73-667: 1946 1947–1948 1949 Post- RTC The Dayak Desa War or Majang Desa War was an armed uprising by the Dayak Desa tribe in West Kalimantan against the Japanese Empire during World War II , and shortly thereafter by Indonesian nationalists against the Dutch East Indies . The war was initially caused by the local population's opposition against the rōmusha system and disappointment with Japanese occupation (which
146-651: A petition asking for a conference to be held that would lead to Indonesian self-government as part of a Dutch-Indonesian union over a decade, Parindra was lukewarm, resenting the possibility of Soetardjo succeeding where the other nationalist organizations had failed. The petition was passed by a majority of the Volksraad , but rejected by the Dutch in November 1938. In May 1937, Parindra, the Indonesian People's Movement (Gerindo),
219-574: A Free Indonesia Dormitory to prepare youth leaders for an independent Indonesia. With the war situation becoming increasingly dire, in March 1945 the Japanese announced the formation of an Investigating Committee for Preparatory Work for Independence (BPUPK), comprising members of the older political generation, including Sukarno and Hatta. Chaired by Rajiman Wediodiningrat , in two sessions in May and June, it decided on
292-529: A Japanese man named Osaki, a foreman of a timber company in the region, intended to marry a Dayak girl, who was a daughter of Pang Linggan, a respected Dayak chief in the village of Sekucing Labai. Osaki threatened to kill Pang Linggan and Pang Linggan soon reported his behaviour to the village chief ( tumenggung ), Pang Dadan. At first, Pang Linggan was willing to resolve the problem with discussion mediated by other village elders such as Pang Dadan and Pang Suma. However, Osaki attacked Pang Linggan and got himself into
365-678: A central role in the Indonesian National Revolution . One of the other changes that had also taken place during the Japanese occupation included the population in Indonesia undertaking military training. Conflict occurred not only with the Dutch, but also when the Japanese tried to re-establish control in October 1945 in Bandung, and furthermore when the British tried to establish control. After
438-497: A constituent state of a federal United States of Indonesia . On 28 January 1949, the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 67 , calling for an end to the recent Dutch military offensive against republican forces in Indonesia and demanding the restoration of the republican government. It also urged the resumption of negotiations to find a peaceful settlement between the two sides. Following
511-402: A declaration worded as follows: Sukarno and Hatta rejected this wording, believing that it had the potential to spark violence and would cause problems for the Japanese as it implied a transfer of sovereignty in violation of the terms of the surrender. Sukarno drafted the final version, which read as follows: This final version contained the phrase "transfer of power", which was acceptable to
584-487: A draft constitution, an economic agreement and agreements on social and military affairs. The Dutch–Indonesian Union would not have any powers: it would be a consultative body with a permanent secretariat, a court of arbitration to settle any legal disputes, and a minimum of two ministerial conferences every year. It would be headed by the Dutch Queen in an entirely symbolic role. The delegations also reached agreement on
657-445: A fight, and was killed by Pang Linggan. Elsewhere, workers of the Japanese timber company Sumitomo Shokusan Kabushiki Kaisan rioted after not receiving salaries. After the riot was suppressed, Japanese foremen put the workers under tight surveillance. Another Japanese foreman, Yamamoto, got into fight with Pang Rontoi, another village chief who sided with the workers. As tensions rose, Dayak tribes from Ketapang to Sekadau initiated
730-714: A full-scale Indonesian National Revolution . By mid-1946, both sides were under international pressure to negotiate. The Dutch favoured a federal Indonesian state, and organised the Malino Conference in July ;1946, which led to the establishment of the State of East Indonesia . In November, the Dutch and Indonesian sides reached an agreement at Linggadjati , in which the Netherlands agreed to recognize republican rule over Java , Sumatra and Madura , and that republic would become
803-522: A group of leaders who could ensure continuity if any were arrested. In 1931, Sukarno was released and joined the small Indonesia Party (Partindo) , while in August 1932, Hatta returned from the Netherlands and assumed the leadership of the rival New PNI, which had a more Marxist and revolutionary platform than Partindo. Sukarno was arrested again in August 1933, and was exiled first to Flores , then to Bencoolen , while Hatta and Sjahrir were arrested and exiled to
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#1732856094453876-440: A harsh Japanese response. We the people of Indonesia do hereby declare the independence of Indonesia. Matters concerning the transfer of power and other matters will be executed in an orderly manner and in the shortest possible time. Djakarta, 17 August 05 In the name of the people of Indonesia The date of the declaration, "05" refers to " Japanese imperial year ( 皇紀 , kōki ) 2605". Indonesian youths spread news of
949-476: A major city of Dutch Borneo, in 1942, the Japanese assumed control over the entire island. During the war and subsequent occupation, the flow of goods in and out of the island was disrupted, causing widespread starvation. Mass forced labour and poor working conditions caused deaths of native workers and created discontent among the local population. Most of the labourers, numbering around 80,000, worked in timber or mining. The situation became worse on 13 May 1945, when
1022-536: A proclamation. Meanwhile, various pemuda groups had heard the surrender rumors and held a meeting. Those present included D. N. Aidit , Chairul Saleh and Wikana . They decided to send a deputation led by Wikana to meet Sukarno at his home and demand an immediate proclamation of independence in person, rather than through the PPKI, which they saw as having no credibility, and which in any case had no pemuda members. In an angry exchange, Sukarno refused to do so as besides
1095-523: A revolt in Gorontalo against the Dutch who were afraid of Japanese invasion of Celebes. He was later imprisoned by the Japanese after they had invaded the area. With the outbreak of the war in the Far East , and the initial successes of Japan, in early 1942, the Dutch authorities gave Amir Sjarifuddin money to establish an underground resistance movement and sent Hatta and Sjahrir back to Java. In January 1942,
1168-616: A sports complex Pangsuma in Pontianak. A weather station in Kalimantan operated by Indonesia's Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysical Agency was named Pangsuma Meteorology Station. A monument named after him was built in Meliau. On 30 July 1981, families of those involved in the Dayak Desa war returned five skulls of Japanese soldiers in coordination with the Japanese embassy in Indonesia back to
1241-575: The Boven Digul detention camp in western New Guinea. The detention of these nationalist figures effectively ended the non-cooperation movement, and in December 1935 the moderate Indonesian National Union and Budi Utomo merged to form the Great Indonesia Party (Parindra), which aimed to work with the Dutch to achieve Indonesian independence. When in 1936, Volksraad member Soetardjo submitted
1314-461: The Constitution of Indonesia . The Dutch, as the former colonial power, viewed the republicans as collaborators with the Japanese, and desired to restore their colonial rule, as they still had political and economic interests in the former Dutch East Indies. The result was a four-year war for Indonesian independence. Indonesian youths had played an important role in the proclamation, and they played
1387-517: The Council of Indonesian Muslim Associations (Masjumi) as an umbrella group for Muslims. In 1944, Putera was dissolved and replaced by the Java Service Association ( Jawa Hokokai ), with Sukarno and Hatta given key positions in it, albeit answering to the military governor. Although intended to mobilise the masses for Japanese interests, Sukarno in particular took advantage of his role to tour
1460-784: The Kingdom of the Netherlands , the Republic of Indonesia and the Federal Consultative Assembly , representing various states the Dutch had created in the Indonesian archipelago. Prior to this conference, three other high-level meetings between the Netherlands and Indonesia took place; the Linggadjati Agreement of 1947, Renville Agreement of 1948, and the Roem–Van Roijen Agreement of 1949. The conference ended with
1533-663: The Roem–Van Roijen Agreement of 6 July, which effectively endorsed the Security Council resolution, Mohammad Roem said that the Republic of Indonesia—whose leaders were still in exile on Bangka Island —would participate in the Round Table Conference to accelerate the transfer of sovereignty. The Indonesian government, in exile for over six months, returned to the temporary capital at Yogyakarta on 6 July 1949. To ensure commonality of negotiating position between
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#17328560944531606-615: The cession of sovereignty to the United States of Indonesia . On 17 August 1945, Indonesian nationalist leader Sukarno declared Indonesian independence from Japan. The Dutch, who had been expelled in 1942 by the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies , viewed the Indonesian leadership as Japanese collaborators, and wanted to regain control of their colony. The conflict between the Dutch and Indonesian nationalists developed into
1679-463: The mangkuk merah (red bowl) ritual as a symbol of hostility to the Japanese and as a message to mobilize men from villages. Workers from Sumitomo Shokusan Kabushiki Kaisan also joined the uprising, and massacred several Japanese foremen and officials, with Pang Suma as the leader of the uprising. As the news of the uprising reached Pontianak, the Japanese sent an expeditionary force led by Lieutenant Nagatani. Nagatani's force, however, failed to capture
1752-597: The proclamation of Indonesian independence on 24 August 1945, surviving fighters from the uprising formed the Angkatan Perang Majang Desa (lit: "Majang Desa Armed Force") with the aim of opposing the return of Dutch rule. The newly-organized men from the Dayak Desa war collaborated with Indonesian nationalist guerillas in the region during the Kalimantan Physical Revolution . The group occasionally raided Pontianak between 1945 and 1948. On 1946,
1825-528: The 25th Army freed Sukarno from exile in Sumatra, and he joined Hatta and Sjahrir in Jakarta, as Batavia had been renamed. They agreed that Sjahrir would work underground, while Sukarno and Hatta would cooperate with the Japanese, still with the ultimate goal of Indonesian independence. The two men urged the Japanese to establish a popular political organization that they would lead, and this came about in March 1943 with
1898-633: The Dutch authorities in the Dutch East Indies established a partly-elected People's Council, the Volksraad , which for the first time gave Indonesian nationalists a voice. Meanwhile, Indonesian students studying in the Netherlands formed the Perhimpoenan Indonesia , or Indonesian Association. Among its leaders were future Indonesian vice-president Mohammad Hatta and future prime minister Sutan Sjahrir . In September 1927, Hatta and other members were arrested for inciting resistance to Dutch authority in
1971-519: The Dutch cabinet was worried it would not be able to ratify the Round Table Agreement in parliament if it conceded this point. Finally, in the early hours of 1 November 1949, a compromise was reached: the status of Western New Guinea would be determined through negotiations between the United States of Indonesia and the Netherlands within a year of the transfer of sovereignty. The conference
2044-432: The Dutch colonial administration and the status of Western New Guinea . Negotiations over the internal and external debts of the Dutch East Indies colonial administration were protracted, with each side presenting their own calculations and arguing over whether the United States of Indonesia should be responsible for debts incurred by the Dutch after the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies in 1942. In particular
2117-503: The Dutch when they reoccupied their colony. At a meeting in Singapore at the end of July, it was decided that Java would become independent at the end of September, followed by other areas. On 6 and 9 August, atomic bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki . On 7 August, the Japanese announced the formation of a Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence (PPKI) to accelerate preparations for establishing an Indonesian government for
2190-630: The East Indies, but thanks to a rousing defense speech by Hatta, they were acquitted. Back in the East Indies, in 1927, nationalist and future Indonesian president Sukarno turned his study club into the Indonesian Nationalist Association, which in May 1928 became the Indonesian National Party (PNI). The party aimed to achieve Indonesian independence through mass-based non-cooperation with the authorities. In October 1928,
2263-605: The Indonesian delegations were indignant at having to cover what it saw as the costs of Dutch military action against it. Finally, thanks to the intervention of the United States member of the UN Commission on Indonesia, the Indonesian side came to realise that agreeing to pay part of the Dutch debt would be the price they would have to pay for the transfer of sovereignty. On 24 October, the Indonesian delegations agreed that Indonesia would take over approximately ƒ 4.5 billion of Dutch East Indies government debt. The issue of
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2336-497: The Indonesian government was purchasing its sovereignty. Proclamation of Indonesian Independence The Proclamation of Indonesian Independence ( Indonesian : Proklamasi Kemerdekaan Indonesia , or simply Proklamasi ) was read at 10:00 Tokyo Standard Time on Friday, 17 August 1945 in Jakarta . The declaration marked the start of the diplomatic and armed resistance of the Indonesian National Revolution , fighting against
2409-455: The Japanese as the Japanese language translation of the phrase implied transfer of administrative control, rather than of sovereignty, which could have been seen as a violation by the Japanese of the ceasefire commitment to preserve the status quo . It was also acceptable to the Indonesians, who could interpret this transfer in a wider sense. Meanwhile, the phrase "in an orderly manner" reassured
2482-530: The Japanese invaded the Dutch East Indies, and rapidly overran the archipelago. The Dutch surrendered on 8 March. The Japanese banned the use of the Dutch language as well as the Indonesian flag and anthem , and the Japanese calendar was imposed. The archipelago was administered as three separate regions: Sumatra by the Twenty-Fifth Army , Java and Madura by the Sixteenth Army and Kalimantan and
2555-486: The Japanese military that there would be no interference in a declaration of independence as long as it was not associated with the Japanese, as this would be a breach of the surrender terms. Sukarno and Hatta then went to Maeda's house, now the Formulation of Proclamation Text Museum , where members of the PPKI were waiting, having been told to go there by Subardjo. Earlier that day, the pemuda led by Sjahrir had produced
2628-463: The PPKI. On 15 August, Japan surrendered , and the Japanese authorities in the East Indies were ordered to maintain the status quo pending the arrival of allied forces. However there was no official confirmation from the Japanese of the surrender. Again there was disagreement between the older generation, including Sukarno and Hatta, who were uncertain how to proceed, and the pemuda , including Sjahrir, who urged Sukarno to declare independence without
2701-540: The Round Table Conference would be held in The Hague . Negotiations, which took place from 23 August to 2 November 1949, were assisted by the United Nations Commission for Indonesia . The Dutch, Republic of Indonesia and Federal Consultative Assembly delegations reached agreement resulting in a number of documents, namely a Charter of Transfer of Sovereignty—to come into immediate effect—a statute of union,
2774-478: The Triple-A mass movement. Its name was taken from the Japanese propaganda slogan portraying Japan as the leader, protector and light of Asia. However it failed to gain support as no significant Indonesian nationalists were involved, and the propaganda was too heavy-handed. The Japanese then decided that it would be more effective to use pre-war nationalists to mobilize the population in support of their war aims. In July,
2847-415: The agreement on 14 December. Sovereignty was transferred to the United States of Indonesia on 27 December. The unresolved status of Western New Guinea would lead to the 12-year dispute . Political parties in Netherlands considered Indonesia dissolving the United States of Indonesia in 1950 into the original Republic of Indonesia as a pretense to not negotiate further on status of New Guinea which
2920-451: The archipelago making speeches. On 7 September 1944, Japanese Prime Minister Kuniaki Koiso promised independence for the 'East Indies' "later on" ( di kemudian hari ). The authorities in Java then allowed the flying of the Indonesian flag at Jawa Hokokai buildings. Rear-admiral Maeda provided official funds for tours around the archipelago by Sukarno and Hatta, and in October 1944, established
2993-573: The authorities, who arrested Sukarno and seven party leaders in December 1929. They were put on trial for being a threat to public order and in September 1930 received sentences of one to four years – Sukarno received the longest sentence. The PNI dissolved itself in 1931, and in the same year, Sjahrir returned from the Netherlands and established a party called the New PNI which rather than focussing on mass action and being dependent on one leader, aimed to create
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3066-416: The basis for an independent nation and produced a draft constitution . Meanwhile, the younger activists, known as the pemuda , wanted much more overt moves towards independence than the older generation were willing to risk, resulting in a split between the generations. Following the call from the allies for Japan to surrender , the Japanese decided to grant Indonesian independence to create problems for
3139-635: The challenge from Hatta as he knew that only Sukarno and Hatta had the authority to make a credible declaration of independence. Spurred on by this humiliation and the desire to demonstrate the commitment of the pemuda , a decision was taken by a group including Chairul Saleh and Wikana to take action. In the early hours of the morning of 16 August, they took Sukarno and Hatta to the town of Rengasdengklok (today in Karawang Regency , West Java ), ostensibly to protect them from an uprising by Peta troops, but in fact to force them to declare independence. However,
3212-494: The conflict was resolved in 1962, Indonesia restarted payment of around ƒ.620 million. By 1965, 36 installments of unknown amounts had been made. The remainder was paid from 1976 in 30 installments with 1% annual interest rate until the last payment was made in 2002. Some journalists characterize the aftermath of the Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference as 'the price of independence,' suggesting that
3285-532: The daughter of Pang Linggan, a respected Dayak chief in the region, which caused more tension between locals and the Japanese. Dayak tribes in the region initiated mangkuk merah (red bowl) ritual, as a sign to mobilise men from villages and prepare for war. The Japanese were driven out of the Borneo interior in June 1945, but returned on 17 July and continued until 31 August 1945 when Japanese forces there surrendered and left
3358-570: The document from the Japanese-formed PPKI, only Sukarno and Hatta would sign it. The meeting broke up at 5am. The latin typewriter used to type the proclamation test was borrowed from Korvettenkapitän Dr.jur. Hermann Kandeler, the leader of a Nazi German military stützpunkt in Pasar Senen, Jakarta. This was because only Japanese typewriters were available in Maeda's house. The original plan
3431-526: The forces of the Netherlands and pro-Dutch civilians, until the latter officially acknowledged Indonesia's independence in 1949. The document was signed by Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta , who were appointed president and vice-president respectively the following day. The date of the Proclamation of Indonesian Independence was made a public holiday by a government decree issued on 18 June 1946. In 1918,
3504-508: The formation of Putera , the Centre of People's Power. Although it was controlled by the Japanese, it was led by Sukarno, Hatta, Hajar Dewantara and pre-war Islamic figure Mas Mansoer . Like the Triple A, it achieved very little. As the tide turned against Japan and its territorial expansion halted, Japan started to talk of greater Indonesian involvement in the governance of Java, where the 16th Army
3577-407: The inclusion or not of Western New Guinea almost resulted in the talks becoming deadlocked. The Indonesian delegations took the view that Indonesia should comprise the entire territory of Dutch East Indies. The Dutch refused to compromise, claiming Western New Guinea had no ethnic ties with the rest of the archipelago. Despite Dutch public opinion supporting transfer of Western New Guinea to Indonesia,
3650-480: The involvement of the PPKI to avoid accusations from the Allies that independence was sponsored by Japan. In the afternoon of 15 August, Sukarno, Hatta and BPUPK member and future foreign minister Achmad Soebardjo called on Maeda to ask about the surrender rumours, and received unofficial confirmation that they were true. Hatta then asked Soebardjo to arrange a meeting of the PPKI for the following day and went home to draft
3723-431: The need to discuss matters with the PPKI, he did not want to provoke the Japanese. Hatta subsequently arrived and took the same stance as Sukarno, and pointed out that there was still no official confirmation of the Japanese surrender. He then invited the pemuda to go ahead with a proclamation themselves. Wikana in turn demanded a declaration the following day, 16 August, and the delegation left. Wikana felt humiliated by
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#17328560944533796-558: The new republican government, filling a power vacuum left by a lack of Malay rulers who formerly ruled the region and were killed by the Japanese during the Pontianak incidents . Pang Suma is regarded by Indonesians as a hero, and several places and roads are named after him. Local politicians and military officers often visit his grave to pay respects. Among places named after Pang Suma are Pangsuma Airport in Kapuas Hulu Regency and
3869-552: The occupation of the Netherlands, and the Dutch government in exile was in no position to respond to GAPI's request for a Dutch-Indonesian union and an elected legislature, although Dutch Queen Wilhelmina made a speech in London in May 1941 promising unspecified changes to the relationship with the East Indies after the war. On 23 January 1942, three years before the 1945 proclamation, an independence activist Nani Wartabone declared "Indonesian independence" after he and his people won in
3942-458: The older nationalists as it implied no action by the pemuda , and "in the shortest possible time" was taken by the Indonesians to mean before the Allied forces arrived. Chairul Saleh and other pemuda figures protested ineffectually about the changes, but the majority of the PPKI agreed with the wording. After some debate as to who would sign the proclamation, it was agreed that in order to disassociate
4015-576: The preamble to the draft constitution , which had been written by the BPUPK, was read, then Sukarno, with Hatta by his side, read the proclamation: Kami, bangsa Indonesia, dengan ini menjatakan kemerdekaan Indonesia. Hal-hal jang mengenai pemindahan kekoeasaan d.l.l., diselenggarakan dengan tjara saksama dan dalam tempo jang sesingkat-singkatnja. Djakarta, hari 17 boelan 8 tahoen 05 Atas nama bangsa Indonesia, Soekarno/Hatta. [REDACTED] [REDACTED] PETA officer Latief Hendraningat raised
4088-594: The proclamation across Java almost immediately using Japanese news and telegraph facilities, and in Bandung the news was broadcast by radio. However many ordinary Indonesians either did not believe the reports or saw them as a Japanese deception. In Sumatra, only the republican elite in major cities knew about the proclamation by the middle of September. The day after the proclamation, the Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence met and elected Sukarno as president and Hatta as vice-president. It also ratified
4161-572: The red and white flag of Indonesia and the attendees sung the Indonesian national anthem, Indonesia Raya . An English translation published by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs as of October 1948 included the entire speech as read by Sukarno . It incorporated remarks made immediately prior to and after the actual proclamation. George McTurnan Kahin , a historian on Indonesia, believed that they were omitted from publication in Indonesia either due to Japanese control of media outlets or fear of provoking
4234-415: The region, replaced by Allied forces including the Dutch, who would later be opposed again until recognition of Indonesian independence in 1949. Japanese forces landed in Pontianak , West Kalimantan on 19 December 1941 and quickly overran Dutch defenses in the region. By late December, interior towns and cities such as Putussibau and Sanggau fell into Japanese control. With the fall of Banjarmasin ,
4307-588: The representatives at a Youth Congress held in Batavia, the capital, adopted the ideals of one motherland, Indonesia; one nation, the nation of Indonesia; and one language, the Indonesian language . This expression of national unity was a reaction to the older generation, which tended to identify with their region or ethnicity, and subsequently became known as the Youth Pledge . The PNI grew rapidly, causing concern for
4380-525: The republic and the federal delegates, from 31 July until 2 August, Inter-Indonesian Conferences were in Yogyakarta between all component authorities of the future United States of Indonesia . The delegates agreed on the basic principles and outline for the Federal Constitution of 1949 . Following preliminary discussions sponsored by the UN Commission for Indonesia in Jakarta, it was decided
4453-563: The resource-rich eastern islands by the Imperial Japanese Navy . As the area controlled by the Navy was the source of essential supplies, including food, to the other areas, rear-admiral Tadashi Maeda was appointed to the liaison office of the naval attaché in Batavia to expedite deliveries and to ensure the maintenance of good relations with the Army. In April 1943, the Japanese established
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#17328560944534526-473: The soldiers' families in Japan. The remains included those of Lieutenant Nagatani, as well as a katana that belonged to him. Dutch%E2%80%93Indonesian Round Table Conference The Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference ( Dutch : Nederlands-Indonesische rondetafelconferentie ; Indonesian : Konferensi Meja Bundar ) was held in The Hague from 23 August to 2 November 1949, between representatives of
4599-412: The town of Bengkayang was occupied briefly by Indonesian nationalists. However, nationalist uprisings in West Kalimantan were largely suppressed and mostly stopped by 1948. The Dutch attempted to create an autonomous West Kalimantan state under the United States of Indonesia . Independence was recognized in 1949 and autonomous states were absorbed into the modern country of Indonesia, and many Dayaks joined
4672-521: The town of Meliau in Sanggau and his force were massacred on 24 June 1945. Nagatani was killed in action and beheaded. The town of Meliau remained under Dayak control until 17 July 1945, when another Japanese force advanced on the town. Pang Suma ordered some of his men to defend the town together with four other chief elders. The Japanese won the battle, and Pang Suma was killed and Pang Linggan mortally wounded in it. The town would remain under Japanese control until 31 August 1945. After receiving news of
4745-474: The two men still refused to make such a proclamation without assurances from the Japanese. Later that morning, Maeda learned that Sukarno and Hatta had disappeared. An Army investigation led to Wikana, who was pressured to return the two men to Jakarta. Following a guarantee of safety and cooperation from Maeda, as well as the use of his house for discussions, Subardjo went to Rengasdengklok and brought Sukarno and Hatta back to Jakarta. They obtained an assurance from
4818-424: The whole of the East Indies, not just Java. Two days later, Sukarno, Hatta and Rajiman Wediodiningrat were flown by the Japanese to Dalat , near Saigon , to meet with Field Marshall Hisaichi Terauchi , the Japanese commander of the Southern Expeditionary Army Group , who promised independence for the territory of the former Dutch East Indies and formally appointed Sukarno and Hatta as chairman and vice-chairman of
4891-410: The withdrawal of Dutch troops "within the shortest possible time," and for the United States of Indonesia to grant most favoured nation status to the Netherlands. In addition, there would be no discrimination against Dutch nationals or companies and the republic agreed to take over trade agreements negotiated by the Dutch East Indies . However the two major areas of disagreement were over the debts of
4964-399: Was established by younger Marxists including Amir Sjarifuddin , another future prime minister, to campaign for the formation of an Indonesian parliament in cooperation with the Dutch, which was the same aim of the Indonesian Political Federation (GAPI), formed two years later from a merger of almost all the nationalist organizations. However, the outbreak of the Second World War resulted in
5037-412: Was for the proclamation to be read in public before a crowd at the square in the center of Jakarta, now Merdeka Square . However, the Japanese authorities, fearing disorder, deployed soldiers to the area, and as a result, the proclamation was made at Sukarno's house at 56 Jalan Pegangsaan Timur at 10 AM Japan Standard Time , which was in use during the occupation. The ceremony was very simple. Firstly,
5110-424: Was initially thought to be liberation from European rule). In the initial phase of Japanese occupation, several Japanese companies entered the region to gain natural resources in order to support the Japanese war effort in the Pacific. Occupying Japanese forced locals to work for free for these companies, mainly in coal mining and timber production. After that, a Japanese foreman working in a company wanted to marry
5183-424: Was much more in favor of such participation than the 25th Army or the Navy in other parts of the archipelago. A Central Advisory Council was established, again headed by Sukarno, and more Indonesians were appointed as advisors to the Japanese. In October 1943, the Japanese formed the Defenders of the Homeland (PETA) volunteer army intended to help fight off an allied invasion of the East Indies, and also established
5256-568: Was officially closed in the Dutch parliament building on 2 November. The Dutch parliament debated the agreement, and the upper and lower houses ratified it on 21 December 1949 by the two-thirds majority needed. Despite criticism in particular of the Indonesian assumption of Dutch government debt and the unresolved status of Western New Guinea, the Indonesian legislature, the Central Indonesian National Committee , ratified
5329-408: Was promised to be completed in 1950, voiding the Round Table Agreement, according to the Indonesian side. In response, Indonesia nationalized Dutch companies and assets, and stopped paying the above-mentioned debt. By around 1956, the remaining (not-recognized) debt of Indonesia was around ƒ 600 million. This means that in the period of 1950-1956 ƒ 3.8 billion had already been paid. After
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