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94-637: Pontianak , also known as Khuntien in Hakka , is the capital of the Indonesian province of West Kalimantan , founded first as a trading port on the island of Borneo , occupying an area of 118.21 km in the delta of the Kapuas River , at a point where it is joined by its major tributary, the Landak River. The city is on the equator , hence it is widely known as Kota Khatulistiwa (Equatorial City). The city center

188-673: A shang tone). In Taiwan , there are two main dialects: Sixian and Hailu (alternatively known as Haifeng; Hailu refers to Haifeng County and Lufeng County ). Most Hakka speakers in Taiwan can trace their ancestry to these two regions. Sixian speakers come from Jiaying Prefecture, mainly from the four counties of Chengxiang (now Meixian District ), Zhengping (now Jiaoling ), Xingning and Pingyuan . Most dialects of Taiwanese Hakka , except Sixian and Dabu, preserved postalveolar consonants ( [tʃ] , [tʃʰ] , [ʃ] and [ʒ] ), which are uncommon in other southern Chinese varieties. Ethnologue reports

282-584: A Dutch historian, V.J. Verth in his book Borneos Afdeling Wester , whose content is slightly different from the version of the stories circulating in the community today. According to him, the Dutch started to go to Pontianak in 1773 from Batavia . Verth wrote that Syarif Abdurrahman, son of Sharif Hussein bin Ahmed cleric Alqadrie (or in another version called Al Habib Husin), left the Kingdom of Mempawah and began to wander. In

376-748: A Hakka Chinese radio break which broadcasts to the southeast coast of Mainland China, Taiwan, Southeast Asia, the South Pacific and Japan. On Radio The Greater Bay(大灣區之聲) , Sihai Kejia Channel has also joined. In 2023, The Learning Power(學習強國) Platform under the supervision of the Publicity Department of the Chinese Communist Party had added automatic broadcasting in Hakka Chinese. Pontianak Sultanate The Pontianak Kadriyah Sultanate ( Jawi : کسلطانن قدرية ڤنتيانق ‎ )

470-499: A clay type. This type of soil is in the form of peat and silt deposits of Kapuas river. Under these conditions, the soil is very unstable and has a very low carrying capacity. The soil composition along the river is formed from a precipitation process that produces a tropaquent area coupled with tropofluevent and under permanently saturated fluvawuent conditions. It is derived from the new sapphire sediment from various compositions and shapes, including organic matter. Pontianak consists of

564-628: A culture that cannot be found in other parts of Indonesia. Various languages are spoken in Pontianak, such as Pontianak Malay , Dayak language and different dialects of Chinese and some varieties of Malays, Dayaks, Javanese, Bataks, and Bugis. Pontianak is connected by air to other cities of Indonesia as well as some cities in Malaysia such as Kuala Lumpur and Kuching. Connected with the Supadio International Airport . Well paved roads of

658-471: A defense ministry that administered a national militia based on conscription . During peacetime, the populace mostly engaged in farming, production, trading, and mining. Lanfang's administrative divisions included three tiers (province, prefecture, and county) with the people electing leaders for all levels. Lanfang was allied with Sultan Abdurrahman of the Pontianak Sultanate . Lanfang was also declared

752-413: A few months of his father's death. Sultan Syarif Yusuf is known as the only sultan who interfered the least in government affairs. He was more active in the religious field, as well as concurrently spreading Islam . Sultan Sharif Yusuf's reign ended on 15 March 1895. He was succeeded by his son, Syarif Muhammad Alkadrie (1895-1944) who was crowned Sultan of Pontianak on 6 August 1895. During this period,

846-400: A few mutually unintelligible varieties. It is most closely related to Gan and is sometimes classified as a variety of Gan, with a few northern Hakka varieties even being partially mutually intelligible with southern Gan. There is also a possibility that the similarities are just a result of shared areal features . Taiwan designates Hakka as one of its national languages , thus regarding

940-707: A history of contact, and Hakka language has entered the She language in large numbers. The name of the Hakka people who are the predominant original native speakers of the variety literally means "guest families" or "guest people": Hak (Mandarin: kè ) means "guest", and ka (Mandarin: jiā ) means "family". Among themselves, Hakka people variously called their language Hak-ka-fa ( -va ), Kak-ka-fa ( -va ), Hak-fa ( -va ), Kak-fa ( -va ), Tu-gong-dung-fa ( -va ), literally "Native Guangdong language", and Ngai-fa ( -va ), "My/our language". In Tonggu County , Jiangxi province, people call their language Huai-yuan-fa . It

1034-573: A kind of soil organosol, gray, humus, and alluvial with different characteristics. At some points, the thickness of the peat soils reaches up to 1–6 meters, thus causing a poor carrying capacity if it is designated to construct large buildings to make it as a farm. In 1963 by Presidential Decree No. 243, the city entered into the Central Indonesian Time (WITA) zone (GMT+8). On 1 January 1988 by Presidential Decree No. 41, West Kalimantan (together with Central Kalimantan ) moved back 1 hour from

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1128-551: A large amount of rainfall throughout the year, averaging 2,896 mm (114.0 in) of precipitation annually. Only in the month of July and August does the average monthly precipitation fall below 150 mm ( 5 + 7 ⁄ 8  in). Temperatures are consistent throughout the course of the year, with average high temperatures of 31 °C (88 °F) and average low temperatures of 23 °C (73 °F). Pontianak City comprises six administrative districts ( kecamatan ), listed below with their areas and their populations at

1222-529: A population of 658,685; the latest official estimate (as at mid 2023) is 675,468. Researchers conducted research on population data in the city of Pontianak during the years from 2010 onwards, collected by the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS) Pontianak by accessing the data online. According to the data obtained, the population growth rate in Pontianak City in 1990–2000 is 0.7 percent per year, while for

1316-456: A religion and therefore classifies those who adhere to Kaharingan beliefs as Hindus. Several places of worship are located in Pontianak, such as the Jami Mosque of Pontianak , which is considered the great mosque of Pontianak. Located in the complex of the palace of the former Pontianak Sultanate, this mosque is the oldest mosque and is one of the two buildings that witnessed the establishment of

1410-658: A sort of regent of Pontianak) set the Plaatselijk Fonds . The agency manages government wealth and took care of tax funds. The Dutch first recognized the independence of the Lanfang Republic . However, the Dutch decided to expand its territory in Borneo, This was resisted by the officials of Lanfang. In the mid-to-late 19th century, the Chinese Qing Empire weakened substantially and became increasingly unable to support

1504-571: A tributary state of the Chinese Qing Empire . In 1778, Dutch colonialists from Batavia entered Pontianak, led by Willem Ardinpola. The Netherlands occupied an area opposite the imperial palace now known as the Tanah Seribu or the Verkendepaal area. On 5 July 1779, the Dutch made an agreement with the Sultanate of Pontianak regarding the Verkendepaal so that it would serve as the area of activities of

1598-660: Is a variant of Southern Min originating from Guangdong. It is mostly mutually intelligible with Hokkien . Teochew is mostly spoken in the central and southern parts of the city, as well as suburbs south of the city. Hakka is spoken in the northern part of the city, as well as in suburbs north of the city. There are more Teochew speakers than Hakka speakers in Pontianak. These varieties of Chinese has been influenced by other languages such as Malay, Indonesian, and other languages. They have incorporated words from Indonesian and other languages. Therefore, native speakers from China may find it difficult to communicate using Teochew and Hakka with

1692-488: Is common in Pontianak. Compared to other Indonesian cities, Pontianak is one of the few cities with a significant number of Chinese Indonesians . The Chinese have lived in Pontianak for centuries. Most of the Chinese were passing through west Borneo from the third century for a last rest on their sailing journeys before returning to China. Beginning in the 7th century many Chinese had started to trade in western Borneo. Apart from

1786-480: Is commonly believed that Hakka people have their origins in several episodes of migration from northern China into southern China during periods of war and civil unrest dating back as far as the end of Western Jin . The forebears of the Hakka came from present-day Central Plains provinces of Henan and Shaanxi , and brought with them features of Chinese varieties spoken in those areas during that time. (Since then,

1880-508: Is in contrast to the Teochew people who prefer to live in urban areas for trade. Even now the Teochew people form the largest ethnic Chinese population in the city of Pontianak and south of Pontianak. The Hakka people mostly live in the northern area of Pontianak. The second largest ethnic group in Pontianak is the Malay people. The Pontianak Malay are one of the early inhabitants of the city. Pontianak

1974-514: Is less than 3 kilometres (2 mi) south of the equator. Pontianak is the 23rd most populous city in Indonesia (as at 2023), and the fourth most populous city on the island of Borneo (Kalimantan) after Samarinda , Balikpapan and (Malaysia's) Kuching ; it is now slightly ahead of Banjarmasin . It had a population of 658,685 at the 2020 Census within the city limits, with significant suburbs outside those limits. The official estimate as of mid-2023

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2068-458: Is limited to the local area, Hakka has developed numerous varieties or dialects , spoken in different provinces, such as Guangdong , Guangxi , Hainan , Fujian , Sichuan , Hunan , Jiangxi , Guizhou , as well as in Taiwan , Singapore , Malaysia , Thailand and Indonesia . Hakka is not mutually intelligible with Yue , Wu , Min , Mandarin or other branches of Chinese, and itself contains

2162-448: Is that they use "Kamek" instead of "Kami" and "Kitak" instead of "Kalian", which is more similar to Sarawak Malay , given their proximity. However, many people in the city also use Indonesian as their second language. The other prevailing language in Pontianak is the Chinese language . Several varieties of Chinese exists in Pontianak, the most notable being Teochew and Hakka . Teochew

2256-599: Is today the Indonesian province of West Kalimantan , and the sultan's residential palace was situated in what later grew to become the modern-day Indonesian city of Pontianak . The Pontianak Sultanate was founded in 1771 by explorers from Hadhramaut led by al-Sayyid Syarif Abdurrahman al-Kadrie , a son of a Hadramaut Arab cleric from the Mempawah Kingdom and descendant of Imam Ali al-Uraidhi ibn Ja'far al-Sadiq , on Wednesday, 23 October 1771 (14 Rajab 1185 H) which

2350-585: The Hong Kong dialect lacks the [-u-] medial, so whereas the Meixian dialect pronounces the character 光 as [kwɔŋ˦] , the Hong Kong Hakka dialect pronounces it as [kɔŋ˧] , which is similar to the Hakka spoken in neighbouring Shenzhen . Tones also vary across the dialects of Hakka. The majority of Hakka dialects have six tones. However, there are dialects which have lost all of their checked tones ( rusheng ), and

2444-738: The Lanfang Republic . The era of Sultan Syarif Muhammad's reign faded quickly with the arrival of the Imperial Japanese army to Pontianak in 1942. On 24 January 1944, considered rebellious and allied with the Dutch, the Japanese destroyed the Pontianak Sultanate and several Malay sultanates in West Kalimantan. The Japanese had actually suspected that in West Kalimantan there were plots consisting of scholars, nobles, kings, sultans, community leaders, Chinese people, and officials. So they took

2538-670: The Massacre of Mandor (Holocaust of Mandor). After the Japanese surrendered, Pontianak became part of the Republic of Indonesia and was designated as the capital city of the province of West Kalimantan . Pontianak is a multicultural city, as different ethnic groups such as the Dayak , Malay , Bugis people, and Chinese live in the city, with some immigrants such as Javanese, Madura people, Bataks, Ambon people, Papuans, and Manado people. This has created

2632-458: The Song Dynasty . In Hakka and southern Gan, Sagart (2002) identifies a non-Chinese substratum that is possibly Hmong-Mien , an archaic layer, and a more recent Late Middle Chinese layer. Lexical connections between Hakka, Kra-Dai, and Hmong-Mien have also been suggested by Deng (1999). Due to the migration of its speakers, Hakka may have been influenced by other language areas through which

2726-573: The equator at a height ranging from 0.1 to 1.5 meters above sea level. It is divided into three parts by the Kapuas Besar and its major tributaries – the Kapuas Kecil and Landak rivers. The city lies on flat land in the delta of the Kapuas River with a ground level elevation ranging from 0.1 to 1.9 meters above sea level. The city is built on fall peneplain and alluvial sediments that are physically

2820-480: The 2010 Census and the 2020 Census, together with the official estimates as at mid 2023. The table also includes the number of administrative villages (all classed as urban kelurahan ) in each district, and its post code. The first four of the above districts lie on the south bank of the Kapuas River (listed from west to east), while the last two districts lie on the north bank (the East and North districts are separated by

2914-657: The Administrative Province of Kalimantan . After the dissolution of the Republic of Indonesia on 17 August 1950, the Pontianak Sultanate area became part of West Kalimantan Province. He was deposed when he was involved in a coup d'état attempt of APRA led by Raymond Westerling . After Sultan Hamid II died on 30 March 1978, there was a vacancy in the position of sultan in the Paontianak Sultanate family. The vacancy lasted for 25 years. However, on 15 January 2004,

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3008-631: The Central Indonesian Time (WITA) zone, to the Western Indonesian Time (WIB) zone. As such, in 1988 the city of Pontianak celebrated the New Year twice: at 00:00 on GMT+8 and then 00:00 on GMT+7. Pontianak features a tropical rainforest climate under the Köppen climate classification (Af) with no distinct seasons at all and with heavy to very heavy rainfall year-round. The city experiences

3102-690: The Chinese traders, in the 17th century Dutch colonization brought in mass Chinese for mining gold. Most of these Chinese miners originated from the Fujian or Guangdong provinces. The two largest sub-groups of the Pontianak Chinese are the Teochew and Hakka . The Teochew people are from the northeastern coast of Guangdong and Hakka people from the interior of Fujian come to West Kalimantan. The Hakka people are pioneer groups living in villages and mining areas, working as miners, farmers, and also small traders. This

3196-584: The Dayak living in Pontianak are the indigenous/native people of the interior part of West Kalimantan. Some of the Dayak still practice animism , which involves traditional rituals and dances. However, most of the Dayaks have converted to Christianity and are more urbanized. The Bugis, Javanese, and Madurese are immigrants from other parts of Indonesia. They migrated to Pontianak due to the Transmigration program enacted by

3290-939: The District of North Pontianak have the largest labor force of around 2,952 people. The resulting output value of large industrial enterprises or medium amounted to 1.51 trillion rupiah, where large industrial enterprises or are located in the District of North Pontianak dominated by rubber industry companies. The smallest output value derived from companies located in the District Pontianak City, worth 2.85 billion Rupiahs. For Gross Value Added (NTB) obtained from all large and medium-sized industrial enterprises in Pontianak City during 2005, this amounted to 217.57 billion rupiah and indirect taxes obtained amounted to 462.78 million rupiah. The value added at factor fees earned amounted to 217.10 billion rupiah. Hakka Chinese Due to its primary usage in isolated regions where communication

3384-693: The Dutch and continued during the New Order. Conflicts often erupted between the Madurese and the Dayak. Indonesian is the official language of Pontianak as well as other parts of Indonesia. The native language and main lingua franca of the city is Pontianak Malay , a distinct variety of Malay that is closely related to Johor-Riau Malay in Malaysia , Riau , and the Riau Islands in Indonesia and Singapore . The main differences between Pontianak Malay and Indonesian

3478-424: The Dutch attempt to colonize West Kalimantan, including Pontianak. The settlers subsequently elected Luo as their inaugural president. Luo implemented many democratic principles, including the idea that all matters of state must involve the consultation of the republic's citizenry. He also created a comprehensive set of executive, legislative, and judicial agencies. The Republic did not have a standing military, but had

3572-762: The Dutch made an agreement with the Sultan regarding the inhabitants of Tanah Seribu so that it could be used as an area of Dutch activities which later became the seat of government of the Regional Head of the West Borneo Prefecture ( Resident het Hoofd Westeraffieling van Borneo ) and the Assistant Resident Head of Pontianak Regency ( Asistent Resident het Hoofd der Affleeling van Pontianak ). This area later became Controleur het Hoofd Onderafdeeling van Pontianak or Hoofd Plaatselijk Bestuur van Pontianak . After

3666-443: The Dutch nation which later became the seat of government of Resident het Hoofd Westerafdeeling van Borneo (Regional Head residency of Borneo West) and Assistant Resident het Hoofd der Afdeeling van Pontianak (Resident assistant Chief of Pontianak regency). This area then became Controleur Onderafdeeling van het Hoofd Pontianak or Plaatselijk Bestuur van Pontianak. The Assistant Resident het Hoofd van der Afdeeling Pontianak (as

3760-645: The Hakka-speaking forebears migrated. For instance, common vocabulary is found in Hakka, Min , and the She (Hmong–Mien) languages. Today, most She people in Fujian and Zhejiang speak She , which is closely related to Hakka. A regular pattern of sound change can generally be detected in Hakka, as in most Chinese varieties, of the derivation of phonemes from earlier forms of Chinese. Some examples: Hakka has as many regional dialects as there are counties with Hakka speakers as

3854-456: The Jami' Mosque in 1821 and the expansion of Kadriyah Palace in 1855. In April 1855, Sultan Syarif Usman gave up his position as sultan and later died in 1860. Sultan Syarif Usman's eldest son, Syarif Hamid Alkadrie (1855-1872), was then crowned Sultan of Pontianak on 12 April 1855. And when Sultan Syarif Hamid died in 1872, his eldest son, Syarif Yusuf Alkadrie (1872-1895) ascended the throne after

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3948-526: The Japanese. The same fate also befell other kings and sultans and communities in West Kalimantan. This bloody tragedy became known as the Mandor Incident . The murder of Sultan Syarif Muhammad and the arbitrary actions of the Japanese were one of the main factors in the Dayak Desa War . The body of Sultan Syarif Muhammad was only found in 1946 by his son named Syarif Hamid Alkadrie. Syarif Hamid survived

4042-538: The Landak River, which joins with the Kapuas Kecil River at this point to create the Kapuas Besar River). The built-up or urbanized area continues southeastwards along the south bank of the Kapuas River into the town of Sungai Raya , which comprises the urbanised part of Sungai Raya District of Kubu Raya Regency . The 2010 census enumerated Pontianak's population at 554,764, while the 2020 Census resulted in

4136-661: The Lanfang Republic as its vassal state. The republic's citizenry waged a tenacious resistance, but ultimately failed due to poor weaponry. Lin Ah Sin was the last leader of Lanfang. Many of Lanfang's citizens and their descendants made their way to Sumatra or Singapore . The three campaigns waged by the Dutch East Indies Army against the Chinese kongsi , called the Kongsi Wars, were: Due to being outnumbered and also with

4230-659: The Malay Sultans, accused them of plotting to overthrow Japanese rule, and then massacred them. This is known as the Pontianak massacre . After the surrender of Japan , a Dutch military court in Pontianak on 18 October 1947 convicted the Japanese Admiral Michiaki Kamada of war crimes and sentenced him to death. After the Japanese surrendered, the Dutch returned to Pontianak. Due to international opposition to Dutch attempts to reinstate control over Indonesia in

4324-600: The Meixian government. On April 10th, 1950, the Voice of Hakka(客家之聲) started broadcasting. It broadcast nine hours of Hakka Chinese programs every day through shortwave radio and online radio, targeting countries and regions where Hakka people gather, such as Japan, Indonesia, Mauritius, Reunion Island, Australia, Hong Kong and Taiwan. In 1988, Meizhou Television Station(梅州電視臺) was founded. In 1994, Hakka Public Channel , also known as Meizhou TV-2 had started broadcasting. Hakka Chinese began to appear in television programs. In 2021, it

4418-473: The Muslims are Malay, Javanese, Madurese, etc. While most of the people who adhere to Buddhism and Confucianism are Chinese Indonesian , many Chinese also adhere to Christianity. The Dayak people adhere to either Catholicism or Protestantism, while also incorporating local beliefs. Some of the Dayak also adheres to Kaharingan , a local folk religion. However, the Indonesian government does not recognize Kaharingan as

4512-721: The Pontianak Congregation of West Kalimantan Christian Church . Some of these have existed since the Dutch colonial era, while some are constructed by the Indonesian government. The gross regional domestic product of Pontianak City, according to the ADHK 2010 business field in 2015, reached 20.80 trillion rupiah. When compared to 2014, the production volume of goods and services produced in Pontianak City in 2015 increased by 0.96 trillion rupiah, or by 4.84 percent. Most of Pontianak city's economy relies on industry , agriculture , and trade . The trade, hotel, and restaurant sectors have been

4606-459: The Pontianak Sultanate further strengthened its cooperation with the Dutch Kingdom and later the neighboring British since 1811. After Sultan Syarif Kasim died on 25 February 1819, Syarif Usman Alkadrie (1819-1855) ascended the throne as Sultan of Pontianak. During the reign of Sultan Syarif Usman, many beneficial policies were issued by him, including by continuing the construction project of

4700-512: The Pontianak Sultanate's co-operative relationship with the Dutch became closer and stronger. The reign of Sultan Syarif Muhammad was the longest reign in the history of Pontianak Sultanate. He was very instrumental in encouraging renewal and modernisation in Pontianak. In the social and cultural fields, he was the first Malay sultan in West Kalimantan to dress in European regalia in addition to Malay clothing , Teluk Belanga , as official clothing. He

4794-687: The Pontianak Sultanate. However, Hamid II was accused of conspiring with the former KNIL Captain Raymond Westerling to organise an anti-Republican coup in Bandung and Jakarta . Hamid's role in the coup led to increased agitation in West Kalimantan for its integration into the Republic of Indonesia. Following a fact-finding mission by the Government Commission, the RUSI House of Representatives voted by 50 votes to one to merge West Kalimantan into

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4888-407: The Proclamation of Indonesian Independence in 1945, at the initiative of Sultan Hamid II, the Pontianak Sultanate and the Malay sultanates in West Kalimantan joined the Republic of Indonesia. He supported the federal state of RIS . During this time Sultan Hamid II served as President of the State of West Kalimantan (Head of the Special Region of West Kalimantan) from 1947-1950. Sultan Hamid II designed

4982-420: The Republic of Indonesia. Following clashes with demobilised KNIL troops in Makassar and the attempted secession of an Ambonese Republic of South Moluccas , the federal United States of Indonesia was dissolved on 17 August 1950, turning Indonesia into a unitary state dominated by the central government in Jakarta. Pontianak then became the capital city of the new province of West Kalimantan. Pontianak lies on

5076-558: The Residentie Westerafdeeling van Borneo, one of the different residencies of the Dutch East Indies. In 1942, the Japanese occupied Pontianak and expelled the Dutch. The Japanese military government decided to allow the Pontianak Sultanate to remain. However, the Japanese soon become distrusted to the Sultanate, and between 1943 and 1944, the Japanese orchestrated a mass arrest of Malay elites, Arabs , Chinese , Javanese , Menadonese , Dayaks , Bugis , Bataks , Minangkabau , Dutch, Indians , and Eurasians in Kalimantan, including all of

5170-456: The Special Region of West Kalimantan and was granted the status of Special Region on 12 May 1947. The Special Region of West Kalimantan included the monarchies ( swapraja ) in West Kalimantan, including the Pontianak Sultanate. At that time, Sultan Hamid II was appointed as the Head of the Special Region of West Kalimantan. Prior to 5 April 1950, the Special Region of West Kalimantan joined the Republic of Indonesia (RIS). The area then became part of

5264-422: The Sultan of Banten to the Dutch VOC. He had two political marriages in Kalimantan, the first to the princess of the Mempawah Kingdom , Utin Chandramidi, and the second in 1768 to Ratu Syahranum ( Ratoe Sarib Anom ) of the Banjar Sultanate (daughter or brother of Sultan Saat/Sulaiman Saidullah I ), earning him the title Pangeran Nur Alam. The sultanate was located at the mouth of the Kapuas River in what

5358-408: The Trans Kalimantan Highway. Several bus routes operate from Pontianak to Kuching in Malaysia and Bandar Seri Begawan in Brunei Darussalam . The city was formerly the capital of the independent Sultanate of Pontianak and was founded on 23 October 1771 around an old trading station on the western coast of Borneo. It was built on swampy ground and tropical forest subjected to regular flooding by

5452-434: The Trans Kalimantan Road connect Pontianak to all Cities in the Kalimantan , such as Palangkaraya , Banjarmasin , Balikpapan , Samarinda , and Tanjung Selor . other towns also connected in the Province of West Kalimantan , such as Ketapang , Singkawang , Sintang , etc., as well as other provinces. As Pontianak lies on the Trans Kalimantan Highway , it is possible to travel to East Malaysia and Brunei by land using

5546-401: The United Nations, the Dutch were forced to recognise Sukarno's Republic as the de facto government of Java and Sumatra and to grant independence to a Republic of the United States of Indonesia (RUSI) on 27 December 1949. Pontianak became the capital of the State of West Kalimantan, one of the federal states of the United States of Indonesia . It was led by Sultan Hamid II , the last sultan of

5640-452: The area opposite the sultanate palace, now known as Tanah Seribu or Verkendepaal . Palm was later replaced by Wolter Markus Stuart who acted as Resident van Borneo's Wester Afdeling I (1779-1784) with a seat in Pontianak. Initially, Sultan Syarif Abdurrahman Alkadrie refused the offer of co-operation with foreigners. But after the envoy came for the second time, Syarif accepted the Dutch as a commonwealth partner with open arms. On 5 July 1779,

5734-405: The centre of government is marked by the establishment of the Jami Mosque of Pontianak (also named Sultan Syarif Abdurrahman Mosque) and Kadariyah Palace which is now located in Dalam Bugis Village, East Pontianak District , Pontianak City , West Kalimantan . In 1778, Dutch colonialists from Batavia entered Pontianak led by Willem Ardinpalm . The sultan gave permission to the Dutch to occupy

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5828-493: The characters originally of this tone class are distributed across the non- ru tones. An example of such a dialect is Changting , which is situated in Western Fujian province. Moreover, there is evidence of the retention of an earlier Hakka tone system in the dialects of Haifeng and Lufeng , situated in coastal southeastern Guangdong province. They contain a yin-yang splitting in the qu tone, giving rise to seven tones in all (with yin-yang registers in ping and ru tones and

5922-415: The city of Pontianak. At first, this mosque was also used as a center of government for the Sultanate of Pontianak. The name of this mosque was given by Syarif Usman Alkadri who is the son of Sultan Sharif Abdurrahman, who continued the construction of the mosque until it was completed. Other places of worship are the Cathedral of Saint Joseph , Pura Giripati Mulawarman, Vihara Budhisatva Karaniya Metta, and

6016-443: The dialects of Hakka as being Yue-Tai (Meixian, Wuhua, Raoping, Taiwan Kejia: Meizhou above), Yuezhong (Central Guangdong), Huizhou, Yuebei (Northern Guangdong), Tingzhou (Min-Ke), Ning-Long (Longnan), Yugui, and Tonggu. Like other southern Chinese varieties, Hakka retains many single syllable words from earlier stages of Chinese; thus, a large number of syllables are distinguished by tone and final consonant. This reduces

6110-418: The explorers arrived in Pontianak , they established the Kadariah Palace and received endorsement as the sultan of Pontianak by the Dutch East India Company in 1779. In 1808, Sultan Syarif Abdurrahman died. He was buried in Batu Layang, Pontianak. Subsequently, Syarif Kasim Alkadrie (1808-1819) ascended the throne to become Sultan of Pontianak in place of his father. Under the reign of Sultan Syarif Kasim,

6204-415: The genocide because he was not in Pontianak. At that time he had been a Japanese prisoner of war in Batavia since 1942 and was released in 1945. The last sultan was Syarif Hamid Alkadrie , who was interned by the occupying Japanese forces, returned to Pontianak and was crowned Sultan of Pontianak (1945-1978) on 29 October 1945 with the title Sultan Syarif Hamid II, or better known as Sultan Hamid II. After

6298-465: The initiative to crush them with arrests. These arrests took place between September 1943 and early 1944. Not only making arrests, the Japanese also tortured and mass murdered thousands of residents of Pontianak and its surroundings. On 28 June 1944, the Japanese killed Sultan Syarif Muhammad along with several family members and relatives of the sultanate, traditional leaders, scholars, and community leaders of Pontianak. Two of his sons were also beheaded by

6392-418: The lack of effective weaponry by the more superior and equipped Royal Netherlands East Indies Army , Lanfang finally surrendered to the Dutch in 1884 and was dissolved. Wary of Qing intervention, the Dutch did not openly annex the Lanfang Republic, and created another puppet regime. It was not until 1912, when the Qing Dynasty collapsed, that the Dutch proclaimed their occupation. Pontianak was then designated as

6486-580: The language as a subject for its study and preservation. Pronunciation differences exist between the Taiwanese Hakka dialects and mainland China's Hakka dialects; even in Taiwan, two major local varieties of Hakka exist. The Meixian dialect (Moiyen) of northeast Guangdong in mainland China has been taken as the "standard" dialect by the government of mainland China. The Guangdong Provincial Education Department created an official romanization of Moiyen in 1960, one of four languages receiving this status in Guangdong. The She ethnic group and Hakka people have

6580-421: The largest economic base in Pontianak City in recent years. This can be seen from the percentage distribution of GDP, where the large and retail trade sector has the greatest role in total GDP compared to other sectors, which is 18.30 percent. In terms of usage, the value of GDP shows how products of goods and services are used for consumption, investment, or trading purposes with foreign/regional parties. Based on

6674-402: The location of the ghosts' haunt, and settled there. The mosque and palace became the first buildings in the city, and to this day locals fire bamboo cannons on Ramadan and other holidays in memory of this. Pontianak in the Chinese language is known as 坤甸 , (( pinyin ): Kūndiàn ) in the local Hakka Chinese , Pontianak is known as Khuntîen . In Malay mythology, the Pontianak is also

6768-408: The majority. Some of these Hakka dialects are not mutually intelligible with each other. Meixian is surrounded by the counties of Pingyuan , Dabu , Jiaoling , Xingning , Wuhua , and Fengshun . Each county has its own special phonological points of interest. For instance, Xingning lacks the codas [-m] and [-p] . These have merged into [-n] and [-t] , respectively. Further away from Meixian,

6862-450: The meanings in Hakka are different, 'to stutter' and 'be thirsty' respectively. Hakka Chinese is typically written using Chinese characters ( 漢字 , 漢字 Hon-sṳ ). Various dialects of Hakka such as Taiwanese Hakka , is sometimes written in the Latin script or Pha̍k-fa-sṳ . Dialects of Hakka have been written in a number of Latin orthographies, largely for religious purposes, since at least

6956-560: The mid-19th century. The popular The Little Prince has also been translated into Hakka (2000), specifically the Miaoli dialect of Taiwan (itself a variant of the Sixian dialect ). This also was dual-script, albeit using the Tongyong Pinyin scheme. In 1950, China Central People's Broadcasting Station recruited the first Hakka broadcaster, Zhang Guohua, based on a radius of two kilometers from

7050-457: The name of an astral creature that is said be a spirit of a woman who died while pregnant. Similar stories about the Pontianak first emerged from mythical and folkloric tales that are popular in Kalimantan (Borneo) before the city was built on a large scale of natural habitat. This was an active ancient civilization in the late 17th century. The history of the city of Pontianak written by

7144-830: The national emblem of indonesia, Garuda Pancasila , and adopted it as the national emblem of Indonesia . Besides being the Chairman of the Federal Consultative Assembly (Bijeenkomst voor Federaal Overleg / BFO) in 1949, he was also Minister of State Zonder Porto Folio in the Cabinet of the United Republic of Indonesia. On 28 October 1946, the Civil Government of the Dutch East Indies as the Council of West Borneo formed

7238-596: The need for compound words. However, like other Chinese varieties, it does have words of more than one syllable. Hakka, as well as numerous other Chinese varieties such as Min and Cantonese, prefers the verb [kɔŋ˧˩] 講 when referring to 'saying', rather than the Mandarin shuō 說 (Hakka [sɔt˩] / [ʃɔt˩] ). Hakka uses 食 ( [sɘt˥] / [ʃit˥] ) for the verb 'to eat' and 'to drink', unlike Mandarin which prefers chī 吃 (Hakka [kʰɛt˩] / [kʰiɛt˩] ) as 'to eat' and hē 喝 (Hakka [hɔt˩] ) as 'to drink' where

7332-507: The people from Pontianak. Other Chinese variants such as the Cantonese and Hokkien have fewer speakers. Other languages such as the Javanese , Madurese , Buginese , and different dialects of Dayak are also spoken. The majority of the population are Muslims (63.4%); the rest are Buddhists (23.2%), Catholics (9.1%), Protestants (3.2%), Confucians (1.3%), Hindus (0.1%), and others (0.1%). Most of

7426-556: The percentage of GDP, aggregate demand in Pontianak City in 2015 as a whole experienced a growth of 4.84 percent compared to the previous year, whereas the household consumer component contributed as much as 10.61 trillion rupiah or by 51 percent. The number of large and medium industrial enterprises in the city of Pontianak as of 2005 was 34 companies. Labor absorbed by industrial enterprises amounted to 3,300 people, consisting of 2,700 production workers and other workers and 600 administrators. Moderate or major industrial companies located in

7520-416: The period 2000-2010 increased to 1.8 percent per year. Currently (as of 2023), the website of Statistics Indonesia for Pontianak City (BPS Kota Pontianak) does not show ethnic composition in its population data. The BPS data below was reported by news sites in 2019, and again 2022: In 2009, the government website of Pontianak City posted this ethnicity data: Intermarriage between different ethnic groups

7614-457: The port of Pasir. Abdurrahman became a rich man and then tried to establish a settlement on an island in the Kapuas River. He found branching Landak River and then to develop the area into a prosperous trading center. This is the region that is now called Pontianak. He then established the Sultanate of Pontianak with himself as the first sultan. The influential Arab-Malay writer, Abdullah al-Misri ,

7708-400: The region of Banjarmasin, he married the sister of the sultan of Banjar, Sunan Nata Nature and was sworn in as prince. He was successful in commerce and accumulated enough capital to arm ships and boats and then started to take the fight against Dutch colonialism. With the help of Sultan Sand, Syarif Abdurrahman then successfully hijacked Dutch ship near Bangka, also British and French ships in

7802-418: The river, requiring buildings to be constructed on piles to keep them off the ground. The name Pontianak refers to a story about ghosts that people in West Kalimantan refer to as Pontianak (a ferocious female ghost in Malay ); it was a ghosts' haunt until Syarif Abdurrahman Alkadrie and his army fought and expelled the ghosts who attacked them by firing cannons. He then built a mosque and a palace, exactly on

7896-472: The speech in those regions has evolved into dialects of modern Mandarin ). The presence of many archaic features occur in modern Hakka, including final consonants -p -t -k , as are found in other modern southern Chinese varieties, but which have been lost in Mandarin. Laurent Sagart (2002) considers Hakka and southern Gan Chinese to be sister dialects that descended from a single common ancestral language (Proto-Southern Gan) spoken in central Jiangxi during

7990-518: Was 675,468 (comprising 337,856 males and 337,612 females). The city was founded as a small Malay fishing village at the mouth of the Kapuas River. It then became the seat of the Pontianak Sultanate for several centuries. Pontianak was then incorporated into the Dutch East Indies after an agreement between the Pontianak Sultanate and the Dutch Government. During the colonial era, Pontianak

8084-478: Was a Malay state that existed on the western coast of the island of Borneo from the late 18th century until its disestablishment in 1950. It was founded in 1771 by Sultan Syarif Abdurrahman Ibni Alhabib Husein bin Ahmad Alkadrie , allegedly a descendant of Sayidina Husain , in the area of the mouth of the triple junction of the small Kapuas River and the porcupine river which included a small area area ceded by

8178-547: Was also the one who supported the advancement of education and health. In addition, he also encouraged the entry of European and Chinese private capital, and supported the Malays and Chinese to develop rubber, coconut and copra plantations and the coconut oil industry in Pontianak. In the political aspect, the Sultan facilitated the establishment and development of political organisations, both by sultanate relatives and community leaders. The Pontianak Sultanate had friendly relations with

8272-409: Was closely connected to the rulers of Pontianak at around this time. The sultanate imported Chinese laborers in the 18th century to work in gold or tin mines . A number of mining companies ( kongsi ) enjoyed some political autonomy. As the Dutch were expanding its power on Borneo, in 1777, the Chinese declared the formation of the Lanfang Republic ( Chinese : 蘭芳共和國), led by Luo Fangbo to oppose

8366-513: Was launched. It used Mandarin, Cantonese and Hakka. In 2001, Meizhou Television Station merged with Meizhou People’s Broadcasting Station and was renamed Meizhou Radio and Television Station(MRT, 梅州廣播電視臺) . In 2004, the station had officially completed its establishment. In 2003, Taiwan Broadcasting System (TBS, 臺灣公共廣播電視集團) established a Hakka satellite cable channel " Hakka TV ". In Taiwan, there are seven Hakka Chinese radio channels. In 2005, Meixian Radio and Television Station(梅縣廣播電視臺)

8460-454: Was marked by clearing the forest at the junction of the Landak River, Kapuas Kecil River, and Kapuas Besar River to build a hall and house as a residence. He had two political marriages in Kalimantan , first with the daughter of Panembahan Mempawah and then with the daughter of the sultan of Banjar . In 1778 (1192 AH), Syarif Abdurrahman was confirmed as the Sultan of Pontianak. The location of

8554-545: Was renamed Hakka Life Channel(客家生活頻道) . In 1991, Meizhou People’s Broadcasting Station(梅州人民廣播電臺) , also known as Meizhou Wired Broadcasting Station(梅州有線廣播電臺) officially started broadcasting. Meizhou Radio News: FM94.8 or urban FM101.9. Meizhou Radio Traffic Channel: FM105.8 MHz. Meizhou Radio Private Car Channel: FM94.0 or urban FM103.9. Until now, Hakka Chinese is still used for news program, radio drama program, emotional program, entertainment program and cultural program. In 1999, 3CW Chinese Radio Australia(3CW澳大利亞中文廣播電臺)

8648-651: Was reorganized after the separation of the National Cultural System Reform Bureau. It is a public institution under the jurisdiction of the Meixian County Party Committee and County Government. The channel can be watched in Meizhou and surrounding area with an audience of over 4 million people. In 2012, Voice of Hong Kong(香港之聲) started broadcasting. Hakka Chinese is used on Sihai Kejia Channel. In 2019, Shenzhou Easy Radio(神州之聲) added

8742-548: Was the seat of the Residentie Westerafdeeling van Borneo , one of the residencies of the Dutch East Indies . When the Japanese occupied the Dutch East Indies , Pontianak became the site of the Pontianak massacre , in which many Malay aristocrats and sultans as well as people from other ethnic groups (Particularly high profile Arabs and Chinese) were massacred by the Imperial Japanese Navy , especially in

8836-466: Was the seat of the Pontianak Sultanate, a great Malay kingdom for centuries. The Malay people mostly live on the bank of the Kapuas River and other rivers in Pontianak. They also live in coastal areas of the city. Most of the Pontianak Malay work as traders, government officials, and in other jobs. Other significant ethnic groups living in Pontianak are the Dayak, Bugis, Madurese, and Javanese. Most of

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