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109-414: The etymology of Ciliwung is uncertain; the initial syllable "ci" means "river"; of the "liwung" part, the two least implausible assumptions are "the whirlpool" (compare Sundanese liwung "be distressed, upset") or "the meandering one" (compare Malay liuk , liut "to twist"). It is possible that the name originated from one of the many epithets of the king of Pajajaran Sri Baduga Maharaja , among them

218-544: A /a/ , é /ɛ/ , i /i/ , o /ɔ/ , u /u/ , e /ə/ , and eu /ɨ/ . According to Müller-Gotama (2001) there are 18 consonants in the Sundanese phonology: /b/ , /tʃ/ , /d/ , /ɡ/ , /h/ , /dʒ/ , /k/ , /l/ , /m/ , /n/ , /p/ , /r/ , /s/ , /ŋ/ , /t/ , /ɲ/ , /w/ , /j/ ; however, influences from foreign languages have introduced several additional consonants such as /f/ , /v/ , /z/ (as in fonem , qur'an , xerox , zakat ). The consonantal phonemes are transcribed with

327-449: A "not" to English "do" or "does"). To negate clauses where the subject is linked to adjectives or nouns (where, in English, it would normally require a linking verb like "be"), sanés is used. In this sentence, "acan" is used to signpost that the speaker has not done something, but they will do it in a short notice. Other words that can be used to negate clauses are moal (to signpost that

436-815: A 23 kilometers canal from the Cipinang to the east and then to the north of Java Sea as a quarter of a circle with 100 to 300 meters width. On December 19, 2013, a contract to build water tunnel(s) to the East Flood Canal from the Ciliwung with a minimum capacity of 60 cubic meters per second was signed by the Public Works Ministry. So, the floods in East Jakarta to the north and along the Ciliwung River will be eased. The Ciliwung Basin has been populated at least since

545-703: A casual variant of sanés . Moal and its longer variant moal waka can also be used casually. Other words include teu hayang (which can also sound aggressive depending on context) and embung (which is somewhat a casual counterpart of alim ). Dupi (for polite situation) /Ari (for formal situation) -(question) example: Polite: Formal: Polite: Formal: Examples: teuas (hard), tiis (cool for water and solid objects), tiris (cool for air), hipu (soft), lada (hot/spicy, usually for foods), haneut (warm), etc. Sundanese has three generic prepositions for spatial expressions: Using different type of prepositions can result in different meanings. di cai: at

654-720: A kind of "standard" variety of written languages in Sundanese society. Sundanese magazines, newspapers, literary books and theses, mostly using the loma variant. Apart from the two previous levels, there is actually one more lowest level, namely cohag (rough). This level is only used when angry or just to show intimacy between speakers. This register can only be found in the Sundanese Priangan dialect, while other dialects such as Bantenese Language , generally do not recognize this register. For many words, there are distinct loma and lemes forms, e.g. arék (loma) vs. badé (lemes) "want", maca (loma) vs. maos (lemes) "read". In

763-527: A lock was constructed at the west side of the Noordwijk (named schutsluis Noordwijk, later becoming the Willemsluis) to protect Noordwijk from flooding, The lock gives name to the streets surrounding the area Jalan Pintu Air ("water lock street"). The part of the Ciliwung that flows straight from Harmoni to the north used to be a private river with toll payments for those who wanted to pass through it. This river

872-531: A mayor, who is elected by the citizens every five years, together with a vice-mayor; in the past, the mayor was appointed by the provincial administration. Diani Budiarto became the first directly elected mayor of Bogor on 25 October 2008 and assumed his position on 7 April 2009. Legislative power is provided by the Bogor City Regional House of Representatives which consists of 50 directly elected members serving 5-year terms. The Coat of arms of Bogor

981-405: A mean annual discharge of 16 m/s as measured at Ciliwung Ratujaya observation station (231 km). With such topographical, geological, and hydrological features, the Ciliwung River is often overflowing and inundating parts of Jakarta. The population along the Ciliwung River basin reaches 4.088 million (Census 2000) which can be regarded as the most densely populated area. The natural flow of

1090-622: A new canal known as the Gunung Sahari Canal. Gunung Sahari Canal diverted the flow of the Ciliwung to reach the Java Sea to the north, near the mouth of River Ancol (now the canal near Dunia Fantasi ). In the Gunung Sahari Canal, the Ciliwung merged again with its old course at the Krekot Sentiong area. The construction of the Gunung Sahari Canal caused frequent flooding in the area along the Noordwijk (now Jalan Ir. H. Juanda). Because of this,

1199-533: A population of 950,334 in the 2010 Census and 1,043,070 in the 2020 Census. The official estimate as at the end of 2023 was 1,127,408. Bogor is an important economic, scientific, cultural, and tourist center, as well as a mountain resort. During the Middle Ages , the city served as the capital of the Sunda Kingdom ( Sundanese : Karajaan Sunda ) and was called Pakuan Pajajaran or Dayeuh Pakuan . During

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1308-535: A result of defeat of Pasundan in a quick military conflict with the Republic of Indonesia, the city became part of Indonesia, as formalized in August 1950, and its name was officially declared as Bogor. As part of independent modern Indonesia, Bogor has a significant role in the cultural, scientific, and economic development of the country and West Java in particular – in part due to the legacy of infrastructure built during

1417-599: A signed agreement between the Crown Prince of Banten and the VOC. The first, and temporal, colonial settlement at Pakuan was a camp of lieutenant Tanoejiwa, a Sundanese employed by the VOC who was sent in 1687 to develop the area. It was seriously damaged by the eruption on 4–5 January 1699 of the Mount Salak volcano ( Indonesian : Gunung Salak ). However, the concomitant forest fires removed much forest, leaving much area for

1526-465: A significant increase in the number of traditional Indonesian rickshaw ( becak ) at more than 2,000 units as of 2009. The Bogor railway station was built in 1881, and currently serves about 50,000 passengers and has about 70 departures and 70 arrivals per day. The Bogor Paledang railway station opened in 2013 to serve trains to Sukabumi . Residential buildings occupy 26.46% of the city, or 71.11% of its built-up area; 5–14-storey buildings dominate

1635-427: A slope of 0.01, and the downstream, 55 km in length, has a flat slope of 0.0018. In general, the geology the upstream of Ciliwung basin is dominated by Tuffaceous Breccia and older deposits of lahar and lava . The middle reach consists mainly of Quaternary period alluvial fans and volcanic rocks. The downstream area is dominated by alluvial and beach ridge deposits. Mean rainfall reaches 3,125 mm, with

1744-459: A small cemetery adjacent to churches. Some mosques also have small burial plots. Graves for the poor and nameless are mostly located at Kayumanis, and Gunung Gadung cemetery is restricted to Chinese residents. Bogor is one of the major scientific and educational centers in Indonesia. A significant part of academic and research base was laid in the period of Dutch colonization. In particular, since

1853-412: A typical Dutch city pattern. The waters of Ciliwung were also channeled to form two inner and outer moats and a wall surrounding the city of Batavia. The largest canal that flows through the middle of Batavia was named Kali Besar or Dutch Grote Rivier ("Big River"). Small boats sailed along Ciliwung to transport goods from warehouses close to Kali Besar to ships anchored at the port. The maintenance of

1962-452: Is 205,000 m , of which 87,000 m are Bogor Botanical Gardens , 19,400 m are taken by 35 parks, 17,200 m by 24 groves and 81,400 m are covered with grass. Several rivers flow through the city toward the Java Sea . The largest ones, Ciliwung and Cisadane, flank the historic city center. Smaller rivers, Cipakancilan, Cidepit, Ciparigi and Cibalok, are guided by cement tubes in many places. It

2071-563: Is Prabu Haliwung, so named because of his temperamental attitude. The name "Ci Haliwung" was recorded on the map of C.M. Pleyte (1919). The Ci Liwung is 119 km long with a catchment area of 476 km. The Ciliwung has its source at Mandalawangi in Bogor Regency with the highest peak at 3,002 m. The river flows in a northern direction passing several active volcanoes, Mount Salak , Mount Kendeng , and Mount Halimun , and crosses two main cities Bogor and Jakarta before finally flowing into

2180-660: Is a Malayo-Polynesian language spoken in Java , primarily by the Sundanese . It has approximately 32 million native speakers in the western third of Java ; they represent about 15% of Indonesia 's total population. According to American linguist Robert Blust , Sundanese is closely related to the Malayic languages , as well as to language groups spoken in Borneo such as the Land Dayak languages or

2289-520: Is a disposal area. As a result, the river is growing shallower and the flow slower. In 2014, the Audit Board of Indonesia released a four-year audit of the river and found that seventeen separate companies had been polluting its waters, submitting a report to the police. Indonesian Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing (PUPR) has a separate Ciliwung Cisadane River Region Center (BBWSCC). DKI Jakarta Provincial Government and BBWSCC have an agreement on

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2398-553: Is a problem in the Ciliwung. With many of the original forests converted into settlements around the Puncak area, the flooding has worsened each year. In 2012, the government of Indonesia announced a 20-year plan to clean up the Ciliwung, which kicked off with a $ 10 million restoration project that will include the construction of a waste processing facility in 2013 and an education centre for riverside communities.  The city administration now hires over 4000 workers to regularly clean

2507-686: Is a rectangular heraldic shield with a pointed base and the side lengths ratio of 5:4, divided by a cross into four parts. The upper left quarter contains the National emblem of Indonesia – the mythical bird Garuda , in the upper right is the presidential palace, in the bottom left is the Salak volcano, and in the lower right is the national Sundanese dagger kujang . The inscription on top reads "KOTA BOGOR", which translates to "THE CITY OF BOGOR". Bogor has developed automotive , chemical , and food industries; its outlying areas are used for agriculture. During

2616-491: Is an important industry sector, which yielded US$ 367,000 from 2008 export sales only, mostly to Japan and Middle East. A substantial part of other Bogor production, 144 billion IDR in 2008, is exported. Examples are clothes and footwear (to US, EU, ASEAN , Canada, Australia, Russia), textiles (US, New Zealand ), furniture (South Korea), car tires (ASEAN countries and South America), toys and souvenirs (Japan, Germany, Brazil), soft drinks (ASEAN countries and Middle East). Most of

2725-505: Is believed to originate from the Javanese word bogor meaning sugar palm ( Arenga pinnata ) or bokor (a large bowl made from metal), which is still used in the Indonesian language. Alternative origins are the old-Javanese word bhagar (meaning cow), or simply the misspelling of "Buitenzorg" by the local residents. The city grew rapidly in the late 18th – early 19th centuries. This growth

2834-510: Is burned in five incinerators within the city. The seven cemeteries of Bogor are named by the city districts as Cilendek, Kayumanis, Situgede, Mulyaharja, Blender, Dreded and Gunung Gadung. The first six have the status of "public cemeteries" ( Indonesian : Tempat pemakaman umum ), and have no restrictions by religion or ethnicity. However, given the religious composition of Bogor, the cemeteries are predominantly Muslim, and Christian graves are located either in separate areas of cemeteries or in

2943-470: Is carried out in agriculture, soil science, dendrology , veterinary and ichthyology . More specific areas include natural pesticides and repellents , intercropping , industrial applications of essential oils and natural alkaloids , increasing yields of various kinds of pepper, improving preservation processes, etc. Bogor was the capital of the Sundanese kingdom in the Middle Ages. Sundanese culture

3052-404: Is divided into six districts ( kecamatan ), which contain 68 urban villages ( kelurahan ). The districts are tabulated below with their populations at the 2010 and 2020 Censuses, together with the official estimates at the end of 2023. The table also includes the number of administrative villages (all classed as urban kelurahan ) in each district, and their post codes. The city is headed by

3161-539: Is increasing, primarily due to the inflow of poor residents from the surrounding rural areas. In 2009, 17.45% of the population lived below the poverty level, almost twice as high than in 2006 (9.5%) Minimum wage is established by the West Java Governor at 2,658,155 IDR/month. In 2008 there were 3,208 officially registered industrial enterprises in Bogor employing 54,268 people, more than half (32,237) of whom worked at

3270-481: Is not in flood condition. The tunnel is 2.9 kilometers long and diameter of six meters. The Ciliwung flows through two provinces, West Java and the Special Region of Jakarta. Two main ethnic groups dominate the region, namely the Sundanese (West Java) in southern Ciliwung and Orang Betawi (Jakarta) in northern Ciliwung. Culture in the Bogor area is mainly Sundanese, such as can be observed in traditional dances,

3379-436: Is rather uneven: 17.64 km of its area has slopes of 0–2°, 80.9 km from 2° to 15°, 11 km between 15° and 25°, 7.65 km from 25° to 40° and 1.20 km over 40°; the northern part is relatively flat and the southern part is more hilly. The soils are dominated by volcanic sedimentary rocks. Given the proximity of large active volcanoes, the area is considered highly seismic. The total area of green space

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3488-470: Is related to urbanization as well as the influx of workforce from other parts of the country. The birth rate in 2009 was 563 children per 10,000 people, with the mortality value of 272. During the same year, 12,709 permanent resident moved in and 3,391 people left the city. Men constituted 51.06% and women 48.94% of the population; 28.39% of the inhabitants were under 15 years old, 67.42% were aged 15–65 years and 3.51% – over 65 years. The 2005 estimate of

3597-404: Is worth noting that "ci" in the river names merely means "river" in Sundanese, and the actual name begins after it, but the "ci" is nevertheless included in national and international maps. There are several small lakes within the city, including Situ Burung (lit. Bird Lake; "Situ" meaning "Lake") and Situ Gede (lit. Great Lake), each with an area of several hectares. Rivers and lakes occupy 2.89% of

3706-631: The Banjir canal ("flood canal"), was constructed in 1922 to divert the water of several rivers of Jakarta, which includes Ciliwung, Cideng , and Krukut . The flow of the Ciliwung was diverted through the Manggarai floodgate , constructed at the point near Manggarai station . The water is diverted to the west of the city through Pasar Rumput, Dukuh Atas going northwest to Karet Kubur, and continues to Tanah Abang, Tomang, Grogol, Pademangan, and ends at Muara Angke. The New East Flood Canal has been opened since 2010,

3815-672: The Dutch colonial era , it was named Buitenzorg ( "without worries" in Dutch) and served as the summer residence of the Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies . With several hundred thousand people living on an area of about 20 km (7.7 sq mi), the central part of Bogor is one of the world's most densely populated areas. The city has a presidential palace and a botanical garden ( Indonesian : Kebun Raya Bogor ) – one of

3924-513: The Gedung Kesenian Jakarta and then along the canal of Jalan Gunung Sahari. The water ends up in Ancol. Initially, a canal linked the eastern and the western branches of Ciliwung. Today this canal, which is now located on the south side of Jalan Tol Pelabuhan, was filled with slum settlement due to careless planning after the independence period. After 1918 Jakarta's big flood, a new canal,

4033-467: The Java Sea through Jakarta Bay . The main tributaries in the upper catchment area are the Ciesek and Ciluar with respective lengths of 9.7 km and 21.0 km, with catchment areas of 27.15 km and 35.25 km respectively. The Ciliwung basin has a narrow and elongated shape. The 17.2 km length of the upstream area has a very steep slope (0.08), The 25.4 km length in the middle-reach has

4142-808: The Kayan–Murik languages , based on high lexical similarities between these languages. Sundanese is mainly spoken on the west side of the island of Java , in an area known as Tatar Sunda ( Pasundan ). However, Sundanese is also spoken in the western part of Central Java , especially in Brebes and Cilacap Regency , because these areas were previously under the control of the Galuh Kingdom . Many place names in Cilacap are still Sundanese names such as Dayeuhluhur , Cimanggu, Cipari, even as far as Banyumas , such as Cilongok, Cingebul, Gumelar, and others. Until 1600 AD, Sundanese

4251-816: The Organisation for the Preservation of Birds and their Habitat are also in Bogor. The literacy rate in Bogor (98.7%) is relatively high for Indonesia. IPB University ( Indonesian : Institut Pertanian Bogor ) is the main agricultural university of the country. It was founded in 1963 based on the agricultural college, which was established back in the 19th century by the Dutch colonial administration. The largest private universities are Pakuan, Juanda, Nusa Bangsa and Ibn Khaldun. In addition to regular schools, there are over 700 Muslim schools ( madrasah ) and several Christian schools and colleges. Most scientific research in Bogor

4360-670: The Sanghyang Siksa Kandang Karesian Manuscript, Carita Parahyangan , Amanat Galunggung , and Guru Talapakan . In addition, according to some Sundanese language experts until around the 6th century , the area of speech reached around the Dieng Plateau in Central Java , based on the name "Dieng" which is considered the name Sundanese (from the origin of the word dihyang which is an Old Sundanese word). Along with transmigration and immigration carried out by

4469-637: The Sultanate of Banten , causing the existence of the State of Sunda to cease. The city was abandoned and remained uninhabited for decades. In the second half of the 17th century, the abandoned Pakuan as with most of West Java, while formally remaining under the Sultanate of Banten, gradually passed under the control of the Dutch East India Company (VOC). The formal transition occurred on 17 April 1684 with

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4578-484: The Sunda Kingdom , and in 669, the capital of Sunda was built between two parallel rivers, the Ciliwung and Cisadane . It was named Pakuan Pajajaran , in old Sundanese meaning "a place between the parallel [rivers]", and became the predecessor of the modern Bogor. Over the next several centuries, Pakuan Pajajaran became one of the largest cities in medieval Indonesia with a population reaching 48,000. The name Pajajaran

4687-435: The ar infix into the stem word. If the stem word starts with l , or contains r following the infix, the infix ar becomes al . Also, as with other Sundanese infixes (such as um ), if the word starts with vowel, the infix becomes a prefix. Examples: However, it is reported that this use of al instead of ar (as illustrated in (4) above) does not to occur if the 'r' is in onset of a neighbouring syllable. For example,

4796-812: The lemes level, some words further distinguish humble and respectful forms, the former being used to refer to oneself, and the latter for the addressee and third persons, e.g. rorompok "(my own) house" vs. bumi "(your or someone else's) house" (the loma form is imah ). Similar systems of speech levels are found in Japanese , Korean and Thai . simkuring (formal) kuring (formal) kami (non-formal, expressing speaker's superiority) hidep (for younger) silaing anjeunna sim kuring sadayana (formal) haridep (for younger) hilap (for myself) calik (for myself) Other Austronesian languages (especially those in western Indonesia) commonly use reduplication to create plural forms. However, Sundanese inserts

4905-497: The life expectancy was 71.8 years, which is the highest figure for West Java and one of the highest in Indonesia. The majority of population (93%) are Muslims with about 6% Christians. However, there are many Christian churches in the city, as well as Buddhist (mostly in the Chinese community) and Hindu communities. Since 2008, a Christian church congregation in Bogor has been embroiled in conflict with Islamic fundamentalists over

5014-871: The 114 largest companies. The outskirts of the city contain about 3,466 hectares of agricultural area, including 111 hectares of water bodies used for fishery and fish farming. The main crops are rice (1165 hectares as of 2007, the annual harvest in 2003 was 9,953 tonnes), various vegetables (772 acres, 8,296 tonnes), corn (382 acres, 6,720 tonnes) and sweet potato (480 acres, 3,480 tonnes). The livestock sector has 25 registered companies (as of 2007) mostly breeding cows (more than 1000 animals yielding more than 2.61 million liters of milk), sheep (about 12,000), chickens (more than 642,000) and ducks (ca. 8,000). About 25–30 tonnes of various species of fish are produced per year by 4 registered companies. The fishes are mostly bred artificially, in ponds and paddy fields. Breeding aquarium fish and also catching them in their natural habitat

5123-513: The 4th century. Two kingdoms were founded along the Upper Ciliwung in Bogor ; Tarumanegara (4th-5th Century) with its King Purnawarman and Sunda (15th-16th Century) with its King Sri Baduga . The existence of these Kingdoms is found in ancient inscriptions at Ciaruteun (Tarumanagara) and Batutulis (Padjajaran). In the early 16th century, the Ciliwung was an important means of transportation from

5232-619: The Bogor districts of Cimahpar and Cibilong. Whereas most of the houses (excluding some slum areas) are provided with electricity, street lighting covers only 35.38% of the city (4,193 light sources, as of 2007), however, the number of street lights is increasing at an annual rate of 10–15%. As of 2009, only 47% of Bogor is provided with clean tap water through a centralized water supply systems managed by state-owned Tirta Pakuan. The municipal system takes water from rivers Cisadane (1240 liters per second), and three natural sources: Kota Batu, Bentar-Kambing and Tangka (410 liters per second). Although

5341-526: The Ciliwung in Jakarta is heavily polluted. Informal settlements or slums flourished on the banks of the Ciliwung, increasing the amount of waste and reducing the surface area of the river. Some canals were completely blocked by slums and people created informal gardens inside by drying the canal. Water maintenance and ecological awareness are minimal. Other sources of pollution originate from agricultural runoff of upstream river users and industrial pollution. Flooding

5450-464: The Ciliwung was diverted into canals by the Dutch during the early settlement of Jakarta (then named Batavia). Beginning in an area that is now Istiqlal Mosque, the Ciliwung was diverted into two canals, one flowing northwest and one flowing northeast. The western branch flows along the canal of Jalan Veteran and then through the canal of Jalan Gajah Mada . This 2 km straight canal is known as Batang Hari Canal, previously known as Molenvliet , which

5559-571: The Great of Prussia's summer palace outside Potsdam, Sanssouci, with the same meaning in French). Around the same time, the first reference to Bogor as the local name of the city was documented; it was mentioned in the administration report from 7 April 1752 with respect to the part of Buitenzorg adjacent to the Palace. Later this name became used for the whole city as the local alternative to Buitenzorg. This name

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5668-620: The Inspector General of the VOC Abraham van Riebeeck (the son of the founder of Cape Town Jan van Riebeeck and later Governor of Dutch East Indies). The expedition of van Riebeeck performed a detailed study of the Pakuan ruins, discovered and described many archaeological artifacts, including prasasti, and erected buildings for the VOC employees. The area attracted the Dutch by a favorable geographical position and mild climate, preferred over

5777-685: The Ketuk Tilu, or the Jaipongan which is modern, sensual, and full of spirit. Specific Sundanese music can be observed from the Degung , Calung , Angklung , and Kecapi suling . The culture of Jakarta can be seen in the Yapong dance and Gambang kromong , as well as Kroncong music, which can still be found at Tugu, north of Jakarta. Also famous is a humorous play, the Lenong, using a special Betawi dialect. The section of

5886-499: The Portuguese to trade in pepper in exchange for permission to build a fort to protect the main port of Sunda Kalapa. The pact was immortalized in a 1522 padrão . Despite the treaty, the Portuguese failed to construct the fort in the given year. The padrão of Sunda Kelapa was found by Fatahillah, commander of the Sultanate of Demak, and fell into the Ciliwung without any ceremony. The padrão will only be rediscovered in 1918. Sunda Kelapa

5995-548: The Sundanese ethnics, speakers of this language have spread beyond the island of Java . For example, in Lampung , South Sumatra , Bengkulu , Riau , West Kalimantan , Southeast Sulawesi , and even outside the country of Indonesia, such as Taiwan , Japan , Australia , and other countries, a significant number of ethnic Sundanese live in areas outside the Pasundan . Sundanese has several dialects, conventionally described according to

6104-567: The Sundanese language were written in the Old Sundanese script ( Aksara Sunda Kuno ). After the arrival of Islam, the Pegon script is also used, usually for religious purposes. The Latin script then began to be used after the arrival of Europeans. In modern times, most of Sundanese literature is written in Latin. Meanwhile, the regional governments of West Java and Banten have been actively promoting

6213-537: The accumulation of sand and mud and what more with the earthquake in January 1699 A Ciliwung tributary that empties into the ocean was used for ship entrance into the castle from the canals to Waterpoort . The water of the canals was used by the citizens for drinking water. In 1689, the canals were still unpolluted and could be used for drinking water. The earthquake, which occurred in January 1699, caused an increase in sedimentation levels. Heaps of mud and sand accumulated in

6322-537: The bathroom/toilet Bogor Bogor City ( Indonesian : Kota Bogor ) or Bogor ( Sundanese : ᮘᮧᮌᮧᮁ , Dutch : Buitenzorg ) is a city in the West Java province , Indonesia . Located around 60 kilometers (37 mi) south of the national capital of Jakarta , Bogor is the 6th largest city in the Jakarta metropolitan area and the 14th overall nationwide. The city covers an area of 111.39 km , and it had

6431-568: The beginning of the 19th century, there were established laboratories and professional schools focused primarily on improving the efficiency of colonial agriculture. In the late 19th – early 20th centuries major scientific institutions were established – the Research Institute and Rubber Research Institute of Forest. The prevailing profile of research and academic activity was retained in Bogor Indonesia after gaining independence. As in

6540-554: The building permit for their new church. According to 2000 Census, most of the population are Sundanese (76%) as native, with the largest immigrant minorities being Betawi , Javanese , Chinese, and other, often mixed ethnicities. Table based on Ethnicities in the 2000 Indonesian Population Census below; Bogor City is surrounded by the Bogor Regency ( kabupaten ) but in itself is a separate municipality ( kota ), making Bogor City an enclave within Bogor Regency. The city

6649-406: The canals within the walled city of Batavia is difficult because of its frequent sedimentation. In the middle of the 1630s, the canals became shallow, making it difficult for ships to enter Batavia. To deal with this, an 800 m long ditch was constructed to the sea that was routinely dredged to ease the flow of water. The length of the ditch increased to 1,350 m (1827) from the mouth of the river due to

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6758-433: The central part and the outlying areas are mostly built up with single-storeyed houses. The population rise in the 1990s–2000s due to the inflow of external workforce sharply increased the number of substandard housing, mainly on the outskirts of the city. More than half of the slums (1,242,490 m ) are located in northern Bogor, whereas their area is only 89,780 m in the southern part of the city. To improve this situation,

6867-498: The city administration launched a program of construction of cheap housing types (light prefabricated houses) in western Bogor. These houses combine reasonable rent ($ 22 per year ) at acceptable living conditions. Electricity to Bogor is supplied by the Indonesian state company Perusahaan Listrik Negara, which serves the provinces of West Java and Banten . Electricity is provided by more than ten regional thermal and hydroelectric power plants via two local transformer stations located in

6976-450: The city area. Bogor has a tropical rainforest climate (Af) according to the Köppen climate classification , and more humid and rainy than in many other areas of West Java – the average relative humidity is 70%, the average annual precipitation is about 1700 mm, but more than 3500 mm in some areas. Most rain falls between December and February. Because of this weather, Bogor has

7085-520: The city with the nearest metropolitan area (4,612 buses) and 40 with other cities of West Java (330 buses). There are two major bus terminals, Baranangsiang and Bubulak. The former has an area of 22,100 m and is dedicated to long-distance and freight traffic while the latter (area 11,850 m ) serves urban passenger routes. A separate station is dedicated to tourist coaches and buses to the nearest Soekarno–Hatta International Airport in Jakarta, located about 55 kilometers from Bogor. Recent years have seen

7194-405: The city's rivers, canals, lakes, and coastal areas. Ex-Governor Basuki Tjahaja Purnama also plans to turn parts of the Ciliwung riverbank into a tourist site. Sundanese language Sundanese ( / ˌ s ʌ n d ə ˈ n iː z / SUN -də- NEEZ ; endonym : basa Sunda , Sundanese script : ᮘᮞ ᮞᮥᮔ᮪ᮓ , Pegon script : بَاسَا سُوْندَا , pronounced [basa sunda] )

7303-562: The colonial period. Its special position was further reinforced by the transformation of the former summer residence of the governor-general into the summer palace of the President of Indonesia. In the 1990s–2000s, the city regularly hosted various international events, such as ministry-level meetings of the Asia-Pacific institutions and the APEC summit of 15 November 1994. The city is situated in

7412-403: The colonization, Bogor was mostly producing coffee, rubber and high-quality timber. Chemical industry was introduced to the city at the end of the 19th century, and car and metal production in the 1950s, during the industrialization of independent Indonesia. The fast economic development of the 1980s was slowed down by the crisis of the 1990s and recovered in the early 2000s; so the growth rate of

7521-639: The ditch that was dredged to ease the flow of the water to and from the river. In 1740, the canal of Batavia was considered unhealthy because of rubbish and the waste from the Binnen Hospital discharged into the river. Many patients suffered from dysentery and cholera . The unhygienic drinking water caused high death rates among the Batavia citizens. On the other hand, most of the Chinese who drank tea rarely got sick. Aware of this, many Dutch people ate tea leaves to stay healthy, but this attempt did not succeed. By

7630-464: The economy in Bogor was 5.78% in 2002, 6.07% in 2003 and 6.02% in 2009. At the end of 2009, the Gross Regional Product (GRP) was 12.249 trillion IDR (approximately US$ 1.287 billion ) and the investments amounted to 932.295 billion IDR. Despite the economic growth, the number of citizens living below the poverty level (defined by not only income, but also access to basic social services )

7739-405: The end of the 18th century, Doctor Thunberg still prescribed tea leaves instead of boiled water. It was still unknown at that time that bacteria could be killed by boiling water until boiling point. The Dutch still drank water from the Ciliwung through the 19th century. Water from the Ciliwung was initially stored in a reservoir ( waterplaats or aquada ) near Fort Jacatra, north of the city. Later

7848-533: The fortified city of Pakuan Pajajaran , the capital of the Hindu Sunda Kingdom . Sunda Kelapa, located at the mouth of the Ciliwung (more or less at the north end of present Kali Besar ), was the main harbor of the Kingdom of Sunda. Among the many epithets of the king Sri Baduga Maharaja , was Prabu Haliwungan - so called because of his temperamental attitude. The Ci Haliwung or Ci Liwung was probably named after

7957-705: The hot Batavia which was then the administrative center of the Dutch East Indies. In 1744–1745, the residence of the Governor-General was built in Pakuan which was hosting the government during the summer. In 1746, by the order of the Governor-General Gustaaf Willem van Imhoff , the Palace, a nearby Dutch settlement and nine native settlements were merged into an administrative division named Buitenzorg (Dutch for "beyond (or outside) concerns", meaning "without worries" or "carefree", cf. Frederick

8066-529: The king's epithet. The name Ci Haliwung or Tji Haliwoeng was recorded in the map of C.M. Pleyte (1919). During the rise of the Hindu Kingdom of Sunda, the Ciliwung became an important means of transportation for the kingdom. To protect Sunda Kelapa from the Islamic Sultanate of Cirebon and Demak, Prabu Surawisesa (recorded by the Portuguese as Samian) was instructed by the king to sign a peace treaty with

8175-544: The largest agricultural school in the colony was established in Buitenzorg. Other scientific institutions including a city library, natural science museum, biology, chemistry, and veterinary medicine laboratories were also constructed during this period. During this time, in 1867, the Buitenzorg Residency was downgraded from a full Residency to an Assistant Residency. By the end of the 19th century, Buitenzorg became one of

8284-409: The letters p, b, t, d, k, g, c /t͡ʃ/ , j /d͡ʒ/ , h, ng ( /ŋ/ ), ny /ɲ/ , m, n, s /s/ , w, l, r /r~ɾ/ , and y /j/ . Other consonants that originally appear in Indonesian loanwords are mostly transferred into native consonants: f/v /f/ → p, sy /ʃ/ → s, z /z/ → j, and kh /x/ → h. Epenthetic semivowels /w/ and /j/ are inserted after a high vowel immediately followed by another vowel, as in

8393-436: The local sells are carried out via the eight major shopping centers, nine supermarkets and seven major markets. Bogor is a major transport center of Java. It contains 599.2 kilometers of roads (as of 2008) which cover 5.31% of the city area; 30.2 kilometers of the roads are of national and 26.8 km of prefectural importance. The 22 transport lines are operated by 3,506 buses and minibuses. In addition, 10 bus routes connect

8502-540: The locations of the people: The Priangan dialect, which covers the largest area where Sundanese people lives ( Parahyangan in Sundanese), is the most widely spoken type of Sundanese language, taught in elementary till senior-high schools (equivalent to twelfth-year school grade) in West Java and Banten Province. The language has been written in different writing systems throughout history. The earliest attested documents of

8611-406: The main attractions of the city. From the 9th-15th centuries, the capital moved between Pakuan and other cities of the kingdom, and finally returned to Pakuan by King Siliwangi ( Sri Baduga Maharaja ) on 3 June 1482 – the day of his coronation. Since 1973, this date is celebrated in Bogor as an official city holiday. In 1579, Pakuan was captured and almost completely destroyed by the army of

8720-561: The major training centres of the Indonesian militia PETA (Pembela Tanah Air – " Defenders of the Motherland "). On 17 August 1945, Sukarno and Hatta proclaimed independence, but the Dutch regained control of the town and adjoining areas. In February 1948, Buitenzorg was included in the quasi-independent state of West Java,( Indonesian : Negara Jawa Barat ) which was renamed Pasundan in April 1948 ( Indonesian : Negara Pasundan ). This state

8829-410: The most developed and westernized cities in Indonesia. In 1904, Buitenzorg formally became the administrative center of the Dutch East Indies. However, real management remained in Batavia, which hosted most of the administrative offices and the main office of the governor. This status was revoked in the administrative reform of 1924, which divided the colony into provinces and made Buitenzorg seat of

8938-527: The national census held in May–August 2010, 949,066 people were registered in Bogor. The average population density was about 8,000 people per km ; it reached 12,571 persons per km in the centre and drops to 5,866 people per km in the southern part. Based on official figures from Dukcapil Kemendagri, the city's population at the end of 2023 was 1,127,408 people, giving a population density of 10,121 people per km . The rapid population growth in Bogor after 1960

9047-492: The new Buitenzorg Residency and center of West Java Province. During World War II , Buitenzorg and the entire territory of the Dutch East Indies were occupied by Japanese forces; the occupation lasted from 6 March 1942 until the summer of 1945. As part of the efforts by the Japanese to promote nationalist (and thus anti-Dutch) sentiments among the local population the city was given the Indonesian name Bogor. The city had one of

9156-587: The nickname "Rain City" ( Indonesian : Kota hujan ). The temperatures are lower than in coastal Java: the average maximum is 25.9 °C (cf. 32.2 °C in Jakarta). Daily fluctuations (9–10 °C) are rather high for Indonesia. The absolute maximum temperature was recorded at 38 °C and the minimum at 3 °C. The New American Cyclopaedia of 1867 reported Buitenzorg's population as being 320,756, including 9,530 Chinese, 650 Europeans, and 23 Arabs. According to

9265-540: The normalization of some rivers in Jakarta. The DKI Provincial Government is tasked with freeing land for normalization needs to be carried out by BBWSCC. A restoration project is undertaken to widen and water flow of the river. The restoration project is divided into four sections with a total length of about 19 km, extending from Manggarai to the Jl. TB Simatupang area in South Jakarta . The Ciliwung will also be widened from

9374-468: The oldest and largest in the world. It bears the nickname "Rainy City" ( Kota Hujan ), because of frequent rain showers, even during the dry season. The first mention of a settlement at present Bogor dates to the 5th century when the area was part of Tarumanagara , one of the earliest states in Indonesian history . After a series of defeats by the neighboring Srivijaya , Tarumanagara was transformed into

9483-420: The planned rice and coffee plantations. In a short time, several agricultural settlements appeared around Pakuan, the largest being Kampung Baru (lit. "new village"). In 1701, they were combined into an administrative district; Tanoejiwa was chosen as the head of the district and is regarded as the founder of the modern Bogor Regency . The district was further developed during the 1703 Dutch mission headed by

9592-494: The plural form of the adjective curiga (suspicious) is caruriga and not * caluriga , because the 'r' in the root occurs at the start of the following syllable. The prefix can be reduplicated to denote very- , or the plural of groups. For example, "b arar udak" denotes many, many children or many groups of children ( budak is child in Sundanese). Another example, "b alal ageur" denotes plural adjective of "very well-behaved". Most active forms of Sundanese verbs are identical to

9701-499: The present 25 meters up to 40 – 50 meters. It is expected that the water flow will increase from the current 200 cubic meters per second to 570 cubic meters per second. A coordination meeting on January 20, 2014, among the Ministry of Public Works, Ministry of Environment, Jakarta Governor, Bogor Mayor, Bogor Regent, and Ciliwung-Cisadane Rivers Control Office agreed to build Ciliwung to Cisadane River to ease Ciliwung debit when Cisadane

9810-530: The reservoir was transferred to the sides of Molenvliet in the Glodok area. The reservoir contains wooden water outlets which pour water from a height of about 10 feet. The local people know the area around this reservoir as Pancuran . Back then when Molenvliet was deep enough for boats to sail, the annual Peh Cun or Dragon Boat festival was held in the river. Outside Batavia, within the ommelanden (the area surrounding Batavia), canals were constructed by channeling

9919-420: The root, as with diuk "sit" or dahar "eat". Some others depend on the initial phoneme in the root: There are several words to negate a statement in Sundanese. These are also different by the polite ( lemes ) and casual ( loma ) registers, as well as dialect. In Priangan Sundanese, Polite negation is done by adding a henteu (the shorter form, teu is also commonly used) to negate most verbs (akin to adding

10028-581: The second half of the 20th century, in the 2000s the strongest areas were agricultural, biology , and veterinary sciences. The main educational and scientific center with the utmost national importance is IPB University , which in addition to educational facilities, includes dozens of research centers and laboratories. Bogor hosts the global headquarters of the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), an international organization conducting research on forestry and human development. The headquarters of

10137-417: The speaker is not going to do something) and alim (to show that the speaker does not want to do something). Other Sundanese dialects may have different ways to negate statements. There are a wide range of casual negation helper words. In Priangan Sundanese, this can be done with a number of words. The shorter version, can , is also commonly used especially in spoken speech. The word lain can be used as

10246-408: The speech level has been narrowed to only two parts: basa hormat (respectful) and basa loma (fair). Besides that, the term was changed to " tatakrama basa " ( lit.   ' language manners ' ), although the substance remained the same. The hormat variant is a subtle language to respect, while the loma variant is fair, neutral and familiar use. This variety of loma language is then used as

10355-444: The use of Standard Sundanese script ( Aksara Sunda Baku ) in public places and on road signs. Although Pegon script is now mostly used in pesantrens (Islamic boarding schools) and Sundanese Islamic literature, it can still occasionally be seen in public places and on road signs in certain areas, such as Lembang and Tasikmalaya . Sundanese orthography is highly phonemic (see also Sundanese script ). There are seven vowels:

10464-434: The water network has a total length of 741 kilometers and covers about 70% of the city, connection to it is often problematic for financial and technical reasons. More than half of residents use water wells or natural reservoirs. Garbage collection service covers 67% of the urban area. From about 800,000 m of waste per year, about 90% is buried at an external landfill at Galuga, about 7% is recycled for compost and about 3%

10573-475: The waters of the rivers surrounding Batavia (e.g. the Ciliwung, River Ancol, River Angke, River Krukut, and River Grogol). The creation of canals is mainly to improve the transportation of goods to the walled city of Batavia and to expand agricultural land by draining the water of the marshes surrounding Batavia to be converted into arable land. In 1648, the Ciliwung was connected with the Krukut via Molenvliet . There

10682-462: The western part of Java island, about 53 km south of the metropolis of Jakarta and 85 km northwest of the city of Bandung , the administrative center of West Java Province. Bogor spreads over a basin near the volcanoes of Salak (which peaks at about 12 km south) and Mount Gede (whose top is 22–25 km south-east of the city). The average elevation is 265 meters, maximum 330 m, and minimum 190 meters above sea level. The terrain

10791-400: The words: Sundanese has an elaborate system of register distinguishing levels of formality. At the beginning of speech level development, it was known 6 levels of Sundanese language: basa kasar (rough), sedeng (medium), lemes (polite), lemes pisan (very polite), kasar pisan (very rough), and basa panengah (intermediate). But since the 1988 Congress of Sundanese Language in Bogor,

10900-475: Was an attempt to close the Ciliwung River course north of Noordwijk . The part of the river was dammed so that the river was forced to flow westward via Molenvliet. Despite the attempt, seasonal flooding occurred where the Ciliwung forced its water to flow back to its old tributary, which was still happening around 1725. In 1681, the Ciliwung flow was diverted toward the east along the Postweg (now Jalan Pos) to reach

11009-488: Was dug in the 17th century. Formerly the water branches into two directions in Glodok, following the two courses that are now Jalan Pancoran and Jalan Pinangsia Raya; today the water from Batang Hari canal was diverted east before Lindeteves Trade Center. Eventually, the water ends up in Sunda Kelapa harbor after passing through the canals of Jakarta Old Town . The eastern branch flows along the canal of Jalan Antara, passing

11118-702: Was established by the Netherlands as a step to transform their former colonial possessions in the East Indies into a dependent federation. In December 1949, Pasundan joined the Republic of the United States of Indonesia ( Indonesian : Republik Indonesia Serikat , RIS) established at the Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference of 23 August – 2 November 1949. In February 1950, as

11227-465: Was named Molenvliet and it was built by the Dutch by Kapitein der Chinezen (head of the Chinese in Betawi), Phoa Beng Gan known as Beng Gan. In 1648, Beng Gan received permission from the company to build this river and collected toll payments from sampans that passed through. In 1654, it was taken over by the company for 1.000 real. The river water is murky once it reaches Jakarta because the area of its flow

11336-557: Was partly stimulated by the temporary occupation of the Dutch East Indies by the United Kingdom in 1811–1815 – the British landed on Java and other Sunda Islands to prevent their capture by Napoleonic France which then conquered the Netherlands. The head of the British administration Stamford Raffles moved the administrative center from Batavia to Buitenzorg and implemented new and more efficient management techniques. After Buitenzorg

11445-494: Was returned to the Dutch, it fell under the rule of the Kingdom of the Netherlands rather than VOC. The Buitenzorg Palace was reinstated as the summer residence of the Governor-General. The surrounding territory was also organized into a new Residency , the Buitenzorg Residency . A botanical garden was set up nearby in 1817, which was one of the world's largest gardens in the 19th century. On 10 October 1834, Buitenzorg

11554-425: Was seriously damaged by another eruption of the Salak volcanoes caused by an earthquake. Taking into account the seismic activity of the region, the governor's palace and office buildings constructed in 1840–1850 were built shorter but sturdier than those built prior to the eruption. The Governor's decree of 1845 prescribed separate settlements of European, Chinese and Arab migrants within the city. In 1860–1880,

11663-663: Was the state language in the kingdoms of Salakanagara , Tarumanagara , Sunda , Galuh , Pajajaran , and Sumedang Larang . During this period, Sundanese was heavily influenced by the Sanskrit language as seen in the Batu Tapak Kaki Kiri Nyoreang inscription at the time of King Purnawarman , using the Pallava script . Sundanese at that time was used in the fields of state, art, and daily life, many religious books were written in Sundanese and used Old Sundanese script such as

11772-408: Was then used from the 16th century for the entire kingdom, and the capital was simply called Pakuan. The chronicles of that time were written in Sanskrit , which was the language used for official and religious purposes, using the Pallava script , on rock steles called prasasti . The prasasti found in and around Bogor differ in shape and text style from other Indonesian prasasti and are among

11881-464: Was used as the main port by the Dutch (1619) who constructed a fort at the east bank of the estuary and founded Batavia , the largest city and the capital of the East Indies Empire until the city was transformed into Jakarta after the independence of Indonesia . Sultanate of Banten (1527) With the establishment of Batavia in the 17th century, the Dutch diverted Ciliwung into canals following

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