39-505: The Dayak ( / ˈ d aɪ . ə k / ; older spelling : Dajak ) or Dyak or Dayuh are one of the native groups of Borneo . It is a loose term for over 200 riverine and hill-dwelling ethnic groups, located principally in the central and southern interior of Borneo , each with its own dialect, customs, laws, territory, and culture, although common distinguishing traits are readily identifiable. The Dayak were animist ( Kaharingan and Folk Hindus) in belief; however, since
78-448: A major cultural influence. Some of the beads only being used for ritualistic practices and are worn during such ceremonies. While heirloom beads (known as pesaka) are regarded as an important family heirloom and oftentimes being inherited from one generation to another. Metalworking is elaborately developed in making mandaus (machetes – parang in Malay and Indonesian). The blade
117-580: A noble ( kamang ) dies. Due to the institutionalization of Kaharingan beliefs in Indonesia, Kaharingan practices in Kalimantan have been recently codified and remolded into more organized religion, such as with codification of Panaturan as scripture of Kaharingan in 1971, creation of official Kaharingan body Hindu Kaharingan Religion Council ( Majelis Agama Hindu Kaharingan ) in 1980, and standarization of its house of worship buildings called Balai Basarah . Over
156-512: A peace resolution. In the meeting that is reputed to take several months, the Dayak people throughout the Kalimantan agreed to end the headhunting tradition as it believed the tradition caused conflict and tension between various Dayak groups. The meeting ended with a peace resolution by the Dayak people. Subsequently, the headhunting began to surface again in the mid-1940s, when the Allied powers encouraged
195-407: Is made of softer iron, to prevent breakage, with a narrow strip of a harder iron wedged into a slot in the cutting edge for sharpness in a process called ngamboh (iron-smithing). In headhunting, it was necessary to be able to draw the parang quickly. For this purpose, the mandau is fairly short, which also better serves the purpose of trail cutting in dense forests. It is holstered with
234-724: Is not due to the similarities in the theological system, but because Kaharingan is the oldest belief in Kalimantan. Unlike the development in Indonesian Kalimantan, Kaharingan is not used as a religious designation in Malaysia, Brunei and Singapore, thus the traditional Dayak belief system is categorized as a form of folk animism or paganism outside of the Indonesian border. The practice of Kaharingan differs from group to group, but shamans, specialists in ecstatic flight to other spheres, are central to Dayak religion and serve to bring together
273-638: The Dayak peoples (hence also referred as Dayak Ot Danum ) dwelling at the upper reaches of south Kapuas River , and along the Schwaner range, bordering West Kalimantan and Central Kalimantan , Indonesia . They are the most important group of the upper Melawi River and culturally and linguistically the most distinct from the Malay people . Besides, the Malay people , the Ot Danum people are also linguistically distinct from
312-509: The Ngaju people who live along the middle reaches of Central Kalimantan 's great rivers and who are numerically and linguistically the dominant Dayak people group in the area. Just like most Dayak people group, majority of the Ot Danum people also practice Kaharingan religion. The word Ot means people or upstream, while the word Danum means water. Therefore, the name Ot Danum means "water people" or "upriver people" or "people who live at
351-493: The Ngaju people . They have adopted a positive attitude towards the label "Dayak" and self-identify as Muslim Dayaks . Historically, most of the Dayak people are swidden cultivators who supplement their incomes by seeking forest products, both for subsistence (ferns, medicinal plants, fibers, and timber) and for sale; by fishing and hunting and by periodic wage labor. Presently, many modern-day Dayaks are also actively engaged in many contemporary economic activities, especially in
390-739: The Royal Scots or the Gurkha soldiers. The Sarawak Rangers were absorbed into the British Army as the Far East Land Forces which could be deployed anywhere in the world but upon the formation of Malaysia in 1963, it formed the basis of the present-day Royal Ranger Regiment . While in Indonesia, Tjilik Riwut was remembered as he led the first airborne operation by the Indonesian National Armed Forces on 17 October 1947. The team
429-515: The urban areas of Borneo. In the Indonesian archipelago , toplessness was the norm among the Dayak people, Javanese , and Balinese people of Indonesia before the introduction of Islam and contact with Western cultures. In Javanese and Balinese societies, women worked or rested comfortably topless. Among the Dayak, only big-breasted women or married women with sagging breasts covered their breasts because they interfered with their work. With
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#1732837735901468-466: The 19th century there has been mass conversion to Christianity as well as Islam due to the spreading of Abrahamic religions. It is commonly assumed that the name originates from the Bruneian and Melanau word for "interior people", without any reference to an exact ethnic group. The term was adopted by Dutch and German authors as an umbrella term for any non-Muslim natives of Borneo. Thus, historically,
507-456: The 8th century and that Candi Agung, one of the archeological sites where Nan Sarunai's age was derived, was not built by Nan Sarunai according to Hikayat Banjar and was instead built by the polity established by the invader, ( Negara Dipa ) in the 14th century. If the radiocarbon results are correct, the ownership of the older site of which Candi Agung was built by Nan Sarunai is also debatable as they did not leave written records. In Indonesia,
546-805: The Dayak indigenous religion has been given the name Kaharingan and may be said to be a form of animism . In 1945, during the Japanese occupation , the Japanese referred to Kaharingan as the religion of the Dayak people. During the New Order in the Suharto regime in 1980, the Kaharingan is registered as a form of Hinduism in Indonesia , as the Indonesian state only recognises 6 forms of religion i.e. Islam, Protestantism, Roman Catholicism, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Confucianism respectively. The integration of Kaharingan with Hinduism
585-757: The Dayaks were feared for their ancient tradition of headhunting practices (the ritual is also known as Ngayau by the Dayaks). Among the most prominent legacies during the colonial rule in the Dutch Borneo (present-day Kalimantan) is the Tumbang Anoi Agreement held in 1894 in Damang Batu, Central Kalimantan (the seat of the Kahayan Dayaks ). It is a formal meeting that gathered all the Dayak tribes in Kalimantan for
624-587: The Muslim faith is equated with Malayisation (Indonesian/Malay: masuk Melayu ), i.e. assimilation into the broader Malay ethnicity . There are, however, several Dayak sub-ethnicities (mainly in Central Kalimantan ) that predominantly adhere to Islam, but self-identify as Dayaks. These include e.g. the Bakumpai people , who converted to Islam in the 19th century, but still have strong linguistic and cultural ties to
663-555: The Van Ophuijsen system greatly aided Dutch speakers in pronouncing the Indonesian language, its complete reliance on Dutch orthography, which is rich in digraphs and trigraphs, often resulted in unwieldy spellings of Indonesian words. For example: The perceived shortcomings of the Van Ophuijsen system led to the development of a partially revised orthography called the Republican Spelling System in 1947, and eventually to
702-597: The adoption of the Enhanced Indonesian Spelling System in 1972. Van Ophuijsen spellings continue to be frequently used in Indonesian names like Soerjadjaja ( Suryajaya , also written in a mixed spelling as Soeryadjaya ). Since spelling of Indonesian names are fluid, usage can also be inconsistent: for example, Sukarno wrote his own name with a u , but signed it as Soekarno . Ot Danum people Ot Danum (also known as Dohoi , Malahoi , Uud Danum or Uut Danum ) people are an ethnicity of
741-428: The ancient bead cultures of Borneo with the introduction of colourful glass beads . These early beads are usually small, in basic colours of red, yellow, white, turquoise, and black. These were followed by multicolored beads around the 1500s-1600s. Traditional beadworks have occupied a pivotal status in various Dayak communities. In many Dayak cultures, beads are not solely regarded as ornamental objects, but they are
780-435: The availability of shirts, toplessness was abandoned. In many Dayak societies, a tattoo is regarded as a sacred creation that consolidates together the images of humans, flora, and fauna into a single body art. The tattoo is used as a spiritual expression of life, to unify the living, the spiritual powers, and the universe. Traditionally, there are various reasons why a Dayak man or woman would choose body art. For some, it
819-408: The cutting edge facing upwards and at that side, there is an upward protrusion on the handle, so it can be drawn very quickly with the side of the hand without having to reach over and grasp the handle first. The hand can then grasp the handle while it is being drawn. The combination of these three factors (short, cutting edge up, and protrusion) makes for an extremely fast drawing-action. In the past,
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#1732837735901858-596: The difference between Dayaks and non-Dayaks natives could be understood as a religious distinction. English writers disapproved the classification made by the Dutch and Germans, with James Brooke preferring to use the term Dayak for only two distinct groups, the Land (Bidayuh) and Sea Dayaks (Iban). The Dutch classification from the 19th century has since continued in Indonesia as a catch-all term for indigenous, often non-Muslim tribes on
897-501: The high biodiversity and related traditional knowledge of Borneo. It is estimated that around 170 languages and dialects are spoken on the island and some by just a few hundred people, thus posing a serious risk to the future of those languages and related heritage. In 1954, Tjilik Riwut classified the various Dayak groups into 18 tribes throughout the island of Borneo, with 403 sub-tribes according to their respective native languages, customs, and cultures. However, he did not specify
936-417: The initial stage, her ears will be pierced by an earring, so that the hisang (a special heavy silver or bronze earring) can be worn on her ears. A new hisang will gradually added with age. After a woman is married, her hisang potentially be up to 20 pieces per-ear. As the hisang was sourced from precious and expansive metals like silver and bronze, it can signify her status , wealth, and social standing within
975-423: The island until today. The term gained traction in the early 1900s among rising middle class and intellectual figures (such as Hausman Baboe ) from those tribes and being used as a unifying term for Dayaks in Kalimantan. In Malaysia , the term Dayak generally reserves as an almost exclusively reference to the natives of Sarawak , namely Iban (previously referred as Sea Dayaks) and Bidayuh (known as Land Dayak in
1014-682: The last two centuries, many Dayaks have converted to Christianity, making them the majority of Christians in Borneo, abandoning certain cultural rites and traditional practices in the process. Christianity was introduced by European missionaries in Borneo by Rheinische Missionsgesellschaft (later followed up by the Basler Mission ). Religious differences between Muslim and Christian natives of Borneo have led, at various times, to communal tensions. Relations, however between all religious groups are generally good. Traditionally, in many parts of Borneo, embracing
1053-467: The name of the sub-tribes in his publication: Ngaju Ma'anyan Lawangan Dusun 53 8 21 8 Kenyah Kayan Bahau 24 10 26 Iban 11 Klemantan Ketungau 47 40 Basap Punan Ot 20 24 5 Idaan / Dusun Murut Tidung 6 10 28 Ot Danum 61 Religion of Dayak People in Indonesia The existence of this kingdom
1092-563: The past). Dayaks do not speak just one language. Their indigenous languages belong to different subgroups of the Malayo-Polynesian languages , such as Land Dayak , Malayic , Sabahan , and Barito languages. Nowadays most Dayaks are bilingual, in addition to their native language, are well-versed in Indonesian and Malay , depending on their country of origin. Many of Borneo's languages are endemic (which means they are spoken nowhere else). This cultural and linguistic diversity parallels
1131-412: The people residing in the longhouse are governed by the customs and traditions of the longhouse. Based on the archeological records in Borneo, it was discovered that the early inhabitants of the island had used organic materials to make simple beads . The beads were originally sourced from stones, bones, teeth, and shells. When the foreign traders arrived between the 8th-9th century, they further enhanced
1170-577: The practice against the Japanese occupation of Borneo. It also slightly surged in the late 1960s when the Indonesian government encouraged Dayaks to purge the Chinese from interior Kalimantan who were suspected of supporting communism in mainland China, and in a period of high tension between Madurese emigrants and Dayak during the Sambas and Sampit conflicts around the turn of the century. The Dayak soldiers or trackers are regarded as equivalent in bravery to
1209-427: The societal architectural expression. This large building, sometimes exceeding 200 meters in length, may be divided into independent household apartments. The building is also equipped with communal areas for cooking, ceremonies, socializing, and blacksmithing. The superstructure is not solely about architecture and design. It is a part of the Dayak traditional political entity and administrative system. Thus, culturally
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1248-465: The society. Thus, the longer her earlobes, the more important she is to the community. Presently, the practice of having stretched earlobes is almost limited to the elderly, as the practice of applying hisang amongst newborn babies has been rare since the 1960s. In the traditional Dayak society, the long house or Lamin House , is regarded as the heart of the community, it functions as the village, as well as
1287-476: The various realms of Heaven (Upper-world) and earth, and even Under-world, for example healing the sick by retrieving their souls which are journeying on their way to the Upper-world land of the dead, accompanying and protecting the soul of a dead person on the way to their proper place in the Upper-world, presiding over annual renewal and agricultural regeneration festivals, etc. Death rituals are most elaborate when
1326-499: Was a former inspector in a school at Bukittinggi , West Sumatra in the 1890s, before he became a professor of the Malay language at Leiden University in the Netherlands. Together with two native assistants, Engku Nawawi and Mohammed Taib Sultan Ibrahim, he published the new orthography on Kitab Logat Malajoe: Woordenlijst voor Spelling der Maleische Taal in 1901, and published a second book, Maleische Spraakkunst , in 1910. The latter
1365-494: Was based on several carved tombstones and the Dayak folk song Usak Jawa which is thought to refer to the Majapahit conquest of Nan Sarunai in the 13th to 14th centuries. It was suspected by archeologists from radiocarbon dating to exist since as early as 200 BC, several centuries earlier than the verified oldest kingdom in the archipelago, Kutai Kingdom. This is however disputed by historians, citing another result which yields date in
1404-577: Was in force, the Malay language (and consequently Indonesian) in the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia ) did not have a standardized spelling, or was written in the Jawi script . In 1947, the Van Ophuijsen Spelling System was replaced by the Republican Spelling System . Prof. Charles Adriaan van Ophuijsen [ nl ; id ] , who devised the orthography, was a Dutch linguist. He
1443-528: Was known as MN 1001, with 17 October celebrated annually as the anniversary date for the Indonesian Air Force Paskhas , which traces its origins to that pioneer paratroop operation in Borneo. Van Ophuijsen Spelling System The Van Ophuijsen Spelling System was the Romanized standard orthography for the Indonesian language from 1901 to 1947. Before the Van Ophuijsen Spelling System
1482-579: Was translated by T.W. Kamil into Tata Bahasa Melayu in 1983 and became the primary guide for the spelling and usage of the Malay language in Indonesia. The Van Ophuijsen system was modelled extensively on Dutch orthography , ostensibly to make pronunciation of Malay and Indonesian words more easily understandable to Dutch colonial authorities. Thus, the system used the Dutch variant of the Latin script , reflecting contemporaneous Dutch phonology . Some noticeable characteristics of this spelling system were: While
1521-418: Was used to mark a person's ethnic origin and rank the society. For others, the tattoo served as an act of devotion, as a demonstration of skills, to commemorate a special occasion in life, or as a symbol for the rite of passage . Amongst several Dayak groups in the past, long female earlobes are regarded as a symbol of beauty. The elongation process usually begins when the child is about 4 years old. During
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