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34-595: The area is located on the eastern slope of Mount Sawal near the source of the Ci Tanduy river, which runs to the southeast to the Segara Anakan lagoon by the Java's southern ocean ( Indian Ocean ). The ancient city was located approximately 1 kilometres to the southwest from the alun-alun (square or field) of Kawali town. The Kawali inscriptions , dated from circa late 14th century, were discovered here. The site took form of

68-490: A number of accessible tourist attractions, even though many are located deep in the rural area of the regency. In the southern area, where the regency borders the Indian Ocean, tourist destinations are primarily along the coastline of the regency, which features caves and beaches. To the interior—where the land is mostly hilly and characterised by tropical rainforests—waterfalls, natural hot springs , and archaeological sites are

102-497: A park sanctuary filled with large trees and shrubbery. Currently, there are no traces of tangible original structures left in the Astana Gede site, only stone inscriptions placed in small pavilions. It is probably all the buildings, houses, dwellings and palace structures, were all made from organic wooden or thatched materials, similar to today Sundanese traditional house , that has decayed for ages. Previously, prior to 14th century,

136-487: A peculiarly carved stone with a human foot track was discovered. This stone may be related to the ancient kingdoms of Bojong Galuh and Galuh established along the river around the 7th century. An intact steel tank from the former Netherlands Armed Forces was found buried for about 70 years at the bottom of Ci Tanduy near the City of Banjar. The body could be seen when the river water level dropped very low. The armored vehicle

170-404: Is 200 to 500 metres. The highest point is Mount Galunggung, at 2,168 metres. Like much of Java, Tasikmalaya Regency is traversed by volcanic chains, and the soil is naturally fertile. Water resources are abundant, as the region experiences heavy rainfall . The regency is also situated on a low-cavity mountainside, which increases the rainfall catchment area and water absorption area. The area

204-472: Is a regency (Indonesian: kabupaten , sub-provincial region) in the province of West Java in Indonesia . With an area of 2,708.82 km (1,046 sq mi), it is the biggest and most important in the southeast region of East Preanger (Indonesian: Priangan Timur ). Tasikmalaya Regency had a population of 1,687,776 at the 2010 census and 1,865,203 at the 2020 census; the mid-2023 official estimate

238-532: Is a river in the island of Java , Indonesia , about 270 km to the southeast of the capital Jakarta . It flows from West Java to Central Java province, exiting through the Bay of Citanduy (Indonesian: Teluk Citanduy ) to the Indian Ocean , forming a delta called "Muara Citanduy." The river flows along the southwest area of Java with a predominantly tropical monsoon climate . The annual average temperature in

272-464: Is divided into 39 local districts ( Indonesian : kecamatan , Sundanese : kacamatan ), listed below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 Census and the 2020 Census, together with the official estimates as at mid-2023. The table also includes the locations of the district administrative centres, the number of administrative villages in each district (all 351 classed as rural desa ), and their postcodes. The town of Singaparna (on

306-519: Is known for producing silk goods printed with batik , paper umbrellas, and handbags woven by hand from bamboo and pandanus leaves. The production of handicrafts for domestic and international consumption is an important local industry; in 1998 and 1999, the export of handicrafts earned 2.6 billion rupiah for the region. The regency was a major centre of early support and organization for Darul Islam , an Islamist group formed in 1948 to resist Dutch attempts to retake Java after World War II. After

340-448: The keraton (palace) in Kawali is called Surawisesa , fortified by walls and moats. Kawali served as the capital of the kingdom for several generations until Sri Baduga Maharaja moved the center of Sunda government to Pakuan Pajajaran in 1482. Ci Tanduy Ci Tanduy ( Sundanese " Ci " means "river", so the whole name means "Tanduy River"; Indonesian : Sungai Citanduy )

374-514: The Dutch were defeated, Darul Islam worked to establish a state in Indonesia governed by Islamic law . Like the rest of Preanger 's regencies, the climate of Tasikmalaya Regency is normally a tropical rainforest climate . It receives an average annual precipitation of 2.072 m. Although it experiences heavy rainfall the regency gets a considerable amount of heat. The average daily temperature of

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408-695: The Galuh capital was located further southeast near the banks of Ci Tanduy river in the area now known as Karang Kamulyan site, near Ciamis town. It is not clear however, when was the time the Galuh capital was moved here. The inscriptions found here confirm that at least for several generations prior to King Niskala Wastu Kancana , the city were already well populated. Among the Sunda kings ruled here were King Maharaja Lingga Buana and King Niskala Wastu Kancana . According to tradition mentioned in Carita Parahyangan ,

442-560: The Geger Hanjuang inscription , the Kingdom of Galunggung was established on 13th Bhadrapada 1033 Shaka (21 August 1111), and Queen Batari Hyang was its first ruler. Her famous teachings, known as Sang Hyang Siksakanda ng Kareksian , were still used as an official doctrine in the era of Prabu Siliwangi (1482–1521), the monarch of Pakuan Pajajaran . The Kingdom of Galunggung lasted for six more rulers, each in hereditary succession. At

476-593: The area is 22 °C. The warmest month is March, when the average temperature is around 23 °C, and the coldest is February, at 20 °C. The average annual rainfall is 3547 mm. The wettest month is December, with an average of 533 mm of rainfall, and the driest is September, with 56 mm of rainfall. On the Ci Tanduy river bank, around the construction area of the Leuwikeris Dam in Ciamis Regency,

510-400: The capital of the regency was moved from Dayeuh Tengah to Leuwiloa, Sukaraja. Years later, under the governance of Raden Tumenggung Surialaga (1813–14), the capital of the regency was brought to Tasikmalaya. In 1832, under the governance of Wiradadaha VIII, the capital was moved to Manonjaya, but after some consideration, particularly economically, it was switched back to Tasikmalaya. In 1913,

544-505: The early 17th century, three major forces ( Mataram , Banten , and the VOC ) were in conflict on the island of Java. After ten years of upheaval in the region of Priangan , the head of Sukakerta, Wirawangsa, was assigned as the Regent of Sukapura and honoured with a nobility name of Wiradadaha I by Sultan Agung of Mataram. Upon the promotion of its leader, the regency changed its name to Sukapura and

578-667: The existence of the types of fish. However, the species that disappeared from the reservoir still can survive in other parts of Ci Tanduy. A summary obtained from an observer NGO Ci Tanduy, found dozens of species of fish from various locations on the river. However, until now it has not provided sufficient data regarding the diversity, distribution, and population of fish in this Ci Tanduy. 7°40′S 108°48′E  /  7.667°S 108.800°E  / -7.667; 108.800 Tasikmalaya Regency Tasikmalaya Regency (pronounced [ˈtasɪʔməˈlaja] ; Indonesian : Kabupaten Tasikmalaya , Sundanese : ᮊᮘᮥᮕᮒᮦᮔ᮪ ᮒᮞᮤᮊ᮪ᮙᮜᮚ )

612-487: The formerly open region of Sukapura. In the 7th to 8th centuries , a realm with an unknown form of governance was centered near Mount Galunggung . The realm had the authority to designate the sovereigns of the Galuh Kingdom . Its rulers were Batara Semplakwaja, Batara Kuncung Putih, Batara Kawindu, Batara Wastuhayu, and finally Batari Hyang, who changed the form of governance into a monarchy (kingdom). According to

646-712: The most visited attractions. Among Tasikmalaya Regency's tourist destinations is Kampung Naga (Dragon Village), an idyllic traditional village where inhabitants have a strong ancient Sundanese tradition. Mount Galunggung 's volcanic crater is scenic, featuring a lake surrounded by rainforests. A number of natural hot springs are issued nearby the mountain, adding to the regency's tourist destinations. There are more than 70 spots of tourist destinations in Tasikmalaya Regency, some of them are listed below. Pasirgintung village (in Cibuniasih subdistrict, Pancatengah district)

680-437: The name Tasikmalaya is uncertain. The word has no apparent meaning in local languages. Three possibilities have been proposed, all of which are combinations of Sundanese words: (1) the name may be a conflation of tasik and (ma)layah , literally "an ocean of hills"; (2) the source words may be tasik , jeung , and laya , meaning "large tracts of sand" ( Sundanese : keusik ngalayah , Indonesian : hamparan pasir ); (3)

714-461: The name of the regency, Sukapura , was changed to Tasikmalaya by the government regent R.A.A. Wiratanuningrat (1908–1937). Based on the Geger Hanjuang inscription, the date of August 21 has been assigned as the date of Tasikmalaya regency's anniversary. The inscription, as it tells, was made to mark the establishment of the Kingdom of Galunggung and the inauguration of its first sovereign, Queen Batari Hyang, on 21 August 1111. Tasikmalaya Regency

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748-410: The name's original words may be Tasik (lake, sea), and Malaya (a chain of mountains or highlands), also meaning "an ocean of hills". The "ocean" or large area is presumed to begin at Sukapura, formerly called Tawang or Tawang-Galunggung. Tawang means paddy fields or literary "a wide range of an open space". The eruption of Mount Galunggung created mountains, hills, and mounds of scattered sand in

782-411: The neighborhood of Jatiluhur course, Kartamihardja (2008) noted the presence of 20 species of fish. This figure has changed shrunk in the last 40 years (1977-2007); initially recorded as many as 34 species with a composition of 23 native species and 11 newcomers (introduction). Changes in ecosystems, from relatively shallow streams and rushing into a reservoir in the neighborhood and quiet, obviously affect

816-445: The regency borders on Majalengka Regency and continues to the east with Ciamis Regency and Tasikmalaya City , the latter which it surrounds on three sides. Finally, to the south, Tasikmalaya Regency is bounded by the Indian Ocean. Tasikmalaya Regency's greatest distance from north to south is about 75 km, and about 56.25 km from east to west. Tasikmalaya Regency is one of Indonesia's foremost tourist destinations. It has

850-458: The regency is mildly varied, ranging from 20–34 °C (68–93 °F) in lowland areas and 18–22 °C (64–72 °F) in the upland areas. Following the excision of Tasikmalaya City, the residual Tasikmalaya Regency comprises an area of 2,708.82 km . It is bounded on the east by Garut Regency , marked by the Galunggung highlands, from southwest along to the northwest. Far to the north,

884-479: The regency's dominant land uses. Most residents are farmers. Tasikmalaya is a major religious centre for West Java. The regency is known as the city of Muslim students ( kota santri ), with more than 800 traditional Islamic boarding schools ( pesantren ). Tasikmalaya is known for handicrafts ( Indonesian : kerajinan anyaman ) and salak (zalacca). The regency's most famous food is hot steamed rice mixed with oncom ( nasi tutug oncom ). The origin of

918-426: The south. Mount Galunggung (2168 m), Mount Telaga Bodas (2201 m), and Mount Sadakeling (1676 m) form the western border, Mount Simpang Tiga is the eastern border, and in the center upstream area stands Mount Sawal (1784 m). The downstream area has a unique mangrove ecosystem in Segara Anakan and Nusa Kambangan . However, the high rate of sedimentation threatens its existence. In 1970 the total Segara Anakan Bay area

952-586: The start of the 16th century, a government in Sukakerta faced an opportunity to secede from its sovereign ruler, the Pajajaran Kingdom , which was ruled by Prabu Surawisesa (successor to Sri Baduga Maharaja Prabu Siliwangi ). His kingdom faced a threat of expansion from the Banten Sultanate and Demak with the spread of Islam. As this expansion weakened the kingdom, its territories tried to break away. In

986-433: The two provinces. It becomes a priority to manage in Java due to the high rate of sedimentation in the downstream area. Geographically the river area is located between 108°04' and 109°30' E, 7°03' and 7°52' S, extending from the mountainous north of Cakrabuana mountain range (1,721 m; the location of the main spring of the river) to the lowland south of Segara Anakan, bordering the island of Nusa Kambangan and Indian Ocean to

1020-456: The west side of Tasikmalaya City) is the administrative centre of the regency. Notes: (a) Cikalong District includes two small offshore islands - Pulau Batukolotok and Pulau Nusamanuk . The land of the regency is predominantly hilly, especially in the south. Some areas are mountainous, such as in the northwestern Galunggung highlands. Only 13% of the region is low-lying areas with an elevation between 0 and 200 metres. The average elevation

1054-416: Was 1,907,045 (comprising 965,602 males and 941,443 females). The regency was previously administered from Tasikmalaya City; however, Tasikmalaya City and Tasikmalaya Regency now are administratively independent of each other, and the area and population listed above exclude the city. The administrative centre of the regency is now at Singaparna , west of the city. Agricultural fields and forestry are

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1088-515: Was about 4580 hectares, then in 2002 down to 850 hectares. In 2005, the lagoon dropped further to 700 hectares, and in early 2012 is only 600 hectares. As the main cause of sedimentation is identified at the border of Ciamis Regency and Cilacap Regency , a new canal was built in 2012 from Citanduy River to pass the Ciamis Regency, exiting directly to the Indian Ocean in Nusawiru near Pangandaran Beach. Dozens of species of fish live in Ci Tanduy. In

1122-537: Was damaged by the erosion of Ci Tanduy tributaries near the City of Banjar. To manage the flood, the government continuously builds, maintains, and repairs the dams along the river in steps. The drainage basin of Citanduy covers several administrative areas in West Java and Central Java as the river passes through Tasikmalaya Regency , Ciamis Regency , the City of Banjar , Majalengka Regency , Kuningan Regency , and Cilacap Regency , covering an area of 4,651 km in

1156-558: Was thought to be stranded during the Independence War of 1945-1949 on the way to Yogyakarta. An effort was made in 2012 to pull it out but failed as the rain fell hard, increasing the river water level again. The high debit of river water during the rainy season often caused damage to dams, bridges, farmlands, and also loss of lives. On 10 October 2016 the Ketapangjaya Bridge, a national bridge connecting West and Central Java,

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