Misplaced Pages

#33966

98-629: Benefiting from the North Atlantic Current , Murmansk resembles cities of its size across western Russia, with highway and railway access to the rest of Europe , and the northernmost trolleybus system on Earth. It lies over 2° north of the Arctic Circle . Its connectivity contrasts with the isolation of Arctic ports like the Siberian Dikson on the shores of the Kara Sea , and Iqaluit , in

196-523: A subarctic climate ( Köppen Dfc ), with long and cold (though average by arctic standards) winters and short, cool summers. In the city, freezing temperatures are routinely experienced from October to May. Average temperatures exceed 0 degrees Celsius only from May through October. The average low during the coldest part of the year in Murmansk is approximately −14 °C (7 °F). However, temperatures routinely plunge below −20 °C (−4 °F) during

294-511: A 150-year dataset suggests that even this recently strengthened convection is anomalously weak compared to its baseline state. Some climate models indicate that the deep convection in Labrador - Irminger Seas could collapse under certain global warming scenarios, which would then collapse the entire circulation in the North subpolar gyre . It is considered unlikely to recover even if the temperature

392-412: A 2.3 °C (36.1 °F) average high was measured for March 2007. Summer has also been affected, with a 19.1 °C (66.4 °F) average high for June 2013, and a 24.3 °C (75.7 °F) average high during July 2018. The population of the city, according to the 2010 Census, was 307,257, of these, 141,130 men (45.9%) and 166,127 women (54.1%), down from 468,039 recorded in the 1989 Census. Since

490-538: A Resolution changing the administrative-territorial structure of Murmansk Okrug; however, new Monchegorsky District was not created and Monchegorsk remained a part of Kirovsky District. The issue with the southern border with the Karelian ASSR had not been resolved by the time the okrug was established in 1927. This unresolved problem was one of the reasons for the proposals to include the whole Kandalakshskaya Volost (which later became Kandalakshsky District ) into

588-698: A contribution from the Labrador Current recirculated into the NAC at 45°N. West of Continental Europe , it splits into two major branches. One branch goes southeast, becoming the Canary Current as it passes northwest Africa and turns southwest. The other major branch continues north along the coast of Northwestern Europe . Other branches include the Irminger Current and the Norwegian Current . Driven by

686-643: A new district with the administrative center in Monchegorsk. In a letter to the Leningrad Oblast Executive Committee and the VTsIK, the Presidium noted that Kirovsky District has two developed but unrelated industrial centers—Kirovsk and Monchegorsk—with the latter having a larger population and being located 111 kilometers (69 mi) away from the former. On February 10, 1938, the VTsIK adopted

784-554: A resolution, which established the seven districts and additionally requested Ponoysky District to be renamed Saamsky and Kolsko-Loparsky District to be renamed Kolsky. Both renamings were approved by the Resolution of the Presidium of the VTsIK on June 1, 1936. By 1937, the copper - nickel mining volume in the Monchegorsk area increased significantly, and, consequently, the area population grew as well. On February 19, 1937

882-744: Is a powerful warm western boundary current within the Atlantic Ocean that extends the Gulf Stream northeastward. The NAC originates from where the Gulf Stream turns north at the Southeast Newfoundland Rise, a submarine ridge that stretches southeast from the Grand Banks of Newfoundland . The NAC flows northward east of the Grand Banks, from 40°N to 51°N, before turning sharply east to cross

980-588: Is mostly meaningless as the population of the district in its existing borders is composed mostly of the Zyryans, not of the Sami. The Planning Commission petitioned the Leningrad Oblast Executive Committee to review its decision and to establish Vostochno-Laplandsky District as previously suggested—something the Leningrad Oblast Executive Commission ultimately never did. The work on the organization of

1078-409: Is one of only three places with representation in the female league, through the team Arktika . Proximity to pole and its side effects, Polar Night , has brought sport festivals such as North Festival Polar Olympiad  [ ru ] and Sun Festival  [ ru ] . The former has been awarded every year since the inaugural tournament in 1934. Norway, Finland, Sweden, Ukraine, Belarus and

SECTION 10

#1732845568034

1176-593: Is returned to a lower level, making it an example of a climate tipping point. This would result in rapid cooling, with implications for economic sectors, agriculture industry, water resources and energy management in Western Europe and the East Coast of the United States. Frajka-Williams et al. 2017 pointed out that recent changes in cooling of the subpolar gyre, warm temperatures in the subtropics and cool anomalies over

1274-514: Is the center of its Murmansk and Monchegorsk diocese, as well as the Murmansk Metropolis. The city has about a dozen Orthodox churches, the department of the head of the diocese and the metropolis of Metropolitan Simon is located in St. Nicholas Cathedral. Murmansk's evening newspaper is Vecherniy Murmansk ; it has been published since 1991. The port of Murmansk remains ice-free year round due to

1372-639: The Canadian port of Churchill , Manitoba . Even though the passage has not been fully tested for commercial shipping yet, Russian interest in this project (along with the Northwest Passage ) is substantial, as the bridge will serve as a major trade route between North America , Europe and Asia . Murmansk is home to Murmansk State Technical University , the Murmansk Arctic State University (formerly Murmansk State Pedagogical University),

1470-528: The Canadian Arctic . Despite long, snowy winters, Murmansk's climate is moderated by the generally ice-free waters around it. Although there was a building boom in the early twentieth century's arms races, Murmansk's population has been in decline since the Cold War , from 468,039 ( 1989 Soviet census ) ; 336,137 ( 2002 Census ) ; 307,257 ( 2010 Census ) ; to 270,384 (2021 Census). It remains

1568-586: The Flemish Cap (47°N, 45°W). Approaching the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, it then turns eastward and becomes much broader and more diffuse. It then splits into a colder northeastern branch and a warmer eastern branch. As the warmer branch turns southward, most of the subtropical component of the Gulf Stream is diverted southward, and as a consequence, the North Atlantic is mostly supplied by subpolar waters, including

1666-570: The North American coast. Directed by topography, the NAC meanders heavily, but in contrast to the meanders of the Gulf Stream, the NAC meanders remain stable without breaking off into eddies. The colder parts of the Gulf Stream turn northward near the "tail" of the Grand Banks at 50°W where the Azores Current branches off to flow south of the Azores . From there the NAC flows northeastward, east of

1764-601: The Romanovs . On September 21 [ O.S. October 4], 1916, the official ceremony was performed, and the date is now considered the official date of the city's foundation. After the February Revolution of March 1917, on April 3 [ O.S. April 16], 1917, the town was given its present name. In the winter of 1917 the British North Russia Squadron under Rear Admiral Thomas Kemp

1862-778: The Russian SFSR , Soviet Union , which existed in 1927–1938. The okrug was established on August 1, 1927, when the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (VTsIK) issued two Resolutions: "On the Establishment of Leningrad Oblast" and "On the Borders and Composition of the Okrugs of Leningrad Oblast". According to these resolutions, Murmansk Governorate was transformed into Murmansk Okrug and included into Leningrad Oblast together with eight other okrugs. The okrug

1960-604: The polar night lasts from 2 December to 10 January (40 days). Extreme temperatures range from −39.4 °C (−38.9 °F) on January 6, 1985, and January 27, 1999, up to 32.9 °C (91.2 °F) on July 9, 1972; the record cold daily maximum is −36.1 °C (−33.0 °F), set on January 6, 1985, while, conversely, the record warm daily minimum is 21.3 °C (70.3 °F) last set on July 9, 1972. Murmansk has been affected by global warming in recent decades, similar to other Arctic locations . For example, December 2007 had an average high of 0.8 °C (33.4 °F), while

2058-515: The Atlantic. It transports more warm tropical water to northern latitudes than any other boundary current; more than 40  Sv (40 million m /s; 1.4 billion cu ft/s) in the south and 20 Sv (20 million m /s; 710 million cu ft/s) as it crosses the Mid-Atlantic Ridge . It reaches speeds of 2 knots (3.7 km/h; 2.3 mph; 1.0 m/s) near

SECTION 20

#1732845568034

2156-761: The Baltic countries take part in the North Festival Polar Olympiad. To commemorate the 85th anniversary of the city's foundation, the snow-white Church of the Saviour on the Waters was modeled after the White Monuments of Vladimir and Suzdal and built on the shore for the sailors of Murmansk. Fifteen religious associations have been registered in Murmansk. The largest is the Russian Orthodox Church, Murmansk

2254-564: The Committee of the North report and found it feasible to establish two ethnic Sami districts: On December 25, 1929, this project was amended and approved by the Administrative-Legislative Commission of the Committee of the North. Vostochno-Laplandsky District was approved as proposed, with the exception of the village of Ponoy, which would be incorporated into a separate selsoviet with its own budget as its population

2352-509: The Germans from capturing the city and cutting off the vital Karelian railway line and the ice-free harbor. The Luftwaffe bombed the city 792 times during World War II. Murmansk suffered extensive destruction, the magnitude of which was rivaled only by the destruction in Leningrad and Stalingrad . For the rest of the war, Murmansk served as a transit point for weapons and other supplies entering

2450-732: The Governing of the Native Peoples and Tribes of the Extreme North of the RSFSR", which dealt with the peoples and the tribes of the Extreme North who did not have any forms of ethnic government in place. On May 30, 1927, the provision was extended to cover the Lapps (Sami) and the Samoyeds of Murmansk Governorate, allowing them to create special ethnic-based organs of the local self-government. Until 1928,

2548-493: The Karelian ASSR Central Executive Committee of August 8, 1936 also added to this list the settlement of Zasheykovskogo lesopilnogo zavoda and the settlement of Zasheyek proper. The Presidium of the VTsIK approved the petition for transfer of the work settlement of Zasheyek on April 1, 1937; however, the VTsIK did not list all of the inhabited localities being transferred by name, which lead to

2646-543: The Karelian ASSR. The conciliatory commission meeting on July 8, 1937 failed to resolve this dispute. On July 15, 1937, the Presidium of the Murmansk Okrug Executive Committee called the problem "artificial" and declared that the transfer should not have even been discussed, since the inhabited locality in question was never officially transferred out of the okrug and was being served solely by

2744-430: The Leningrad Oblast Executive Committee. The proposal for creation of Zapadno-Laplandsky District, on the other hand, was declined and returned to the Committee of the North as needing a revision. The discussion of the possibility of creating an ethnic Finnish district was postponed. The administrative commission of the Leningrad Oblast Executive Committee reviewed the proposal on July 31, 1930. Its decision, which

2842-847: The Murmansk Institute of Humanities and the Murmansk College of Arts (the only art school of the Kola Peninsula , formerly the 'Murmansk Music School'). The city has 86 primary schools and 56 secondary schools, two boarding schools, and three reform schools. There is also a branch of the Naval Academy in Murmansk, where cadets study, to become officers of the Russian Navy . Murmansk is twinned with: North Atlantic Current The North Atlantic Current ( NAC ), also known as North Atlantic Drift and North Atlantic Sea Movement ,

2940-552: The Murmansk Okrug Committee of the VKP(b) on December 28–29, 1934 and by the Resolution of the Presidium of the Murmansk Okrug Executive Committee on February 2, 1935. According to this proposal, the borders of Lovozersky, Polarny, and Teribersky Districts were to be changed. Ponoysky District was to be abolished and new Saamsky District (with ethnic Sami status) to be established in its place. Kolsko-Loparsky District

3038-538: The Murmansk Okrug Executive Committee decreed to establish thirteen ethnic Sami soviets: On October 25, 1928, the list was reviewed by the Selsoviet Review Commission of the Organizational Department of Leningrad Oblast Executive Committee. Out of proposed thirteen, they approved the creation of eight: In addition to these eight, Peyvo-Yarvinsky Selsoviet of Kolsko-Loparsky District

Murmansk - Misplaced Pages Continue

3136-468: The Murmansk Okrug organizations anyway. Furthermore, the Presidium refused to approve the conciliatory commission's findings and petitioned to rescind the VTsIK's resolution of April 1, 1937 and to officially document the border between Murmansk Okrug and the Karelian ASSR. The issue had never been officially resolved until 1938, when the transformation of Murmansk Okrug into Murmansk Oblast with

3234-508: The Okrug Administrative Commission approved the list of the ethnic selsoviets: This list was approved on May 7, 1930 by the Presidium of the Murmansk Okrug Executive Committee. With the task of creating ethnic selsoviets completed, on May 26, 1930 the okrug administrative commission returned to the discussion of the previously proposed ethnic districts. The possibility of creation of Vostochno-Laplandsky District

3332-461: The Presidium of the Leningrad Oblast Executive Committee resolution of February 26, 1935, the administrative center of Polyarny District was moved from Polyarnoye to Sayda-Guba . However, the provisions of the resolution were not fully implemented, and due to military construction in Polyarnoye, the administrative center was instead moved to Murmansk in the beginning of 1935. In addition to being

3430-511: The Presidium of the Murmansk Okrug Executive Committee petitioned to create new Monchegorsky District by separating the town and its surrounding area from Kirovsky District and to grant Monchegorsk town status. While town status was granted to Monchegorsk by the VTsIK Resolution of September 20, 1937, no new district was formed. On December 21, 1937, the Presidium of the Murmansk Okrug Executive Committee again petitioned to create

3528-402: The Presidium of the VTsIK issued a circular letter on the procedures for establishing special ethnic administrative-territorial units (okrugs, districts, and selsoviets) for the ethnic minorities. Based on this letter, on January 25, 1930 the Presidium of the Leningrad Oblast Executive Committee ordered the Murmansk Okrug Executive Committee to start working on granting the ethnic status to

3626-600: The Russian Second Division until 2014 when it folded due to financial difficulties, and FC Murmansk , a football team founded in 2022. Bandy club Murman has played in the Russian Bandy Super League , last in 2011–2012. Between 2012 and 2018, they were playing in the second tier Russian Bandy Supreme League , but will from the 2018–19 season be a Super League team again. Their home arena, Stadium Stroitel , has an audience capacity of 5,000. The city

3724-635: The Russian nuclear powered icebreaker fleet based in Murmansk. Murmansk is linked by the Kirov Railway to St. Petersburg and is linked to the rest of Russia by the M18 Kola Motorway . Murmansk Airport provides air links to Moscow and St. Petersburg. Buses and trolleybuses provide local transport. Murmansk is set to be the Russian terminus of the Arctic Bridge , a sea route linking it to

3822-464: The Sami and Samoyeds used the same forms of government as elsewhere on the Kola Peninsula —the selsoviets and the district executive committees. However, in preparation for the winter 1928–1929 soviet elections, the Murmansk Okrug Executive Committee and the Committee of the North initiated planning to establish ethnic Sami soviets in the ethnic pogosts . On October 11, 1928, the Presidium of

3920-538: The Sami population of the okrug. The administrative center of the district would be in Kola, but would later be moved to Murmashi . Vostochno-Saamsky District would include most of Ponoysky District, the southeastern part of Teribersky District, and the eastern part of Lovozersky District, which would cover a quarter of the Sami population of the okrug. The administrative center of this district would be in Iokanga . The proposal

4018-792: The Soviet Arctic during the Great Patriotic War monument is also located in Murmansk. The main square of Murmansk is Five Corners, Murmansk . There are three professional theaters in Murmansk. The oldest is the Murmansk Puppetry, which opened in 1933. The largest in the city was the Murmansk Regional Drama Theater, which opened in 1939. The Drama Theater of the Northern Fleet was opened in 1946. The city's association football teams are FC Sever Murmansk , which played in

Murmansk - Misplaced Pages Continue

4116-406: The Soviet Union from other Allied nations. The city's resistance was commemorated at the 40th anniversary of the victory over the Germans in the formal designation of Murmansk as a Hero City on May 6, 1985. During the Cold War Murmansk was a center of Soviet submarine and icebreaker activity. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union , the nearby city and naval base of Severomorsk remains

4214-408: The USSR's Allies : primarily military equipment, manufactured goods and raw materials brought into the Soviet Union. The supplies were brought to the city in the Arctic convoys . German forces in Finnish territory launched an offensive against the city in 1941 as part of Operation Silver Fox . However, fierce Soviet resistance and harsh local weather-conditions,along with the bad terrain, prevented

4312-412: The VTsIK Resolution of July 20, 1930. Another one was a nameless settlement, ultimately called Lesnoy , serving a timber-cutting plant in Tersky District . The number of work settlements increased in summer 1935. Kola , which was demoted to a rural locality in 1926, was elevated in status to an urban locality and granted work settlement status by the VTsIK Resolution of August 20, 1935. By

4410-416: The administrative center of Murmansk Okrug, Murmansk continued to serve as the administrative center of Polyarny District until September 11, 1938. On February 10, 1938, when the VTsIK adopted a Resolution changing the administrative-territorial structure of Murmansk Okrug, the city of Murmansk became a separate administrative division of the okrug, equal in status to that of the districts. This status

4508-459: The administrative center of Murmansk Okrug. In 1934, the Murmansk Okrug Executive Committee developed a redistricting proposal, which included a plan to enlarge the city by merging the surrounding territories in the north, south, and west into Murmansk. While this plan was not confirmed by the Leningrad Oblast Executive Committee, in 1935–1937 several rural localities of Kolsky and Polyarny Districts were merged into Murmansk anyway. According to

4606-399: The administrative-territorial structure of Murmansk Governorate, the okrug's predecessor, had been submitted, the work on changing the administrative-territorial structure of the new okrug soon commenced. This time, however, the ethnic composition of the territory became a priority. On October 25, 1926, the VTsIK and the Council of People's Commissars adopted a Temporary Provision "On

4704-477: The border situation. The problem re-surfaced in 1935, when by the VTsIK Resolution of August 20, work settlement status was granted to the settlement of Zasheyek in Kirovsky District . After the resolution had been published, it was pointed out that Zasheyek is simultaneously listed in Kirovsky District of Murmansk Okrug and in the Karelian ASSR. The joint meeting of the representatives of Murmansk Okrug and Karelia, which took place on April 15, 1936,

4802-457: The city is divided into three administrative okrugs: City districts were established in Murmansk for the first time by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR of April 20, 1939; at the time, three city districts ( Kirovsky , Leninsky, and Mikoyanovsky) were created. They were abolished on June 2, 1948. The same city districts were created for the second time on June 23, 1951. Mikoyanovsky City District

4900-424: The city was governed by the authorities of Alexandrovsky Uyezd and later of Murmansk Governorate . On August 1, 1927, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (VTsIK) issued two resolutions: "On the Establishment of Leningrad Oblast" and "On the Borders and Composition of the Okrugs of Leningrad Oblast", which transformed Murmansk Governorate into Murmansk Okrug within Leningrad Oblast and made Murmansk

4998-420: The collapse of the Soviet Union, the city has been consistently losing population, as the extensive military facilities the city is built around have declined. Ethnic Russians make up the majority of the population, but Ukrainian and Belarusian minorities also live in the city. Ethnic composition (2010): In November 2010, direct mayoral elections were abolished; they were reinstituted in January 2014, with

SECTION 50

#1732845568034

5096-417: The context of creation of the national okrugs and districts across the Extreme North territories, Murmansk Committee of the North submitted a project to the Presidium of the Okrug Executive Committee, which suggested the creation of an ethnic district on the territory of Ponoysky District and part of the territory of Lovozersky District, the population of which was predominantly Sami. On September 16, 1929,

5194-489: The continuation of the dispute between Murmansk Okrug and the Karelian ASSR. When a transfer act for the work settlement of Zasheyek was being compiled on May 5, 1937, the Murmansk Okrug representatives demanded that the settlements of Lesozavoda , lesouchastka Vostochnaya Guba , and Verkhny Nivastroy, as well as the station of Zasheyek of the Kirov Railway, were also transferred to Murmansk Okrug. The Karelian representatives insisted that these settlements are to remain in

5292-406: The creation of the district on parts of the territories of Ponoysky and Lovozersky Districts, namely in Iokangsky , Kamensky , Lumbovsky , Semiostrovsky , and Sosnovsky pogosts. At the same time, the creation of another ethnic Sami district to the west was suggested. On October 25–26, 1929, the joint session of the Murmansk Okrug Executive Committee and the Murmansk City Council reviewed

5390-448: The creation of two ethnic districts: Zapadno-Saamsky and Vostochno-Saamsky. Zapadno-Saamsky District would include the western part of Polyarny District (excluding the Rybachy Peninsula ), most of Kolsko-Loparsky District (with the exception of Khibiny and the territory in the immediate vicinity of the Kola Bay ), the northwestern part of Lovozersky District, and the southwestern part of Teribersky District, which would cover two-thirds of

5488-415: The creation of which did not succeed. Unlike elsewhere in the Russian SFSR, the new selsoviets were not clannish in nature, as the Sami people did not have clans, but rather territorially defined, which meant that their structure was identical to the structure of regular selsoviets, with the only exception of having the rights granted to them by the VTsIK's Temporary Provision. On August 13, 1929, in

5586-455: The currents do exert influence at very high latitudes by preventing the formation of sea ice ). Unlike the AMOC , the observations of Labrador Sea outflow showed no negative trend from 1997 to 2009, and the Labrador Sea convection began to intensify in 2012, reaching a new high in 2016. As of 2022, the trend of strengthened Labrador Sea convection appears to hold, and is associated with observed increases in marine primary production . Yet,

5684-418: The ethnic Sami districts resumed in fall 1931. Even though Lovozersky District had already been designated as ethnic Sami, the 8th Plenary Session of the Committee of the North started another initiative to create an ethnic Sami district on the territory of Murmansk Okrug. First such proposal was presented on October 8, 1931 in Leningrad by the government of the Sami association. The proposal suggested

5782-524: The global thermohaline circulation , the North Atlantic Current is part of the wind-driven Gulf Stream, which goes further east and north from the North American coast across the Atlantic and into the Arctic Ocean . The North Atlantic Current, together with the Gulf Stream, have a long-lived reputation for having a considerable warming influence on European climate. However, the principal cause for differences in winter climate between North America and Europe seems to be winds rather than ocean currents (although

5880-432: The global temperature by up to 0.5 degrees, while the average temperature in certain regions of the North Atlantic decreases by around 3 degrees . There are also substantial impacts on regional precipitation . A 2023 study warns that the collapse could already happen by mid century. Murmansk Okrug Murmansk Okrug ( Russian : Му́рманский о́круг , Murmansky okrug ) was an administrative division (an okrug ) of

5978-441: The headquarters of the Russian Northern Fleet . In 1974, a massive 35.5-meter (116 ft) tall statue Alyosha , depicting a Soviet World War II soldier, was installed on a 7-meter (23 ft) high foundation. The Hotel Arctic opened in 1984, becoming the tallest building above the Arctic Circle. On January 1, 2015, the territory of Murmansk was expanded when the urban-type settlement of Roslyakovo , previously under

SECTION 60

#1732845568034

6076-423: The inclusion of Kandalakshsky District into Murmansk Okrug, and additionally proposed to divide the existing Tersky District into new Kuzomensky and Umbsky District, using the border line previously proposed for Kandalakshsky and Kuzomensky Districts. By the end of 1934, the Murmansk Okrug Executive Committee developed another redistricting proposal, which was approved by the Resolution of the 4th Plenary Session of

6174-418: The jurisdiction of the closed administrative-territorial formation of Severomorsk, was abolished and its territory merged into Murmansk. Within the framework of administrative divisions , it is incorporated as the City of Murmansk —an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts . As a municipal division , the City of Murmansk is incorporated as Murmansk Urban Okrug . As of 2012,

6272-442: The meeting of the organizational department of the Murmansk Okrug Executive Committee, the above proposal was reviewed, and the recommendation was made to establish eight instead of seven districts: The inclusion of the Karelian territory into Kandalakshsky District was intended to resolve the border issue with Karelia , which remained unresolved since 1923. The forest district supplying the timber industry in Murmansk Okrug spanned

6370-428: The meetings held on July 7 and 25, 1932, the new districts' composition details were further refined. Finally, the meeting of October 3, 1932 issued the final recommendations. The proposed redistricting scheme was taking into consideration not only the ethnic aspect, but the economic realities as well. The commission found it necessary to create seven districts within the okrug: On March 14, 1934, during

6468-440: The mid-1930s all references to ethnic status of the districts and selsoviets disappeared from the official documents. On April 28, 1934, the Murmansk Okrug Executive Committee meeting considered the redistricting proposal and discussed the inclusion of various inhabited localities into the new districts. The redistricting commission of the Murmansk Okrug Executive Committee, which met on June 5, 1934, no longer considered

6566-418: The most recent elections for mayor and city council taking place in September 2014. Murmansk has two main museums: Murmansk Oblast Museum and Murmansk Oblast Art Museum; there are also several small museums. There are three professional theaters, libraries, and an aquarium in Murmansk. Murmansk is the venue of the decommissioned Lenin which is now a museum ship. Alyosha Monument, Murmansk or Defenders of

6664-415: The nearby towns of Alexandrovsk and Kola . On June 29 [ O.S. July 12], 1916, Russian Transport Minister Alexander Trepov petitioned to grant urban status to the railway settlement. On July 6 [ O.S. July 19], 1916, the petition was approved and the town was named Romanov-on-Murman ( Рома́нов-на-Му́рмане , Romanov-na-Murmane ), after the Imperial Russian dynasty,

6762-401: The project was discussed at the session of the Murmansk Okrug Planning Commission, which found the creation of such a district feasible and suggested in turn two possible scenarios of establishing an ethnic district. The first scenario suggested the creation of the district on the territories of Ponoysky and Lovozersky Districts, with Ponoysky Selsoviet being left out. The second one suggested

6860-417: The representatives of Murmansk Okrug and the Karelian ASSR it turned out that each side has a different understanding of what the "existing borders" are supposed to be. The Murmansk Okrug representative declared that the VTsIK resolution refers to the southern border of former Alexandrovsky Uyezd , which was transformed into Murmansk Governorate in June 1931, while the Karelian representative was convinced that

6958-499: The resolution gives official status to the border shown on the official NKVD map of the Karelian ASSR. The Presidium of the Murmansk Okrug Executive Committee issued two resolutions—one on April 13, 1931 and another on July 23, 1932—explaining its position and petitioned several times to review the borders once again, but the administrative commission of the Leningrad Oblast Executive Committee in its letter of October 11, 1932 declared that there will be no further review of

7056-410: The scenarios where this convection collapses, it is most likely to be triggered by 1.8 degrees of global warming. However, model differences mean that the required warming may be as low as 1.1 degrees or as high as 3.8 degrees. Once triggered, the collapse of the current would most likely take 10 years from start to end, with a range between 5 and 50 years. The loss of this convection is estimated to lower

7154-425: The selsoviets in which at least two-thirds of the population were ethnic minorities. By April 1, 1930, seven ethnic Finnish selsoviets and one ethnic Norwegian selsoviet were established in Murmansk Okrug, in addition to seven already existing Sami selsoviets. Discussions of the possibilities of establishing more ethnic selsoviets was ongoing in the executive committees of various levels. On May 4, 1930,

7252-556: The settlements of Apatity and Zasheyek ), with the administrative center in Khibinogorsk . The Murmansk Okrug Executive Committee held several additional meetings in summer 1932. As a result, the redistricting proposal was amended further. During the June ;25, 1932 meeting, the creation of Zapadno-Saamsky District was discussed again and found to be feasible. Tersky, Teribersky, and Polarny Districts would remain unchanged. During

7350-481: The subpolar gyre. As the result, the study estimated the risk of an abrupt cooling event over Europe caused by the collapse of the current at 36.4%, which is lower than the 45.5% chance estimated by the previous generation of models In 2022, a paper suggested that previous disruption of subpolar gyre was connected to the Little Ice Age . A 2022 Science Magazine review study on climate tipping points noted that in

7448-470: The subsequent transfer of Kandalakshsky District to the oblast rendered the problem moot. First work settlements appeared in Murmansk Okrug in 1930. One of the first two settlements was Kukisvumchorr , which was established as an apatite-mining settlement near the mountain of the same name in the Khibiny Massif in the south of Kolsko-Loparsky District , and was granted the work settlement status by

7546-536: The territories of both the Karelian ASSR and the okrug, which created economic inconveniences. Furthermore, a chemical plant in Kandalaksha, being under construction at the time, was ultimately to use the apatite mined in the Khibiny Massif, which again was inconvenient from the economic point of view. Despite all the work on granting ethnic status to various divisions, the concept did not take hold and starting from

7644-523: The territory of the okrug. The okrug authorities argued that at the very least the pre-1923 borders need to be recognized, while the Karelian side was insisting that the border shown on the official NKVD map was to be retained. On February 10, 1931, the Presidium of the VTsIK reviewed the matter and ruled to leave Murmansk Okrug "within existing borders". However, during the April ;12, 1931 meeting of

7742-453: The tropics, increased the spatial distribution of meridional gradient in sea surface temperatures , which is not captured by the AMO Index . A 2021 study found that this collapse occurs in only four CMIP6 models out of 35 analyzed. However, only 11 models out of 35 can simulate North Atlantic Current with a high degree of accuracy, and this includes all four models which simulate collapse of

7840-535: The warm North Atlantic Current and is an important fishing and shipping destination. It is home port to Atomflot , the world's only fleet of nuclear-powered icebreakers . The Port of Murmansk is the headquarters of Sevmorput (Northern Sea Route) and the administration of Russian Arctic maritime transport. In 2018, the Russian government transferred the main responsibility for the Northern Sea Route to Rosatom which through its ROSATOMFLOT subsidiary manages

7938-448: The winter. Murmansk's brief summer is mild, with average highs in July exceeding +17 °C (63 °F). The city is slightly wetter during the summer than the winter and receives an annual average of just under 500 mm (20 in) of precipitation . The " midnight sun " is above the horizon from 22 May to 23 July (63 days), and the period with continuous darkness is somewhat shorter —

8036-573: The world's largest city north of the Arctic Circle, with over 100,000 more inhabitants than Norilsk , Russia. It is a major port of the Arctic Ocean . The name of the city is derived from Murman , from an old name for Norwegians by Russians, likely a borrowing from Old Norse norðmaðr , which gave its name to the Murman Coast and the surrounding region including the Kola Peninsula . Murmansk

8134-420: Was also to be abolished, with Kirovsky and Kolsky Districts to be established in its place. Tersky District would remain unchanged. The final proposal looked as follows: Additionally, the proposal called for the enlargement of Murmansk, into which small nearby settlements were to be merged and for the establishment of a settlement council in Kola (which would be subordinated directly to Murmansk). The proposal

8232-420: Was approved and sent up for further approval to the Leningrad Oblast Executive Committee. On February 15, 1935, the VTsIK approved the redistricting of the okrug into seven districts: Kirovsky, Kolsko-Loparsky, Lovozersky, Polyarny, Ponoysky, Teribersky, and Tersky. On February 26, 1935, the Presidium of the Leningrad Oblast Executive Committee worked out the details of the new district scheme and issued

8330-628: Was based at Murmansk. From 1918 to 1920, during the Russian Civil War , the town was occupied by the Western powers , who had been allied in World War I , and was also controlled by White Army forces. On February 13, 1926, local self-government was organized in Murmansk for the first time, during a plenary session of the Murmansk City Soviet , which elected a Presidium. Before this,

8428-586: Was considered by the commission on the matters of administrative division of the Murmansk Okrug Executive Committee in May ;1932. The commission agreed that Vostochno-Saamsky District would need to be created, but it should be created as a merger of Ponoysky and Lovozersky Districts, which would cover 39% of the Sami population. The commission also suggested that the administrative center of this new district should be in Lovozero. The creation of Zapadno-Saamsky District

8526-566: Was granted ethnic Finnish status. Kildinsky and Notozersky Selsoviets of Kolsko-Loparsky District, as well as Iokangsky and Lumbovsky Selsoviets of Ponoysky District, were classified as "ethnic" as well. The names of all selsoviets and their administrative centers remained unchanged. This decision left the government of Murmansk Oblast unhappy. The meeting of the Murmansk Okrug Planning Commission on October 31, 1930 noted that granting Lovozersky District an ethnic status

8624-468: Was granted the status of an ethnic Finnish district; same status was confirmed for six of the district's selsoviets (Belokamensky, Gryazno-Gubsky, Ozerkovsky, Tyuva-Gubsky, Ura-Gubsky, and Zapadno-Litsky). Tsyp-Navoloksky Selsoviet was granted the status of an ethnic Norwegian selsoviet, Motovsky Selsoviet—the generic "ethnic" status, and Alexandrovsky and Titovsky Selsoviet retained their "regular" status. In Kolsko-Loparsky District, Peyvo-Yarvinsky Selsoviet

8722-419: Was granted the status of the national Finnish selsoviet. The creation of the other proposed ethnic Sami selsoviets was found to be impractical. The creation of the new selsoviets was finally approved by the Resolution of the Presidium of the VTsIK of December 10, 1928, and seven ethnic Sami selsoviets were established in Murmansk Okrug in the beginning of 1929. The only exception was Babinsky Selsoviet,

8820-422: Was later confirmed by the Presidium of the Leningrad Oblast Executive Committee on January 7, 1931, was unexpected—instead of creating the proposed districts, the commission granted ethnic status to existing Lovozersky District, with Voronezhsky and Semiostrovsky Selsoviets designated as "ethnic", and Ivanovsky and Lovozersky Selsoviets —as "ethnic Zyryan ". Alexandrovsky District within its existing borders

8918-503: Was not contiguous with the rest of Leningrad Oblast and was separated from it by the territory of the Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic . Upon the transformation, the administrative structure of the okrug was also changed. Instead of the nine volosts into which Murmansk Governorate was divided, the territory of the okrug was divided into six districts . Just as numerous proposals to change

9016-479: Was not recommended due to the fact that only 8.8% of the Sami people lived in the western parts of the okrug. Additionally, the commission took into consideration the rapid growth of mining industry in the Khibiny Massif and the planned expansion to the areas surrounding Lake Imandra , and recommended to create a district with mining specialization on the part of the territory of Kolsko-Loparsky District ( Kukisvumchorrsky Settlement Council , Ekostrovsky Selsoviet , and

9114-622: Was predominantly Russian. Zapadno-Laplandsky District was to include the following selsoviets and settlements: Kildinsky, Notozersky (with the Finnish village of Nivankyulya ), Babinsky (with the Finnish village of Iona but without the Russian settlement of Zasheyek ); the territories of the Sami people: Girvasky, Pulozersky, and Yekotrovsky. Sami in Motovsky Selsoviet would remain in Alexandrovsky District. On January 10, 1930

9212-559: Was renamed Oktyabrsky on October 30, 1957, but on September 30, 1958, all three city districts were again abolished. On June 10, 1967, two city districts were created (Leninsky and Oktyabrsky); Pervomaysky City District was split from Oktyabrsky on February 21, 1975. In the Charter of the Hero City of Murmansk, adopted on December 17, 1995, the districts started to be referred to as administrative okrugs. Murmansk experiences

9310-465: Was retained when Murmansk Okrug was transformed into Murmansk Oblast on May 28, 1938. The Germans were promised the use of the port they called Norwegenhafen for transportation of goods and raw materials from 1922 to 1941. During World War II , Murmansk was a link to the Western world for the Soviet Union , with large quantities of goods important to the respective military efforts traded with

9408-411: Was reviewed—the new district was to include the territory of Lovozersky District, a territory in the east of Teribersky District, and the territories of Iokangsky and Lumbovsky Sami Selsoviets of Ponoysky District. Ponoysky and Sosnovsky Selsoviets of Ponoysky District would be merged into Tersky District. This proposal was approved and sent on for further consideration to the administrative commission of

9506-603: Was the last city founded in the Russian Empire . In 1915, World War I needs led to the construction of the railroad from Petrozavodsk to an ice-free location on the Murman Coast in the Russian Arctic , to which Russia's allies shipped military supplies. The terminus became known as the Murman station and soon boasted a port, a naval base, and an adjacent settlement with a population that quickly grew in size and soon surpassed

9604-411: Was unable to resolve the situation. On June 8, 1936, the Presidium of the Karelian ASSR Central Executive Committee approved the transfer of the station of Zasheyek of the Kirov Railway and of the settlement of Verkhny Nivastroy (also known as Zasheyek) from Kandalakshsky District of the Karelian ASSR to Murmansk Okrug; the border would still remain unchanged. The Resolution of the Presidium of

#33966