franchise Gate . It retains the name, purpose, activities, dog head motif, and even the use of brooms from the historic original. Vladimir Sorokin's 2006 novel Day of the Oprichnik envisions a dystopian near future in which the Russian monarchy and oprichnina have been reestablished. The novel's oprichnina drive red cars with severed dog heads as hood ornaments, rape and kill dissenting nobles, and consume massive amounts of alcohol and narcotics, all while praising

3927-588: The oprichnina era. Many early oprichniki had close ties to the princely and boyar clans of Russia. Territorial divisions under the oprichnina led to mass resettlement. When the property of zemshchina nobles fell within oprichnina territory, oprichniki seized their lands and forced the owners onto zemshchina land. The oprichnina territory included primarily service estates. Alexander Zimin and Stepan Veselovsky have argued that this division left hereditary landownership largely unaffected. However, Platonov and other scholars have posited that resettlement aimed to undermine

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4004-512: The oprichnina in terms of Ivan's paranoia and denied larger social aims for the oprichnina. However, historian Sergey Platonov (1860–1933) argued that Ivan IV intended the oprichnina as a suppression of the rising boyar aristocracy. Professor Isabel de Madariaga (1919–2014) expanded this idea to explain the oprichnina as Ivan's attempt to subordinate all independent social classes to the autocracy. On December 3, 1564, Ivan IV departed Moscow on pilgrimage . While such journeys were routine for

4081-425: The oprichnina leadership itself. The tsar had already refused Basmanov and Viazemsky participation in the Novgorod campaign. Upon his return, Ivan condemned the two to prison, where they died shortly thereafter. Pavlov links Ivan's turn against the higher echelons of oprichniki to the increasing number of the lower-born among their ranks. Ivan may have reacted to the apparent discontent among the princely oprichniki over

4158-424: The oprichnina. While zemshchina boyars lost both hereditary and service land, the oprichniki retained hereditary holdings that fell in zemshchina land. Moreover, Ivan granted the oprichnina the spoils of a heavy tax levied upon the zemshchina nobles. The rising oprichniki owed their allegiance to Ivan, not heredity or local bonds. The first wave of persecutions targeted primarily the princely clans of Russia, notably

4235-497: The peasants to a stricter landowning dominion. Furthermore, a new itinerant population emerged as state terror and the seizure of lands forced many peasants from their lands. The increase in itinerants may have motivated the ultimate institutionalization of serfdom by the Russian throne. The oprichnina coincided with the major social and economic crisis in Russia and, according to some contemporary and historical accounts, contributed to it. Historian Isabel de Madariaga has emphasized

4312-541: The post of governor, Timofeev resigned and Alexey Ogonkov, who claimed this position in 2014, became acting Mayor. In August 2017, the Tver City Duma adopted amendments to the Charter of the city, according to which the Mayor also heads the administration. Thus, the "two-headed management" system introduced in 2008 was abolished. The amendments entered into force on November 2, 2017, after Alexander Korzin's term as Mayor has expired. Thus, from 2 November 2017 Alexey Ogonykov became

4389-466: The post of the first deputy head of Cuty Administration. On 2 November 2012 Alexander Korzin was appointed as mayor of the city. In 2014, he left his post, and on May 28, 2014, by the decision of the Tver City Duma, Yury Timofeev was appointed to this post, previously working for 10 years as the head of the Zapadnodvinsky District . On 22 September 2016, immediately after Igor Rudenya assumed

4466-448: The power of the landed nobility. Pavlov has cited the relocation of zemshchina servicemen from oprichnina territories onto heredity estates as a critical blow to the power of the princely class. The division of hereditary estates diminished the influence of the princely elites in their native provinces. The worst affected was the province of Suzdal which lost 80% of its gentry. The oprichniki enjoyed social and economic privileges under

4543-459: The practice of rotation of deputies. In the elections of 2009, the best result (49 % of the vote) was shown by local communists . On 27 October 1996 simultaneously with elections to the City Duma passed the first general elections of the head of the city, won by Alexander Belousov, who led the municipal administration since 1991 and received more than 50 % of the vote. On 30 October 2000 he

4620-541: The river station. Tver is home to: The city's association football team, FC Volga Tver , was dissolved in 2017, but reformed in 2020 as FC Tver . Population: 416,216 ( 2021 Census ) ; 403,606 ( 2010 Census ) ; 408,903 ( 2002 Census ) ; 450,941 ( 1989 Soviet census ) . Tver has a humid continental climate , which is typical for Central Russia. Winters are long, snowy and cold, but extremely severe frosts (below −35 °C (−31 °F)) are rare, less than 10 calendar days per annum. The summer

4697-470: The role of the oprichnina in the consolidation of aristocratic power. Resettlement drastically reduced the power of the hereditary nobility. Oprichniki landowners who owed their loyalty to the throne replaced an aristocracy that might have evolved independent political ambitions. Alternatively, Crummey has summarized the social effects of the oprichnina as a failure. From this perspective, the oprichnina failed to pursue coherent social motives and instead pursued

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4774-469: The route network of trolley buses. During the first quarter of 2020, local authorities plan to introduce a new transport model, which implies the elimination of trolleybus traffic and the duplication of its routes with buses. From April 14, 2020, the last of the existing trolleybus routes (No. 2) was replaced by a bus route 42 on which diesel buses now operate. There are two airfields within the city: Migalovo military air base and Zmeyovo airport; although

4851-515: The term can also refer to: The term oprichnina , which Ivan coined for this policy, derives from the Russian word oprich ( опричь 'apart from', 'except'). In 1558, Tsar Ivan IV started the Livonian War . A broad coalition, which included Poland , Lithuania and Sweden, became drawn into the war against Russia. The war became drawn-out (it continued until 1583) and expensive; raids by Crimean Tatars , Polish and Lithuanian invasions, famines,

4928-409: The termination of his powers. In 2009, he was released on parole, but the position was not restored. In late 2008, Tver City Duma adopted amendments to the charter of the city, under which direct elections of the Mayor were abolished and a new position of head of the city administration introduced. This amendment to the charter of the city was met with a mixed public reaction and local attempts to bring

5005-448: The throne, Ivan neglected to set in place the usual arrangements for rule in his absence. Moreover, an unusually large personal guard, a significant number of boyars, and the treasury accompanied him. After a month of silence, Ivan finally issued two letters from his fortifications at Aleksandrova Sloboda on January 3, 1565. The first addressed the elite of Moscow and accused them of embezzlement and treason. Further accusations concerned

5082-439: The throne. Ivan IV agreed to return on condition that he might prosecute people for treason outside legal limitations. He demanded the right to execute and confiscate the land of traitors without interference from the boyar council or from the church. To pursue his investigations, Ivan decreed the establishment of the oprichnina (originally a term for land left to a noble widow, separate from her children's land). He also raised

5159-485: The town of Torzhok and parts of the cities of Vyshny Volochyok and Tver . Oprichnina The oprichnina ( Russian : опри́чнина , IPA: [ɐˈprʲitɕnʲɪnə] ) was a state policy implemented by Tsar Ivan the Terrible in Russia between 1565 and 1572. The policy included mass repression of the boyars (Russian aristocrats), including public executions and confiscation of their land and property. In this context

5236-418: The tram traffic in Tver was completely stopped. On August 7, 2019, all car drivers, as well as track fitters and support staff of the trams, left by "mutual agreement". At the same time, the dismantling of the contact network and the tracks along the last existing route began. The city administration said that it was necessary to completely repair the roadbed. In recent years, there has been a tendency to reduce

5313-489: Was elected a speaker (later this post was held by Valery Pavlov, Victor Pochtaryov, Dmitry Bazhenov, Igor Serdyuk, Andrei Borisenko, Lyudmila Polosina, Vladimir Babichev). In 1996, deputies adopted the founding document of the city – the Charter of the city of Tver, putting in it the principle of rotation in the Duma elections. Second election based on it was held on 27 October 1996 . In the future years elections held every two years in

5390-491: Was established within Tver Okrug of Moscow Oblast . On 23 July 1930, the okrugs were abolished, and the districts were directly subordinated to the oblast. On 20 November 1931, the city was renamed Kalinin after the nominal head of state (1919–1946) and affiliate of Joseph Stalin , Mikhail Kalinin , who had been born nearby. Simultaneously, Tverskoy District was renamed Kalininsky District. On 29 January 1935, Kalinin Oblast

5467-576: Was established, and Kalininsky District was transferred to Kalinin Oblast. The last vestige of the pre-Petrine epoch, the Saviour Cathedral, was blown up in 1936. In 1940, the NKVD executed more than 6,200 Polish policemen and prisoners of war from Ostashkov camp. The Wehrmacht entered Kalinin on Monday 13 October 1941 according to MI9 photographs, occupied Kalinin for two months from Monday 13 October 1941/Tuesday, 14 October to 19 December 1941, leaving

5544-573: Was formed from the lands which previously belonged to Moscow and Novgorod Governorates, and the whole area was transferred to Tver Viceroyalty, which in 1796 was transformed to Tver Governorate . Tver was the center of Tverskoy Uyezd . Following a devastating fire of 1763, the city was rebuilt in a Neoclassical style . Under Catherine the Great , the central part was thoroughly reconstructed. Crumbling medieval buildings were razed and replaced with imposing Neoclassical buildings. The most important of these are

5621-464: Was married to the governor of Tver, and the palace was a social center and literary salon for Tver and visitors from Moscow and St. Petersburg. Writer and historian Nikolay Karamzin read excerpts from his History of the Russian State to Alexander. Napoleon was near Tver in 1812. On 12 July 1929, the governorates and uyezds were abolished. Tverskoy District, with the administrative centre in Tver,

5698-404: Was much visited by Russian royalty and nobility traveling from the old capital to the new one and back. In the course of the administrative reform carried out in 1708 by Peter the Great , Tver was included into Ingermanlandia Governorate (since 1710 known as Saint Petersburg Governorate). In 1727 it was transferred to the newly established Novgorod Governorate . In 1775, Tver Viceroyalty

5775-480: Was reelected to a second term, and on 9 April 2003 he died of a heart attack. On 26 July 2001 in early Mayoral elections opposition candidate Oleg Lebedev won. On 2 December 2007 when he was supported by the pro-government party United Russia , he was re-elected for a second term, receiving more than 70 % of the vote. On 11 April 2008 he was suspended by the Tsentralny District Court in connection with

5852-417: Was ruled by Simeon Bekbulatovich , a former khan of Kasimov . The only remnant of his ephemeral reign is a graceful tent-like church in the village of Kushalino , 28 kilometres (17 mi) northeast of Tver. The city's decline was not irrevocable, however. With the foundation of St. Petersburg , Tver gained importance as a principal station on the highway (and later railway) en route from Moscow. It

5929-462: Was the fatal blow to Tver's aspirations for supremacy in Russia. In the second half of the 14th century, Tver was further weakened by dynastic struggles between its princes. Two senior branches of the ruling house, those of Kashin and Kholmsky , asserted their claims to the grand princely throne. The claimers were backed up by Moscow and eventually settled at the Moscow Kremlin court. During

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