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137-574: SOBSI was founded in Jakarta on November 29, 1946, the first trade union federation to emerge after the Second World War . SOBSI held its first national congress in Malang on May 16–18, 1947. A constitution of the organization was adopted, which called for workers to unite and struggle for the creation of a socialist society. SOBSI was organized along industrial lines, but craft unions enjoyed equality within

274-415: A Lebaran festival bonus to be instituted. These demands became widely popular, and the organization rapidly expanded its base. By mid-1950 SOBSI had twenty-five vertical unions as well as many local affiliated unions. It claimed a membership of 2.5 million (although that figure was questioned by outsiders). In November 1950 Njono, then 28 years old, returned from a prolonged study trip to China and overtook

411-479: A 'special capital region' ( Daerah Khusus Ibukota ), with a status equivalent to that of a province. Based on law No. 5 of 1974 relating to regional governments, the Jakarta Special Capital Region was confirmed as the capital of Indonesia and one of the country's then 26 provinces. Lieutenant General Ali Sadikin served as governor from 1966 to 1977; he rehabilitated roads and bridges, encouraged

548-404: A 24-hour general strike in south Sumatra , protest against the local take-over of power by a regional army commander. On the following day, SOBSI issued a warning to Suwirjo that SOBSI would organize a nationwide general strike if he formed a government cabinet with Masjumi and excluding PKI. With the introduction of Guided Democracy , President Sukarno increasingly came to rely on SOBSI as

685-492: A communist uprising in September 1948, SOBSI was the sole relevant trade union force in the country. When the uprising broke out in the town of Madiun , several of the communist SOBSI leaders went underground. Many SOBSI leaders were killed or went into exile when the revolt was subsequently crushed. The SOBSI chairman Harjono and Sarbupri (estate workers union, the largest SOBSI union) chairman Maruto Darusman were imprisoned after

822-623: A delegation led by the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Mohammad Roem to a conference on West Irian which was held in The Hague on 4 December 1950. But the conference failed because the Dutch refused to return sovereignty over West Irian to Indonesia. The deadlocked negotiations resumed on 13–16 December 1950, after each delegation consulted with the government. The Indonesian delegation proposed three formulations, namely: 1. The transfer of sovereignty of West Irian

959-625: A demand conceded to by the government as it accepted to pay wages to the unemployed seamen and harbour workers until mid-1959. SOBSI representatives were included in the National Council of the National Front (represented by Munir from August 1960), the People's Consultative Assembly and provincial and local councils, appointed by Sukarno in July 1959. Moreover, on August 15, 1959 SOBSI obtained one seat in

1096-540: A government crackdown on opposition, in the wake of speculations about a possible leftist coup d'état. However, relatively few SOBSI branches and unions mobilized protests against the arrests. On March 1, 1952, the PKI Central Committee adopted a resolution labelling the activities of SOBSI as 'sectarian'. The PKI instructed SOBSI to align with the national united front line of the party; that SOBSI should seek cooperation with non-communist trade unions and mobilize

1233-489: A great international city, instigated large government-funded projects with openly nationalistic and modernist architecture . Projects included a cloverleaf interchange , a major boulevard ( Jalan MH Thamrin -Sudirman), monuments such as The National Monument , Hotel Indonesia , a shopping centre, and a new building intended to be the headquarters of CONEFO . In October 1965, Jakarta was the site of an abortive coup attempt in which six top generals were killed, precipitating

1370-537: A groundwater pump, and 33 were pumping groundwater illegally. This could be halted by stopping extraction (as the city of Tokyo has done), increasing efficiency, and finding other sources for water use. Moreover, increasing regulation through higher taxes or limiting groundwater pumping has proven to help cities like Shanghai, Tokyo, and San Jose relieve their subsidence issue. The rivers of Jakarta are highly polluted and currently unsuitable for drinking water. Jakarta, faces significant air pollution , particularly during

1507-461: A height of 262 m (860 ft) and its nib-shaped top celebrates technology and symbolises stereoscopy. The urban construction boom continued during the 21st century. The Golden Triangle of Jakarta is one of the fastest evolving CBD 's in the Asia-Pacific region. According to CTBUH and Emporis , there are 88 skyscrapers that reach or exceed 150 m (490 ft), which puts the city in

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1644-566: A joint May Day committee. From that point onwards, May Day rallies were held jointly. However, in spite of the more moderate line of SOBSI its affiliated union remained more active in defense of the interests of their members than the rival unions. In July 1952 the sugar workers union SBG held a major strike demanding Lebaran bonus. In September 1953 a Sarbupri strike forced the government to increase wages for estate workers by 30%. SOBSI held its second national congress in January 1955. At this point,

1781-579: A major Southeast Asian trading centre. Through the relationship with Prince Jayawikarta of the Banten Sultanate, Dutch ships arrived in 1596. In 1602, an English East India Company (EIC) voyage led by Sir James Lancaster arrived in Aceh and sailed on to Banten , where they were allowed to build a trading post. This site became the centre of English trade in the Indonesian archipelago until 1682. Jayawikarta

1918-484: A meagre 5,500. In 1958 there was a decision that Bendera Buruh ought to be distributed to every base-level union organization of SOBSI, but this was never implemented fully. Bendera Buruh was closed down in October 1960. Jakarta This is an accepted version of this page Jakarta ( / dʒ ə ˈ k ɑːr t ə / ; Indonesian pronunciation: [dʒaˈkarta] , Betawi : Jakartè ), officially

2055-647: A melting pot of numerous cultures. Jakarta is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in Southeast Asia . Established in the fourth century as Sunda Kelapa , the city became an important trading port for the Sunda Kingdom . At one time, it was the de facto capital of the Dutch East Indies , when it was known as Batavia . Jakarta was officially a city within West Java until 1960 when its official status

2192-474: A million members in two years. As of late 1962, SOBSI claimed to have 3,277,032 members. In East Java alone, SOBSI claimed a membership exceeding 510,000. During this period 5,278 teachers had been trained to carry out base-level courses, 30,703 SOBSI activists had passed through training courses. During 1962, 19,964 workers completed literacy classes organized by SOBSI. 145 SOBSI sports teams and eleven revolutionary choirs were formed. SOBSI gathered around half of

2329-448: A position in the cabinet. PNI demanded that people from their party got the position as Ministry of Home Affairs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and Ministry of Education. After negotiating, PNI were willing to give up the position of Ministry of Foreign Affairs to Masyumi and Ministry of Education for another party with the promise of taking the position as Ministry of Home Affairs. Yet, the hope of getting that position had to crumble after it

2466-591: A revolt, 5,000 Chinese were massacred by the Dutch and natives on 9 October 1740, and the following year, Chinese inhabitants were moved to Glodok outside the city walls. At the beginning of the 19th century, around 400 Arabs and Moors lived in Batavia, a number that changed little during the following decades. Among the commodities traded were fabrics, mainly imported cotton, batik and clothing worn by Arab communities. The city began to expand further south as epidemics in 1835 and 1870 forced residents to move away from

2603-545: A route to obtain spices. The Sunda Kingdom made an alliance treaty with the Portuguese by allowing them to build a port in 1522 to defend against the rising power of Demak Sultanate from central Java. In 1527, Fatahillah , a Pasai-born military commander of Demak attacked and conquered Sunda Kelapa, driving out the Portuguese. Sunda Kelapa was renamed Jayakarta, and became a fiefdom of the Banten Sultanate , which became

2740-469: A status equivalent to that of a province and is bordered by two other provinces: West Java to the south and east; and (since 2000, when it was separated from West Java) Banten to the west. Its coastline faces the Java Sea to the north, and it shares a maritime border with Lampung to the west. Jakarta's metropolitan area is ASEAN's second largest economy after Singapore . In 2023, the city's GDP PPP

2877-405: A violent anti-communist purge which killed at least 500,000 people, including some ethnic Chinese. The event marked the beginning of Suharto's New Order . The first government was led by a mayor until the end of 1960 when the office was changed to that of a governor. The last mayor of Jakarta was Soediro until he was replaced by Soemarno Sosroatmodjo as governor. In 1966, Jakarta was declared

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3014-438: A wave of strikes in late 1950. In September 1950 Sarbupri launched a nationwide strike, which paralyzed most estates. The Sarbupri strike resulted in the first major victory for SOBSI, having forced the government to significantly increase the estate workers' minimum wage. Strikes by oil workers in the same year blocked plans for lay-offs and forces the government to institute a non-contributory pension scheme instead. In response to

3151-462: Is driven by the extraction of groundwater, much of it illegal. Furthermore, the government's lack of strict regulation amplifies the issue as many recently built high-rise buildings, corporations, and factories around Jakarta opt for illegally extracting groundwater. In fact, in a recent inspection of 80 buildings in Jalan Thamrin, a busy road lined with skyscrapers and shopping malls, 56 buildings had

3288-472: Is education. Natsir saw that one of the big problems in the education system at that time was the dualism between religious education and the general education system. Structurally, the systems are respectively under the Ministry of Religion and the Ministry of Education and Culture. Natsir tried to eradicate the dualism, but not with a structural approach such as the merging of two parties, but with an approach from

3425-477: Is in the fields of economics and development. Supporting, among others, were two prominent Indonesian economists at the time, namely Sjafruddin Prawiranegara as Minister of Finance and Soemitro Djojohadikusumo as Minister of Trade and Industry. The Natsir Cabinet saw that a newly completed Indonesia from the war to defend independence was not easy to carry out development and development could not be carried out with

3562-425: Is more than the cost to build Nusantara , to save the city in the next decade. Jakarta has been home to multiple settlements . Below is the list of names used during its existence: The Buni people is a prehistoric clay pottery culture that flourished in coastal northern West Java , Jakarta, and Banten around 400 BC to 100 AD and survived until 500 AD. Sundapura are the earliest Sundanese records in

3699-749: Is now popular not only in Jakarta, but all over Indonesia. The Chinese in Jakarta mainly speak Indonesian and English due to a strict language ban during the Soeharto New Order era; older people may be fluent in Hokkien dialect and Mandarin , meanwhile the younger generation are fluent in Indonesian and English, some educated in Mandarin. With the recent urbanization of Chinese communities from several rural areas in Indonesia, other Chinese dialects have been brought into

3836-579: Is situated on the northwest coast of Java , at the mouth of the Ciliwung River on Jakarta Bay , an inlet of the Java Sea . It is strategically located near the Sunda Strait . The northern part of Jakarta is plain land, some areas of which are below sea level, and subject to frequent flooding. The southern parts of the city are hilly. It is one of only two Asian capital cities located in the southern hemisphere (along with East Timor 's Dili ). Officially,

3973-407: Is the largest subset in Jakarta. Working Minangkabau in the 1980s in high proportions were well-embedded merchants, artisans, doctors, teachers or journalists. Minang merchants are found in traditional markets, such as Tanah Abang and Senen. Indonesian is the official and dominant language of Jakarta, while many elderly people speak Dutch or Chinese , depending on their upbringing. English

4110-499: Is thought to have made trading connections with the English merchants, who were rivals with the Dutch, by allowing them to build houses directly across from the Dutch buildings in 1615. When relations between Prince Jayawikarta and the Dutch deteriorated, his soldiers attacked the Dutch fortress. His army and their EIC allies, however, were defeated by the Dutch, in part owing to the timely arrival of Jan Pieterszoon Coen . The Dutch burned

4247-488: Is under construction around Jakarta Bay to help cope with the threat from the sea. The dyke will be equipped with a pumping system and retention areas to defend against seawater and function as a toll road. The project is expected to be completed by 2025. In January 2014, the central government agreed to build two dams in Ciawi, Bogor and a 1.2 km (0.75 mi) tunnel from Ciliwung River to Cisadane River to ease flooding in

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4384-790: Is used for communication, especially in Central and South Jakarta. Each of the ethnic groups uses their mother tongue at home, such as Betawi , Javanese , and Sundanese . The Betawi language is distinct from those of the Sundanese or Javanese , forming itself as a language island in the surrounding area. It is mostly based on the East Malay dialect and enriched by loan words from Dutch , Portuguese , Sundanese , Javanese , Chinese , and Arabic . Over time, many Betawi words and phrases became integrated into Indonesian as Jakartan slang and are used by most people regardless of their ethnic background. It

4521-448: The 1997 Asian financial crisis , putting Jakarta at the centre of violence, protest, and political maneuvering. After three decades in power, support for President Suharto began to wane. Tensions peaked when four students were shot dead at Trisakti University by security forces. Four days of riots and violence in 1998 ensued that killed an estimated 1,200, and destroyed or damaged 6,000 buildings, forcing Suharto to resign. Much of

4658-581: The Dutch Golden Age (17th to late 18th century), the transitional style period (late 18th century – 19th century), and Dutch modernism (20th century). Colonial architecture is apparent in houses and villas, churches, civic buildings, and offices, mostly concentrated in the Jakarta Old Town and Central Jakarta . Architects such as J.C. Schultze and Eduard Cuypers designed some of the significant buildings. Schultze's works include Jakarta Art Building ,

4795-642: The Dutch attack in December 1948. From May 1948 work began to reorganize SOBSI. SOBSI was re-established in September 1949. The new leadership was clearly dominated by the Communist Party. The acting chairman of SOBSI, Asrarudin, left the organization in protest against the communist dominance. In November 1949, SOBSI launched a campaign against the Round Table Conference agreement. The organization also called for

4932-542: The Japanese occupation , the city was renamed as Jakaruta Tokubetsu-shi ( ジャカルタ特別市 , Jakarta Special City) . After the Japanese surrender, the name was changed to 'Jakarta'. The north coast area of western Java including Jakarta was the location of prehistoric Buni culture that flourished from 400 BC to 100 AD. The area in and around modern Jakarta was part of the 4th-century Sundanese kingdom of Tarumanagara , one of

5069-457: The Socialist Bloc . Njono served as vice chairman of WFTU. SOBSI had a separate Women's Bureau, whose membership overlapped that of Gerwani (a women's movement connected to PKI). The SOBSI Women's Bureau and Gerwani led joint campaigns, demanding implementation of women's rights guaranteed by the 1951 Labour Law (such as rights to maternity and menstruation leave and breastfeeding breaks at

5206-563: The Special Capital Region of Jakarta ( Indonesian : Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta , abbreviated to DKI Jakarta ) and formerly known as Batavia until 1949, is the de jure capital and largest city of Indonesia . Lying on the northwest coast of Java , the world's most populous island , Jakarta is the largest metropole in Southeast Asia and serves as the diplomatic capital of ASEAN . The Special Capital Region has

5343-418: The largest urban area in Indonesia and the second-largest in the world (after Tokyo ). Jakarta ranks first among the Indonesian provinces in the human development index . Jakarta's business and employment opportunities, along with its ability to offer a potentially higher standard of living compared to other parts of the country, have attracted migrants from across the Indonesian archipelago , making it

5480-505: The top 10 of world rankings . It has more buildings taller than 150 metres than any other Southeast Asian or Southern Hemisphere cities. Most landmarks, monuments, and statues in Jakarta were begun in the 1960s during the Sukarno era, then completed in the Suharto era, while some date from the colonial period. Although many of the projects were completed after his presidency, Sukarno, who

5617-482: The 'bureaucratic capitalists' in 1960, in response to the abolishing of various colonial-era benefits (such as the Lebaran bonus) in state enterprises. On January 1, 1961 SOBSI declared an ambitious three-year plan of action on organizing, education and culture. In particular SOBSI sought to strengthen its presence in agricultural and transport sectors. The campaign bore fruit, and the organization claimed to have gained half

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5754-429: The 1910s, was the city's first attempt at creating ideal and healthy housing for the middle class. The original houses had a longitudinal organisation, with overhanging eaves, large windows, and open ventilation, all practical features for a tropical climate. These houses were developed by N.V. de Bouwploeg, and established by P.A.J. Moojen . After independence, the process of nation-building in Indonesia and demolishing

5891-817: The Chinese community in Jakarta, such as Hakka , Teochew and Cantonese . Hokkien , which is mainly from Sumatra ( Medan , Bagansiapiapi , Batam ) is mostly spoken in Northern Jakarta, such as in Pantai Indah Kapuk , Pluit , and Kelapa Gading , meanwhile Hakka and Teochew, which are derived from the Chinese communities in Pontianak and Singkawang , are mainly spoken in West Jakarta, like in Tambora and Grogol Petamburan . The Batak in Jakarta mostly speak Indonesian, while

6028-595: The Communist Party launched a massive recruitment campaign amongst the SOBSI ranks, and large numbers of SOBSI members became party members. But the SOBSI leadership was not exclusively communist, the SOBSI leader Ahem Erningpradja was a member of the leadership of the Indonesian Nationalist Party . Njono, the chairman of SOBSI, became a candidate member of the PKI Politburo at the 1956 party congress. Likewise,

6165-798: The DI / TII Movement, the Andi Azis Movement, the APRA Movement, and the RMS Movement. Negotiations on the West Irian issue have also been initiated but met a dead end. On 22 January 1951, the parliament delivered a vote of no confidence and won, which resulted in Prime Minister Natsir to return his mandate to the President on 21 March 1951. Another cause was the acceptance of Hadikusumo, which proposed

6302-695: The DPRD building, but his speech was strongly opposed so he had to return to Jakarta the next day because he did not get results. The demands of the people of Aceh are increasing. On 22 December 1950, based on the decision of the meeting of the Association of All Aceh Ulemas (PUSA), Prime Minister Natsir received a telegram from the Aceh Military Governor which threatened that the Governor and all office messengers would resign their positions if by 1 January 1951 Aceh

6439-474: The Dutch. The city was then also known as Koningin van het Oosten (Queen of the Orient), a name that was given for the urban beauty of downtown Batavia's canals , mansions and ordered city layout. After expanding to the south in the 19th century, this nickname came to be more associated with the suburbs (e.g. Menteng and the area around Merdeka Square ), with their wide lanes, green spaces and villas. During

6576-462: The EIC trading post and forced them to retreat to their ships. The victory consolidated Dutch power, and they renamed the city Batavia in 1619. Commercial opportunities in the city attracted native and especially Chinese and Arab immigrants. This sudden population increase created burdens on the city. Tensions grew as the colonial government tried to restrict Chinese migration through deportations. Following

6713-578: The Gomati river near his capital. Following the decline of Tarumanagara , its territories, including the Jakarta area, became part of the Hindu Kingdom of Sunda . From the 7th to the early 13th century, the port of Sunda was under the Srivijaya maritime empire. According to the Chinese source, Chu-fan-chi , written circa 1225, Chou Ju-kua reported in the early 13th century that Srivijaya still ruled Sumatra,

6850-538: The Indonesia Supreme Court Building and Ministry of Finance Building, while Cuypers designed Bank Indonesia Museum and Mandiri Museum . In the early 20th century, most buildings were built in Neo-Renaissance style. By the 1920s, the architectural taste had begun to shift in favour of rationalism and modernism , particularly art deco architecture. The elite suburb Menteng , developed during

6987-585: The Indonesian parliament that the status of the Dutch-Indonesian Union needed a review. Efforts that were continually initiated by the Natsir Cabinet were continued by other cabinet ministers but suffered the same fate from the Dutch who wished to continue to control the West Irian region. The Sumitro Plan is an economic and industrial development program. The target of this program is to concentrate on

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7124-525: The Japanese captured Batavia from Dutch control, and the city was named Jakarta (Jakarta Special City ( ジャカルタ特別市 , Jakaruta tokubetsu-shi ) , under the special status that was assigned to the city). After the war, the Dutch name Batavia was internationally recognised until full Indonesian independence on 27 December 1949. The city, now renamed Jakarta, was officially proclaimed the national capital of Indonesia. After World War II ended, Indonesian nationalists declared independence on 17 August 1945, and

7261-493: The Java Sea. The Ciliwung River divides the city into the western and eastern districts. These rivers, combined with the wet season rains and insufficient drainage due to clogging, make Jakarta prone to flooding . Moreover, Jakarta is sinking about 5 to 10 cm (2.0 to 3.9 in) each year, and up to 20 cm (7.9 in) in the northern coastal areas. After a feasibility study, a ring dyke known as Giant Sea Wall Jakarta

7398-490: The Malang congress included two Australians , Ted Roach and Mike Healy, and two Dutch trade unionists, Blokzijl (of Eenheids Vakcentrale ) and RKN Vijlbrief. J.G. Suurhof (of Nederlands Verbond van Vakvereenigingen ) and Evert Kupers, in his capacity as the vice-chairperson of World Federation of Trade Union , were attending the congress as well. Rajkni Tomovic (Yugoslavia), Jean Lautissier (France) and Olga Tchetchekina (Russia) of

7535-612: The Malay peninsula, and western Java ( Sunda ). The source says the port of Sunda is strategic and thriving, mentioning pepper from Sunda as among the best in quality. The people worked in agriculture, and their houses were built on wooden piles. The harbour area became known as Sunda Kelapa ( Sundanese : ᮞᮥᮔ᮪ᮓ ᮊᮨᮜᮕ ) and by the 14th century, it was an important trading port for the Sunda Kingdom. The first European fleet, four Portuguese ships from Malacca , arrived in 1513 while looking for

7672-504: The Minister of Justice submitted the electoral bill to the Indonesian parliament in February 1951 to be discussed and passed into law so that it could be used as a guideline for conducting elections, the parliament led by PNI people who became the government's opposition, did not immediately discuss it. By not discussing the electoral bill by the parliament, the draft law is neglected and cannot be passed into an election law. That also resulted in

7809-693: The National Advisory Council and the National Planning Council. Some eight SOBSI representatives were included in the appointed parliament formed in June 1960. SOBSI held its third national congress in September–October 1960. In November 1960 the organization had 165 branches and five preparatory branches. At the time the organization claimed a membership of 2,732,909. The SOBSI headquarters had around 50 full-time staff members. Eventually,

7946-532: The Natsir Cabinet was to hold general elections to form a Constituent Assembly that would be tasked with drafting and enacting the Republic of Indonesia Constitution which remained in accordance with the mandate of Article 134 of the 1950 United States Constitution. To carry out the election, there needs to be guidelines regulated by law. Therefore, the Natsir Cabinet through the Minister of Justice Mr Wongsonegoro has drafted an election bill. When Natsir's Cabinet through

8083-568: The Portuguese away from the city in 1527, eventually renaming it 'Jayakarta'. Tomé Pires , a Portuguese apothecary, wrote the name of the city in his magnum opus as Jacatra or Jacarta during his journey to the East Indies . After the Dutch East India Company took over the area in 1619, they renamed it to 'Batavia', after the Batavi , a Germanic tribe who were seen as the ancestors of

8220-471: The Proclamation Monument as well as at the entrance to Soekarno–Hatta International Airport. In June 2011, Jakarta had only 10.5% green open spaces ( Ruang Terbuka Hijau ), although this grew to 13.94%. Public parks are included in public green open spaces. There are about 300 integrated child-friendly public spaces (RPTRA) in the city in 2019. As of 2014, 183 water reservoirs and lakes supported

8357-472: The RIS Cabinet was replaced by the Natsir Cabinet, the RMS Rebellion had not yet been resolved. On 11 November 1950, TNI troops succeeded in occupying Fort Veronica which was the basis of the RMS defence and could subsequently take full control of Ambon City. The big problem that must be resolved by Natsir while serving as Prime Minister was the demand for full autonomy for the Aceh region. This problem also needs special handling and caution. The initial problem

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8494-484: The RMS. Soumokil who proclaimed the Republic of South Maluku (RMS) in Ambon on 25 April 1950, namely the RIS Cabinet (Mohammad Hatta). The RIS government has tried to persuade the RMS by sending Dr. Johannes Leimena , a republican from Ambon to negotiate, but failed. On 14 July 1950, RIS sent TNI troops led by Lieutenant Colonel Slamet Riyadi to quell him. The RMS is supported by former KNIL (Dutch era soldiers) who are sufficiently trained and able to survive. When

8631-415: The SOBSI congress indicated a strong communist influence in the Indonesian labour movement. After the formation of SOBSI, the GSBI trade union centre dissolved itself and its member unions joined SOBSI. SOBSI became a member of the Sajap Kiri coalition of left-wing groups. After Sajap Kiri was superseded by the short-lived People's Democratic Front , SOBSI joined the new front. Until the Madiun Affair ,

8768-482: The SOBSI office in Surabaya was taken over by the army. In West Kalimantan , the SOBSI office was ransacked by anti-communist protestors. At Solo and other cities in Central Java railway workers went on strike to prevent the arrival of RPKAD shock troops. The strike was broken only after the army used machine guns against the workers. There were claims by SOBSI envoys abroad that other strikes were being organized in Sumatra and North Sulawesi . On November 3, 1965

8905-542: The SOBSI strike wave several regional commanders of the army outlawed strikes in essential industries. The policy was by the Natsir cabinet in February 1951. Following the issue of the ban, SOBSI turned to sporadic strikes and sabotage actions (such as destroying cargo at ports or crops at plantations). In September 1951 an emergency law substituted the ban on strikes in vital industries, which stipulated mandatory arbitration (which SOBSI initially opposed) In August 1951 around 3,000 SOBSI activists and leaders were imprisoned in

9042-419: The WFTU were also present. The top leadership of the new organization consisted of the chairman Harjono, the vice chairman Setiadjit (chairman of the Labour Party of Indonesia and second Deputy Prime Minister in the Sjarifuddin cabinet ) and general secretary Njono. The Malang congress received significant attention from the Dutch press, both in the Netherlands and in Batavia . The Dutch press argued that

9179-478: The activities of SOBSI were declared 'frozen' by the government. Njono was sentenced to death in February 1966. After March 1966, repression against SOBSI was stepped up. Many union members were killed or imprisoned, many of them on the island Buru . Prior to the crack-down, U.S.-trained trade unionists had gathered information about SOBSI members and sympathizers. Once the massacres and killings began, these lists were used to identify SOBSI followers. The organization

9316-453: The architecture of the Betawi house. The houses were built of nangka wood ( Artocarpus integrifolia ) and comprised three rooms. The shape of the roof is reminiscent of the traditional Javanese joglo . Additionally, the number of registered cultural heritage buildings has increased. Colonial buildings and structures include those that were constructed during the colonial period. The dominant colonial styles can be divided into three periods:

9453-493: The area of the Jakarta Special District is 661.23 km (255 sq mi) of land area and 6,977 km (2,694 sq mi) of sea area. The Thousand Islands , which are administratively a part of Jakarta, are located in Jakarta Bay, north of the city. Jakarta lies in a low and flat alluvial plain , ranging from −2 to 91 m (−7 to 299 ft) with an average elevation of 8 m (26 ft) above sea level with historically extensive swampy areas. Some parts of

9590-516: The army in challenging SOBSI dominance. Moreover, an army-backed trade union centre, SOKSI , was formed in 1961, a move SOBSI vehemently protested against. The army and the Minister of Labour had plans of creating a sole trade union federation in the country, as a way of disarming SOBSI. SOBSI was however able to defeat the plan. In response to the attacks on SOBSI by army elements in state enterprises, PKI began denouncing them as 'bureaucratic capitalists'. SOBSI stepped up its militant opposition against

9727-416: The arts, and built hospitals and a large number of schools. He cleared out slum dwellers for new development projects — some for the benefit of the Suharto family, — and attempted to eliminate rickshaws and ban street vendors. He began control of migration to the city to stem overcrowding and poverty. Foreign investment contributed to a real estate boom that transformed the face of Jakarta. The boom ended with

9864-558: The broadest section of workers. SOBSI held a national conference between September 27 and October 12, 1952, which ratified the shift to the national united front line. The meeting adopted a new constitution for SOBSI, void of any mention of " socialism ", " people's democracy ", " class struggle " and " democratic centralism ". Under the new orientation SOBSI sought to build alliances with the peasantry and non- comprador bourgeoisie for popular democratic revolution and to mobilize resistance against imperialism . From this point onwards, SOBSI

10001-551: The capital city. The most famous landmark, which became the symbol of the city, is the 132 m-tall (433 ft) obelisk of the National Monument ( Monumen Nasional or Monas ) in the centre of Merdeka Square . On its southwest corner stands a Mahabharata -themed Arjuna Wijaya chariot statue and fountain. Further south through Jalan M.H. Thamrin , one of the main avenues, the Selamat Datang monument stands on

10138-451: The city have been constructed on reclaimed tidal flats that occur around the area. Thirteen rivers flow through Jakarta. They are Ciliwung River , Kalibaru, Pesanggrahan , Cipinang , Angke , Maja, Mookervart, Krukut, Buaran, West Tarum, Cakung, Petukangan, Sunter River and Grogol River . They flow from the Puncak highlands to the south of the city, then across the city northwards towards

10275-581: The city's legislative body. During the Jokowi presidency, the Government adopted a plan to move Indonesia's capital to Nusantara after 17 August 2024, but this has not occurred due to delays. Between 2016 and 2017 , a series of terrorist attacks rocked Jakarta with scenes of multiple suicide bombings and gunfire. Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi claimed responsibility for the attacks on behalf of Islamic State . Jakarta covers 661.23 km (255.30 sq mi),

10412-415: The city. Jakarta's main challenges include rapid urban growth, ecological breakdown, air pollution, gridlocked traffic, congestion, and flooding due to subsidence (sea level rise is relative, not absolute). Part of North Jakarta is sinking up to 17 cm (6.7 inches) annually, meanwhile the southern part is relatively safe. This has made the northern part of the city more prone to flooding and one of

10549-584: The city. Nowadays, a 1.2 km (0.75 mi), with capacity 60 m (2,100 cu ft) per second, underground water tunnel between Ciliwung River and the East Flood Canal is being worked on to ease the Ciliwung River overflows. In 2023, the New York Times reported that in some places Jakarta is sinking up to 12 inches (30 cm) annually. Environmental advocates point out that subsidence

10686-514: The community. 7. Fight for the settlement of the problem of West Irian. Despite having the trust and support of the Indonesian Parliament (DPR), the Natsir Cabinet was unable to carry out its program properly. Parliament, chaired by Sartono from the PNI at the time, acted more as an opponent than as a government partner in planning and implementing cabinet programs. One of the main programs of

10823-679: The country. SOBSI mobilized workers to participate in PKI election meetings. At the Malang congress in 1947, SOBSI decided to affiliate itself to the World Federation of Trade Unions . Two SOBSI delegates, Harjono and Oei Gee Hwat, participated in a WFTU meeting in Prague in June 1947, at which SOBSI was accepted as a member of the international organization. As part of the new national united front line adopted in 1952, SOBSI began organizing frequent joint delegations with other Indonesian unions to countries of

10960-459: The dissolution of all DPRDs that had been formed. According to the government, the motion was not possible because of formal legal reasons. On 20 August 1949, President Sukarno exercised his prerogative by appointing Mohammad Natsir to become a cabinet formation. The Natsir's Cabinet was a coalition cabinet with Masyumi Party's as it core. However, the PNI did not get a position in this cabinet, most of

11097-557: The dissolution of the United Republic of Indonesia and returned to the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia . This cabinet was in charge from 6 September 1950 until 20 March 1951. Mohammad Natsir was sworn officially on 7 September 1950 at Yogyakarta Palace by President Sukarno as The First Prime Ministry of Indonesia. During this cabinet period, there were rebellions throughout Indonesia and domestic security issues, such as

11234-469: The driest month is August, with an average rainfall of 43.2 millimetres (1.7 in). Every year faces recurring issues, such as floods and thunderstorms . A cyclonic vortex leads to moisture convergence over a large area, including western Java Island. Additionally, this vortex causes a mainly meridional monsoon flow, where near-surface winds blow almost perfectly from north to south over West Java. The impact of these predominant northerly winds hitting

11371-407: The dry season from August to December. Dry air during this period allows pollutants to remain suspended in the atmosphere for extended periods, contributing to poor air quality. Jakarta has architecturally significant buildings spanning distinct historical and cultural periods. Architectural styles reflect Malay, Sundanese, Javanese, Arabic, Chinese, and Dutch influences. External influences inform

11508-597: The election could not be held, because there is no law governing its implementation. When the Natsir Cabinet took over the responsibility of the Indonesian government , domestic security problems had not yet fully recovered. Many armed groups are scattered throughout Indonesia. They possessed weapons legally because they seized them from the Japanese and Dutch colonial forces who were then used to fight to defend Indonesian independence . There are followers of S. M. Kartosuwiryo who called himself DI / TII in West Java , there

11645-536: The fastest-sinking capitals in the world. In response to these challenges, in August 2019, President Joko Widodo announced plans to move the capital from Jakarta to the planned city of Nusantara , in the province of East Kalimantan on the island of Borneo . The MPR approved the move on 18 January 2022. The Indonesian government is not abandoning Jakarta after announcing plans to move the country's capital, its planning minister said, pledging to spend US$ 40 billion, which

11782-796: The fountain in the centre of the Hotel Indonesia roundabout . Other landmarks include the Istiqlal Mosque , Jakarta Cathedral , and the Immanuel Church . The former Batavia Stadhuis , Sunda Kelapa port in Jakarta Old Town is another landmark. The Autograph Tower in Central Jakarta , at 382.9 metres is the tallest building in Indonesia . The most recent landmark built is the Jakarta International Stadium . Some of

11919-603: The fringe zones with few Betawi-majority zones of central Jakarta. It is thus a conundrum for some first generation Betawi people, especially multi-generational Jakarta residents, to identify as either their parents' ethnicity or Betawi since living in a Betawi-majority district and speaking more of that creole and adapting is a matter of preference for such families. A significant Chinese community has lived in Jakarta for many centuries. They traditionally reside around old urban areas, such as Pinangsia , PIK , Pluit and Glodok (Jakarta's Chinatown) areas. They also can be found in

12056-635: The government of Jakarta City was changed into the Jakarta National Administration in the following month. During the Indonesian National Revolution , Indonesian Republicans withdrew from Allied -occupied Jakarta and established their capital in Yogyakarta . After securing full independence, Jakarta again became the national capital in 1950. With Jakarta selected to host the 1962 Asian Games , Sukarno , envisaging Jakarta as

12193-496: The greater Jakarta area. Jakarta experiences a tropical monsoon climate ( Köppen : Am ) as classified by the system. The city's wet season spans most of the year, from October to May. The dry season lasts from June to September, with each of these months receiving less than 100 millimetres (3.9 in) of rainfall on average. Situated in the western part of Java, Jakarta sees its highest rainfall in January and February, averaging 299.7 millimetres (11.8 in) per month, while

12330-605: The heat. January is the rainiest month, with over 300 millimetres (11.8 in) of precipitation, whereas August is the driest, with around 45 millimetres (1.8 in) of rainfall. The average temperature in the coldest month (February) is 27 °C (80.6 °F), and in the warmest month (October), it is 28 °C (82.4 °F). Sea temperatures range from 26.5 °C (79.7 °F) in August to 29.5 °C (85.1 °F) in March, April, November, and December. Record low temperatures in Jakarta recorded 18.9 °C (66.0 °F), while

12467-415: The highest record reached 37.9 °C (100.2 °F). Jakarta attracts people from across Indonesia, often in search of employment. The 1961 census showed that 51% of the city's population was born in Jakarta. Inward immigration tended to negate the effect of family planning programs. The Ministry of Home Affairs ( Kemendagri ) tabulates its own data, which has improved since ID cards were required in

12604-418: The last decade, lists Jakarta's population at 11,261,595 at yearend 2021. Between 1961 and 1980, the population of Jakarta doubled, and during the period 1980–1990, the city's population grew annually by 3.7%. The 2010 census counted some 9.58 million people, well above government estimates. The population rose from 4.5 million in 1970 to 9.5 million in 2010, counting only legal residents, while

12741-454: The leader of the meeting, he reiterated the wishes and demands of the people of Aceh to gain full autonomy. In his speech, Natsir explained that the central government had no objection to fulfilling Aceh's wishes, only that for implementation it needed a law that needed to be prepared, then submitted it to parliament to be ratified. Natsir's idea of national integration is not limited to the state structure but also in other fields, one of which

12878-528: The leadership of SOBSI as its chairman. Notably, whilst no longer holding monopoly over the trade union sector, SOBSI was far better organized and financed than its rivals. Moreover, the SOBSI leadership had more experience than that of other unions. Non-SOBSI unions tended to have either a defensive approach towards SOBSI or merely mimicking SOBSI discourse. Between 1950 and early 1952, SOBSI attempted to mobilize militant actions, raising issues such as wages, social security and workplace conditions. SOBSI launched

13015-546: The main harbour for the Sunda Kingdom , due to its desirable location. The name 'Jakarta' is derived from the word Jayakarta ( Devanagari : जयकर्त) which is ultimately derived from the Sanskrit जय jaya (victorious), and कृत krta (accomplished, acquired), thus Jayakarta translates as 'victorious deed', 'complete act' or 'complete victory'. It was named for the Muslim troops of Fatahillah which successfully defeated and drove

13152-403: The member of this party consists of Masyumi Party people, although there were non-party members in the cabinet. This cabinet was where well-known professional figures sit in it, such as Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwana IX , Ir. Djuanda and Prof. Dr. Sumitro Djojohadikusumo . It is why the cabinet got the epithet 'Zaken Cabinet'. Natsir motive was to lead a nationalistic cabinet with coalition parties as

13289-411: The members. However, this cannot be fulfilled because there was a fight for seat formation in the cabinet between PNI and Masyumi Party, causing displeasure from PNI's side and difficulty in pursuing PNI to join his cabinet. In this case, Natsir reasoned that his party had more rights than any other party, yet on the other hand, the PNI did not agree with this because, for them, all parties were entitled to

13426-490: The memory of colonialism was as important as the symbolic building of arterial roads, monuments, and government buildings. The National Monument in Jakarta, designed by Sukarno, is Indonesia's beacon of nationalism. In the early 1960s, Jakarta provided highways and super-scale cultural monuments as well as Senayan Sports Stadium . The parliament building features a hyperbolic roof reminiscent of German rationalist and Corbusian design concepts. Built-in 1996, Wisma 46 soars to

13563-510: The merger decision and demanded rehabilitation of the Aceh province. Prime Minister Natsir sent the Minister of Home Affairs, Mr Assaat and Minister of Finance, Mr Sjafruddin Prawiranegara to Aceh to negotiate the settlement of this matter. However, no agreement was reached. Subsequently, on 27 November 1950, the Vice President, Mohammad Hatta, came to Aceh to convey his views on regional autonomy in

13700-421: The nationalizations resulted in increased antagonism between SOBSI and the army. In many instances Dutch-owned properties had been seized by SOBSI unions, but were later taken over by the military. Many high-ranking officers were included in the management boards of nationalized companies, and were hostile to the SOBSI influence in the state enterprises. Most of the rivals of SOBSI in the labour movement aligned with

13837-463: The nine-member central board of SOBSI elected consisted of eight parliamentarians elected on the Communist Party list (six declared Communist Party members whilst the other two were supposedly independents). SOBSI played an active and important role in the electoral campaigns of the Communist Party, both ahead of the two national elections held 1955 and the local elections held 1957–1958. Local level SOBSI electoral action committees were formed throughout

13974-456: The old Chinatowns of Senen and Jatinegara . As of 2001 they self-identified as being 5.5% of the population, which was thought of as under-reported; this explains the 6.6% figure ten years later. The Sumatran residents are diverse. According to the 2020 census, roughly 361,000 Batak ; 300,960 Minangkabau and 101,370 Malays lived in the city. The number of Batak people has grown in ranking, from eighth in 1930 to fifth in 2000. Toba Batak

14111-411: The old city who became widely recognised as an ethnic group by the mid-19th century. They mostly descend from an eclectic mix of Southeast Asians brought or attracted to meet labour needs. They are thus a Creole ethnic group who came from much of Indonesia. Over generations, most have intermarried with one or more ethnicities, especially people of Chinese, Arab, and European descent. Most Betawis lived in

14248-483: The older generation tend to speak their native languages, such as Batak Toba , Mandailing , and Karo , depending on which ancestral towns and places in North Sumatra they came from. The Minangkabau mainly speak Minangkabau together with Indonesian. Natsir cabinet 1st President of Indonesia [REDACTED] The Natsir Cabinet ( Indonesian : Kabinet Natsir ) was the first cabinet formed after

14385-527: The oldest Hindu kingdoms in Indonesia. The area of North Jakarta around Tugu became a populated settlement in the early 5th century. The Tugu inscription (probably written around 417 AD) discovered in Batutumbuh hamlet, Tugu village, Koja , North Jakarta , mentions that King Purnawarman of Tarumanagara undertook hydraulic projects; the irrigation and water drainage project of the Chandrabhaga river and

14522-432: The organization had 128 branch offices and claimed a membership of 2,661,970. The congress ratified the new constitution adopted in 1952. During 1955 SOBSI was able to achieve the implementation of some of its long-running demands, such as introduction of Lebaran bonus, new wage scale for workers and employees in the public sector and distribution of cheap essential goods in some enterprises. On March 18, 1957 SOBSI organized

14659-504: The organization. Amongst the sectors represented in SOBSI at the time of its foundation were teachers, printers, pawnshop employees, longshoremen, teamsters, miners, seamen, gas and electricity, oil workers, estate workers and railroad workers. Around 600-800 delegates participated in the Malang congress. Most of them came from Java . One delegate represented the Indonesian Democratic Union from West Timor . Foreign guests at

14796-417: The point of education itself. The Natsir Cabinet appeared as a driver of the convergence process of general education and religious education in Indonesia. Through the two ministers, the Natsir Cabinet put the idea that religious education must be supplemented by religious education and religious education must be supplemented by general science lessons. One program that is considered good by the Natsir Cabinet

14933-486: The policy of putting national interests ahead of class interests. The PKI leader Aidit condemned these tendencies as 'trade unionism'. Njono left his post as SOBSI chairman in September 1964, as he was assigned to lead the Greater Jakarta organization of PKI. SOBSI held its fourth national congress in 1965. Following the 1965 military coup d'état, the army wiped out SOBSI and its 62 affiliated unions. On October 10,

15070-404: The population of Greater Jakarta rose from 8.2 million in 1970 to 28.5 million in 2010. As of 2014, the population of Jakarta stood at 10 million, with a population density of 15,174 people/km . In 2014, the population of Greater Jakarta was 30 million, accounting for 11% of Indonesia's overall population. It is predicted to reach 35.6 million people by 2030 to become

15207-399: The port. The Koningsplein , now Merdeka Square was completed in 1818, the housing park of Menteng was started in 1913, and Kebayoran Baru was the last Dutch-built residential area. By 1930, Batavia had more than 500,000 inhabitants, including 37,067 Europeans. The city was expanded in 1935 through the annexation of the town of Meester Cornelis, modern Jatinegara . On 5 March 1942,

15344-614: The potential of economic potential contained in Indonesia. However, because the Natsir Cabinet was short-lived, the research could not be completed but was continued by other cabinet ministers. Later, the BPN that was designed by the Natsir Cabinet developed into the National Development Planning Agency (Bappenas) which was very instrumental in the development of Indonesia, especially during the New Order . The Natsir Cabinet sent

15481-589: The representative of labour. SOBSI was awarded status as a 'functional group' with representation at different levels. When Sukarno appointed a 45-member National Council on July 12, 1957, with the task of assisting the cabinet, SOBSI was awarded one seat (represented by Munir). In July 1957, the SOBSI headquarters were attacked with grenades. In September 1957 a reorganization took place inside SOBSI. The vertical and local unions were reorganized into 31 national unions. The organization had eight regional offices and 150 branches by this point. SOBSI led struggles, both in

15618-482: The rioting targeted Chinese Indonesians . In the post-Suharto era, Jakarta has remained the focal point of democratic change in Indonesia. Jemaah Islamiyah -connected bombings occurred almost annually in the city between 2000 and 2005, with another in 2009 . In August 2007, Jakarta held its first-ever election to choose a governor as part of a nationwide decentralisation program that allows direct local elections in several areas. Previously, governors were elected by

15755-433: The rugged topography in southern West Java likely contributes to the increased convection that causes floods in Jakarta. Average temperatures are very high with moderate rainfall. During the day, the temperature usually hovers around 32 °C (89.6 °F) but drops to about 24 °C (75.2 °F) in the evening. These are average temperatures, and some days can be hotter. It's advisable to dress appropriately to handle

15892-423: The smallest among any Indonesian provinces . However, its metropolitan area covers 6,392 km (2,468 sq mi), which extends into the two bordering provinces of West Java and Banten . The Greater Jakarta area includes three bordering regencies ( Bekasi Regency , Tangerang Regency and Bogor Regency ) and five adjacent cities ( Bogor , Depok , Bekasi , Tangerang and South Tangerang ). Jakarta

16029-536: The spirit of romanticism of a mere national awakening. For this reason, an in-depth study of all aspects, both weaknesses and strengths, is needed so that development can produce results. Natsir's Cabinet assigned to a research company from the United States , J.C. White Engineering Corp to conduct a feasibility study for the formation of the National Design Bureau (BPN). The company was also asked to examine

16166-753: The statues and monuments are nationalist, such as the West Irian Liberation Monument , the Tugu Tani , the Youth statue , and the Dirgantara Monument . Some statues commemorate Indonesian national heroes , such as the Diponegoro and Kartini statues in Merdeka Square. The Sudirman and Thamrin statues are located on the streets bearing their names. There is also a statue of Sukarno and Hatta at

16303-430: The streets and inside parliament, demanding nationalizations of Dutch enterprises. When the Indonesian government nationalized Dutch companies in December 1957, SOBSI declared its willingness to keep the companies running. In the wake of the nationalizations, inter-island shipping services were disrupted and thousands of seamen and harbour workers were left unemployed. SOBSI demanded that government pay wages to these groups,

16440-545: The time of its foundation. Other groups influential inside SOBSI during its first years were the Socialist Party of Amir Sjarifuddin and the Labour Party of Indonesia . By 1951, the Communist Party loosely controlled the national leadership of SOBSI. In response to the PKI influence over SOBSI, non-communist sectors withdrew from the organization and established different trade union organizations of their own. In March 1952

16577-499: The unionized workers in the country at the time. In December 1963 the United States decided to expand the area of operations of its Seventh Fleet to the Indian Ocean . PKI and SOBSI saw this move as a threat to Indonesia, and SOBSI demanded the nationalization of American companies in Indonesia as a retaliation. Towards the mid-1960s, SOBSI began to diverge from the party line. The organization became increasingly dissatisfied with

16714-444: The uprising and were killed by the Indonesian army in December 1948, as Dutch troops approached the prison site. SOBSI operations were shut down by the army. Nineteen out of 34 affiliated unions withdrew from SOBSI in protest against the role played by communist leaders in the rebellion. SOBSI was however not formally outlawed, as the organization as such had not supported the uprising. Trade unions temporarily stopped to function during

16851-533: The western part of the archipelago. The geographical position of coastal West Java , which corresponds to today modern Jakarta , is a commanding region that controls the Sunda Strait. This location is strategic in regard to Sumatra , and also its connection to Asian continent of India and China . After fall of the Tarumanegara, the name of city was change to 'Sunda Kelapa' or 'Coconut of Sunda', growing to be

16988-559: The workplace). SOBSI issued various publications. The main publication of SOBSI was Bendera Buruh ('Workers Flag'). Bendera Buruh had been launched in March 1956, substituting the semi-monthly Buletin SOBSI (which had reached a circulation of 10,000). SOBSI also issued an English-language monthly publication called Indonesian Trade Union News . SOBSI publications were, however, largely unprofitable. As of 1957, Bendera Buruh sales only compensated around 40% of its production costs. As of May 1957, circulation of Bendera Buruh stood at

17125-540: The world's biggest megacity . The gender ratio was 102.8 (males per 100 females) in 2010, and 101.3 in 2014. Jakarta is pluralistic and religiously diverse, without a majority ethnic group. As of 2010, 36.17% of the city's population were Javanese , 28.29% Betawi (locally established mixed race, cemented by diverse creole), 14.61% Sundanese , 6.62% Chinese , 3.42% Batak , 2.85% Minangkabau , 0.96% Malays , Indo and others 7.06%. The ' Betawi ' ( Orang Betawi , or 'people of Batavia') are immigrant descendants of

17262-497: Was a communist group called "Merapi-Merbabu Complex" (MMC) In Central Java , there were Kahar Muzakar followers in South Sulawesi and "Laskar Hari Liar" in North Sumatra . As long as the weapons still available to them have not been put in order, the domestic security is not guaranteed. Another problem in regard to internal security is the group that clearly states that it is independent and independent of Indonesian power, namely

17399-536: Was an architect, is credited for planning Jakarta's monuments and landmarks, as he desired the city to be the beacon of a powerful new nation. Among the monumental projects that were built, initiated, and planned during his administration are the National Monument , Istiqlal mosque , the Legislature Building , and the Gelora Bung Karno stadium. Sukarno also built many nationalistic monuments and statues in

17536-399: Was banned. With the crushing of SOBSI, decades of tradition of Indonesian radical labour organizing died out. Under the New Order regime, government discourse would continue to argue that independent labour organizing and communism was intimately linked. Albeit always nominally independent, SOBSI had close links with the Communist Party. Communist Party cadres had worked within SOBSI since

17673-435: Was carried out to Indonesia. 2. Submission at a certain time, namely in mid-1951 3. Before the surrender was made, a conference was first held in order to preserve various Dutch interests in West Irian. The three formulations were rejected by the Dutch so that the negotiations failed again. Noting that there was no intention of the Dutch to surrender sovereignty of West Irian to Indonesia, Prime Minister Natsir stated before

17810-492: Was cautious of entering into direct conflicts with the government and national capitalists. In direct contradiction to its earlier line, SOBSI even pledged to help national capitalists and to increase productivity in industries. However, the Communist Party eventually intervened against the notion of productivity-increase at its 1956 congress. SOBSI began forming coordination committees with other unions in different sectors. In 1953 SOBSI, KBKI and four other trade union centres formed

17947-528: Was changed to a province with special capital region distinction. As a province, its government consists of five administrative cities and one administrative regency . Jakarta is an alpha world city and the ASEAN secretariat's seat. Financial institutions such as the Bank of Indonesia , Indonesia Stock Exchange , and corporate headquarters of numerous Indonesian companies and multinational corporations are located in

18084-424: Was decided that Masyumi must take the position. PNI conceded this unfair considering the position of Prime Minister itself already filled with Masyumi. Besides being criticised by other parties, Natsir Cabinet also got criticised by its own core party, Masyumi. The criticism was aimed at December 1949 congressional decision that banned a party's general chairman from becoming a minister. The purpose of this congress

18221-506: Was estimated at US$ 724.010 billion. Jakarta is the economic, cultural, and political centre of Indonesia. Although Jakarta extends over only 661.23 km (255.30 sq mi) and thus has the smallest area of any Indonesian province , its metropolitan area covers 7,076.31 km (2,732.18 sq mi), which includes the satellite cities of Bogor , Depok , Tangerang , South Tangerang , and Bekasi , and has an estimated population of 32.6 million as of 2022 , making it

18358-613: Was not made a province. Natsir answered the telegram by stating that he had to wait until he came to Aceh. However, Natsir could not immediately come to Aceh because his second child, who was 13 years old, Abu Hanifah, had an accident while playing in the Manggarai Swimming Pool until he died. On 23 January 1951, Natsir and his entourage left for Aceh. In the evening there was a formal meeting attended by 80 local government officials and Aceh community leaders. Tengku Muhammad Daud Beureu'eh (Aceh Military Governor and PUSA figure), as

18495-471: Was only able to work effectively after gaining the trust and approval of its work program from parliament in its session on 25 October 1950, namely 118 votes in favour and 73 votes against. 5. Help the development of public housing and expand business ventures to raise people's health and intelligence. 6. Improve the organization of the Armed Forces and the recovery of former ex-Army and Guerilla Members into

18632-509: Was party consolidation but it was changed by the Party Council in Bogor at 3–6 June 1950 that profess the federal system could no longer be maintained. In order to not violated the congress decision too much, Natsir was deactivated from his position as the general chairman of Masyumi Party and was replaced by Jusuf Wibisono. After being ratified and installed on 6 September 1950, the Natsir Cabinet

18769-547: Was that there was a change in government from the union to unity. The Aceh region was made part of the North Sumatra Province, whereas previously since December 1949 Aceh had become a separate province with the status of a Special Region, namely during the Hatta II Cabinet . The reintegration of the Aceh region into North Sumatra Province caused great and deep disappointment from the people of Aceh. They did not accept

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