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26-700: The whole area in the district belongs to the drainage basin of the Daugava , known in Russia as the Western Dvina. The Westerd Dvina itself crosses the district from the northwest to the southeast, and a stretch of it makes the border to Pskov Oblast. The major tributaries of the Western Dvina within the district are the Velesa (left), the Toropa (right), and the Mezha (left). The Mezha makes

52-730: Is a large river rising in the Valdai Hills of Russia that flows through Belarus and Latvia into the Gulf of Riga of the Baltic Sea . The Daugava rises close to the source of the Volga . It is 1,020 km (630 mi) in length, of which 352 km (219 mi) are in Latvia and 325 km (202 mi) in Russia. It is a westward-flowing river, tracing out a great south-bending curve as it passes through northern Belarus. Latvia's capital, Riga , bridges

78-624: Is about 0.82 milligrams per liter, ionic phosphate is 0.038 milligrams per liter, and oxygen saturation is 80%. The high nitrate and phosphate load of the Daugava has contributed to the extensive buildup of phytoplankton biomass in the Baltic Sea; the Oder and Vistula rivers also contribute to the high nutrient loading of the Baltic. In Belarus, water pollution of the Daugava is considered moderately severe, with

104-465: The Russian SFSR from 1944 to 1957. Its seat was in the city of Velikiye Luki . The oblast was located in the northwest of European Russia, and its territory is currently divided between Novgorod , Pskov , and Tver Oblasts. Velikiye Luki Oblast was established on 22 August 1944, one day before Pskov Oblast, to administrate areas of Soviet Union previously occupied by German troops and liberated in

130-671: The Grand Duchy of Moscow . In 1581, in the course of the Livonian War , it was transferred to Poland , and stayed here until 1678, when the northern part of the area was transferred to Russia. The southern part remained in Poland until the First Partition of Poland in 1772. In the course of the administrative reform carried out in 1708 by Peter the Great , the north of the area (the right bank of

156-613: The Baltic interior. In medieval times, the Daugava was part of the trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks , an important route for the transport of furs from the north and of Byzantine silver from the south. The Riga area, inhabited by the Finnic -speaking Livs , became a key location of settlement and defence of the mouth of the Daugava at least as early as the Middle Ages, as evidenced by

182-552: The Proto-Indo-European *dānu , meaning "large river". The Finno-Ugric names Vēna ( Livonian ), Väinajogi ( Estonian ), and Väinäjoki ( Finnish ) all stem from Proto-Finnic *väin , meaning "a large, peacefully rolling river". The total catchment area of the river is 87,900 km (33,900 sq mi), of which 33,150 km (12,800 sq mi) are in Belarus. The following rivers are tributaries to

208-889: The Saint Saviour Church in the selo of Kochevitsy , the Transfiguration Church in the village of Pesno , the Trinity Church in the selo of Pyatiusovo , the Church of Saint Sergius of Radonezh in the selo of Sopot , as well as two archaeological sites. In the urban-type settlement of Staraya Toropa , there is a local museum. Daugava (river) The Daugava ( Latgalian : Daugova ; Polish : Dźwina ; German : Düna [ˈdyːna] ) or Western Dvina ( Russian : Западная Двина , romanized :  Zapadnaya Dvina ; Belarusian : Заходняя Дзвіна ; Estonian : Väina ; Finnish : Väinäjoki )

234-550: The Soviet era due to collective agriculture (producing considerable adverse water pollution runoff) and hydroelectric power projects. This is the river that the Vula river flows into. Upstream of the Latvian town of Jekabpils , the river's pH has a characteristic value of about 7.8 (slight alkaline ). In this area, the concentration of ionic calcium is around 43 milligrams per liter, nitrate

260-475: The Western Dvina) was included into Ingermanland Governorate (known since 1710 as Saint Petersburg Governorate ). In 1727, separate Novgorod Governorate was split off, and in 1772, Pskov Governorate (which between 1777 and 1796 existed as Pskov Viceroyalty ) was established. The northern part of the contemporary Zapadnodvinsky District was included into Toropetsky Uyezd of Pskov Governorate. Zapadnaya Dvina

286-413: The area in 1772 was included into newly established Pskov Governorate. In 1777, it was transferred to Polotsk Viceroyalty . In 1796, the viceroyalty was abolished and the area was transferred to Belarus Governorate ; since 1802 to Vitebsk Governorate . It belonged to Velizhsky Uyezd . After 1919, Vitebsk Governorate was a part of Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic . In 1924, Vitebsk Governorate

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312-422: The border to Zharkovsky District. 64% of the area of the district is forested. The Western Dvina was one of the most important Eastern European waterways, and the area of the district was populated since prehistory, as indicated by archaeological evidence. In the beginning of the 14th century, it was included into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and remained there for around 150 years. In the 16th century, it went to

338-482: The center of Prikhabsky District was transferred to the selo of Usmyn , and in 1948, the district was renamed Usmynsky District. In 1952, Ust-Dolyssky District with the center in the selo of Ust-Dolyssy was established. The most important authority in the oblast was the first secretary of the CPSU Oblast Committee. The following persons were the first secretaries, On 2 October 1957 Velikiye Luki Oblast

364-437: The chief sources being treated wastewater, fish-farming, and agricultural chemical runoff (such as herbicides, pesticides, nitrates, and phosphates). Velikiye Luki Oblast 56°20′N 30°32′E  /  56.333°N 30.533°E  / 56.333; 30.533 Velikiye Luki Oblast (Russian: Великолукская область , Velikolukskaya oblast ) was an oblast (a first-level administrative and municipal unit) of

390-597: The course of World War II . It included twenty-three districts, Kholmsky District was transferred from Novgorod Oblast , Belsky, Ilyinsky, and Usvyatsky Districts were transferred from Smolensk Oblast , and other districts were split off from Kalinin Oblast . On 10 March 1945 four more districts, Podberezinsky (with the administrative center located in Podberezye ), Porechensky ( Porechye ), Prihabsky ( Prikhaby ), and Zharkovsky ( Zharkovsky ), were established. In 1948,

416-502: The district. The M9 highway connecting Moscow with Riga also crosses the district, passing just north of Zapadnaya Dvina. Paved roads to Zharkovsky , Ostashkov via Andreapol , and Toropets branch off. There are also local roads with bus traffic originating from Zapadnaya Dvina. The district contains nine cultural heritage monuments of federal significance and additionally fifty-four objects classified as cultural and historical heritage of local significance. The federal monuments are

442-549: The now destroyed fort at Torņakalns on the west bank of the Daugava in present-day Riga. From the end of the Livonian War great part of the Daugava formed the northeastern border of Duchy of Courland and Semigallia saparating it initially from the Kingdom of Livonia , later Swedish Livonia and Riga Governorate . After the incorporation later in the Russian Empire the river formed a border between governorates of Courland on

468-514: The river Daugava (from source to mouth): Humans have settled at the mouth of the Daugava and along the shores of the Gulf of Riga for millennia, initially participating in a hunter-gatherer economy and utilizing the waters of the Daugava estuary for fishing and gathering. Beginning around the sixth century CE, Viking explorers crossed the Baltic Sea and entered the Daugava River, navigating upriver into

494-443: The river's estuary four times. Built on both riverbanks, the city centre is 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) from the river's mouth and is a significant port. According to Max Vasmer 's Etymological Dictionary , the toponym Dvina cannot stem from a Uralic language ; instead, it possibly comes from an Indo-European word which used to mean river or stream . The name Dvina resembles strongly Danuvius which itself derived from

520-445: The settlement of Zapadnaya Dvina. On June 17, 1929, the district was transferred to Western Oblast . On July 23, 1930, the okrugs were also abolished and the districts were directly subordinated to the oblast. On January 29, 1935 Kalinin Oblast was established, and Oktyabrsky District was transferred to Kalinin Oblast. In 1937, Zapadnaya Dvina was granted town status. Between September 1941 and January 1942, Oktyabrsky District

546-471: The western bank and Livonia and Vitebsk on the eastern bank. From 1936 to 1939 Ķegums Hydroelectric Power Station was built on the Daugava river in Latvia. Pļaviņas Hydroelectric Power Station was put into operation in 1968 and Riga Hydroelectric Power Plant in 1974. The following are some of the cities and towns built along the Daugava: The river began experiencing environmental deterioration in

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572-413: Was abolished and merged into Oktyabrsky District. 90% of the economy of the district is related to timber production. The main agricultural specialization of the district is cattle breeding with meat and milk production. The railway which connects Moscow and Riga via Rzhev , crosses the district from east to west. There is passenger railway traffic. Zapadnaya Dvina is the biggest railway station in

598-400: Was abolished, and Velizhsky Uyezd was transferred to Pskov Governorate. On August 1, 1927, the uyezds were abolished, and Oktyabrsky District was established, with the administrative center in the selo of Staraya Toropa . Pskov Governorate was abolished as well, and the district became a part of Velikiye Luki Okrug of Leningrad Oblast . The district center was subsequently moved to

624-434: Was founded in 1900 as a station on the railway connecting Moscow and Riga. The left bank of the Western Dvina in 1708 was included into Belsky Uyezd of Smolensk Governorate and remained there until 1929, with the exception of the brief periods between 1713 and 1726, when it belonged to Riga Governorate , and between 1775 and 1796, when Smolensk Governorate was transformed into Smolensk Viceroyalty . The southern part of

650-487: Was occupied by German troops. On August 22, 1944, the district was transferred to newly established Velikiye Luki Oblast . On October 2, 1957, Velikiye Luki Oblast was abolished, and Oktyabrsky District was transferred to Kalinin Oblast. On February 13, 1963 it was merged with a part of Nelidovsky District to form Zapadnodvinsky District, with the administrative center in Zapadnaya Dvina. In 1990, Kalinin Oblast

676-525: Was renamed Tver Oblast. On August 1, 1927 Ilyinsky District with the administrative center located in the selo of Ilyino was established as well. The district was a part of Velikiye Luki Okrug of Leningrad Oblast, and on June 17, 1929 with the rest of the okrug it was transferred to Western Oblast. On January 29, 1935 the district was transferred to Kalinin Oblast, on August 22, 1944 to Velikiye Luki Oblast, and on October 2, 1957 back to Kalinin Oblast. On January 12, 1960 Ilyinsky District

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