72-411: The human voice consists of sound made by a human being using the vocal tract , including talking , singing , laughing , crying , screaming , shouting , humming or yelling . The human voice frequency is specifically a part of human sound production in which the vocal folds (vocal cords) are the primary sound source. (Other sound production mechanisms produced from the same general area of
144-429: A root mean square (RMS) value. For example, 1 Pa RMS sound pressure (94 dBSPL) in atmospheric air implies that the actual pressure in the sound wave oscillates between (1 atm − 2 {\displaystyle -{\sqrt {2}}} Pa) and (1 atm + 2 {\displaystyle +{\sqrt {2}}} Pa), that is between 101323.6 and 101326.4 Pa. As the human ear can detect sounds with
216-409: A "glottal stop" even if the vocal fold vibrations do not entirely stop. Other aspects of the voice, such as variations in the regularity of vibration, are also used for communication, and are important for the trained voice user to master, but are more rarely used in the formal phonetic code of a spoken language. The sound of each individual's voice is thought to be entirely unique not only because of
288-401: A certain vibratory pattern of the vocal folds, a certain series of pitches, and a certain type of sound. Speech pathologists identify four vocal registers based on the physiology of laryngeal function: the vocal fry register , the modal register , the falsetto register , and the whistle register . This view is also adopted by many vocal pedagogists. Vocal resonation is the process by which
360-416: A consistent manner. The most important communicative, or phonetic, parameters are the voice pitch (determined by the vibratory frequency of the vocal folds) and the degree of separation of the vocal folds, referred to as vocal fold adduction (coming together) or abduction (separating). The ability to vary the ab/adduction of the vocal folds quickly has a strong genetic component, since vocal fold adduction has
432-648: A given area as modified by the environment and understood by people, in context of the surrounding environment. There are, historically, six experimentally separable ways in which sound waves are analysed. They are: pitch , duration , loudness , timbre , sonic texture and spatial location . Some of these terms have a standardised definition (for instance in the ANSI Acoustical Terminology ANSI/ASA S1.1-2013 ). More recent approaches have also considered temporal envelope and temporal fine structure as perceptually relevant analyses. Pitch
504-529: A large portion of all music (western popular music in particular) is based, may have its roots in the sound of the human voice during the course of evolution , according to a study published by the New Scientist . Analysis of recorded speech samples found peaks in acoustic energy that mirrored the distances between notes in the twelve-tone scale. There are many disorders that affect the human voice; these include speech impediments , and growths and lesions on
576-407: A life-preserving function in keeping food from passing into the lungs, in addition to the covering action of the epiglottis. Consequently, the muscles that control this action are among the fastest in the body. Children can learn to use this action consistently during speech at an early age, as they learn to speak the difference between utterances such as "apa" (having an abductory-adductory gesture for
648-1309: A lyric contralto voice. Ma Moss in The Tender Land is a notable lyric contralto role. The dramatic contralto voice is heard in much of the German operatic repertoire. Erda in Der Ring des Nibelungen and Gaea in Daphne are both good examples of the dramatic contralto. True operatic contraltos are rare, and the operatic literature contains few roles written specifically for them with most of those roles singing notes outside of their defined range. Contraltos sometimes are assigned feminine roles like Teodata in Flavio , Angelina in La Cenerentola , Rosina in The Barber of Seville , Isabella in L'italiana in Algeri , and Olga in Eugene Onegin , but more frequently they play female villains or trouser roles . Contraltos may also be cast in roles originally written for castrati . A common saying among contraltos
720-405: A medium such as air, water and solids as longitudinal waves and also as a transverse wave in solids . The sound waves are generated by a sound source, such as the vibrating diaphragm of a stereo speaker. The sound source creates vibrations in the surrounding medium. As the source continues to vibrate the medium, the vibrations propagate away from the source at the speed of sound , thus forming
792-589: A part labelled "contralto", despite the tessitura and function being that of a classical alto part. The Saracen princess Clorinde in André Campra 's 1702 opera Tancrède was written for Julie d'Aubigny and is considered the earliest major role for bas-dessus or contralto voice. The contralto has the lowest vocal range of the female voice types , with the lowest tessitura ; it is between tenor and mezzo-soprano . Although tenors, baritones, and basses are male singers, some women can sing as low (albeit with
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#1732837569405864-488: A particular pitch is determined by pre-conscious examination of vibrations, including their frequencies and the balance between them. Specific attention is given to recognising potential harmonics. Every sound is placed on a pitch continuum from low to high. For example: white noise (random noise spread evenly across all frequencies) sounds higher in pitch than pink noise (random noise spread evenly across octaves) as white noise has more high frequency content. Duration
936-411: A resonance added to the normal resonances of the vocal tract above the frequency range of most instruments and so enables the singer's voice to carry better over musical accompaniment. Vocal registration refers to the system of vocal registers within the human voice. A register in the human voice is a particular series of tones, produced in the same vibratory pattern of the vocal folds , and possessing
1008-401: A singer or speaker is that the result of resonation is, or should be, to make a better sound. There are seven areas that may be listed as possible vocal resonators. In sequence from the lowest within the body to the highest, these areas are the chest, the tracheal tree, the larynx itself, the pharynx, the oral cavity, the nasal cavity, and the sinuses. The twelve-tone musical scale , upon which
1080-553: A slightly different timbre and texture) as their male counterparts. Some of the rare female singers who specialized in the tenor and baritone registers include film actress Zarah Leander , the Iranian āvāz singer Hayedeh , the child prodigy Ruby Helder (1890–1938), and Bavarian novelty singer Bally Prell . Within the contralto voice type category are three generally recognized subcategories: coloratura contralto , an agile voice specializing in florid passages; lyric contralto ,
1152-499: A voice lighter in timbre; and dramatic contralto , a deep, dark, and bold contralto voice. The coloratura contralto was a favorite voice type of Rossini's . Many of his roles listed below were written with this type of voice in mind. Lyric contraltos are heavily utilized in both the French and English operatic repertoire. Many of the Gilbert and Sullivan contralto roles are best suited with
1224-466: A wide range of amplitudes, sound pressure is often measured as a level on a logarithmic decibel scale. The sound pressure level (SPL) or L p is defined as Since the human ear does not have a flat spectral response , sound pressures are often frequency weighted so that the measured level matches perceived levels more closely. The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) has defined several weighting schemes. A-weighting attempts to match
1296-745: Is a vibration that propagates as an acoustic wave through a transmission medium such as a gas, liquid or solid. In human physiology and psychology , sound is the reception of such waves and their perception by the brain . Only acoustic waves that have frequencies lying between about 20 Hz and 20 kHz, the audio frequency range, elicit an auditory percept in humans. In air at atmospheric pressure, these represent sound waves with wavelengths of 17 meters (56 ft) to 1.7 centimeters (0.67 in). Sound waves above 20 kHz are known as ultrasound and are not audible to humans. Sound waves below 20 Hz are known as infrasound . Different animal species have varying hearing ranges . Sound
1368-488: Is also known as the Newton–Laplace equation. In this equation, K is the elastic bulk modulus, c is the velocity of sound, and ρ {\displaystyle \rho } is the density. Thus, the speed of sound is proportional to the square root of the ratio of the bulk modulus of the medium to its density. Those physical properties and the speed of sound change with ambient conditions. For example,
1440-399: Is an undesirable component that obscures a wanted signal. However, in sound perception it can often be used to identify the source of a sound and is an important component of timbre perception (see below). Soundscape is the component of the acoustic environment that can be perceived by humans. The acoustic environment is the combination of all sounds (whether audible to humans or not) within
1512-478: Is characterized by) its unique sounds. Many species, such as frogs, birds, marine and terrestrial mammals , have also developed special organs to produce sound. In some species, these produce song and speech . Furthermore, humans have developed culture and technology (such as music, telephone and radio) that allows them to generate, record, transmit, and broadcast sound. Noise is a term often used to refer to an unwanted sound. In science and engineering, noise
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#17328375694051584-424: Is commonly used for diagnostics and treatment. Infrasound is sound waves with frequencies lower than 20 Hz. Although sounds of such low frequency are too low for humans to hear as a pitch, these sound are heard as discrete pulses (like the 'popping' sound of an idling motorcycle). Whales, elephants and other animals can detect infrasound and use it to communicate. It can be used to detect volcanic eruptions and
1656-445: Is defined as "(a) Oscillation in pressure, stress, particle displacement, particle velocity, etc., propagated in a medium with internal forces (e.g., elastic or viscous), or the superposition of such propagated oscillation. (b) Auditory sensation evoked by the oscillation described in (a)." Sound can be viewed as a wave motion in air or other elastic media. In this case, sound is a stimulus. Sound can also be viewed as an excitation of
1728-418: Is heard; specif.: a. Psychophysics. Sensation due to stimulation of the auditory nerves and auditory centers of the brain, usually by vibrations transmitted in a material medium, commonly air, affecting the organ of hearing. b. Physics. Vibrational energy which occasions such a sensation. Sound is propagated by progressive longitudinal vibratory disturbances (sound waves)." This means that the correct response to
1800-461: Is known as vocal resonation . Another major influence on vocal sound and production is the function of the larynx, which people can manipulate in different ways to produce different sounds. These different kinds of laryngeal function are described as different kinds of vocal registers . The primary method for singers to accomplish this is through the use of the Singer's Formant , which has been shown to be
1872-415: Is not the only source of difference between male and female voice. Men, generally speaking, have a larger vocal tract , which essentially gives the resultant voice a lower-sounding timbre . This is mostly independent of the vocal folds themselves. Human spoken language makes use of the ability of almost all people in a given society to dynamically modulate certain parameters of the laryngeal voice source in
1944-423: Is only applied to female singers; men singing in a similar range are called " countertenors ". The Italian terms "contralto" and " alto " are not synonymous, "alto" technically denoting a specific vocal range in choral singing without regard to factors like tessitura , vocal timbre , vocal facility, and vocal weight . However, there exists some French choral writing (including that of Ravel and Poulenc ) with
2016-465: Is perceived as how "long" or "short" a sound is and relates to onset and offset signals created by nerve responses to sounds. The duration of a sound usually lasts from the time the sound is first noticed until the sound is identified as having changed or ceased. Sometimes this is not directly related to the physical duration of a sound. For example; in a noisy environment, gapped sounds (sounds that stop and start) can sound as if they are continuous because
2088-457: Is perceived as how "low" or "high" a sound is and represents the cyclic, repetitive nature of the vibrations that make up sound. For simple sounds, pitch relates to the frequency of the slowest vibration in the sound (called the fundamental harmonic). In the case of complex sounds, pitch perception can vary. Sometimes individuals identify different pitches for the same sound, based on their personal experience of particular sound patterns. Selection of
2160-422: Is perceptible by humans has frequencies from about 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz. In air at standard temperature and pressure , the corresponding wavelengths of sound waves range from 17 m (56 ft) to 17 mm (0.67 in). Sometimes speed and direction are combined as a velocity vector ; wave number and direction are combined as a wave vector . Transverse waves , also known as shear waves, have
2232-437: Is realized that it is the change in the spectral qualities of the voice as abduction proceeds that is the primary acoustic attribute that the listener attends to when identifying a voiceless speech sound, and not simply the presence or absence of voice (periodic energy). An adductory gesture is also identified by the change in voice spectral energy it produces. Thus, a speech sound having an adductory gesture may be referred to as
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2304-436: Is used in some types of music. Contralto A contralto ( Italian pronunciation: [konˈtralto] ) is a type of classical female singing voice whose vocal range is the lowest female voice type . The contralto's vocal range is fairly rare, similar to the mezzo-soprano , and almost identical to that of a countertenor , typically between the F below middle C (F 3 in scientific pitch notation ) to
2376-401: The equilibrium pressure, causing local regions of compression and rarefaction , while transverse waves (in solids) are waves of alternating shear stress at right angle to the direction of propagation. Sound waves may be viewed using parabolic mirrors and objects that produce sound. The energy carried by an oscillating sound wave converts back and forth between the potential energy of
2448-483: The hearing range for humans or sometimes it relates to a particular animal. Other species have different ranges of hearing. For example, dogs can perceive vibrations higher than 20 kHz. As a signal perceived by one of the major senses , sound is used by many species for detecting danger , navigation , predation , and communication. Earth's atmosphere , water , and virtually any physical phenomenon , such as fire, rain, wind, surf , or earthquake, produces (and
2520-477: The human voice as an instrument for creating music . Adult men and women typically have different sizes of vocal fold; reflecting the male-female differences in larynx size. Adult male voices are usually lower-pitched and have larger folds. The male vocal folds (which would be measured vertically in the opposite diagram), are between 17 mm and 25 mm in length. The female vocal folds are between 12.5 mm and 17.5 mm in length. The folds are within
2592-513: The larynx . They are attached at the back (side nearest the spinal cord) to the arytenoids cartilages , and at the front (side under the chin) to the thyroid cartilage. They have no outer edge as they blend into the side of the breathing tube (the illustration is out of date and does not show this well) while their inner edges or "margins" are free to vibrate (the hole). They have a three layer construction of an epithelium , vocal ligament, then muscle ( vocalis muscle ), which can shorten and bulge
2664-427: The vocal folds . Talking improperly for long periods of time causes vocal loading , which is stress inflicted on the speech organs . When vocal injury is done, often an ENT specialist may be able to help, but the best treatment is the prevention of injuries through good vocal production. Voice therapy is generally delivered by a speech-language pathologist . Vocal nodules are caused over time by repeated abuse of
2736-501: The actual shape and size of an individual's vocal cords but also due to the size and shape of the rest of that person's body, especially the vocal tract, and the manner in which the speech sounds are habitually formed and articulated. (It is this latter aspect of the sound of the voice that can be mimicked by skilled performers.) Humans have vocal folds that can loosen, tighten, or change their thickness, and over which breath can be transferred at varying pressures. The shape of chest and neck,
2808-404: The additional property, polarization , which is not a characteristic of longitudinal sound waves. The speed of sound depends on the medium the waves pass through, and is a fundamental property of the material. The first significant effort towards measurement of the speed of sound was made by Isaac Newton . He believed the speed of sound in a particular substance was equal to the square root of
2880-430: The basic product of phonation is enhanced in timbre and/or intensity by the air-filled cavities through which it passes on its way to the outside air. Various terms related to the resonation process include amplification, enrichment, enlargement, improvement, intensification, and prolongation; although in strictly scientific usage acoustic authorities would question most of them. The main point to be drawn from these terms by
2952-512: The basis of all sound waves. They can be used to describe, in absolute terms, every sound we hear. In order to understand the sound more fully, a complex wave such as the one shown in a blue background on the right of this text, is usually separated into its component parts, which are a combination of various sound wave frequencies (and noise). Sound waves are often simplified to a description in terms of sinusoidal plane waves , which are characterized by these generic properties: Sound that
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3024-443: The body involve the production of unvoiced consonants , clicks , whistling and whispering .) Generally speaking, the mechanism for generating the human voice can be subdivided into three parts; the lungs, the vocal folds within the larynx (voice box), and the articulators. The lungs , the "pump" must produce adequate airflow and air pressure to vibrate vocal folds. The vocal folds (vocal cords) then vibrate to use airflow from
3096-411: The duration of theta wave cycles. This means that at short durations, a very short sound can sound softer than a longer sound even though they are presented at the same intensity level. Past around 200 ms this is no longer the case and the duration of the sound no longer affects the apparent loudness of the sound. Timbre is perceived as the quality of different sounds (e.g. the thud of a fallen rock,
3168-401: The equation c = γ ⋅ p / ρ {\displaystyle c={\sqrt {\gamma \cdot p/\rho }}} . Since K = γ ⋅ p {\displaystyle K=\gamma \cdot p} , the final equation came up to be c = K / ρ {\displaystyle c={\sqrt {K/\rho }}} , which
3240-439: The extra compression (in case of longitudinal waves) or lateral displacement strain (in case of transverse waves) of the matter, and the kinetic energy of the displacement velocity of particles of the medium. Although there are many complexities relating to the transmission of sounds, at the point of reception (i.e. the ears), sound is readily dividable into two simple elements: pressure and time. These fundamental elements form
3312-406: The fastest in solid atomic hydrogen at about 36,000 m/s (129,600 km/h; 80,530 mph). Sound pressure is the difference, in a given medium, between average local pressure and the pressure in the sound wave. A square of this difference (i.e., a square of the deviation from the equilibrium pressure) is usually averaged over time and/or space, and a square root of this average provides
3384-781: The folds. They are flat triangular bands and are pearly white in color. Above both sides of the vocal cord is the vestibular fold or false vocal cord , which has a small sac between its two folds. The difference in vocal folds size between men and women means that they have differently pitched voices. Additionally, genetics also causes variances amongst the same sex, with men's and women's singing voices being categorized into types. For example, among men, there are bass , bass-baritone , baritone , baritenor , tenor and countertenor (ranging from E2 to C♯7 and higher ), and among women, contralto , alto , mezzo-soprano and soprano (ranging from F3 to C6 and higher). There are additional categories for operatic voices , see voice type . This
3456-481: The hearing mechanism that results in the perception of sound. In this case, sound is a sensation . Acoustics is the interdisciplinary science that deals with the study of mechanical waves in gasses, liquids, and solids including vibration , sound, ultrasound, and infrasound. A scientist who works in the field of acoustics is an acoustician , while someone working in the field of acoustical engineering may be called an acoustical engineer . An audio engineer , on
3528-426: The information for timbre identification. Even though a small section of the wave form from each instrument looks very similar, differences in changes over time between the clarinet and the piano are evident in both loudness and harmonic content. Less noticeable are the different noises heard, such as air hisses for the clarinet and hammer strikes for the piano. Sonic texture relates to the number of sound sources and
3600-440: The interaction between them. The word texture , in this context, relates to the cognitive separation of auditory objects. In music, texture is often referred to as the difference between unison , polyphony and homophony , but it can also relate (for example) to a busy cafe; a sound which might be referred to as cacophony . Spatial location represents the cognitive placement of a sound in an environmental context; including
3672-417: The laryngeal airflow to strengthen or weaken it as a sound source. The vocal folds, in combination with the articulators , are capable of producing highly intricate arrays of sound. The tone of voice may be modulated to suggest emotions such as anger , surprise , fear , happiness or sadness . The human voice is used to express emotion , and can also reveal the age and sex of the speaker. Singers use
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#17328375694053744-402: The lungs to create audible pulses that form the laryngeal sound source. The muscles of the larynx adjust the length and tension of the vocal folds to 'fine-tune' pitch and tone . The articulators (the parts of the vocal tract above the larynx consisting of tongue , palate , cheek , lips , etc.) articulate and filter the sound emanating from the larynx and to some degree can interact with
3816-461: The offset messages are missed owing to disruptions from noises in the same general bandwidth. This can be of great benefit in understanding distorted messages such as radio signals that suffer from interference, as (owing to this effect) the message is heard as if it was continuous. Loudness is perceived as how "loud" or "soft" a sound is and relates to the totalled number of auditory nerve stimulations over short cyclic time periods, most likely over
3888-482: The other hand, is concerned with the recording, manipulation, mixing, and reproduction of sound. Applications of acoustics are found in almost all aspects of modern society, subdisciplines include aeroacoustics , audio signal processing , architectural acoustics , bioacoustics , electro-acoustics, environmental noise , musical acoustics , noise control , psychoacoustics , speech , ultrasound , underwater acoustics , and vibration . Sound can propagate through
3960-405: The p) as "aba" (having no abductory-adductory gesture). They can learn to do this well before the age of two by listening only to the voices of adults around them who have voices much different from their own, and even though the laryngeal movements causing these phonetic differentiations are deep in the throat and not visible to them. If an abductory movement or adductory movement is strong enough,
4032-580: The placement of a sound on both the horizontal and vertical plane, the distance from the sound source and the characteristics of the sonic environment. In a thick texture, it is possible to identify multiple sound sources using a combination of spatial location and timbre identification. Ultrasound is sound waves with frequencies higher than 20,000 Hz. Ultrasound is not different from audible sound in its physical properties, but cannot be heard by humans. Ultrasound devices operate with frequencies from 20 kHz up to several gigahertz. Medical ultrasound
4104-469: The position of the tongue, and the tightness of otherwise unrelated muscles can be altered. Any one of these actions results in a change in pitch, volume, timbre, or tone of the sound produced. Sound also resonates within different parts of the body, and an individual's size and bone structure can affect somewhat the sound produced by an individual. Singers can also learn to project sound in certain ways so that it resonates better within their vocal tract. This
4176-509: The pressure acting on it divided by its density: This was later proven wrong and the French mathematician Laplace corrected the formula by deducing that the phenomenon of sound travelling is not isothermal, as believed by Newton, but adiabatic . He added another factor to the equation— gamma —and multiplied γ {\displaystyle {\sqrt {\gamma }}} by p / ρ {\displaystyle {\sqrt {p/\rho }}} , thus coming up with
4248-423: The production of harmonics and mixed tones not present in the original sound (see parametric array ). If relativistic effects are important, the speed of sound is calculated from the relativistic Euler equations . In fresh water the speed of sound is approximately 1,482 m/s (5,335 km/h; 3,315 mph). In steel, the speed of sound is about 5,960 m/s (21,460 km/h; 13,330 mph). Sound moves
4320-555: The question: " if a tree falls in a forest and no one is around to hear it, does it make a sound? " is "yes", and "no", dependent on whether being answered using the physical, or the psychophysical definition, respectively. The physical reception of sound in any hearing organism is limited to a range of frequencies. Humans normally hear sound frequencies between approximately 20 Hz and 20,000 Hz (20 kHz ), The upper limit decreases with age. Sometimes sound refers to only those vibrations with frequencies that are within
4392-417: The removal may then lead to nodules if additional irritation persists. Speech-language therapy teaches the patient how to eliminate the irritations permanently through habit changes and vocal hygiene. Hoarseness or breathiness that lasts for more than two weeks is a common symptom of an underlying voice disorder such as nodes or polyps and should be investigated medically. Sound In physics , sound
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#17328375694054464-443: The response of the human ear to noise and A-weighted sound pressure levels are labeled dBA. C-weighting is used to measure peak levels. A distinct use of the term sound from its use in physics is that in physiology and psychology, where the term refers to the subject of perception by the brain. The field of psychoacoustics is dedicated to such studies. Webster's dictionary defined sound as: "1. The sensation of hearing, that which
4536-428: The same quality. Registers originate in laryngeal functioning. They occur because the vocal folds are capable of producing several different vibratory patterns. Each of these vibratory patterns appears within a particular Vocal range of pitches and produces certain characteristic sounds. The occurrence of registers has also been attributed to effects of the acoustic interaction between the vocal fold oscillation and
4608-465: The second F above middle C (F 5 ), although, at the extremes, some voices can reach the D below middle C (D 3 ) or the second B ♭ above middle C (B ♭ 5 ). The contralto voice type is generally divided into the coloratura, lyric, and dramatic contralto. "Contralto" is primarily meaningful only in reference to classical and operatic singing, as other traditions lack a comparable system of vocal categorization . The term "contralto"
4680-528: The sound is called the medium . Sound cannot travel through a vacuum . Studies has shown that sound waves are able to carry a tiny amount of mass and is surrounded by a weak gravitational field. Sound is transmitted through gases, plasma, and liquids as longitudinal waves , also called compression waves. It requires a medium to propagate. Through solids, however, it can be transmitted as both longitudinal waves and transverse waves . Longitudinal sound waves are waves of alternating pressure deviations from
4752-420: The sound wave. At a fixed distance from the source, the pressure , velocity , and displacement of the medium vary in time. At an instant in time, the pressure, velocity, and displacement vary in space. The particles of the medium do not travel with the sound wave. This is intuitively obvious for a solid, and the same is true for liquids and gases (that is, the vibrations of particles in the gas or liquid transport
4824-417: The speed of sound in gases depends on temperature. In 20 °C (68 °F) air at sea level, the speed of sound is approximately 343 m/s (1,230 km/h; 767 mph) using the formula v [m/s] = 331 + 0.6 T [°C] . The speed of sound is also slightly sensitive, being subject to a second-order anharmonic effect, to the sound amplitude, which means there are non-linear propagation effects, such as
4896-416: The vibrations of the vocal folds will stop (or not start). If the gesture is abductory and is part of a speech sound, the sound will be called voiceless . However, voiceless speech sounds are sometimes better identified as containing an abductory gesture, even if the gesture was not strong enough to stop the vocal folds from vibrating. This anomalous feature of voiceless speech sounds is better understood if it
4968-566: The vibrations, while the average position of the particles over time does not change). During propagation, waves can be reflected , refracted , or attenuated by the medium. The behavior of sound propagation is generally affected by three things: When sound is moving through a medium that does not have constant physical properties, it may be refracted (either dispersed or focused). The mechanical vibrations that can be interpreted as sound can travel through all forms of matter : gases, liquids, solids, and plasmas . The matter that supports
5040-429: The vocal cords which results in soft, swollen spots on each vocal cord. These spots develop into harder, callous-like growths called nodules. The longer the abuse occurs the larger and stiffer the nodules will become. Most polyps are larger than nodules and may be called by other names, such as polypoid degeneration or Reinke's edema. Polyps are caused by a single occurrence and may require surgical removal. Irritation after
5112-399: The vocal tract. The term register can be somewhat confusing as it encompasses several aspects of the human voice. The term register can be used to refer to any of the following: In linguistics , a register language is a language that combines tone and vowel phonation into a single phonological system. Within speech pathology , the term vocal register has three constituent elements:
5184-430: The whir of a drill, the tone of a musical instrument or the quality of a voice) and represents the pre-conscious allocation of a sonic identity to a sound (e.g. "it's an oboe!"). This identity is based on information gained from frequency transients, noisiness, unsteadiness, perceived pitch and the spread and intensity of overtones in the sound over an extended time frame. The way a sound changes over time provides most of
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