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121-528: The forerunner of Mempawah is closely related to the history of several predecessor kingdoms, including the Bangkule Sultankng Kingdom and the Sidiniang Kingdom. The Bangkule Sultankng Kingdom is a Dayak kingdom founded by Ne'Rumaga in a place called Bahana. The Dayak kingdom led by Patih Gumantar is an independent kingdom that has existed since around 1380. Because the center of this kingdom

242-573: A 13-year war then ensued between Johor and the Jambi beginning in 1666. The war was disastrous for Johor as its capital, Batu Sawar, was sacked by Jambi in 1673. Abdul Jalil Shah III escaped to Pahang and died four years later. His successor, Sultan Ibrahim Shah (1677–1685), then engaged the help of the Bugis in the war with Jambi. Johor won the war in 1679, but in a weakened position as the Bugis refused to go home, and

363-634: A Dutch possession until the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 was signed. With the fall of Portuguese Malacca in 1641 and the decline of Aceh due to the growing power of the Dutch, Johor started to re-establish itself as a power along the Strait of Malacca during the reign of Sultan Abdul Jalil Shah III (1623–1677). Its influence extended to Pahang, Sungei Ujong , Malacca, Klang and the Riau Archipelago . During

484-449: A major cultural influence. Some of the beads only being used for ritualistic practices and are worn during such ceremonies. While heirloom beads (known as pesaka) are regarded as an important family heirloom and oftentimes being inherited from one generation to another. Metalworking is elaborately developed in making mandaus (machetes – parang in Malay and Indonesian). The blade

605-639: A new king to replace Panembahan Adiwijaya, received support from the Dayak people and the Singkawang Sultanate. However, because the Pontianak Sultanate was fully supported by the Dutch , Mempawah was defeated in the war. Subsequently, the Dutch appointed Syarif Kasim Alkadrie as the ruler of Mempawah with the title Panembahan Mempawah . His father, Sultan Syarif Abdurrahman Alkadrie , did not approve of

726-585: A noble ( kamang ) dies. Due to the institutionalization of Kaharingan beliefs in Indonesia, Kaharingan practices in Kalimantan have been recently codified and remolded into more organized religion, such as with codification of Panaturan as scripture of Kaharingan in 1971, creation of official Kaharingan body Hindu Kaharingan Religion Council ( Majelis Agama Hindu Kaharingan ) in 1980, and standarization of its house of worship buildings called Balai Basarah . Over

847-513: A peace resolution. In the meeting that is reputed to take several months, the Dayak people throughout the Kalimantan agreed to end the headhunting tradition as it believed the tradition caused conflict and tension between various Dayak groups. The meeting ended with a peace resolution by the Dayak people. Subsequently, the headhunting began to surface again in the mid-1940s, when the Allied powers encouraged

968-475: A series of shifting capitals as it navigated conflict and the changing political landscape. From around the 1530s, Sayong Pinang served as an early center of power until 1536, when the capital was moved to Johor Lama until 1564 when it was sacked by Aceh forces, forcing the capital to move to Bukit Seluyut (along the Johor River ) from 1564 to 1570. The capital returned to Johor Lama from 1570 until 1587 when it

1089-674: A sultanate of its own right, Johor had been part of the Malaccan Sultanate before the Portuguese captured its capital in 1511 . At its height, the sultanate controlled territory in what is now modern-day Johor , Pahang , Terengganu , territories stretching from the rivers of Klang to the Linggi and Tanjung Tuan , situated respectively in Selangor , Negeri Sembilan and Malacca (as an exclave), Singapore , Pulau Tinggi and other islands off

1210-566: A treaty with Bendahara Tun Mutahir of Pahang in 1861. The treaty recognised the territories of Johor (mainland), the Temenggong and his descendants' right to rule it, mutual protection and mutual recognitions of Pahang and Johor. With the signing of this treaty, the remnants of the empire became two independent states, Johor and Pahang. The Johor Sultanate continued the system of administration previously practised in Malacca. The highest authority lay in

1331-863: A unifying term for Dayaks in Kalimantan. In Malaysia , the term Dayak generally reserves as an almost exclusively reference to the natives of Sarawak , namely Iban (previously referred as Sea Dayaks) and Bidayuh (known as Land Dayak in the past). Dayaks do not speak just one language. Their indigenous languages belong to different subgroups of the Malayo-Polynesian languages , such as Land Dayak , Malayic , Sabahan , and Barito languages. Nowadays most Dayaks are bilingual, in addition to their native language, are well-versed in Indonesian and Malay , depending on their country of origin. Many of Borneo's languages are endemic (which means they are spoken nowhere else). This cultural and linguistic diversity parallels

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1452-502: A yearly stipend from the British. In return, Tengku Hussein would allow Raffles to establish a trading post in Singapore. This treaty was ratified on 6 February 1819. The British asked Bendehara Ali to recognise Tengku Hussein as a ruler. However, Bendehara Ali claimed that he had no connection to the events in Singapore, as it is the Temenggong's fief and stated that his loyalty lies only with

1573-586: Is in the Sidiniang Mountains, it was known as the Sidiniang Kingdom. It is said that Patih Gumantar had an agreement with Gajah Mada from the Majapahit Empire to unite the countries in the archipelago under the control of the Majapahit Empire . Patih Gumantar and Gajah Mada are said to have traveled together to Muang Thai to resist the attack of Kublai Khan of the Mongol Empire . Evidence of

1694-407: Is made of softer iron, to prevent breakage, with a narrow strip of a harder iron wedged into a slot in the cutting edge for sharpness in a process called ngamboh (iron-smithing). In headhunting, it was necessary to be able to draw the parang quickly. For this purpose, the mandau is fairly short, which also better serves the purpose of trail cutting in dense forests. It is holstered with

1815-725: Is not due to the similarities in the theological system, but because Kaharingan is the oldest belief in Kalimantan. Unlike the development in Indonesian Kalimantan, Kaharingan is not used as a religious designation in Malaysia, Brunei and Singapore, thus the traditional Dayak belief system is categorized as a form of folk animism or paganism outside of the Indonesian border. The practice of Kaharingan differs from group to group, but shamans, specialists in ecstatic flight to other spheres, are central to Dayak religion and serve to bring together

1936-601: The Dutch appointed Syarif Kasim Alkadrie as ruler of the Pontianak Sultanate with the title Sultan Syarif Kasim Alkadrie . After Syarif Kasim Alkadrie became the Sultan of Pontianak, his position in Mempawah was replaced by his brother, Syarif Husein Alkadrie. However, Syarif Husein Alkadrie's power did not last long because the Dutch power in Mempawah began to falter due to the resistance led by two sons of Panembahan Adiwijaya, namely

2057-399: The Dutch took advantage of this opportunity by appointing Sultan Muhammad Zainal Abidin's younger brother, Gusti Amin, as the Sultan of Mempawah with the title Panembahan Adinata Krama Umar Kamaruddin . In 1831, Mempawah weakened due to Dutch intervention. Since then, every succession of Mempawah has become a political game orchestrated by the Dutch . In addition, Mempawah had to comply with

2178-650: The Indian Subcontinent and Arabia were housed in special religious hostels, while devotees of Sufism could seek initiation into one of the many Tariqah (Sufi Brotherhood) which flourished in Riau. The last sultan from the Malaccan dynasty, Sultan Mahmud II , was a person of unstable disposition. When Tun Habib was the Bendahara , he effectively shielded the people from Mahmud II's eccentricities. After Tun Habib's death he

2299-679: The Johor Sultanate . Thanks to Opu Daeng Menambun, disputes in the Matan Sultanate could soon be resolved peacefully. For the services of Opu Daeng Menambun, Sultan Muhammad Zainuddin was pleased to bestow Opu Daeng Menambun with the honorary title of Pangeran Mas Surya Negara . Opu Daeng Menambun decided to stay in the Matan Sultanate with his wife, and they had several children together named Putri Candramidi, Gusti Jamiril, Syarif Ahmad, Syarif Abubakar, Syarif Alwi, and Syarif Muhammad. In 1724, Sultan Muhammad Zainuddin passed away. His successor

2420-498: The Malayan Peninsula . The five children of Opu Tendriburang Daeng Rilaga were Opu Daeng Menambun, Opu Daeng Parani , Opu Daeng Celak, Opu Daeng Marewah, and Opu Daeng Kemasi. Their arrival to the Malayan Peninsula became one of the migration stages of the Bugis people that occurred in the 17th century. Opu Tendriburang Daeng Rilaga and his five sons played an important role in the Malayan Peninsula and Borneo , especially in

2541-557: The Minangkabau . Both the Bugis and the Minangkabau realised that the death of Sultan Mahmud II had provided them with the chance to exert power in Johor. The Minangkabau introduced a Minangkabau prince, Raja Kecil from Siak who claimed he was the posthumous son of Sultan Mahmud II. The prince met with the Bugis and promised the Bugis wealth and political power if they helped the prince to win

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2662-537: The Minangkabaus of Sumatra had started to assert their influence. After the sacking of Batu Sawar in 1673, the capital of Johor was frequently moved to avoid the threat of attack from Jambi. All through its history, the rulers of Johor had constantly shifted their centre of power many times in their efforts to keep the sultanate together. Johor Lama (Kota Batu) was initially founded by Alauddin Riayat Shah II but

2783-542: The Ngaju people . They have adopted a positive attitude towards the label "Dayak" and self-identify as Muslim Dayaks . Historically, most of the Dayak people are swidden cultivators who supplement their incomes by seeking forest products, both for subsistence (ferns, medicinal plants, fibers, and timber) and for sale; by fishing and hunting and by periodic wage labor. Presently, many modern-day Dayaks are also actively engaged in many contemporary economic activities, especially in

2904-474: The Pontianak Sultanate . In 1761, Opu Daeng Menambun died and was buried in Bukit Rama. The next successor of Mempawah was the son of Opu Daeng Menambun, namely Gusti Jamiril who had the title Panembahan Adiwijaya Kusumajaya . Under the leadership of Panembahan Adiwijaya, Mempawah's territory expanded and became known as a bustling trading port. Not long after the Dutch landed in Mempawah in about 1787, there

3025-455: The Riau Islands , back into Singapore. According to a correspondence between Tengku Hussain and his brother, he left for Singapore out of his concern of his son's safety. There he was captured by Raffles and forced to make a deal. Their agreement stated that the British would acknowledge Tengku Hussein as the "legitimate ruler" of "Johor", and thus Tengku Hussein and the Temenggong would receive

3146-740: The Royal Scots or the Gurkha soldiers. The Sarawak Rangers were absorbed into the British Army as the Far East Land Forces which could be deployed anywhere in the world but upon the formation of Malaysia in 1963, it formed the basis of the present-day Royal Ranger Regiment . While in Indonesia, Tjilik Riwut was remembered as he led the first airborne operation by the Indonesian National Armed Forces on 17 October 1947. The team

3267-423: The central and southern interior of Borneo , each with its own dialect, customs, laws, territory, and culture, although common distinguishing traits are readily identifiable. The Dayak were animist ( Kaharingan and Folk Hindus) in belief; however, since the 19th century there has been mass conversion to Christianity as well as Islam due to the spreading of Abrahamic religions. It is commonly assumed that

3388-464: The urban areas of Borneo. In the Indonesian archipelago , toplessness was the norm among the Dayak people, Javanese , and Balinese people of Indonesia before the introduction of Islam and contact with Western cultures. In Javanese and Balinese societies, women worked or rested comfortably topless. Among the Dayak, only big-breasted women or married women with sagging breasts covered their breasts because they interfered with their work. With

3509-457: The 8th century and that Candi Agung, one of the archeological sites where Nan Sarunai's age was derived, was not built by Nan Sarunai according to Hikayat Banjar and was instead built by the polity established by the invader, ( Negara Dipa ) in the 14th century. If the radiocarbon results are correct, the ownership of the older site of which Candi Agung was built by Nan Sarunai is also debatable as they did not leave written records. In Indonesia,

3630-554: The Bendahara Ali. After waiting since 1835 for the 'appointment' as sultan, in 1852 Tengku Ali decided to return Johor to the former Johor-Riau Empire by paying homage to Sultan Mahmud Muzaffar in Lingga. For three years Johor's empire existed once again, except Singapore which was ceded to the British. Worried by the state of affairs, the British called Tengku Ali back to Singapore on the threat of cancelling his pension. In Singapore, he

3751-805: The Dayak indigenous religion has been given the name Kaharingan and may be said to be a form of animism . In 1945, during the Japanese occupation , the Japanese referred to Kaharingan as the religion of the Dayak people. During the New Order in the Suharto regime in 1980, the Kaharingan is registered as a form of Hinduism in Indonesia , as the Indonesian state only recognises 6 forms of religion i.e. Islam, Protestantism, Roman Catholicism, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Confucianism respectively. The integration of Kaharingan with Hinduism

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3872-757: The Dayaks were feared for their ancient tradition of headhunting practices (the ritual is also known as Ngayau by the Dayaks). Among the most prominent legacies during the colonial rule in the Dutch Borneo (present-day Kalimantan) is the Tumbang Anoi Agreement held in 1894 in Damang Batu, Central Kalimantan (the seat of the Kahayan Dayaks ). It is a formal meeting that gathered all the Dayak tribes in Kalimantan for

3993-574: The Dutch and Germans, with James Brooke preferring to use the term Dayak for only two distinct groups, the Land (Bidayuh) and Sea Dayaks (Iban). The Dutch classification from the 19th century has since continued in Indonesia as a catch-all term for indigenous, often non-Muslim tribes on the island until today. The term gained traction in the early 1900s among rising middle class and intellectual figures (such as Hausman Baboe ) from those tribes and being used as

4114-706: The Dutch and the English and split the Sultanate of Johor into modern Johor and the Riau-Lingga Sultanate . The treaty was signed secretly without the knowledge of the local nobility including the sultan and thus its legitimacy was called into question. Nevertheless, the British successfully sidelined Dutch political influence by proclaiming Hussein as the Sultan of Johor and Singapore to acquire legal recognition in their sphere of influence in Singapore and Peninsular Malaysia . The legitimacy of Sultan Hussein's proclamation as

4235-598: The Dutch government among others. The Johor Empire was split into two parts with Sulaiman Badrul Shah giving up the sovereignty of his part to the Dutch. This also marked the end of the original Johor-Riau Sultanate, that descended from the Malacca Sultanate . This division remains today with Pahang and Johor in Malaysia and what was the Riau-Lingga Sultanate in Indonesia . Temenggong Daeng Ibrahim of Johore signed

4356-488: The Dutch-influenced Yam Tuan Muda of Riau and the Bugis nobility. It erupted into an open dispute between Sultan Mahmud Muzaffar and the Bugis nobility over the appointment of new Yam Tuan Muda of Riau. The Bugis' preferred candidate was also the Dutch choice. The sultan resented having another foreign-backed Yam Tuan Muda of Riau. It resulted in a deadlock and the sultan set sail to Singapore to calm down. It

4477-587: The Muslim faith is equated with Malayisation (Indonesian/Malay: masuk Melayu ), i.e. assimilation into the broader Malay ethnicity . There are, however, several Dayak sub-ethnicities (mainly in Central Kalimantan ) that predominantly adhere to Islam, but self-identify as Dayaks. These include e.g. the Bakumpai people , who converted to Islam in the 19th century, but still have strong linguistic and cultural ties to

4598-534: The Portuguese and Johor frequently in conflict, Aceh launched multiple raids against both sides to tighten its grip over the strait. The rise and expansion of Aceh encouraged the Portuguese and Johor to sign a truce and divert their attention to Aceh. The truce, however, was short-lived and with Aceh severely weakened, Johor and the Portuguese had each other in their sights again. During the reign of Sultan Iskandar Muda , Aceh attacked Johor in 1613 and again in 1615. In

4719-457: The Portuguese severe hardship which helped to convince the Portuguese to destroy the exiled sultan's forces. A number of attempts were made to suppress the Malay but it was not until 1526 that the Portuguese razed Bintan to the ground. The sultan then retreated to Kampar in Sumatra and died two years later. He left behind two sons, Muzaffar Shah and Alauddin Riayat Shah II . The Johor Sultanate

4840-466: The Portuguese. By the time the fortress at Malacca surrendered, the town's population had already been greatly decimated by famine and disease (the plague). As per the agreement of May 1606, the Dutch took control of Malacca and agreed not to seek territories or wage war against Johor. Malacca then became a territory under the control of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and formally remained

4961-732: The Portuguese. He consistently worked together with his brother in Perak and the Sultan of Pahang to retake Malacca, which by this time was protected by the fort A Famosa . Around the same time, the Aceh Sultanate in northern Sumatra was beginning to gain substantial influence over the Strait of Malacca . With the fall of Malacca to Christian forces, Muslim traders often skipped Malacca in favour of Aceh or to Johor's capital Johor Lama (Kota Batu). Therefore, Malacca and Aceh became direct competitors. With

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5082-713: The Riau Islands and its dependencies. By 1836, Newbold writes that "Johor" occupies the territories of Muar , Batu Pahat , Pontian , Sedili and Johor Lama . Also in the early 19th century, the Tuhfat al-Nafis and the Hikayat Negeri Johor also includes Riau as part of the territory of Johor. The administrative centre of the empire was at various times at Sayong Pinang, Kota Kara, Seluyut, Johor Lama, Batu Sawar, Kota Tinggi and Pahang. All on mainland Johor, Pahang and later at Riau and Lingga. The Johor Sultanate established

5203-595: The Sultan Mahmud Muzaffar about the 1855 treaty. In his reply, the Bendahara reiterated that the Temenggong was supposed to swear fealty to his majesty and on the behaviour of Tengku Ali, the Bendehara claimed ignorance. He also reiterated that he was not a party to any discussion with the British or Dutch. The Dutch were also very worried. It seemed that the sultan was acting on his own and would not listen to any of

5324-408: The Sultan of Johor in Lingga. The Dutch were extremely displeased with Raffles' action. Tensions between the Dutch and British over Singapore persisted until 1824, when they signed the Anglo-Dutch Treaty . Under the terms of that treaty, the Dutch officially withdrew their opposition to the British presence in Singapore. Many historians contend that the treaty divided the spheres of influence between

5445-545: The Temenggong. The rest of the empire were directly controlled by the sultan. The sultan resided in Lingga. All the Orang Kayas except Raja Temenggong Muar reported directly to the sultan; Raja Temenggong Muar was a suzerain recognised by the sultan. As the Johor Sultanate replaced the Malacca Sultanate , it covered most of Malacca's former territory including the southern Malay Peninsula, parts of south-eastern Sumatra and

5566-478: The administration of their individual areas based on the level of authority bestowed upon them by the Sultan of Johor. The Johor's empire was decentralised. It was made of four main fiefs and the sultan's territory. The fiefs were Muar and its territories under the Raja Temenggong of Muar; Pahang under the stewardship of the Bendahara; Riau under the control of Yamtuan Muda and mainland Johor and Singapore under

5687-429: The ancient bead cultures of Borneo with the introduction of colourful glass beads . These early beads are usually small, in basic colours of red, yellow, white, turquoise, and black. These were followed by multicolored beads around the 1500s-1600s. Traditional beadworks have occupied a pivotal status in various Dayak communities. In many Dayak cultures, beads are not solely regarded as ornamental objects, but they are

5808-457: The appointment because between Mempawah and the Pontianak Sultanate there were still close kinship ties. Sultan Syarif Abdurrahman Alkadrie 's wife, Utin Candramidi, is the daughter of Opu Daeng Menambun, the first ruler of Mempawah. The appointment of Syarif Kasim Alkadrie as Panembahan was enshrined in the agreement dated 27 August 1787. In 1808, Sultan Syarif Abdurrahman Alkadrie died and

5929-410: The army of the Pontianak Sultanate was prepared to attack immediately when Mempawah was off guard. The Dutch tactics worked. When the courtiers of Mempawah were lulled by the Dutch call for peace, the Pontianak Sultanate 's war fleet invaded Pulau Pedalaman. Evidence of this attack can still be seen in the former fortifications built on the right and left sides of the Mempawah Palace. As a result of

6050-438: The availability of shirts, toplessness was abandoned. In many Dayak societies, a tattoo is regarded as a sacred creation that consolidates together the images of humans, flora, and fauna into a single body art. The tattoo is used as a spiritual expression of life, to unify the living, the spiritual powers, and the universe. Traditionally, there are various reasons why a Dayak man or woman would choose body art. For some, it

6171-424: The central government from Pekana to Senggaok, an area upstream of the Mempawah River. Panembahan Senggaok married the daughter of Raja Kahar of the Batu Rizal Kingdom in Sumatra, named Putri Cermin, and they had a daughter named Putri Utin Indrawati. Putri Utin Indrawati was then married to Sultan Muhammad Zainuddin of the Tanjungpura Kingdom . From this marriage, they had a daughter named Putri Kesumba. Putri Kesumba

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6292-420: The centre for spices. Items found in China such as cloth and opium were traded with locally sourced ocean and forest products, tin, pepper and locally grown gambier . Duties were low, and cargo could be discharged or stored easily. Traders found they did not need to extend credit, as the business was good. Like Malacca before it, Riau was also a centre of Islamic studies and teaching. Many orthodox scholars from

6413-414: The crown prince, Gusti Jati, and his brother, Gusti Mas. When the Dutch were finally expelled from Mempawah, Gusti Jati was crowned the Sultan of Mempawah. The Dutch then retreated to the Pontianak Sultanate under the protection of Sultan Syarif Kasim Alkadrie . Gusti Jati was crowned the leader of Mempawah around 1820 with the title Sultan Muhammad Zainal Abidin . Gusti Mas helps his brother develop

6534-454: The customary holder of the Mempawah. Because they have joined and become part of the Republic of Indonesia , the leadership of Gusti Jimmi Muhammad Ibrahim, who holds the title of Panembahan XII of Mempawah, no longer has political authority. On 12 August 2002, due to an incurable illness, Panembahan Gusti Jimmi Muhammad Ibrahim handed over the power of the Mempawah Sultanate to his son, Pangeran Ratu Mulawangsa Mardan Adijaya Kesuma Ibrahim, who

6655-408: The cutting edge facing upwards and at that side, there is an upward protrusion on the handle, so it can be drawn very quickly with the side of the hand without having to reach over and grasp the handle first. The hand can then grasp the handle while it is being drawn. The combination of these three factors (short, cutting edge up, and protrusion) makes for an extremely fast drawing-action. In the past,

6776-407: The dispute between Mempawah and the Pontianak Sultanate grew worse because the Dutch succeeded in persuading Syarif Kasim Alkadrie to expand the Kadriyah Palace to the upper reaches of the river close to the borders of Mempawah. As a result, the war flared up again in which the Pontianak Sultanate was assisted by the Chinese in Pontianak. The stronghold of Mempawah, which at that time did not have

6897-446: The dying sultan's side to be considered as the new ruler. However the matter has to be decided by the Bendehara as the "keeper of adat (tradition)". The older brother was not happy with the development. Raja Jaafar's sister, the queen of the late Sultan, protested her brother's actions with stating, "... Which adat of succession is being followed? Unfair deeds like this will cause the Johor Sultanate be destroyed!". And she held on

7018-448: The early 17th century, the Dutch reached Southeast Asia . At that time the Dutch were at war with the Portuguese and allied themselves to Johor. Two treaties were signed by Admiral Cornelis Matelief de Jonge on behalf of the Dutch Estates General and Raja Bongsu (later to be Sultan Abdullah Ma'ayat Shah ) of Johor in May and September 1606. In January 1641, the Dutch and Johor forces headed by Bendahara Skudai, captured Malacca from

7139-411: The east coast of the Malay Peninsula , the Karimun Islands, the islands of Bintan , Bulang , Lingga and Bunguran , and Bengkalis , Kampar and Siak in Sumatra . During the colonial era, the mainland part was administered by the British, and the insular part by the Dutch, thus breaking up the sultanate into Johor and Riau . In 1511, Malacca fell to the Portuguese and Sultan Mahmud Shah

7260-438: The governor-general's consent, he and his expedition set out to search for a new base. When Raffles' expedition arrived in Singapore on 29 January 1819 he discovered a small Malay settlement at the mouth of the Singapore River headed by Temenggong Abdul Rahman , son of Daeng Kechil. Though the island was nominally ruled by Johor, the political situation there was extremely murky. The reigning sultan, Abdul Rahman Muazzam Shah ,

7381-414: The hands of the Yang di-Pertuan who was known as the sultan. The sultan was assisted by a body known as the Majlis Orang Kaya (Council of Rich Men) which was tasked with advising the sultan. Among them were the Bendahara, Temenggong, Laksamana, Shahbandar and Seri Bija Diraja . During the 18th century, the bendahara lived in Pahang and the Temenggong Johor in Teluk Belanga, Singapore. Each one managed

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7502-420: The help of the Bugis brothers, the throne of Sultan Muhammad Zainuddin was saved. Opu Daeng Menambun was then married to Ratu Kesumba, daughter of Sultan Muhammad Zainuddin. Not long after, Opu Daeng Menambun's brothers returned to the Johor Sultanate . After the death of Opu Daeng Menambun's brothers, internal turmoil occurred again in the Matan Sultanate. Sultan Muhammad Zainuddin's children argued over who had

7623-501: The high biodiversity and related traditional knowledge of Borneo. It is estimated that around 170 languages and dialects are spoken on the island and some by just a few hundred people, thus posing a serious risk to the future of those languages and related heritage. In 1954, Tjilik Riwut classified the various Dayak groups into 18 tribes throughout the island of Borneo, with 403 sub-tribes according to their respective native languages, customs, and cultures. However, he did not specify

7744-417: The initial stage, her ears will be pierced by an earring, so that the hisang (a special heavy silver or bronze earring) can be worn on her ears. A new hisang will gradually added with age. After a woman is married, her hisang potentially be up to 20 pieces per-ear. As the hisang was sourced from precious and expansive metals like silver and bronze, it can signify her status , wealth, and social standing within

7865-503: The kingdoms in West Borneo , including Mempawah and the Pontianak Sultanate . In 1944, Sultan Muhammad Thaufik Accamuddin was taken prisoner by the Japanese army until the end of his life. Until now, the body or tomb of Sultan Muhammad Thaufik Accamuddin has not been found. Because the crown prince, Gusti Jimmi Muhammad Ibrahim, was not yet an adult, the Japanese appointed Gusti Mustaan as Deputy Panembahan of Mempawah who served until 1955. However, at that time Gusti Jimmi Muhammad Ibrahim

7986-579: The last two centuries, many Dayaks have converted to Christianity, making them the majority of Christians in Borneo, abandoning certain cultural rites and traditional practices in the process. Christianity was introduced by European missionaries in Borneo by Rheinische Missionsgesellschaft (later followed up by the Basler Mission ). Religious differences between Muslim and Christian natives of Borneo have led, at various times, to communal tensions. Relations, however between all religious groups are generally good. Traditionally, in many parts of Borneo, embracing

8107-421: The latter group completely dominated the sultanate. The Johor economy was reanimated under Bugis rule, along with the introduction of Chinese traders. However, by the late 18th century, Engku Muda of the Temenggong faction under Sultan Mahmud Shah III gained power at the expense of the Bugis. Engku Muda's son, Temenggong Abdul Rahman and his descendants would soon be responsible for the growth in prospects for

8228-406: The leader of this new kingdom was named Raja Kodong or Raja Kudung. Raja Kudung then moved the center of his government from Sidiniang to Pekana. Around the year 1680, Raja Kudung died and was buried in Pekana. The successor of Raja Kudung was Panembahan Senggaok, also known as Senggauk or Sengkuwuk, who ruled since 1680. The mention of the name "Senggaok" was used in conjunction with the transfer of

8349-447: The lives and security of the people of Mempawah. Sultan Muhammad Zainal Abidin moved the center of the government to the banks of the Mempawah River, to be precise on Pulau Pedalaman. It was in this era that Mempawah became increasingly famous as a trading center and a strong fortress. Seeing Mempawah getting more and more prosperous, the Dutch devised tactics. The Dutch tried peaceful means to deal with Sultan Muhammad Zainal Abidin, while

8470-432: The mid-18th century, real power was held by the Bugis. By 1760, several Bugis lineages had intermarried into the royal Johor family and gained great power. These Bugis lineages held the office of Yam Tuan Muda, passing the office back and forth between themselves. The death of Sultan Sulaiman triggered a succession dispute, which was lost by the combined Bendahara-Temenggong court elite to the Bugis faction. From 1760 to 1784,

8591-412: The name of the sub-tribes in his publication: Ngaju Ma'anyan Lawangan Dusun 53 8 21 8 Kenyah Kayan Bahau 24 10 26 Iban 11 Klemantan Ketungau 47 40 Basap Punan Ot 20 24 5 Idaan / Dusun Murut Tidung 6 10 28 Ot Danum 61 Religion of Dayak People in Indonesia The existence of this kingdom

8712-462: The name originates from the Bruneian and Melanau word for "interior people", without any reference to an exact ethnic group. The term was adopted by Dutch and German authors as an umbrella term for any non-Muslim natives of Borneo. Thus, historically, the difference between Dayaks and non-Dayaks natives could be understood as a religious distinction. English writers disapproved the classification made by

8833-501: The older sister of Gusti Muhammad Thaufik Accamuddin, was temporarily made regent of Mempawah. Gusti Muhammad Thaufik Accamuddin only ascended the throne in 1902. This sultan built the Amantubillah Wa Rasulillah Palace on Pulau Pedalaman in 1922. The reign of Sultan Muhammad Thaufik Accamuddin continued until the arrival of the Japanese in Indonesia in 1942. The Japanese invasion of South East Asia caused tragedy for

8954-462: The people residing in the longhouse are governed by the customs and traditions of the longhouse. Based on the archeological records in Borneo, it was discovered that the early inhabitants of the island had used organic materials to make simple beads . The beads were originally sourced from stones, bones, teeth, and shells. When the foreign traders arrived between the 8th-9th century, they further enhanced

9075-579: The practice against the Japanese occupation of Borneo. It also slightly surged in the late 1960s when the Indonesian government encouraged Dayaks to purge the Chinese from interior Kalimantan who were suspected of supporting communism in mainland China, and in a period of high tension between Madurese emigrants and Dayak during the Sambas and Sampit conflicts around the turn of the century. The Dayak soldiers or trackers are regarded as equivalent in bravery to

9196-500: The reign of the 4th Sultan of Matan, namely Sultan Ahmad Kamaluddin, who succeeded Sultan Muhammad Tajuddin in 1749. However, in 1755, Husein Alkadrie disagreed with Sultan Ahmad Kamaluddin about the application of the death penalty. Seeing this condition, Opu Daeng Menambun offered Husein Alkadrie to live in Mempawah. The offer was accepted by Husein Alkadrie who immediately moved to the Opu Daeng Menambun's Palace. Husein Alkadrie

9317-492: The relationship between the Sidiniang Kingdom and the Majapahit Empire is the existence of a keris (ceremonial knife) that was presented to Patih Gumantar. This knife is still stored in Hulu Mempawah, and the heirloom is referred to as "Keris Susuhunan". The existence of the Sidiniang Kingdom was always being threatened. One of the attacks on the kingdom was from a Biaju kingdom. In the battle that took place around 1400, there

9438-402: The right to inherit the throne of the Matan Sultanate if their father died. Sultan Muhammad Zainuddin again asked for help from Opu Daeng Menambun who had returned to the Johor Sultanate . Opu Daeng Menambun complied with Sultan Muhammad Zainuddin's request and immediately headed to Matan for the second time, while his four other brothers did not participate because their energy was needed to help

9559-470: The role of Syarif Habib Husein Alkadrie (father of Syarif Abdurrahman Alkadrie ), a traveler who came from Hadhramaut or South Yemen. Husein Alkadrie had previously served as the main judge in the Matan Sultanate during the reign of Sultan Muhammad Muazzuddin. Husein Alkadrie was married to the daughter of Sultan Muhammad Muazzuddin named Nyai Tua Utin Kabanat. In the Matan Sultanate, Husein Alkadrie served until

9680-418: The royal regalia refusing to surrender it. Bendehara Ali was made aware of the affairs of the succession and decided to act. He prepared his fleet to go to Riau to "restore the adat". The British upon learning this despatched a fleet and set up a blockade to stop the forces of Bendehara Ali from advancing. With Temenggong Abdul Rahman's help, Raffles managed to smuggle Hussein, then living in exile on one of

9801-551: The rules made by the Dutch. After Gusti Amin died in 1839, the Dutch crowned Gusti Mukmin as Sultan of Mempawah with the title Panembahan Mukmin Nata Jaya Kusuma . Furthermore, in 1858, the Dutch installed Gusti Makhmud as the Sultan of Mempawah with the title Panembahan Muda Makhmud Alauddin . In 1858 Gusti Usman was also appointed as the Sultan of Mempawah. From that writing, it is possible that Gusti Makhmud died not long after being crowned. Gusti Usman, son of Gusti Mukmin,

9922-427: The societal architectural expression. This large building, sometimes exceeding 200 meters in length, may be divided into independent household apartments. The building is also equipped with communal areas for cooking, ceremonies, socializing, and blacksmithing. The superstructure is not solely about architecture and design. It is a part of the Dayak traditional political entity and administrative system. Thus, culturally

10043-466: The society. Thus, the longer her earlobes, the more important she is to the community. Presently, the practice of having stretched earlobes is almost limited to the elderly, as the practice of applying hisang amongst newborn babies has been rare since the 1960s. In the traditional Dayak society, the long house or Lamin House , is regarded as the heart of the community, it functions as the village, as well as

10164-411: The spread of Islam . The arrival of Opu Daeng Menambun to Borneo was actually at the request of Sultan Muhammad Zainuddin (1665–1724), to reclaim the throne of the Matan Sultanate which was forcibly taken by Pangeran Agung, brother of Sultan Muhammad Zainuddin. Opu Daeng Menambun's brothers, who were in the Johor Sultanate at the time helping quell the upheaval there, immediately left for Matan. With

10285-469: The stability of Johor was important to trade in the region. The sultan provided all the facility required by the traders. Under the patronage of the Johor elites, traders were protected and prospered. With a wide range of goods available and favourable prices, Riau boomed. Ships from various places such as Cambodia, Siam, Vietnam and all over the Malay Archipelago came to trade. Bugis ships made Riau

10406-456: The sudden attack, Sultan Muhammad Zainal Abidin was forced to return to Bukit Rama to gather strength. Sultan Muhammad Zainal Abidin's counterattack paid off, the Pontianak Sultanate 's army was defeated. However, Sultan Muhammad Zainal Abidin did not return to Pulau Pedalaman, he chose to march upstream of the Mempawah River. There was another vacancy in the leadership of Mempawah, and again

10527-445: The sultan of Johor and Singapore was controversial to some of the other Malay rulers. As he was placed on the throne by the British and was seen as a puppet ruler. Temenggong Abdul Rahman's position, on the other hand, was strengthened as it was with his co-operation that the British successfully took de facto control of Johor and Singapore; with the backing of the British he gained influence as Raja Ja'afar. Meanwhile, Sultan Abdul Rahman

10648-526: The sultan, went to Muar to meet Sa Akar DiRaja, Raja Temenggong of Muar , Mahmud II's uncle and asked for his counsel. He told them that Bendahara Abdul Jalil should inherit the throne which he did as Sultan Abdul Jalil IV . Many, particularly the Orang Laut , felt that the declaration was improper. The Bugis , who played an important role in defeating Jambi two decades earlier, had huge influence in Johor. Another influential faction in Johor at that time were

10769-578: The sultanate. In 1818, Sir Stamford Raffles was appointed as governor of Bencoolen in western Sumatra . He was convinced that the British needed to establish a new base in Southeast Asia to compete with the Dutch. Though many in the British East India Company (EIC) opposed such an idea, Raffles convinced Lord Hastings of the EIC and governor-general of British India , to side with him. With

10890-576: The system of government in the regions. This also happened in West Kalimantan , with the formation of the Republic of Indonesia , all authority that had been delegated to the Special Region of West Kalimantan was returned to the Republic of Indonesia . In the end, at the urging of the people and the Dayak and Malay-Bugis traditional leaders, Gusti Jimmi Muhammad Ibrahim finally agreed to be crowned as

11011-417: The throne. However, Raja Kecil broke his promise and installed himself as the new Sultan of Johor (Sultan Abdul Jalil Rahmat Shah) without the knowledge of the Bugis. Sultan Abdul Jalil IV fled to Pahang where he was later killed by an assassin hired by Raja Kecil. Dissatisfied with Raja Kecil's accession, the son of Sultan Abdul Jalil IV, Raja Sulaiman, asked Daeng Parani of the Bugis to aid him reclaiming

11132-401: The throne. In 1722, Raja Kecil was dethroned by Raja Sulaiman's supporters with the assistance of the Bugis. Raja Sulaiman became the new Sultan of Johor but he was a weak ruler and became a puppet of the Bugis. Daeng Parani's brother, Daeng Merewah, who was made Yam Tuan Muda (crown prince) was the actual controller of Johor. Throughout the latter reign of Sultan Sulaiman Badrul Alam Shah in

11253-399: The title Ratu Agung Sinuhun . It was during the Opu Daeng Menambun's era that Islam became the official religion of the kingdom. Opu Daeng Menambun moved the center of his government from Senggaok to Bukit Rama which was a fertile, prosperous, and strategic area, and was crowded with traders. The influence of Islam in Mempawah during Opu Daeng Menambun's reign was even greater thanks to

11374-704: The triangular war, Jambi emerged as a regional economic and political power in Sumatra. Initially there was an attempt of an alliance between Johor and Jambi with a promised marriage between the heir Raja Muda and daughter of the Pengeran of Jambi. However, the Raja Muda instead married the daughter of the Laksamana Abdul Jamil who, concerned about the dilution of power from such an alliance, offered his own daughter for marriage instead. The alliance therefore broke down, and

11495-477: The various realms of Heaven (Upper-world) and earth, and even Under-world, for example healing the sick by retrieving their souls which are journeying on their way to the Upper-world land of the dead, accompanying and protecting the soul of a dead person on the way to their proper place in the Upper-world, presiding over annual renewal and agricultural regeneration festivals, etc. Death rituals are most elaborate when

11616-498: Was Gusti Kesuma Bandan who holds the title Sultan Muhammad Muazzuddin (1724–1738). Meanwhile, in Mempawah, Panembahan Senggaok died in 1737. Due to Panembahan Senggaok not having a son, the throne of Mempawah was given to Sultan Muhammad Muazzuddin who was none other than Panembahan Senggaok's grandson from Putri Utin Indrawati who married Sultan Muhammad Zainuddin. However, a year later or in 1738, Sultan Muhammad Muazzuddin also died and

11737-423: Was a battle against the troops of Mempawah led by Panembahan Adiwijaya. Syarif Kasim Alkadrie , son of Syarif Abdurrahman Alkadrie , was persuaded by the Dutch to join in the attack on Mempawah. Panembahan Adiwijaya finally withdrew to Karangan in Mempawah to arrange a counterattack. However, in 1790, Panembahan Adiwijaya died before he could launch a counterattack and left 8 children from two wives. Around 1794,

11858-458: Was a beheading war that resulted in the death of Patih Gumantar. With the death of Patih Gumantar, the history of the Sidiniang Kingdom came to an end. However, there is an opinion that the position of Patih Gumantar was continued by his son named Patih Nyabakng. However, the reign of Patih Nyabakng did not last long because the Sidiniang Kingdom was involved in a dispute with the Lara Kingdom which

11979-657: Was attacked and sacked by the Portuguese , leading to a move to Batu Sawar, a major center of regional trade along the Johor River, from 1587 to 1618. The capital shifted to Lingga in 1618 until 1625, from this time on, Johor had no fixed capital until 1640, when it returned again to Batu Sawar. The town was eventually attacked by Jambi forces in 1675 during the Johor-Jambi war and the court settled temporarily in Pahang (1675–1680) and later in Riau (1680–1688) until Kota Tinggi became

12100-496: Was based on several carved tombstones and the Dayak folk song Usak Jawa which is thought to refer to the Majapahit conquest of Nan Sarunai in the 13th to 14th centuries. It was suspected by archeologists from radiocarbon dating to exist since as early as 200 BC, several centuries earlier than the verified oldest kingdom in the archipelago, Kutai Kingdom. This is however disputed by historians, citing another result which yields date in

12221-491: Was centered in Sungai Raya Negeri Sambas. After the leadership of Patih Nyabakng, the history of the Sidiniang Kingdom could not be traced again. Two hundred years later, or around 1610, a new government was established that was built on the former ruins of the Sidiniang Kingdom. The relationship between the founder of this new kingdom and Patih Gumantar is not yet known. Also, several references found mentioned that

12342-460: Was crowned as Panembahan XII of Mempawah and reigns to this day. In 2005, Panembahan Jimmi Muhammad Ibrahim died at the age of 73 and was buried in a traditional ceremony of Mempawah. Dayak people The Dayak ( / ˈ d aɪ . ə k / ; older spelling : Dajak ) or Dyak or Dayuh are one of the native groups of Borneo . It is a loose term for over 200 riverine and hill-dwelling ethnic groups, located principally in

12463-401: Was due to displeasure of the Bendahara over the affairs of Singapore. Conditions imposed during the appointment included paying a visit of fealty to the ruling Sultan Mahmud Muzaffar in Lingga. Sultan Hussein of Singapore died in 1835 and his prince Tengku Ali wished for the legitimacy granted to Temenggong Ibrahim, by the British and some Malay nobles. The British forwarded the request in 1841 to

12584-457: Was during the Singapore trip that Mahmud Muzaffar was deposed by the Bugis nobility in 1857. After the ousting of Mahmud Muzaffar the Bugis nobles elected the new sultan, Sulaiman Badrul Shah, the sultan of the "new" Riau-Lingga Kingdom built on the Riau remnants of the Johore Empire. The sultan signed an agreement with the Dutch. In the agreement he agreed to acknowledge the overlordship of

12705-444: Was forced to flee Malacca. The sultan made several attempts to retake the capital but his efforts were fruitless. The Portuguese retaliated and forced the sultan to flee to Pahang . Later, the sultan sailed to Bintan and established a new capital there. With a base established, the sultan rallied the disarrayed Malay forces and organised several attacks and blockades against the Portuguese position. Frequent raids on Malacca caused

12826-499: Was founded in 1528 by Sultan Alauddin Riayat Shah II (1528–1564) and was based at Pekan Tua. Muzaffar Shah went on to establish Perak . Although Alauddin Riayat Shah II and his successor had to contend with attacks by the Portuguese in Malacca and by the Acehnese in Sumatra, they managed to maintain their hold on the Johor Sultanate. Alauddin Riayat Shah II established a new capital by the Johor River and from there continued to harass

12947-403: Was frequently visited by Sultan Mahmud Muzaffar, and their relationship was cordial. The British were worried by this development and forced the 1855 treaty between Temenggong Ibrahim and Tengku Ali. In exchange for recognition as sultan, Tengku Ali agreed to "give up all of Johor". The treaty was intended to solidify the position of Temenggong Ibrahim, their key ally. Bendahara Ali was asked by

13068-681: Was held. The Bendahara conducted ceremonies (as per adat) aimed at re-educating the nobility and the sultan about their respective duties and responsibilities. Islam and politics were discussed. It was attended by all the nobles from across the empire, hence, proving that the British appointed Sultan of Johor was not recognised by the Malays. The ceremonies also included the installation of Tengku Mahmud (later ruling as Sultan Mahmud Muzaffar) as crown prince and Tun Mutahir as bendehara -in-waiting. In 1841, Bendahara Ali appointed Temenggong Daeng Ibrahim to replace his father, who died in 1825. The long interval

13189-451: Was installed as the Sultan of Lingga in November 1822, complete with the royal regalia. Sultan Abdul Rahman, who had devoted himself to religion, became contented with his political sphere of influence in Lingga, where his family continued to maintain his household under the administrative direction of Raja Ja'afar who ruled under the auspices of the Dutch. Sultan Abdul Rahman died in 1832 and

13310-676: Was known as MN 1001, with 17 October celebrated annually as the anniversary date for the Indonesian Air Force Paskhas , which traces its origins to that pioneer paratroop operation in Borneo. Johor Sultanate The Johor Sultanate ( Malay : Kesultanan Johor or کسلطانن جوهر ; also called the Sultanate of Johor , Johor-Pahang-Riau-Lingga , or the Johor Empire ) was founded by Sultan of Malacca Mahmud Shah 's son, Alauddin Riayat Shah II in 1528. Prior to being

13431-512: Was later appointed as Patih and Mufti of Mempawah. In addition, Husein Alkadrie was allowed to occupy the Kuala Mempawah (Galah Herang) area to serve as a center for teaching Islam. To further strengthen the relationship between Husein Alkadrie's family and Mempawah, marriage was held between Husein Alkadrie's son, Syarif Abdurrahman Alkadrie , and Utin Candramidi (Opu Daeng Menambun's daughter). Later, in 1771, Syarif Abdurrahman Alkadrie founded

13552-526: Was not willing to be crowned Sultan of Mempawah because he still wanted to complete his education in Yogyakarta . Therefore, Sultan Muhammad Thaufik Accamuddin is considered to be the last Sultan of Mempawah. After Indonesia's independence in 1945, followed by the full recognition of sovereignty from the Netherlands to Indonesia in 1949, there was a significant overhaul in the system of government, including

13673-467: Was replaced by Abdul Jalil . As the Bendahara was only a cousin, he could not rein in Mahmud II's eccentric behaviour. Sultan Mahmud II ordered the pregnant wife of a noble, Orang Kaya Megat Sri Rama killed, as she had taken a slice of the royal jackfruit. Subsequently, the sultan was assassinated in 1699 by Megat Sri Rama in revenge, leaving no heirs. The Orang Kayas, who were normally tasked with advising

13794-417: Was replaced by his son named Gusti Bendung or Pangeran Ratu Agung with the title Sultan Muhammad Tajuddin (1738–1749). In 1740, power over Mempawah, which was concurrent with the Matan Sultanate, was handed over to Opu Daeng Menambun who later adopted the title Pangeran Mas Surya Negara , a title previously given by the late Sultan Muhammad Zainuddin. Meanwhile, Opu Daeng Menambun's wife, Ratu Kesumba, holds

13915-413: Was sacked by Jambi, later capitals included Kota Tinggi , Riau, and Pancur. In the 17th century with Malacca was declining as an important port, allowing Johor to become the dominant regional power. The policy of the Dutch in Malacca drove traders to Riau, a port controlled by Johor. The trade there far surpassed that of Malacca. The VOC was unhappy with that but continued to maintain the alliance because

14036-503: Was sacked by the Acehnese in 1564. It was then moved to Seluyut, later back to Johor Lama during the reign of Ali Jalla (1571–1597) which was sacked by the Portuguese in 1587, then to Batu Sawar, and Lingga (again sacked by the Portuguese). This is followed by a period with no fixed capital (places included Tanah Puteh and Makam Tauhid) during the reign of Sultan Abdul Jalil Shah III before he moved it to Batu Sawar in 1640. After Batu Sawar

14157-440: Was succeeded by his son, Sultan Muhammad Shah (r. 1832–1841). When Raja Jaffar, Yam Tuan Muda of Riau, died and Muhammad Shah was in no hurry to appoint a successor. The sultan saw the damage that was done to the palace during his father's reign and decided to reemphasis and restore adat as a rule governing personal behaviour and politics. He summoned Bendahara Ali (Raja Bendahara Pahang) to Lingga. At Lingga, an adat-steeped function

14278-453: Was temporarily appointed Sultan of Mempawah. This possibility is close to the truth because when Gusti Usman died in 1872, the appointed Sultan of Mempawah was Gusti Ibrahim with the title Panembahan Ibrahim Muhammad Syafiuddin , who was none other than the son of Gusti Makhmud. When Gusti Ibrahim died in 1892, the crown prince, Gusti Muhammad Thaufik Accamuddin, was deemed not old enough to be appointed as his successor. Therefore, Gusti Intan,

14399-631: Was then married to Opu Daeng Menambun, a pioneer of Islamic influence in Mempawah and one of the five Bugis brothers. Opu Daeng Menambun comes from the Bugis Luwu Kingdom in South Sulawesi . Opu Daeng Menambun's father named Opu Tendriburang Daeng Rilaga traveled from Sulawesi to the countries in the Malayan Peninsula . Opu Tendriburang Daeng Rilaga is the son of Opu La Maddusilat, the first Bugis king to convert to Islam . Opu Tendriburang Daeng Rilaga had five sons who were invited to travel to

14520-518: Was under the influence of the Dutch and the Bugis. Hence, he would not agree to a British base in Singapore . However, Abdul Rahman was ruler only because his older brother, Tengku Hussein or Tengku Long, had been away in Pahang getting married when their father died in 1812. He was appointed by the Yam Tuan Muda of Riau, Raja Jaafar because according to him, in a Malay tradition, a person has to be by

14641-419: Was used to mark a person's ethnic origin and rank the society. For others, the tattoo served as an act of devotion, as a demonstration of skills, to commemorate a special occasion in life, or as a symbol for the rite of passage . Amongst several Dayak groups in the past, long female earlobes are regarded as a symbol of beauty. The elongation process usually begins when the child is about 4 years old. During

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