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46-601: The surface area of White Karelia is approximately 67,000 square kilometres (26,000 sq mi), and it has a population of about 100,000. The area is largely undeveloped in terms of population centers and infrastructure, and much of it remains wilderness. Finnish author Elias Lönnrot (1802-1884) collected most of the poems and materials for the epic poem Kalevala from the White Karelian poetry villages  [ fi ] , which collected Finno-Karelian folklore. The East Karelian Republic of 1919-1920 formed in

92-444: A parallel (a line of latitude ) and a meridian (a line of longitude ). In that case, this center is easily found by taking separately the medians of the population's latitude and longitude coordinates. John Tukey called this the cross median . The geometric median is the point to which the population has the smallest possible sum of distances (or equivalently, the smallest average distance ). Because of this property, it

138-481: A flat map projection; this is, for example, the definition that the US Census Bureau uses. Contrary to a common misconception, the centroid does not minimize the average distance to the population. That property belongs to the geometric median. The median center is the intersection of two perpendicular lines, each of which divides the population into two equal halves. Typically these two lines are chosen to be

184-492: A handful of demographers. The 1945 order defined the missions of INED: "The role of INED is to study demographic problems in all their aspects. To this end, the Institute will collect the relevant documentation, conduct surveys, carry out experiments and follow experiments conducted abroad, study the material and moral means which may contribute to the quantitative growth of the population and its qualitative development, and ensure

230-512: A legal status similar to that of other French public research bodies such as CNRS, INRA, INSERM and IRD (former ORSTOM). Previously attached to the various social ministries, INED's main supervisory authority was henceforth the Ministry of Education and Research (which pays the civil servant salaries at INED). INED is also attached to the ministries in charge of population questions and health statistics (social affairs, health or employment, depending on

276-612: A member of Jacques Doriot 's French Popular Party (PPF), advocated for the creation of the French Foundation for the Study of Human Problems ( Fondation Française pour l'Étude des Problèmes Humains ), using connections to the Pétain cabinet. Charged with the "study, in all of its aspects, of measures aimed at safeguarding, improving and developing the French population in all of its activities",

322-478: A new site for a capital is a complex problem that depends also on population density patterns and transportation networks. It is important to use a method that does not depend on a two-dimensional projection when dealing with the entire world. In a study from the Institut national d'études démographiques , the solution methodology deals only with the globe. As a result, the answer is independent of which map projection

368-446: Is a member along with other national demographic research organizations. In March 1998, after fifteen years in the 14th arrondissement of Paris, INED moved to new premises in the 20th arrondissement, at 133 boulevard Davout. Though government-funded research is not the same thing as government statistics, INED works closely with French statistical bodies, notably INSEE (Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques). It

414-408: Is also known as the point of minimum aggregate travel . Unfortunately, there is no direct closed-form expression for the geometric median; it is typically computed using iterative methods . In practical computation, decisions are also made on the granularity (coarseness) of the population data, depending on population density patterns or other factors. For instance, the center of population of all

460-468: Is caused by the curved shape of the Earth. Different center points are obtained depending on whether the center is computed in three-dimensional space, or restricted to the curved surface, or computed using a flat map projection . The mean center, or centroid, is the point on which a rigid, weightless map would balance perfectly, if the population members are represented as points of equal mass. Mathematically,

506-422: Is close to Almaty , Kazakhstan. Australia's population centroid is in central New South Wales . By 1996, it had moved only a little to the north-west since 1911. It moved only 1.4 km north in 2022 from the previous year and in 2023 moved 1.9 km west compared to 2022, located 40 km east of Ivanhoe . In Canada, a 1986 study placed the point of minimum aggregate travel just north of Toronto in

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552-545: Is he who devised the modern form of the " Lexis diagram ", a key tool for demonstrating the relationship between periods and cohorts. The sociologist Jean Stoetzel (1910-1987), who founded IFOP in 1938 after working as an internee for Gallup in America, was a pioneer of survey studies at INED. With the help of Alain Girard (1914-1996), he launched surveys on women's employment, ideal family size, choice of spouse, immigration, etc. He

598-513: Is located in Heping District, Taichung . The mean center of the United States population (using the centroid definition) has been calculated for each U.S. Census since 1790. Over the last two centuries, it has progressed westward and, since 1930, southwesterly, reflecting population drift. For example, in 2010, the mean center was located near Plato, Missouri , in the south-central part of

644-838: Is nevertheless different from INSEE in several ways. While INSEE is a department of the Economy and Finance Ministry present in all regions of France and employing more than 5,000 people, INED is an institute of just 200 people attached to the Ministry of Research and based exclusively in Paris (though some of its researchers work on long-term assignments abroad). INSEE calculates the demographic indicators of France (birth rate, death rate, fertility, life expectancy) using vital records and census data. INSEE also estimates net migration using administrative data. INED reprocesses these data, adjusts them if necessary and performs in-depth analyses. It uses complementary sources (such as first residence permits awarded by

690-584: Is significantly further east than the Geographical centre of Ireland , reflecting the disproportionately large cities of the east of the island ( Belfast and Dublin ). The center of population of the Republic of Ireland is located southwest of Edenderry , County Offaly . The centroid of population of Japan is in Gifu Prefecture , almost directly north of Nagoya city, and has been moving east-southeast for

736-436: Is used or where it is centered. As described above, the exact location of the center of population will depend on both the granularity of the population data used, and the distance metric. With geodesic distances as the metric, and a granularity of 1,000 kilometers (600 mi), meaning that two population centers within 1000 km of each other are treated as part of a larger common population center of intermediate location,

782-662: The 2011 census was in Jüri , just 6 km southeast from the border of Tallinn. In Finland, the point of minimum aggregate travel is located in the former municipality of Hauho . It is moving slightly to the south-west-west every year because people are moving out of the peripheral areas of northern and eastern Finland. In Germany, the centroid of the population is located in Spangenberg , Hesse , close to Kassel . The centre of population in Great Britain did not move significantly in

828-562: The 20th century. In 1901, it was in Rodsley , Derbyshire and in 1911 in Longford . In 1971 it was at Newhall , Swadlincote , South Derbyshire and in 2000, it was in Appleby Parva , Leicestershire. Using the 2011 census the population center can be calculated at Snarestone , Swadlincote. The center of population of the entire island of Ireland is located near Kilcock , County Kildare . This

874-635: The Foundation also supported the 11 October 1946 law instituting occupational medicine , enacted by the Provisional Government of the French Republic (GPRF) after the Liberation. The Foundation initiated studies on demographics (Robert Gessain, Paul Vincent, Jean Bourgeois), nutrition (Jean Sutter), and housing (Jean Merlet), as well as the first polls ( Jean Stoetzel ). The foundation, which after

920-406: The Foundation was created by decree of the collaborationist Vichy regime in 1941, and Carrel appointed as 'regent'. The Foundation also had for some time as general secretary François Perroux . The Foundation was behind the 16 December 1942 Act mandating the " prenuptial certificate ", which required all couples seeking marriage to submit to a biological examination, to insure the "good health" of

966-519: The German Occupation on the nation's resources. By way of comparison, the whole Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) was given a budget of fifty million francs." Alexis Carrel had previously published in 1935 the best-selling book L'Homme, cet inconnu ("Man, This Unknown"). Since the early 1930s, Carrel had advocated the use of gas chambers to rid humanity of its "inferior stock", and endorsed scientific racism discourse. One of

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1012-539: The Institut de démographie de Paris, and of Ecole Normale, along with several doctors of medicine. A growing number of women now occupy senior positions at INED. Since 1990, researchers have been recruited by competitive examination after obtaining their PhD. New generations of researchers, born in the 1960s and 1970s are now extending the depth and scope of research at INED. Chairman of the Board of Administration: Chairman of

1058-718: The Scientific Council: Chairman of the Evaluation Committee: General secretary: In 2007, INED has a staff of 200, including 60 tenured researchers, 110 technicians and engineers, plus around 20 PhD students and associate researchers. Like other French public research institutions, INED has two categories of researchers – research officers and research directors – each comprising two grades. As of January 2000, INED comprises 11 research units and several departments (surveys, library and documentation, publications, IT, etc.) A statistical methods department

1104-618: The area of White Karelia during the Russian Civil War . This article about Karelia is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Population center In demographics , the center of population (or population center ) of a region is a geographical point that describes a centerpoint of the region's population. There are several ways of defining such a "center point", leading to different geographical locations; these are often confused. Three commonly used (but different) center points are: A further complication

1150-408: The centroid is the point to which the population has the smallest possible sum of squared distances . It is easily found by taking the arithmetic mean of each coordinate. If defined in the three-dimensional space, the centroid of points on the Earth's surface is actually inside the Earth. This point could then be projected back to the surface. Alternatively, one could define the centroid directly on

1196-427: The cities in a country may be different from the center of population of all the states (or provinces, or other subdivisions) in the same country. Different methods may yield different results. Practical uses for finding the center of population include locating possible sites for forward capitals , such as Brasília , Astana or Austin , and, along the same lines, to make tax collection easier. Practical selection of

1242-438: The city of Richmond Hill , and moving westward at a rate of approximately 2 metres per day. China's population centroid has wandered within southern Henan from 1952 to 2005. Incidentally, the two end point dates are remarkably close to each other. China also plots its economic centroid or center of economy/GDP, which has also wandered, and is generally located at the eastern Henan borders. The center of population of Estonia

1288-768: The country's most populous city) ever since. The demographical center of Sweden (using the median center definition) is Hjortkvarn in Hallsberg Municipality , Örebro county. Between the 1989 and 2007 census the point moved a few kilometres to the south, due to a decreasing population in northern Sweden and immigration to the south. The center of population in the Russian Federation is calculated by A. K. Gogolev to be at 56°26′N 53°04′E  /  56.433°N 53.067°E  / 56.433; 53.067 as of 2010, 46.5 km (28.9 mi) south-southwest of Izhevsk . The center of population of Taiwan

1334-563: The criminal. The ideal solution would be the suppression of each of these individuals as soon as he has proven himself to be dangerous. INED was founded by virtue of the ministerial order no. 45-2499 of 24 October 1945. It was created on the initiative of the eminent paediatrician Robert Debré (1882-1978), who had submitted a report on the institutionalization of demography to the Comité français de la Libération nationale d'Alger in January 1944. To head

1380-504: The demography of France, and half to the demography of other countries. The regions most extensively covered are, in decreasing order, Western Europe, Central Europe, the Arab world, western Africa, Asia and Latin America. To study the demographic and health transition in western Africa, INED runs three demographic surveillance sites in three groups of villages where it records demographic events and causes of death to analyse ongoing trends: Half

1426-676: The dissemination of demographic knowledge". The early days were difficult for INED. With the unexpected onset of the baby boom (200,000 additional births in France in 1946), an institute to promote fertility became apparently superfluous. But before long, INED was asked to study the consequences of the baby boom and its effect on housing, school enrolment, employment, infant and maternal mortality. The first INED demographers, mostly graduates of Ecole Polytechnique, drew inspiration from Alfred J. Lotka (1880-1949) and Pierre Depoid (1909-1968) to develop original demographic analysis methods which affirmed

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1472-634: The founders of these pseudoscientific theories had been Arthur de Gobineau in his 1853–1855 essay titled An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races . In the 1936 preface to the German edition of his book, Carrel had added praise for the eugenics policies of the Third Reich , writing that: (t)he German government has taken energetic measures against the propagation of the defective, the mentally diseased, and

1518-431: The government in power). With the decree of 1986, the pro-natalist objectives of 1945 disappeared. INED's new mission was to develop and disseminate demographic knowledge with the aim of fostering general economic and social progress. Under the decree of 1986, the missions of INED are defined as follows: The late 1990s brought a third generation of senior researchers, including graduates of Ecole Polytechnique, of ENSAE, of

1564-509: The institute in 1965, some from the Ecole Polytéchnique (Daniel Courgeau, Henri Leridon, Hervé Le Bras) and others from wide-ranging backgrounds (Jacques Vallin, Georges Tapinos [1940-2000], Patrick Festy, Chantal Blayo, Jean-Claude Chesnais). Through a 1986 decree which superseded the 1945 order, INED became a public scientific and technological establishment ( établissement public à caractère scientifique et technologique , EPST), with

1610-586: The institute, General Charles de Gaulle appointed the statistician and economist Alfred Sauvy who, as advisor to the President of the Council, Paul Reynaud , had drafted the French government's first pro-natalist measures in 1938. INED moved into the premises of the Fondation française pour l'étude des problèmes humains headed by Dr Alexis Carrel , and employed around 7% of the foundation's personnel, which counted only

1656-616: The model of INED. In the other countries of Europe, demographers work in universities or national statistical offices. INED maintains close relations with its various European counterparts, via both European Commission research projects and international consortia linked to the United Nations. Since 2000, INED has hosted the world headquarters of the International Union for the Scientific Study of Population (IUSSP), of which it

1702-577: The past few decades. Since 2010, the only large regions in Japan with significant population growth have been in Greater Tokyo and Okinawa Prefecture . In June 2008, New Zealand's median center of population was located near Taharoa , around 100 km (65 mi) southwest of Hamilton on the North Island 's west coast. In 1900 it was near Nelson and has been moving steadily north (towards Auckland ,

1748-601: The prefectures) and organizes surveys to collect new data. The scope of the two organizations is also different: INSEE focuses primarily on France, while INED studies all countries of the world. Though demography is central to INED, the scope of its research covers all forms of "population studies". Its researchers have very diverse fields of expertise, including sociology, economics, geography, history, political science, public health and statistics. INED's current research themes, covered by its thirty key projects, include: Half of INED's budget and research activity are devoted to

1794-498: The scientific independence of INED and established its international reputation. Eminent INED researchers include: The work of these pioneers was set down in the manuals and the dictionary of demography written by Roland Pressat (who joined INED in 1953), which became essential reading for generations of students. Pressat disseminated the principles of demographic analysis internationally, notably in Quebec, Eastern Europe and Africa. It

1840-470: The spouses, in particular with regard to sexually transmitted diseases (STD) and "life hygiene". Carrel's institute also conceived the "scholar booklet" ( "livret scolaire "), which could be used to record students' grades in French secondary schools , and thus classify and select them according to scholastic performance. Besides these eugenic activities aimed at classifying the population and improving its health,

1886-616: The state, whereas, in 1790, it was in Kent County, Maryland , 47 miles (76 km) east-northeast of the future federal capital, Washington, D.C. Institut national d%27%C3%A9tudes d%C3%A9mographiques The French Institute for Demographic Studies (French: Institut national d'études démographiques , INED ) is a French research institute specializing in demography and population studies in general. With significant post-war activity In 1941, Nobel Prize winner Alexis Carrel , an early proponent of eugenics and euthanasia , and

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1932-461: The war became the INED demographics institute, employed 300 researchers from the summer of 1942 to the end of the autumn of 1944. "The foundation was chartered as a public institution under the joint supervision of the ministries of finance and public health. It was given financial autonomy and a budget of forty million francs, roughly one franc per inhabitant: a true luxury considering the burdens imposed by

1978-430: The world's center of population is found to lie "at the crossroads between China, India, Pakistan and Tajikistan" with an average distance of 5,200 kilometers (3,200 mi) to all humans. The data used in the reference support this result to a precision of only a few hundred kilometers, hence the exact location is not known. Another analysis, using city-level population data, found that the world's center of population

2024-436: Was on the northwestern shore of Lake Võrtsjärv in 1913 and moved an average of 6 km northwest with every decade until the 1970s. The higher immigration rates during the late Soviet occupation to mostly Tallinn and Northeastern Estonia resulted the center of population moving faster towards north and continuing urbanization has seen it move northwest towards Tallinn since the 1990s. The center of population according to

2070-990: Was set up in January 2007. While maintaining a flexible structure of specialized units (researchers may belong to two units simultaneously), INED has developed a system of organization by projects, built around some 30 key projects which are assessed by the Scientific Council and whose detailed content is presented on the INED website. These key projects include major household surveys and European projects. There are three other European research institutes comparable to INED: NIDI (Netherlands Interdisciplinary Demographic Institute) in The Hague (Netherlands), MPIDR (Max-Planck Institute for Demographic Research) in Rostock (Germany) and VID (Vienna Institute of demography) in Vienna (Austria), founded respectively in 1970, 1996 and 2002, and largely based on

2116-504: Was succeeded in this area by Louis Roussel in the 1970s, and by Henri Léridon in the 1980s. The social history of population is represented by Louis Chevalier (1911-2001), a historian of Paris, who was elected to the Collège de France in 1952; the history of disease by Dr Jean-Noël Biraben. Population genetics were developed successively by Jean Sutter (1910-1970) and Albert Jacquard (1925- ). A second generation of INED researchers joined

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