Puncak or Puncak Pass (Indonesian for "top" or "peak") is a mountain pass in West Java , Indonesia . The pass connects the cities of Bogor and Bandung and is spread within the regencies of Bogor , Cianjur , and Sukabumi . Puncak Pass is located between Mt. Gede-Pangrango in the south and the Jonggol Mountains in the north. The highest point of the pass is about 1500 m altitude.
120-617: Puncak is a large conglomeration of districts in Bogor Regency , such as Cisarua , Ciawi , Megamendung, Cipanas , etc. All of those districts are unified by the main road, Jalan Raya Puncak. Puncak ( Old Dutch : Poentjak ) is the name of a pass on the Indonesian island of Java , between Bogor and Bandung . The highland, being cooler than Jakarta , is a popular resort area for the inhabitants of Jakarta who are looking for cooler air. Many Swiss-type chalets were built around Puncak during
240-435: A demang , namely Buitenzorg, Tjibaroesa, Cibinong, Parung, and Leuwiliang. Then, to facilitate district tasks, a number of under-districts were formed, each headed by an assistant demang . The history of Bogor Regency had a close relationship with the era of the kingdom that once ruled in the region. In the previous four centuries, Sri Baduga Maharaja was known as the king who started the era of Pajajaran Kingdom , The king
360-771: A Republic of the United States of Indonesia . In December 1949 the Netherlands formally recognised Indonesian sovereignty with the exception of the Dutch New Guinea ( Western New Guinea ). Sukarno 's government campaigned for Indonesian control of the territory, and with pressure from the United States, the Netherlands agreed to the New York Agreement which ceded the territory to Indonesian administration in May 1963. In 2013
480-474: A candidate for the capital as well as to act as the center of government. Alternative locations that were to be considered included Ciawi District , Leuwiliang District , Parung District , Semplak District and Cibinong District . The results of further research indicated that the location submitted to the Central Government for approval as a candidate for the regency capital was Rancamaya (currently
600-709: A cease-fire on 14 October (a month after its arrival in Batavia) and a draft agreement on 15 November with the negotiators for the Republik Sutan Sjahrir , Prime Minister, Amir Sjarifuddin , Defense Minister, and Johannes Leimena , Junior Minister of Health, chairman of the Indonesian Christian Party. This so-called Linggadjati Agreement was first "elucidated" by the Dutch Minister of Foreign Affairs Jan Jonkman on 10 December, and in this form accepted by
720-704: A new East Bogor Regency (or Jonggol Regency ); this would equate to the former proposal to create a separate Jonggol Regency which was dropped in 1998. The above table excludes the independent cities of Bogor and Depok , whose component districts are listed below with their populations according to the mid-2023 official estimates: Bogor Regency has good sports facilities. In Bogor Regency, there are also several Sports Centers located in Cibinong and other districts. Besides Sports Centers, Bogor Regency also has several stadiums , for example Pakansari Stadium and Persikabo Stadium are stadiums which are located in
840-491: A part of Bogor City ). However, the Central Government considered that Rancamaya was still relatively close to the Government Center Bogor City and it was feared that it would be swallowed up by the regional expansion and development of Bogor City. Considering the plans at that date for the establishment of Depok as a separate administrative City and for a putative Jonggol Regency , which had been discussed by
960-462: A problem until the mid-19th century. Finally, in the early 20th century, imperial dominance was extended across what was to become the territory of modern-day Indonesia. In 1806, with the Netherlands under Imperial French domination, Emperor Napoleon I appointed his brother Louis Bonaparte to the Dutch throne, which led to the 1808 appointment of Marshal Herman Willem Daendels as Governor-General of
1080-528: A small portion of the indigenous population was able to vote for its members. The council comprised 30 indigenous members, 25 European and 5 from Chinese and other populations, and was reconstituted every four years. In 1925 the Volksraad was made a semilegislative body; although decisions were still made by the Dutch government, the governor-general was expected to consult the Volksraad on major issues. The Volksraad
1200-661: A treaty outlining "spheres of influence". The Dutch East Indies fell into Japan's sphere. The Netherlands, Britain and the United States tried to defend the colony from the Japanese forces as they moved south in late 1941 in search of Dutch oil. On 10 January 1942, during the Dutch East Indies Campaign , Japanese forces invaded the Dutch East Indies as part of the Pacific War . The rubber plantations and oil fields of
1320-494: Is considered a bedroom community for Jakarta, and was home to 5,427,068 people at the 2020 census. The official estimate as at mid 2023 was 5,520,836. The town of Cibinong serves as the regency seat . The area has witnessed significant population growth. Two areas formerly within the regency have been split off as autonomous cities; on 27 April 1999, the city of Depok was unified with some neighbouring districts of Bogor Regency to form an autonomous city of Depok (independent of
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#17328439809471440-521: Is evidence in the form of a statue of a cow in the Bogor Botanical Gardens . Another opinion states that the name Bogor comes from the word Bokor which means palm tree stump. The opinion above has its own basis and reasons for being believed to be true by each expert. However, based on historical records, on 7 April 1752 the word "Bogor" appeared in a document and it was written as "Hoofd van de Negorij Bogor", which means Head of Kampung Bogor. In
1560-399: Is in line with the policy of eliminating autonomous regions of Administrative Cities throughout Indonesia . The government through Law Number 15 of 1999 increased the status of Depok to that of a municipality . Thus Depok city was officially separated from Bogor Regency and exercised its own autonomy. Provisional plans and preparations for moving the nation's capital to Jonggol sank along with
1680-700: Is the highest division in the volleyball competition in Indonesia, namely Bogor LavAni , which is a team founded by former president of Indonesia Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono on 1 December 2019, and made its debut in 2022 and won the title in its first season . The team is based in LavAni Sports Center, Gunung Putri . In Sukajadi village, Tamansari district there are three waterfalls which can be easily reached by local tourists using Angkot 03 from Bogor to Ciapus in about 45 minutes. They are Curug (Waterfall) Daun, Curug Nangka and Curug Kawung. About 8 kilometers from
1800-445: Is the most populous in Indonesia, with a population which is roughly the same size as the population of Finland . Given that the regency covers 2,991.78 km after the separation of Bogor and Depok cities, the density in 2023 stands at 1,881 people per km . Cibinong is its capital. The Dutch name of the regency was " Regentschap Buitenzorg ". Based on official data from Badan Pusat Statistik for Bogor Regency for mid 2023,
1920-550: The District of Depok as well as other districts bordering Jakarta, especially those affected by the construction of Perumnas in the region. It was planned that administrative city of Depok would be made an organized residential area for workers in Jakarta. The Governor of West Java , Aang Kunaefi , also proposed to the Minister of Home Affairs (Amir Machmud) the establishment of an area in
2040-734: The Dutch East Indies campaign of 1941–42 the KNIL and the Allied forces were quickly defeated. All European soldiers, which in practice included all able bodied Indo-European males, were interned by the Japanese as POWs . Twenty-five percent of the POWs did not survive their internment. Following World War II, a reconstituted KNIL joined with Dutch Army troops to re-establish colonial "law and order". Despite two successful military campaigns in 1947 and 1948–1949, Dutch efforts to re-establish their colony failed and
2160-583: The Indonesian War of Independence , Indonesia and the Netherlands made peace in 1949. In the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 , the Dutch ceded the governorate of Dutch Malacca to Britain, leading to its eventual incorporation into Malacca (state) of modern Malaysia . The Dutch East Indies was formed from the nationalised trading posts of the Dutch East India Company , which came under
2280-698: The Portuguese in 1512 who established a network of trading posts and fortresses throughout the region, including at the spice islands of the Maluku islands . In 1580 Portugal formed a union with Spain , and therewith entered the war with the Dutch Republic . Following disruption of Dutch access to spices, the first Dutch expedition set sail to reach the East Indies in 1595 to access spices directly from Asia. After many skirmishes and hardships , only one third of
2400-499: The Strait of Malacca . Britain was a protector of Aceh and it granted the Dutch request to conduct their anti-piracy campaign. The campaign quickly drove out the Sultan, but across Aceh numerous local Muslim leaders mobilised and fought the Dutch in four decades of expensive guerrilla war, with high levels of atrocities on both sides. Colonial military authorities tried to forestall a war against
2520-459: The kelurahan of Atang Senjaya. The westernmost fourteen districts proposed in 2013 to be split off to form the new West Bogor Regency are those listed last in the table above. The twenty-six districts in the east of the Regency (which would remain part of Bogor Regency) are listed first in the table. However, plans were also under discussion to also split off the seven easternmost districts to form
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#17328439809472640-516: The 17th and 18th century. Punishments for slaves could be extremely harsh— for instance, runaway slaves and their accomplices could be subject to whipping, chain gangs, or death. Other punishments included the cutting of hands, ears, breasts and noses, forms of scaphism , being burned alive and the breaking wheel . In theory, slave masters did not have free rein to punish their own slaves as they wished. Punishments of slaves had to be decided in court, and certain punishments could only be applied when
2760-626: The 19th century and there were no significant famines in Java after the 1840s. Another source of profit were the so-called coolies , a name for low-wage indentured laborers. After the abolition of the Cultivation System in 1870, the economy shifted to private companies such as the Deli Company , which was founded on Sumatra in 1869. Large-scale plantations were built to grow cash crops and Javanese, Chinese, Malay, Batak and Indian people were shipped to
2880-463: The 19th century, and coal and oil exploration in the 20th century. The colonial social order was rigidly racial with the Dutch elite living separately from but linked to their native subjects. The term Indonesia was used for the geographical location after 1880. In the early 20th century, local intellectuals conceived Indonesia as a nation state , setting the stage for an independence movement. Japan's World War II occupation dismantled much of
3000-521: The 19th century, the Cultivation System ("Cultuurstelsel") was implemented in 1830. Under this system it was stipulated that Indonesian farmers had to use 20% of their farmland for the cultivation of cash crops for export such as indigo, coffee and sugar. Through this system considerable profits were made; the net profit for the Dutch treasury is estimated at 4% of the Dutch GDP at the time and around 50% of total state revenue. The system proved disastrous for
3120-542: The Bogor Regency, six kawedanan would be re-established, namely; The kawedanan were never re-established. However, in the 1950s, in line with the restructuring policy of regional autonomy, particularly with regard to organization and territory, Bogor Regency lost a lot of territory. The area that lost the most territory was Kawedanan Tjibaroesa , from which Cibarusah District and Jatisampurna District were transferred to Bekasi Regency (Jatisampurna became in turn part of
3240-616: The British secured the Dutch settlement of Singapore as well as Dutch possessions in the Malay Peninsula ( Malaya ) and Dutch India . The resulting borders between former British and Dutch possessions remain today between modern Malaysia and Indonesia. Since the establishment of the VOC in the 17th century, the expansion of Dutch territory had been a business matter. Graaf van den Bosch 's governor-generalship (1830–1835) confirmed profitability as
3360-614: The Dutch East Indies were considered crucial for the Japanese war effort. Allied forces were quickly overwhelmed by the Japanese and on 8 March 1942 the Royal Dutch East Indies Army surrendered in Java. Fuelled by the Japanese Light of Asia war propaganda and the Indonesian National Awakening , a vast majority of the indigenous Dutch East Indies population first welcomed the Japanese as liberators from
3480-538: The Dutch East Indies. In 1811 Daendels was replaced by Governor-General Jan Willem Janssens , but shortly after his arrival, British forces occupied several Dutch East Indies ports including the Spice islands in 1810 and Java the following year , leading to Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles becoming Lieutenant Governor. Following Napoleon's defeat at the 1815 Battle of Waterloo and the Congress of Vienna , independent Dutch control
3600-550: The Dutch Parliament on 20 December 1946. It was formally signed by the parties on 25 March 1947 in Djakarta, with the Indonesian side rejecting the "elucidation". After this high point in the relations between the two countries, the situation rapidly deteriorated. On both sides more extreme parties got the upper hand. The Dutch unilaterally instituted an interim government for the colony on a "federal" basis, with representation for
3720-577: The Dutch colonial state and economy. Following the Japanese surrender on 15 August 1945, Indonesian nationalist leaders Sukarno and Hatta declared independence , instigating the Indonesian National Revolution . The Dutch, aiming to re-establish control of the archipelago, responded by deploying roughly 220,000 troops, who fought the Indonesian nationalists in attrition warfare . The United States threatened to terminate financial aid for
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3840-478: The Dutch conquests were installed as regents and indigenous aristocracy became an indigenous civil service. While they lost de facto control, their wealth and splendour under the Dutch grew. This indirect rule did not disturb the peasantry and was cost-effective for the Dutch; in 1900, only 250 European and 1,500 indigenous civil servants, and 16,000 Dutch officers and men and 26,000 hired native troops, were required to rule 35 million colonial subjects. From 1910,
3960-529: The Dutch created the most centralised state power in Southeast Asia . Politically, the highly centralised power structure established by the Dutch administration, including the exorbitant powers of exile and censorship, was carried over into the new Indonesian republic. A People's Council called the Volksraad for the Dutch East Indies commenced in 1918. The Volksraad was limited to an advisory role and only
4080-822: The English as the Dutch East Indies , to keep it distinct from the Dutch West Indies . The name Dutch Indies is recorded in the Dutch East India Company 's documents of the early 1620s. Scholars writing in English use the terms Indië , Indies , the Dutch East Indies , the Netherlands Indies , and colonial Indonesia interchangeably. At the time when Europeans arrived, the Indonesian archipelago supported various states, including commercially oriented coastal trading states and inland agrarian states (the most important were Srivijaya and Majapahit ). Since centuries BCE
4200-494: The European legal class and in 1922 a supplemental legal enactment introduced the creation of a 'Home guard' ( Dutch : Landstorm ) for European conscripts older than 32. Petitions by Indonesian nationalists to establish military service for indigenous people were rejected. In July 1941 the Volksraad passed law creating a native militia of 18,000 by a majority of 43 to 4, with only the moderate Great Indonesia Party objecting. After
4320-536: The Governor-General Dutch Indies , Baron van Inhof into the core of the Bogor Regency community unit. At that time, the Regent of Demang Wartawangsa tried to improve the quality of the environment and the welfare of the people based on agriculture by digging canals from Ciliwung River to Cimahpar and from Nanggewer to Kalimulya . In 1908 Bogor Regency was composed of five kawedanan each led by
4440-687: The Indies. During the occupation, the Njai and their mixed-race children were forcefully separated from European men, who were put into internment camps. After Sukarno proclaimed an independent Indonesia, the Njai were forced to choose between going with their partners to Europe, or staying in Indonesia. The Netherlands capitulated their European territory to Germany on May 14, 1940. The royal family fled to exile in Britain. Germany and Japan were Axis allies. On 27 September 1940, Germany, Hungary , Italy and Japan signed
4560-653: The Japanese surrender in August 1945, nationalist leaders Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta declared Indonesian independence. A four-and-a-half-year struggle followed as the Dutch tried to re-establish their colony; although Dutch forces re-occupied most of Indonesia's territory a guerrilla struggle ensued, and the majority of Indonesians, and ultimately international opinion, favoured Indonesian independence. The Netherlands committed war crimes: summary and arbitrary killings of Indonesian villagers and farmers, torture of Indonesian prisoners and execution of prisoners. Ad van Liempt documented
4680-430: The Japanese, the internment of all Dutch citizens meant that Indonesians filled many leadership and administrative positions. In contrast to Dutch repression of Indonesian nationalism, the Japanese allowed indigenous leaders to forge links among the masses, and they trained and armed the younger generations. According to a UN report, four million people died in Indonesia as a result of the Japanese occupation. Following
4800-641: The Minister of Home Affairs Amir Machmud with the Governor of West Java , the Regional Government of Bogor Regency took one alternative area, namely Kemang which was the most midpoint for the districts in Bogor Regency if the Administrative City of Depok was formed and Jonggol Regency was separated from Bogor Regency. In the plenary session of the Bogor Regency DPRD in 1980, the village of Kemang
4920-404: The Netherlands government apologised for the violence used against the Indonesian people, an apology repeated by King Willem-Alexander on a state visit in 2020. To this day, the colonial war is commonly referred to as "police actions" in the Netherlands. Since the VOC era, the highest Dutch authority in the colony resided with the office of the governor-general. During the Dutch East Indies era
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5040-536: The Netherlands recognised Indonesian sovereignty in December 1949. The KNIL was disbanded by 26 July 1950 with its indigenous personnel being given the option of demobilising or joining the Indonesian military . At the time of disbandment the KNIL numbered 65,000, of whom 26,000 were incorporated into the new Indonesian Army. The remainder were either demobilised or transferred to the Netherlands Army. Key officers in
5160-515: The Netherlands under the Marshall Plan if they did not agree to transfer sovereignty to Indonesia, leading to Dutch recognition of Indonesian sovereignty at the 1949 Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference . Indonesia became one of the leading nations of the Asian independence movement after World War II. During the revolution and after Indonesian independence, almost all Dutch citizens repatriated to
5280-469: The Netherlands. In 1962, the Dutch turned over their last possession in Southeast Asia, Dutch New Guinea ( Western New Guinea ), to Indonesia under the provisions of the New York Agreement . At that point, the entirety of the colony ceased to exist. The word Indies comes from Latin : Indus ( Names for India ). The original name Dutch Indies ( Dutch : Nederlandsch-Indië ) was translated by
5400-537: The Supreme Court in Batavia, dealt with appeals and monitored judges and courts throughout the colony. Six councils of justice (Raad van Justitie) dealt mostly with crime committed by people in the European legal class and only indirectly with the indigenous population. The land councils (Landraden) dealt with civil matters and less serious offences like estate divorces, and matrimonial disputes. The indigenous population
5520-743: The VOC arrived in the Indonesian archipelago, they started to use and expand upon the then-existing indigenous system of slavery. In certain places slaves were used on plantations such as on the Maluku islands, namely the Banda islands where most of the local population had been deported or exterminated by the VOC to be replaced with slaves. Dutch slaves worked in agriculture, manufacturing, and services, but most were used as domestic servants including housemaids and houseboys, cooks, seamstresses, musicians, and concubines. Slaves could be acquired through trade at indigenous slave markets or captured on raids. In certain cases
5640-414: The VOC stirred up ethnic tensions between rivalling populations in the hope they could cheaply buy war captives at slave markets after the conflict. Slaves were transported from islands in Indonesia itself, or from other countries such as India and China. Estimates of the scale of the slave trade in the Dutch East Indies are scant, but it is suggested that around 1 million slaves were active during its peak in
5760-510: The absolute right to ban, censor or restrict any publication in the colony. The so-called exorbitant powers of the governor-general allowed him to exile anyone regarded as subversive and dangerous to peace and order, without involving any Court of Law. Until 1848 the governor-general was directly appointed by the Dutch monarch, and in later years via the Crown and on advice of the Dutch metropolitan cabinet. During two periods (1815–1835 and 1854–1925)
5880-583: The administration of the Dutch government in 1800. During the 19th century, the Dutch fought many wars against indigenous rulers and peoples, which caused hundreds of thousands of deaths. Dutch rule reached its greatest territorial extent in the early 20th century with the occupation of Western New Guinea . The Dutch East Indies was one of the most valuable colonies under European rule, though its profits depended on exploitative labor. The colony contributed to Dutch global prominence in spice and cash crop trade in
6000-594: The administrative center of Bogor Regency, namely Cibinong . The association football team representing Bogor Regency in Liga 1 is Persikabo 1973 , which was formed by the merger of PS TIRA and Persikabo Bogor . The women's football club in Bogor Regency is Persikabo Kartini which is a women's team from Persikabo 1973. Persikabo 1973 has several support groups, for example, Kabomania and Ultras Persikabo Curva Sud . Bogor Regency also has representatives in Proliga which
6120-732: The archipelago to prevent intervention from other Western powers during the European push for colonial possessions . As exploitation of Indonesian resources expanded off Java, most of the outer islands came under direct Dutch government control or influence. The Dutch subjugated the Minangkabau of Sumatra in the Padri War (1821–38) and the Java War (1825–30) ended significant Javanese resistance. The Banjarmasin War (1859–1863) in southeast Kalimantan resulted in
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#17328439809476240-457: The areas of Jonggol , Gunung Putri , Cileungsi and Cibubur . Also considered were areas from outside Bogor Regency (such as parts of Bekasi Regency , namely Cibarusah District and Pondok Gede District (southern area)) and part of Karawang Regency (namely Pangkalan ). In 1981, the status of Depok District was finally upgraded from district to administrative city based on Government Regulation Number 43 of 1981. Depok Administrative City
6360-668: The authority of the BB Wilayah Sungai Ciliwung-Cisadane (water resources management unit). Note that the "Ci" prefix translates as "River" in the Sundanese language, as does "Sungai" in Javanese/Indonesian. In the 2010 census the regency (minus the autonomous cities) counted 4,770,744 people, of which 2,450,426 were male. The 2020 census showed this had grown to 5,427,068, and the official estimate for mid 2023 showed this had risen further to 5,520,836. The regency
6480-458: The bankruptcy of the VOC in 1798, but continued under Dutch state rule. Due to growing international criticism slavery was eventually abolished in the Dutch East Indies in 1860. In reality this was mostly limited to the slaves present on Java and Madura, whose masters were financially compensated for the loss of their workforce. However, on many other islands where slave masters were more often indigenous rulers, little changed. The main reason for this
6600-586: The candidate for the capital was proposed back to the Central government and received approval by Government Regulation No. 6 of 1982, which confirmed that the capital city of the Bogor Regency Government Center should be located in Tengah Village, Cibinong District. From then on, the preparation plan for the construction of the capital's Central Government began in Bogor Regency and on 5 October 1985
6720-446: The colonial Government Navy . The KNIL was not part of the Royal Netherlands Army , but a separate military arm commanded by the governor-general and funded by the colonial budget. The KNIL was not allowed to recruit Dutch conscripts and had the nature of a ' Foreign Legion ' recruiting not only Dutch volunteers, but many other European nationalities (especially German, Belgian and Swiss mercenaries). While most officers were Europeans,
6840-429: The colonial Dutch empire, but this sentiment quickly changed as the occupation turned out to be far more oppressive and ruinous than the Dutch colonial government. The Japanese occupation during World War II brought about the fall of the colonial state in Indonesia, as the Japanese removed as much of the Dutch government structure as they could, replacing it with their own regime. Although the top positions were held by
6960-558: The colonial justice system. The Coolie Ordinances ("Poenale sanctie") of 1880, which allowed the plantation owners to serve as judge, jury and executioner resulted in widespread atrocities. It included a penal sanction which allowed owners to physically punish their coolies as they saw fit. Punishments that were used against coolies included whippings or beatings, after which the open wounds were rubbed with salt. Other punishments used were electrocution, crucifixion and suspending coolies by their toes or thumbs until they broke. Medical care for
7080-464: The colony from 1913, and quasi-diplomatic ties were established with Arabia to manage the Haji pilgrimage from the Dutch East Indies. In 1922 the colony came on equal footing with the Netherlands in the Dutch constitution, while remaining under the Ministry of Colonies. The governor-general led a hierarchy of Dutch officials: the residents, the assistant residents, and district officers called controllers . Traditional rulers who survived displacement by
7200-469: The coolies was scarce and often aimed at healing punished coolies so they could return to work or be tortured more extensively. Rape of adult female coolies as well as their children was also common. The coolie system was heavily criticized, especially after 1900 with the rise of the so-called "Ethical Politics". A critical pamphlet named "De miljoenen uit Deli" was published by J. van den Brand. The document described abuses committed against coolies including
7320-485: The correctional facility. In response to the communist uprising of 1926 the prison camp Boven-Digoel was established in New Guinea . As of 1927, political prisoners, including indigenous Indonesians espousing Indonesian independence, were 'exiled' to the outer islands. The Dutch East Indies was divided into three gouvernementen —Groot Oost, Borneo and Sumatra—and three provincies in Java. Provincies and gouvernementen were both divided into residencies, but while
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#17328439809477440-481: The declaration of independence in 1945, Dutch control over the Indonesian archipelago was always tenuous. Although Java was dominated by the Dutch, many areas remained independent throughout much of this time, including Aceh , Bali , Lombok and Borneo . There were numerous wars and disturbances across the archipelago as various indigenous groups resisted efforts to establish Dutch hegemony, which weakened Dutch control and tied up its military forces. Piracy remained
7560-411: The declaration of war with Japan, over 100,000 natives volunteered. The KNIL hastily and inadequately attempted to transform them into a modern military force able to protect the Dutch East Indies from Imperial Japanese invasion. On the eve of the Japanese invasion in December 1941, Dutch regular troops in the East Indies comprised about 1,000 officers and 34,000 men, of whom 28,000 were indigenous. During
7680-409: The defeat of the Sultan. After failed expeditions to conquer Bali in 1846 and 1848 , an 1849 intervention brought northern Bali under Dutch control. The most prolonged military expedition was the Aceh War in which a Dutch invasion in 1873 was met with indigenous guerrilla resistance and ended with an Acehnese surrender in 1912. Disturbances continued to break out on both Java and Sumatra during
7800-410: The district administrative centres, the number of administrative villages in each district (totaling 416 rural desa and 19 urban kelurahan ), and their postal code(s). The districts are here grouped into four parts, which have no administrative significance (although the East and West "parts" coincide with the proposed "East Bogor" and "West Bogor" Regencies) but show very approximate locations within
7920-409: The documents it is also known that the village headquarters was located within the site of the Botanical Gardens itself, which began construction in 1817. In 1745, the forerunners of the Bogor community originally came from 9 settlement groups with 3 combined major groups, namely Bogor (central region), Tjibaroesa/Cibarusah (eastern and northern regions) and Parung (western region) which was combined by
8040-431: The fall of Suharto in 1998. Bogor Regency is bordered by Tangerang Regency , the cities of South Tangerang , Depok and Bekasi , and finally Bekasi Regency , all to the north, Lebak Regency (in Banten Province) to the west, Sukabumi Regency to the south, Cianjur Regency to the southeast, and Karawang Regency to the east; it fully encircles Bogor City, although the latter is administratively independent of
8160-443: The former Kawedanan Jonggol which has partially been to other districts to be unified as District Level II Regions. The Jonggol area and its surroundings were considered suitable, because the area is quite large, has abundant natural wealth, and has the potential as a new residential area, industry, and tourism. The area proposed as part of the expansion was formerly part of the territory of Kawedanan Jonggol, including, among others,
8280-423: The foundation of official policy, restricting its attention to Java, Sumatra and Bangka . However, from about 1840, Dutch national expansionism saw them wage a series of wars to enlarge and consolidate their possessions in the outer islands. Motivations included the protection of areas already held, the intervention of Dutch officials ambitious for glory or promotion, and the aim to establish Dutch claims throughout
8400-472: The gate there is another waterfall in Gunung Malang village, Gunung Malang district. The Curug Luhur falls are 50 meters high and easily accessible. Dutch Indies The Dutch East Indies , also known as the Netherlands East Indies ( Dutch : Nederlands(ch)-Indië ; Indonesian : Hindia Belanda ), was a Dutch colony with territory mostly comprising the modern state of Indonesia , which declared independence on 17 August 1945. Following
8520-400: The governor-general functioned as chief executive president of colonial government and served as commander-in-chief of the colonial army ( KNIL ). Until 1903 all government officials and organisations were formal agents of the governor-general and were entirely dependent on the central administration of the 'office of the governor-general' for their budgets. Until 1815 the governor-general had
8640-597: The governor-general ruled jointly with an advisory board called the Raad van Indie (Indies Council). Colonial policy and strategy were the responsibility of the Ministry of Colonies based in The Hague . From 1815 to 1848 the ministry was under direct authority of the Dutch king. In the 20th century the colony gradually developed as a state distinct from the Dutch metropole with its treasury separated in 1903, public loans being contracted by
8760-457: The groundbreaking ceremony was held by the then Regent of Bogor Regency. Considering the vast area of Bogor Regency plus the rapid population growth which is due to the geographical location of Bogor Regency as a buffer zone for Jakarta, several debates emerged regarding regional expansion based on regional development. In 1978, the Minister of Home Affairs Amir Machmud proposed the establishment of an administrative city of Depok which would include
8880-470: The house they worked in as so-called "Indigenous Furniture" ( Inlands Meubel ). Njai were also not allowed custody of the children they had with their Dutch masters, and when they were fired, their children would be taken away. By the 1910s the number of Njai had decreased, although prostitution had become more prevalent. The practice had not died out, however, by the time the Empire of Japan invaded and occupied
9000-412: The islands were part of migratory and commercial exchange within Southeast Asia , India , Arabian peninsula and east-Africa . From classical antiquity onwards the archipelago was also a major part of the global spice trade . For centuries Hindu-Buddhist civilizations were dominant; however, increasing trade links instigated the spread of Islam . By the 16th century, a large part of the archipelago
9120-577: The land will be granted by businessmen such as Probosutedjo and Tommy Suharto . The construction was planned to commence in 2011 and was scheduled to be partly finished in 2013. 6°42′14″S 106°59′39″E / 6.70389°S 106.99417°E / -6.70389; 106.99417 Bogor Regency Bogor Regency ( Indonesian : Kabupaten Bogor ) is a landlocked regency ( kabupaten ) of West Java province in Indonesia , situated south of DKI Jakarta . Covering an area of 2,734.33 km , it
9240-414: The language there is a mixture of Sundanese and Betawi, known as the bahasa Cilebut (Cilebut language). Within Bogor Regency the following nature reserves exist: Bogor Regency comprises 40 administrative districts ( Kecamatan ), listed below with their areas and populations at the 2010 census and the 2020 census, together with the mid 2023 official estimates. The table also includes the locations of
9360-407: The late 19th century, increasing numbers of Dutch immigrants arrived in colonial Indonesia, leading to a shortage of available women, as most immigrants were men. The Dutch then bought the "Njai", who were indigenous women who officially served as maids but were often also used as concubines . While officially contract workers, these women enjoyed few rights. They could be bought and sold together with
9480-466: The local population; at its height, over 1 million farmers worked under the Cultuurstelsel and the extreme incentive for profit resulted in widespread abuses. Farmers were often forced to either use more than 20% of their farmland, or the most fertile land, for cultivation of cash crops. The system led to an increase in famine and disease among Javanese peasants in the 1840s. According to one estimate,
9600-468: The main Puncak road, and the activities available here include paragliding, tea plantation walking, or just relaxing with the views. Puncak has served as a location for films, including the 1984 German-Indonesia production No Time to Die [ de ] . In addition, Puncak also has several landmarks and tourist attractions, such as Puncak Pass and Kota Bunga. Another tourist attraction, just south of
9720-452: The majority of soldiers were indigenous Indonesians, the largest contingent of which were Javanese and Sundanese . Dutch policy before the 1870s was to take full charge of strategic points and work out treaties with the local leaders elsewhere so they would remain in control and co-operate. The policy failed in Aceh , in northern Sumatra, where the Sultan tolerated pirates who raided commerce in
9840-500: The mass murder of 364 Indonesians by Dutch soldiers in the village of Galoeng Galoeng. Alfred Edelstein and Karin van Coevorden, documented later the execution of hundreds of men in the village of Rawagede . The independence movement during the later phases of the Bersiap also targeted Dutch and Eurasian civilians, particularly under the direction of Sutomo who personally supervised the summary executions of hundreds of civilians. After
9960-475: The middle and east of Java Island , and some Betawi people, and also other immigrant ethnic groups including the Cirebonese , Batak , Tionghoa , Minangkabau , Bantenese . Data 2000 Indonesian Population Census , the following is the population size of Bogor Regency based on ethnicity; Sundanese is used as the main language in almost all of Bogor Regency. This language is a lingua franca , especially in
10080-570: The mortality rates increased by as much as 30% during this period. Due to widespread criticism of the system, it was abolished in 1870. According to one study, the mortality rate in Java would have been 10–20% higher by the late 1870s if the Cultivation system had not been abolished. The introduction of trucks, railways, telegraph systems, and more coordinated distribution systems all contributed to famine elimination in Java which had historically been common. Java experienced rapid population growth during
10200-455: The new Bekasi City when that was separated from Bekasi Regency on 16 December 1996), while Cikalongkulon District was transferred to Cianjur Regency and Pangkalan District was transferred to Karawang Regency . In 1975, the Central Government instructed that Bogor Regency should have a Government Center in its own Regency area. On this basis, the Regional Government of Bogor Regency conducted research in several areas of Bogor Regency to become
10320-446: The north central part which borders the Depok and South Tangerang cities. The distribution area includes the districts of Bojonggede, Tajurhalang, northern part of Cibinong, northern part of Citeureup, northern part of Gunung Putri, eastern part of Gunungsindur, Parung, eastern part of Ciseeng, and northern part of Sukaraja district, especially in the villages of West and East Cilebut, where
10440-479: The ongoing expense of war, corruption, and mismanagement led to bankruptcy by the end of the 18th century. The company was formally dissolved in 1800 and its colonial possessions in the Indonesian archipelago (including much of Java , parts of Sumatra , much of Maluku , and the hinterlands of ports such as Makasar , Manado and Kupang ) were nationalized under the Dutch Republic as the Dutch East Indies. When
10560-519: The original crew made it back to Holland and other Dutch expeditions soon followed. Recognising the potential of the East Indies trade, the Dutch government amalgamated the competing companies into the United East India Company ( Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie or VOC). In March 1602 the VOC was granted a charter to wage war, build fortresses, and make treaties across Asia. A capital
10680-555: The parts of the colony not represented by the Republik. This was unacceptable to Sukarno. Sjahrir proposed a compromise, but this was rejected by the Dutch. Sjahrir resigned and was replaced by Sjarifuddin. Sukarno declared a state of emergency in the areas that were in the hands of the Republik and assumed charge of the negotiations. The situation deteriorated further, and the Dutch resorted to military intervention under Operation Product (or first "politionele actie" ). The Commission General
10800-466: The pass, is the Cibodas Botanical Garden . Taman Safari , a wildlife park, is also located in Puncak. There is a volcanic lake Telaga Warna near the main route. Bogor Regency is planning to build an alternative route from Sentul International Circuit -Babakan Madang-Hambalang-Sukmamakmur- Cipanas Palace , Pacet with total length of 47 kilometers, and a carriageway 30 meters wide. Most of
10920-797: The plantations in Sumatra and Java to perform harsh labor. It is estimated that over 500,000 coolies were transported to Sumatra during the late 19th and early 20th century. The precise death rate among coolie laborers is hard to estimate due to scarce or unreliable records but has been estimated to be as high as 25% in certain places, with a possible death toll of many tens of thousands. While coolies were often paid laborers who worked out of free will, in practice their circumstances often involved forced labor and more closely resembled slavery. They were often misled when signing work contracts or even forced to sign contracts. Others were kidnapped or forced to work due to debts or were criminals sentenced to forced labour by
11040-632: The political situation in Indonesia devolved into a deadlock the new Dutch government, led by Louis Beel of the Catholic People's Party, formed a Commissie-Generaal voor Nederlands-Indië (Commission General for the Dutch Indies) on 14 September 1946. This Commission-General consisted of Willem Schermerhorn , Dutch Prime Minister from 1945 to 1946; F. De Boer, Liberal politician; Max van Poll, Catholic Party politician; and Hubertus van Mook , Lieutenant-Governor General (ex officio). The Commission achieved
11160-412: The population by means of a 'strategy of awe'. When a guerrilla war did take place the Dutch used either a slow, violent occupation or a campaign of destruction. By 1900 the archipelago was considered "pacified" and the KNIL was mainly involved with military police tasks. The nature of the KNIL changed in 1917 when the colonial government introduced obligatory military service for all male conscripts in
11280-507: The population of Bogor Regency was 5,520,836 people, with an average density of 2,019 people/km . Bogor Regency is an administrative area at the level of Regency with the largest population in West Java and even in Indonesia . The original inhabitants of Bogor Regency and West Java are generally Sundanese . Another ethnic group that is quite prominent is the Javanese , who are immigrants from
11400-509: The pre- World War II colonial period. Today Puncak Pass is surrounded by hotels and resorts. Puncak rests within the mountains between Bandung and Bogor. Many tourists visit this area of West Java to escape the heat and busy city areas. Puncak is known for its individual private resorts/villas, which can be rented out for individual or group bookings. Schools and companies organize group outings, business conferences, and training in those resorts. There are some tea plantations on either side of
11520-413: The regency), while Bogor city had previously been formed as an autonomous city (similarly independent of the regency). In spite of these subtractions, Bogor Regency remains the most populous regency in Indonesia. There are various opinions about the origin of the name Bogor itself. One opinion states that the name Bogor comes from Arabic language , namely Baqar which means cow on the grounds that there
11640-572: The regency. Bogor Regency has several mountain ranges, Halimun Salak Mountains in the west, Gede Pangrango Mountains in the south, Jonggol Mountains in the east - southeast, Sanggabuana Mountains in the far east and Cibinong Karst Mountains in the north. In addition, Bogor has several popular mountain peaks. Such as, Mount Pangrango (3019 m), Mount Salak (2211 m), Mount Baud / Puncak Jonggol (1890 m), Mount Halimun (1900 m), Mount Kencana (1803 m), and Mount Batu Jonggol (875 m). The area of Bogor Regency encompasses several river basins and serves as
11760-564: The regency. Notes: (a) including the kelurahan of Padasuka. (b) including the kelurahan of Cisarua. (c) includes the 2 kelurahan of Karang Asem Barat and Puspanegara. (d) comprises all 13 kelurahan of (Cibinong, Cirimekar, Ciriung, Harapan Jaya, Karadenan, Nanggewer, Nanggewer Mekar, Pabuaran, Pabuaran Mekar, Pakansari, Pondok Rajeg, Sukahati and Tengah). (e) including the kelurahan of Pabuaran. (f) apart from kelurahan of Pabuaran (which has post code of 16921), and desa of Bojonggede (16922) and Kedung Waringin (16923). (g) including
11880-519: The remainder of the 19th century. This included the Banten Peasant's Revolt in the aftermath of the tremendous eruption of Krakatoa in 1883. However, the island of Lombok came under Dutch control in 1894, and Batak resistance in northern Sumatra was quashed in 1895. Towards the end of the 19th century, the balance of military power shifted towards the industrialising Dutch and against pre-industrial independent indigenous Indonesian polities as
12000-693: The remaining independent local rulers. Southwestern Sulawesi was occupied in 1905–06, the island of Bali was subjugated with military conquests in 1906 and 1908 , as were the remaining independent kingdoms in Maluku, Sumatra, Kalimantan and Nusa Tenggara . Other rulers including the Sultans of Tidore in Maluku, Pontianak (Kalimantan) and Palembang in Sumatra , requested Dutch protection from independent neighbours thereby avoiding Dutch military conquest and were able to negotiate better conditions under colonial rule. The Bird's Head Peninsula ( Western New Guinea ),
12120-662: The residencies under the provincies were divided again into regentschappen , residencies under gouvermenten were divided into afdeelingen first before being subdivided into regentschappen . The Royal Netherlands East Indies Army (KNIL) and its air arm, the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army Air Force (ML-KNIL), were established in 1814 and 1915, respectively. Naval forces of the Royal Netherlands Navy were based in Surabaya , supplemented by
12240-476: The second politionele actie, or Operation Kraai , in December 1948. This was militarily successful (the Dutch managed to capture Sukarno), but again international political pressure forced the Dutch to back down and be party to the Roem–Van Roijen Agreement (7 May 1949). The Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference then started on 22 August 1949, which led to the agreement to transfer sovereignty to
12360-484: The slave was found guilty in an official court case. In reality however abuse of slaves by their masters was rampant and often went unpunished. Beatings and whippings were a commonplace punishment for disobedient slaves. Rape of female slaves by their masters was a common occurrence as well, as these women and girls were obliged to provide sexual services for their masters. Refusing to do so could result in severe physical punishment. Slavery and its excesses did not end with
12480-399: The technology gap widened. Military leaders and Dutch politicians believed they had a moral duty to free the native Indonesian peoples from indigenous rulers who were considered oppressive, backward, or disrespectful of international law. Although Indonesian rebellions broke out, direct colonial rule was extended throughout the rest of the archipelago from 1901 to 1910 and control taken from
12600-470: The torture and sexual abuse of a 15-year-old female coolie who had rejected sexual advances of a Dutch plantation overseer. The penal sanction was eventually abolished in 1931 and the Coolie Ordinances ended in the early 1940s. During earlier stages of colonization female indigenous sex slaves were bought by Dutch colonials, but this practice was cut short after 1860 with the abolition of slavery. In
12720-585: The unruliest inmates. In the Sawahlunto prison on Sumatra prisoners had to perform manual labour in the coal mines. Separate prisons were built for juveniles (West Java) and for women. In the Bulu women's prison in Semarang inmates had the opportunity to learn a profession during their detention, such as sewing, weaving and making batik . This training was held in high esteem and helped re-socialise women once they were outside
12840-454: The upper part for some river basins, including the Bekasi basin ( Bekasi River ), Ciliwung basin ( Liwung River ), Angke basin ( Angke river ), and Cisadane basin ( Sadane River ). Many of the tributaries within these river basins originate in the Bogor Regency area. Their flows merge into larger streams, ultimately flowing and emptying into Jakarta Bay . Almost the entire regency comes under
12960-550: The village areas. The Sundanese language used in Bogor Regency is mainly divided into three dialects, the Bogor Sundanese dialect (Northern Sundanese) is used in the central and eastern regions of Bogor Regency; Banten Sundanese dialect is used in the Greater Jasinga area in the western part of Bogor Regency, where it is known as basa Sunda Jasinga (Jasinga Sundanese), and in the northern part of Bogor district, especially in
13080-463: The western part of Gunungsindur and the northern part of Rumpin; and the Priangan Sundanese dialect which is used in the southern and southeastern parts bordering Cianjur Regency and Sukabumi Regency . Betawi language is also spoken in Bogor Regency, a Malay-based creole language with influences from other local languages, especially Sundanese. In Bogor Regency, this language is spoken in
13200-468: Was brought under Dutch administration in 1920. This final territorial range would form the territory of the Republic of Indonesia . The colonial wars in the Dutch East Indies exacted a heavy toll on the Indonesian population, with around 3 to 4 million deaths including both direct war casualties and indirect victims of war due to famine and disease. Due to the high monetary costs of several Dutch conquests in
13320-473: Was dissolved in 1942 during the Japanese occupation. The legal system was divided by the three main ethnic groups classified under the Dutch colonial administration— Europeans, Foreign Orientals (Arabs and the Chinese) and the indigenous— which were subject to their own legal systems that were all simultaneously in force. The Dutch government adapted the Dutch codes of law in its colony. The highest court of law,
13440-510: Was dissolved on 15 November 1947 after Schermerhorn and Van Poll resigned. The Politionele Actie did not achieve its goals, and international pressure forced the Dutch government to accept a cease-fire and the Renville Agreement (17 January 1948). This agreement, however, did not lead to a solution. Provocative actions from both sides led to a tense military situation, and the Dutch for the second time resorted to military intervention with
13560-471: Was established in Batavia (now Jakarta ), which became the center of the VOC's Asian trading network. To their original monopolies on nutmeg , peppers , cloves and cinnamon , the company and later colonial administrations introduced non-indigenous cash crops like coffee, tea, cacao, tobacco, rubber, sugar and opium, and safeguarded their commercial interests by taking over surrounding territory. Smuggling,
13680-489: Was famous for the teachings of his venerated ancestors who pursued prosperity. Since then successively recorded in the history of the kingdoms that once ruled in the region, namely; After the Proclamation of Independence, to be precise in the era of United States of Indonesia or RIS , Bogor Regency was included in the proposed State of Pasundan area, then defined as SK Wali Negeri Pasundan Nomor 12 which stated that in
13800-409: Was financial, as the Dutch state at that time did not want to spend the money necessary to free the slaves on the more distant islands. Another reason was to appease local rulers and to prevent political turmoil. Due to the lax policy of the Dutch state slavery persisted in parts of the Dutch East Indies well into the 20th century. From the arrival of the first Dutch ships in the late 16th century, to
13920-513: Was headed by the Administrative Mayor. Meanwhile, the idea of forming a separate Jonggol Regency was not implemented. In 1994, President Suharto was interested in making one of the Bogor Regency's areas, namely Jonggol District (at that time including Sukamakmur , Cariu and Babakan Madang ). as the location for the new national capital to replace Jakarta, because Jonggol is located only 40 km southeast of Jakarta. Post-reformation
14040-535: Was no longer to be considered as a candidate for the capital city of Bogor Regency. This was due to the limited availability of land owned by the district government and to minimal infrastructure, pending the debate on the formation of Jonggol Regency which is still considered raw. Finally, it was determined that the candidate for the capital city of Bogor Regency should be located in Tengah Village (now Tengah Kelurahan , in Cibinong District). The determination of
14160-497: Was restored in 1816 on the basis of the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 . The Commissioners-General of the Dutch East Indies reformed the public finances of the colony and drew up a new Regeringsreglement that would define the government of the colony for a century. Under the 1824 Anglo-Dutch Treaty the Dutch secured the Kepaksian Pernong Sekala Brak and British settlements such as Bengkulu , both in Sumatra , and
14280-555: Was ruled under Islamic kingdoms , except Bali that retained a Hindu majority. Sultanates, city states , local kingdoms and tribes were all connected through trade, creating a mixed Hindu-Buddhist-Islamic culture , and Malay as a lingua franca throughout the region. The islands were known to the Europeans and were sporadically visited by expeditions such as that of Italians Marco Polo in 1292 and Odoric of Pordenone in 1321. The first Europeans to establish themselves in Indonesia were
14400-439: Was subject to their respective adat law and to indigenous regents and district courts, unless cases were escalated before Dutch judges. Following Indonesian independence, the Dutch legal system was adopted and gradually a national legal system based on Indonesian precepts of law and justice was established. By 1920 the Dutch had established 350 prisons throughout the colony. The Meester Cornelis prison in Batavia incarcerated
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