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69-450: The Sunda Kingdom ( Sundanese : ᮊ ( ka ) ᮛ ( ra ) ᮏ ( ja ) ᮃ ( a ) ᮔ᮪ ( n ) ᮞᮥ ( su ) ᮔ᮪ ( n ) ᮓ ( da ) , romanized:  Karajaan Sunda , Indonesian pronunciation: [sunˈda] ) was a Sundanese Hindu kingdom located in the western portion of the island of Java from 669 to around 1579, covering

138-544: A /a/ , é /ɛ/ , i /i/ , o /ɔ/ , u /u/ , e /ə/ , and eu /ɨ/ . According to Müller-Gotama (2001) there are 18 consonants in the Sundanese phonology: /b/ , /tʃ/ , /d/ , /ɡ/ , /h/ , /dʒ/ , /k/ , /l/ , /m/ , /n/ , /p/ , /r/ , /s/ , /ŋ/ , /t/ , /ɲ/ , /w/ , /j/ ; however, influences from foreign languages have introduced several additional consonants such as /f/ , /v/ , /z/ (as in fonem , qur'an , xerox , zakat ). The consonantal phonemes are transcribed with

207-564: A toponym to identify the Western parts of Java. The Juru Pangambat inscription , dated from 854 Saka (932 CE), confirmes this. The name is similarly used by the Javanese to identify their western neighbour, also rival and enemy, as mentioned in Horren inscription (c. 11th century) from Kediri. An early 13th-century Chinese account reported the pepper port of Sin-t'o (Sunda), which probably referred to

276-449: A "not" to English "do" or "does"). To negate clauses where the subject is linked to adjectives or nouns (where, in English, it would normally require a linking verb like "be"), sanés is used. In this sentence, "acan" is used to signpost that the speaker has not done something, but they will do it in a short notice. Other words that can be used to negate clauses are moal (to signpost that

345-703: A casual variant of sanés . Moal and its longer variant moal waka can also be used casually. Other words include teu hayang (which can also sound aggressive depending on context) and embung (which is somewhat a casual counterpart of alim ). Dupi (for polite situation) /Ari (for formal situation) -(question) example: Polite: Formal: Polite: Formal: Examples: teuas (hard), tiis (cool for water and solid objects), tiris (cool for air), hipu (soft), lada (hot/spicy, usually for foods), haneut (warm), etc. Sundanese has three generic prepositions for spatial expressions: Using different type of prepositions can result in different meanings. di cai: at

414-592: A geopolitical move to secure the capital away from the eastern threat from the rising Muslim power of Demak in Central Java. By 1482, according to Purwaka Caruban Nagari , a Cirebon chronicle, Cirebon declared its independence from Sunda and no longer sent tribute to the Sunda court. Based on the Kebantenan copperplate inscription, he established a tanah devasasana sacred estate at Mount Samya or Rancamaya. He also announced

483-720: A kind of "standard" variety of written languages in Sundanese society. Sundanese magazines, newspapers, literary books and theses, mostly using the loma variant. Apart from the two previous levels, there is actually one more lowest level, namely cohag (rough). This level is only used when angry or just to show intimacy between speakers. This register can only be found in the Sundanese Priangan dialect, while other dialects such as Bantenese Language , generally do not recognize this register. For many words, there are distinct loma and lemes forms, e.g. arék (loma) vs. badé (lemes) "want", maca (loma) vs. maos (lemes) "read". In

552-449: A skilled hunter named Rakryan Juru Pangambat , declared that the authority is restored to the king of Sunda. This inscription was written in Kawi alphabet , however curiously the language being used is Old Malay . Archaeologist F.D.K. Bosch proposed that this suggests Srivijayan influence over western Java. French historian, Claude Guillot proposed that this was a declaration of independence of

621-483: Is also known in Hindu mythology of Sunda and Upasunda , as one of the powerful Asura brothers that received the boon of invulnerability from Brahma . It is not clear, however, whether the eponymous Sunda was derived from this Hindu myth. It seems that by the 10th century, the name Sunda was used by foreigners, possibly by early Indian explorers, Malay Srivijayan traders and colonizer, as well as Javanese neighbours, as

690-404: Is concluded that Jaya Pakuan practised asceticism on a mountain in western Java until his death. As manuscript dates from the pre-Islamic Sunda era, it is written in an older form of Sundanese. It does not contain any words traceable to Arabic. Islamic influence is absent from the content of the story as well. The specific mention of Majapahit , Malacca and Demak , allow us to date the writing of

759-414: Is considered one of the important specimens of Old Sundanese literature. The manuscript tells the story of Jaya Pakuan alias Bujangga Manik, though a prince at the court of Pakuan Pajajaran , preferred to live a solitary life as a devout Hindu. As a hermit traveller, the book details two journeys from Pakuan Pajajaran to central and eastern Java and back, the second journey including a visit to Bali . It

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828-652: Is mainly spoken on the west side of the island of Java , in an area known as Tatar Sunda ( Pasundan ). However, Sundanese is also spoken in the western part of Central Java , especially in Brebes and Cilacap Regency , because these areas were previously under the control of the Galuh Kingdom . Many place names in Cilacap are still Sundanese names such as Dayeuhluhur , Cimanggu, Cipari, even as far as Banyumas , such as Cilongok, Cingebul, Gumelar, and others. Until 1600 AD, Sundanese

897-649: The Bujangga Manik manuscript, the eastern border of the kingdom was the Pamali River (Ci Pamali, the present-day Brebes River) and the Serayu River (Ci Sarayu) in Central Java. Most accounts of the Sunda Kingdom come from primary historical records from the 16th century. The kingdom's inhabitants were primarily the eponymous ethnic Sundanese , while the majority religion was Hinduism . The name Sunda derives from

966-692: The Pararaton , reported that in 1336, during the inauguration of his newly appointed position as Prime Minister, Gajah Mada declared the Palapa oath , which stated his foreign policy to unify the archipelago under Majapahit domination. Pararaton recorded what Gajah Mada had said: "Sira Gajah Madapatih Amangkubhumi tan ayun amuktia palapa, sira Gajah Mada: Lamun huwus kalah nusantara isun amukti palapa, lamun kalah ring Gurun, ring Seran, Tañjung Pura, ring Haru, ring Pahang, Dompo, ring Bali, Sunda , Palembang, Tumasik, samana isun amukti palapa." Translation: "He, Gajah Mada

1035-670: The Sanghyang Siksa Kandang Karesian Manuscript, Carita Parahyangan , Amanat Galunggung , and Guru Talapakan . In addition, according to some Sundanese language experts until around the 6th century , the area of speech reached around the Dieng Plateau in Central Java , based on the name "Dieng" which is considered the name Sundanese (from the origin of the word dihyang which is an Old Sundanese word). Along with transmigration and immigration carried out by

1104-600: The Sanskrit prefix su - which means "goodness" or "possessing good quality". The example is suvarna (lit: "good color") used to describe gold. Sunda is also another name for Hindu God Vishnu . In Sanskrit, the term Sundara (masculine) or Sundari (feminine) means "beautiful" or "excellence". According to Reinout Willem van Bemmelen , a Dutch geologist, the name Sunda was derived from Sanskrit term Shuddha , which means "white" and "pure". The term Sunda also means bright, light, purity, cleanness and white. The name Sunda

1173-435: The ar infix into the stem word. If the stem word starts with l , or contains r following the infix, the infix ar becomes al . Also, as with other Sundanese infixes (such as um ), if the word starts with vowel, the infix becomes a prefix. Examples: However, it is reported that this use of al instead of ar (as illustrated in (4) above) does not to occur if the 'r' is in onset of a neighbouring syllable. For example,

1242-812: The lemes level, some words further distinguish humble and respectful forms, the former being used to refer to oneself, and the latter for the addressee and third persons, e.g. rorompok "(my own) house" vs. bumi "(your or someone else's) house" (the loma form is imah ). Similar systems of speech levels are found in Japanese , Korean and Thai . simkuring (formal) kuring (formal) kami (non-formal, expressing speaker's superiority) hidep (for younger) silaing anjeunna sim kuring sadayana (formal) haridep (for younger) hilap (for myself) calik (for myself) Other Austronesian languages (especially those in western Indonesia) commonly use reduplication to create plural forms. However, Sundanese inserts

1311-537: The port of Old Banten . European explorers, mainly Portuguese based in Malacca , also reported the existence of the Sunda Kingdom. Tomé Pires (1513) mentioned a Western Java kingdom that had established trade relation with them as Regño de Çumda, which means "Kingdom of Sunda". Also the report of Antonio Pigafetta (1522) that mentioned Sunda as a pepper producing region. Tomé Pires from Portugal wrote in his report Suma Oriental (1513–1515): Some people affirm that

1380-501: The 19th century during the forest clearing to make way for a new coffee plantation. This inscription is located approximately 1 kilometre from the Kebon Kopi I inscription (Tapak Gajah inscription). Transcription: Ini sabdakalanda Rakryan Juru Pangambat I kawihaji panyaca pasagi marsandeca ~ ba(r) pulihkan hajiri Sunda Translation: This memorial stone is (to remark) the saying of Rakryan Juru Pangambat (Royal Hunter), in

1449-489: The Kebonkopi II inscription was a declaration of independent (possibly from Srivijaya) of the newly established Kingdom of Sunda . Australian historian M. C. Ricklefs also supported this suggestion in his book A History of Modern Indonesia since c. 1200 . The name of Sunda was first mentioned in this inscription. However, this inscription stated “berpulihkan hajiri Sunda” , can be interpreted that previously there had been

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1518-582: The Kingdom of Sunda has grown quite prosperous and took part in international maritime trade. The Carita Parahyangan and Pararaton named him as Prěbu Maharaja , while the pseudohistorical Wangsakerta give a detailed name of Prabu Maharaja Lingga Buana. He ruled from Kawali Galuh, and died in the Battle of Bubat in 1357, fell victim to a stratagem crafted by the Majapahit prime minister, Gajah Mada . Hayam Wuruk ,

1587-463: The Patih Amangkubumi, does not wish to cease his fasting. Gajah Mada: "If (I succeed) in defeating (conquering) Nusantara, (then) I will break my fast. If Gurun, Seram, Tanjung Pura, Haru, Pahang, Dompo, Bali, Sunda, Palembang, Temasek, are all defeated, (then) I will break my fast." Sunda was mentioned as one of the kingdoms targeted by Mada's overseas campaign. It seems by the early 14th century,

1656-506: The South Sea is carried off by violent currents and unable to return. The Portuguese report is dated from a later period of the kingdom, shortly before its fall to forces of the Sultanate of Banten . The history of the Sunda Kingdom spanned for almost a millennium, between the 7th to 16th century. One of the few remnants is the 7th century Bojongmenje Hindu temple near Bandung . It was one of

1725-557: The Sunda Kingdom at this time probably was under the influence of Mataram, or probably Jayabupati subscribed to Javanese culture. Sri Jayabupati in Carita Parahyangan is mentioned as Prabu Detya Maharaja. The 11th century Horren inscription found in southern Kediri, reported that çatru Sunda ("enemy from Sunda") had invaded and menacing villages in East Java. After Sri Jayabupati, there is no stone inscription discovered mentioning

1794-451: The Sunda Kingdom, possibly from Srivijaya. According to Sanghyang Tapak inscription , dated from 1030 found in Cibadak near Sukabumi , a king, Maharaja Sri Jayabupati , has established a sacred sanctuary of Sanghyang Tapak. Curiously, the style of the inscriptions reveal an East Javanese script, language, and style, akin to Dharmawangsa 's court of Mataram . This has led to suggestions that

1863-481: The Sunda kingdom takes up half of the whole island of Java; others, to whom more authority is attributed, say that the Sunda kingdom must be a third part of the island and an eight more. It ends at the river chi Manuk. The river intersects the whole island from sea to sea in such a way that when the people of Java describe their own country, they say that it is bounded to the west by the island of Sunda. The people hold that whoever passes this strait (the river Cimanuk) into

1932-548: The Sundanese ethnics, speakers of this language have spread beyond the island of Java . For example, in Lampung , South Sumatra , Bengkulu , Riau , West Kalimantan , Southeast Sulawesi , and even outside the country of Indonesia, such as Taiwan , Japan , Australia , and other countries, a significant number of ethnic Sundanese live in areas outside the Pasundan . Sundanese has several dialects, conventionally described according to

2001-567: The Sundanese language were written in the Old Sundanese script ( Aksara Sunda Kuno ). After the arrival of Islam, the Pegon script is also used, usually for religious purposes. The Latin script then began to be used after the arrival of Europeans. In modern times, most of Sundanese literature is written in Latin. Meanwhile, the regional governments of West Java and Banten have been actively promoting

2070-559: The area of present-day Banten , Jakarta , West Java , and the western part of Central Java . The capital of the Sunda Kingdom moved several times during its history, shifting between the Galuh (Kawali) area in the east and Pakuan Pajajaran in the west. The Sunda Kingdom reached its peak during the reign of King Sri Baduga Maharaja , whose reign from 1482 to 1521 is traditionally remembered as an age of peace and prosperity among Sundanese people. According to primary historical records such as

2139-520: The bathroom/toilet Kebon Kopi II inscription Kebonkopi II inscription or Pasir Muara inscription or Rakryan Juru Pangambat inscription is the oldest inscription that mentioned the toponymy Sunda dated from 854 Saka (932 CE), discovered in Kebon Kopi village, Bogor , near Kebon Kopi I inscription , and named as such to differ it from this older inscription dated from Tarumanagara era. Archaeologist F. D. K. Bosch , that had studied

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2208-538: The best in quality. The people worked in agriculture and their houses were built on wooden poles ( rumah panggung ). However, robbers and thieves plagued the country. The port of Sunda referred by Chou Ju-kua probably referred to Old Banten , instead of Sunda Kelapa . It seems that by the early 13th century, the maritime trade was still dominated by Srivijayan mandala based in Sumatra. The name Sunda appeared in Javanese source,

2277-513: The chant of poetic verses about the golden age of Sunda Pajajaran, and the legend of Prabu Siliwangi , the most popular king of Sunda. Several stone inscriptions mention the kingdom, such as Juru Pangambat , Jayabupati , Kawali , and Batutulis . Most account and records of the Sunda Kingdom are derived from manuscripts dated from a later period circa 15th to 16th century, such as Bujangga Manik , Sanghyang Siksakanda ng Karesian , Carita Parahyangan and Kidung Sunda . The earliest reference to

2346-705: The collection of taxes from the residents because they were knowledgeable about the Hindu religion and worshipped the gods. According to Batutulis inscription , Rahyang Niskala Wastu Kancana was buried in Nusalarang, and supported by Carita Parahyangan manuscript that mentioned " Prebu Niskala Wastu Kancana surup di Nusalarang ring giri Wanakusumah ". At this point, the capital was still located in Galuh, more precisely in Kawali city. Niskala Wastu Kancana's son, named as Tohaan di Galuh (Lord of Galuh) in Carita Parahyangan, succeeded him as

2415-680: The construction of a sacred compound in Sunda Sembawa, stipulated as the resident of the priests. Sundanese language According to American linguist Robert Blust , Sundanese is closely related to the Malayic languages , as well as to language groups spoken in Borneo such as the Land Dayak languages or the Kayan–Murik languages , based on high lexical similarities between these languages. Sundanese

2484-465: The deepwater harbour of Sin-t’o (Sunda). Chu-fan-chi reported that: All along the shores, people are dwelling. The people are working in agriculture, their houses are on poles and the roofs are thatched with the bark of the leaves of palm trees and the walls were made with wooden boards tied together with rattan. Both men and women wrap around their loins a piece of cotton, and in cutting their hair they only leave it half an inch long. The pepper grown on

2553-530: The earliest temple structures in Java, older than temples of Dieng in Central Java, and linked to the Sunda Kingdom. The earlier period is unclear, much owed to only two manuscripts dated from a much later period, the Carita Parahyangan . Its relations to Tarumanagara , a previous kingdom in western Java is unknown. The history of later period, however, after the late 14th century, is clearer especially following

2622-516: The existence of the Sunda Kingdom. The copperplate inscription of Kebantenan I (Jayagiri) reads that Raja Rahyang Niskala Wastu Kancana sent an order through Hyang Ningrat Kancana to the Susuhunan of Pakuan Pajajaran to take care of dayohan in Jayagiri and Sunda Sembawa, banning the collection of collecting taxes from the residents, because they would be knowledgeable about the Hindu religion and worshipped

2691-458: The gods. The Kebantenan II (or Sunda Sembawa I) copperplate inscription announces Sri Baduga Maharaja (1482–1521), the king in Pakuan, approved an already delineated sacred estate ( tanah devasasana ) put at the disposal of the wiku (priests), which must not be split as it houses facilities for worship, which belong to the king. The Kebantenan III (Sunda Sembawa II) copperplate inscription announces

2760-449: The hills (of this country) is small-grained but heavy and superior to that of Ta-pan (Tuban in eastern Java). The country produces pumpkins, sugar cane, bottle gourd , beans and egg plants . As, however, there is no regular government in this country, the people are given to brigandage, on which account foreign traders rarely go there. According to this source, the kingdom of Sunda produced high-quality black pepper. The kingdom located in

2829-544: The inscription, wrote that this inscription was written in Old Malay , stated that a "King of Sunda has been reinstalled on the throne" and interpreting this event took place in the year 932 CE. Unfortunately this inscription was lost, stolen during the tumult of early World War II around the 1940s. Kebonkopi II inscription was discovered in Pasir Muara hamlet, Ciaruteun Ilir village, Cibungbulang, Bogor Regency , West Java , in

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2898-463: The king of Majapahit, intended to marry Princess Dyah Pitaloka , the daughter of Prabu Maharaja. Delighted, the Sunda king and his royal family came to Majapahit, to marry off his daughter to Hayam Wuruk. The Sunda party erected the encampment on Bubat square in the northern part of Trowulan and awaited the proper wedding ceremony. Gajah Mada however, saw this event as an opportunity to demand Sunda's submission to Majapahit overlordship and insisted that

2967-422: The king of Sunda's sanctions of holy construction in Sunda Sembawa. The Kebantenan IV inscription details that Sri Baduga Maharaja, who ruled in Pakuan, sanctioned a similar sacred estate at Gunung Samya (Mount Rancamaya). The Bujangga Manik manuscript is the primary source on the daily life of the Sunda Kingdom in the late 15th to early 16th century. Detailing place names, culture and customs, in great detail, it

3036-470: The king. He was mentioned in Kebantenan I inscription as Hyang Ningrat Kancana and in Batutulis inscription as Rahyang Dewa Niskala. The new king, however, reigned for only seven years and subsequently demoted. Carita Parahyangan tells that "... kena salah twa(h) bogo(h) ka estri larangan ti kaluaran ..," which translate as "because (his) wrongdoing, fell in love with a forbidden outsider woman." Although it

3105-617: The kingdom is the Jayabupati inscription which consists of 40 lines written on four pieces of stone, found on the Cicatih river bank in Cibadak, Sukabumi . This inscription is again written in Kawi script , and mentions the establishment of a protected sacred area called Sanghyang Tapak by the King Jayabhupati of Sunda. The inscription is dated to 1030 CE. Copperplate letters dating to the 15th century, including royal instructions, also support

3174-462: The letters p, b, t, d, k, g, c /t͡ʃ/ , j /d͡ʒ/ , h, ng ( /ŋ/ ), ny /ɲ/ , m, n, s /s/ , w, l, r /r~ɾ/ , and y /j/ . Other consonants that originally appear in Indonesian loanwords are mostly transferred into native consonants: f/v /f/ → p, sy /ʃ/ → s, z /z/ → j, and kh /x/ → h. Epenthetic semivowels /w/ and /j/ are inserted after a high vowel immediately followed by another vowel, as in

3243-540: The locations of the people: The Priangan dialect, which covers the largest area where Sundanese people lives ( Parahyangan in Sundanese), is the most widely spoken type of Sundanese language, taught in elementary till senior-high schools (equivalent to twelfth-year school grade) in West Java and Banten Province. The language has been written in different writing systems throughout history. The earliest attested documents of

3312-469: The name "Sunda" being used to identify a kingdom is the Kebon Kopi II inscription dated 854 Saka (932 CE). This inscription is in the Kawi script , but the language used is Old Malay . It translates as follows: This memorial stone is to remark the saying of Rakryan Juru Pangambat (Royal Hunter), in 854 Saka, that the order of government is returned to the power of the king of Sunda. Another reference to

3381-480: The next ruler. There is no tangible evidence discovered from the period between the 11th to the 14th century. Most of our current knowledge about this period came from Carita Parahyangan. The Song Chinese source, Chu-fan-chi circa 1200, mentioned that Srivijaya still ruled Sumatra, the Malay peninsula, and Sin-to (Sunda). The source describes the port of Sunda as strategic and thriving, pepper from Sunda being among

3450-428: The north coast of Java, ships steered 97 1/2 degrees for three watches to make Kalapa ; they then followed the coast (past Tanjung Indramayu), finally steering 187 1/2 degrees for four watches to reach Cirebon. Ships from Banten proceeded eastward along the north coast of Java, past Kalapa , past Indramayu head, past Cirebon. According to this source, the port of Sunda was located west of Kalapa and later identified as

3519-494: The plural form of the adjective curiga (suspicious) is caruriga and not * caluriga , because the 'r' in the root occurs at the start of the following syllable. The prefix can be reduplicated to denote very- , or the plural of groups. For example, "b arar udak" denotes many, many children or many groups of children ( budak is child in Sundanese). Another example, "b alal ageur" denotes plural adjective of "very well-behaved". Most active forms of Sundanese verbs are identical to

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3588-471: The port of Banten or Sunda Kalapa. By the 15th to 16th century, after the consolidation of the kingdom by Sri Baduga Maharaja , the name Sunda had shifted from a toponym, into a name that identified a kingdom and its people. The Sunda Strait is named after the Sunda Kingdom, the latter having once ruled the area on both coasts of the strait. Knowledge of the kingdom among Sundanese people has been kept alive through Sundanese Pantun oral tradition,

3657-457: The princess was to be presented as a token of submission. Angered and humiliated, the Sunda king decided to cancel the wedding and to return home, resulting in a skirmish between the Sunda royal family and the Majapahit army. Outnumbered, almost the entire Sundanese party, including the princess, perished in this tragedy. The tradition says Princess Dyah Pitaloka committed suicide to defend the honour of her country. After his death, Prabu Maharaja

3726-458: The reign of King Wastu Kancana and Sri Baduga Maharaja . This is contributed mainly to the availability of historical sources, including numbers of foreign reports, especially Portuguese's Suma Oriental , several stone inscriptions ( prasasti ) especially Batutulis , and native primary historical manuscripts of Bujangga Manik and Sanghyang Siksakanda ng Karesian . According to Kebon Kopi II inscription , dated from 932, discovered near Bogor ,

3795-531: The relations between Sunda and its powerful eastern neighbour Majapahit empire badly deteriorated following the Bubat incident. Niskala Wastu then resided in Kawali palace of Galuh. His reign is remembered as a long era of peace and prosperity. The copperplate inscription of Kebantenan I reads that Raja Rahyang Niskala Wastu Kancana sent an order through Hyang Ningrat Kancana to the Susuhunan of Pakuan Pajajaran to take care of dayohan in Jayagiri and Sunda Sembawa, banning

3864-420: The root, as with diuk "sit" or dahar "eat". Some others depend on the initial phoneme in the root: There are several words to negate a statement in Sundanese. These are also different by the polite ( lemes ) and casual ( loma ) registers, as well as dialect. In Priangan Sundanese, Polite negation is done by adding a henteu (the shorter form, teu is also commonly used) to negate most verbs (akin to adding

3933-417: The speaker is not going to do something) and alim (to show that the speaker does not want to do something). Other Sundanese dialects may have different ways to negate statements. There are a wide range of casual negation helper words. In Priangan Sundanese, this can be done with a number of words. The shorter version, can , is also commonly used especially in spoken speech. The word lain can be used as

4002-408: The speech level has been narrowed to only two parts: basa hormat (respectful) and basa loma (fair). Besides that, the term was changed to " tatakrama basa " ( lit.   ' language manners ' ), although the substance remained the same. The hormat variant is a subtle language to respect, while the loma variant is fair, neutral and familiar use. This variety of loma language is then used as

4071-537: The story in the 15th century, probably the latter part of this century, or the early 16th century at the latest. According to F. Hirt and W. W. Rockhill, there are Chinese sources concerning the Sunda Kingdom. At the time of the Southern Sung dynasty, the inspector of trade with foreign countries, Chau Ju-kua , collected reports from sailors and merchants who had visited foreign countries. His report on far countries, Chu-fan-chi , written from 1178 to 1225 AD, mentions

4140-423: The throne, stylized as Prabu Raja Wastu Kancana. According to one of Astana Gede inscriptions , approximately dated from the second half of the 14th century, the king ordered the construction of defensive structures, walls and moats surrounding Kawali city, and renovated Surawisesa palace. The construction of moats and other defensive measures, was probably as a response to a perceived foreign threat. Especially since

4209-489: The town of Kuningan . Sang Ratu Jayadewata (reigned 1482 to 1521) or also known as Sri Baduga Maharaja , is a grandson of Prabu Wastu Kancana. Jayadewata is often linked with a popular character Prabu Siliwangi in the Sundanese oral tradition of pantun . King Jayadewata moved the government seat from Kawali back to Pakuan in 1482. It is not clear, however, the reason behind the transfer of capital westward; it might be

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4278-444: The use of Standard Sundanese script ( Aksara Sunda Baku ) in public places and on road signs. Although Pegon script is now mostly used in pesantrens (Islamic boarding schools) and Sundanese Islamic literature, it can still occasionally be seen in public places and on road signs in certain areas, such as Lembang and Tasikmalaya . Sundanese orthography is highly phonemic (see also Sundanese script ). There are seven vowels:

4347-592: The western parts of Java near Sunda Strait , corresponds to today Banten, Jakarta and the west part of West Java province. According to this source, the port of Sunda was under Srivijaya mandala domination. This Port of Sunda was highly possible to refer to Old Banten instead of Kalapa (present-day North Jakarta ). Its capital is located 10 kilometres inland southward in Banten Girang near Mount Pulosari . The Chinese book “Shun-Feng Hsiang-Sung" from around 1430 AD relates: In this voyage eastward from Sunda, along

4416-448: The words: Sundanese has an elaborate system of register distinguishing levels of formality. At the beginning of speech level development, it was known 6 levels of Sundanese language: basa kasar (rough), sedeng (medium), lemes (polite), lemes pisan (very polite), kasar pisan (very rough), and basa panengah (intermediate). But since the 1988 Congress of Sundanese Language in Bogor,

4485-417: The year 458 Saka (read 854 Saka or 932 CE), that the authority (order) is returned to the king of Sunda. The inscription chandrasengkala ( chronogram ) written 458 Saka, however some historians suggested that the year of the inscription must be read backward as 854 Saka (932 CE) because the Sunda kingdom could not have existed in 536 CE, in the era of the Kingdom of Tarumanagara (358-669 CE). This inscription

4554-653: Was revered as Prabu Wangi ( lit.   ' King with pleasant fragrance ' ) for the heroic defence of his honour. Thus his successors, the later kings of Sunda, were later called Siliwangi (lit. successor of Wangi). The story is the main theme of the book Kidung Sunda , another source reporting this incident found in Bali. The next king of Sunda was Niskala Wastu Kancana , who was the youngest son of Prabu Maharaja and younger brother to Princess Dyah Pitaloka, who both perished in Bubat Incident. In 1371, Prince Wastu ascended to

4623-613: Was the state language in the kingdoms of Salakanagara , Tarumanagara , Sunda , Galuh , Pajajaran , and Sumedang Larang . During this period, Sundanese was heavily influenced by the Sanskrit language as seen in the Batu Tapak Kaki Kiri Nyoreang inscription at the time of King Purnawarman , using the Pallava script . Sundanese at that time was used in the fields of state, art, and daily life, many religious books were written in Sundanese and used Old Sundanese script such as

4692-585: Was unclear as to what the line mean, it was possible that the forbidden outsider woman was a Muslim, signifying the presence of Islam in western Java. According to the Batutulis inscription, Rahyang Dewa Niskala was later buried in Gunatiga. This information is supported by Carita Parahyangan which mentioned that Tohaan di Galuh was nu surup di Gunung Tilu' died or buried in Gunung Tilu (Tilu means three), which corresponds to Gunung Tilu mountain range located east of

4761-457: Was written in Kawi alphabet , however curiously the language being used is Old Malay . Bosch proposed that the use of Old Malay suggests Srivijayan influence on Western Java. He also draw comparison between the period of 932 CE of this inscription with the year 929 which coincide with the shift of political center of Mataram Kingdom from Central to East Java. French historian, Claude Guillot from École française d'Extrême-Orient proposed that

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