Creole peoples may refer to various ethnic groups around the world. The term's meaning exhibits regional variations, often sparking debate.
86-534: Lenong is a traditional theatrical form of the Betawi people in Jakarta , Indonesia. Lenong is a form of theatre traditional to the Betawi people of Jakarta , Indonesia. Dialogue is generally in the Betawi dialect . Actions and dialogue are often presented in a humorous manner on top of a stage known as a pentas tapal kuda , so named for the way actors enter the stage from the left and right. Audiences sit in front of
172-541: A creole ethnic group in that their ancestors came from various parts of Indonesia and abroad. Before the 19th century, the self-identity of the Betawi people was not yet formed. The name Betawi is adopted from the native rendering of the term " Batavia " city which was originally named after the Batavi , an ancient Germanic tribe. In the 17th century, Dutch colonial authorities began to import servants and labours from all over
258-400: A gabled roof , except for the joglo house, which has a high-pointed roof. Betawi architecture has a specific ornamentation called gigi balang ("grasshopper teeth") which are a row of wooden shingles applied on the roof fascia. Another distinctive characteristic of the Betawi house is a langkan , a framed open front terrace where the Betawi family receives their guests. The large front terrace
344-464: A Recipe for Conviviality (2020) The following ethnic groups have been historically characterized as "Creole" peoples: Alaskan Creole, sometimes colloquially spelled "Kriol" in English (from Russian креол), are a unique people who first came about through the intermingling of Sibero-Russian promyshlenniki men with Aleut and Eskimo women in the late 18th century and assumed a prominent position in
430-572: A certain privilege during the Portuguese era. In Sierra Leone , the mingling of newly freed Africans and mixed heritage Nova Scotians and Jamaican Maroons from the Western hemisphere and Liberated Africans - such as the Akan , Igbo people , and Yoruba people - over several generations in the late 18th and early 19th centuries led to the eventual creation of the aristocratic ethnic group now known as
516-475: A commonality in many other Francophone and Iberoamerican cultures, who tend to lack strict racial separations common in United States History and other countries with large populations from Northern Europe 's various cultures. This racial neutrality persists to the modern day, as many Creoles do not use race as a factor for being a part of the ethno-culture. Contemporary usage has again broadened
602-529: A culture and language distinct from the surrounding Sundanese and Javanese. The Betawis are known for their traditions in music and food. The Betawi language, also known as Betawi Malay, is a Malay-based creole language. It was the only Malay-based dialect spoken on the northern coast of Java ; other northern Java coastal areas are overwhelmingly dominated by Javanese dialects , while some parts speak Madurese and Sundanese . The Betawi vocabulary has many Hokkien Chinese, Arabic , and Dutch loanwords. Today
688-704: A diverse array of ethnicities, each possessing a distinct cultural identity that has been shaped over time. The emergence of creole languages , frequently associated with Creole ethnicity, is a separate phenomenon. In specific historical contexts, particularly during the European colonial era , the term Creole applies to ethnicities formed through large-scale population movements . These movements involved people from diverse linguistic and cultural backgrounds who converged upon newly established colonial territories . Often involuntarily separated from their ancestral homelands, these populations were forced to adapt and create
774-539: A few of these groups have retained the name crioulo or variations of it: The usage of creole in the islands of the southwest of the Indian Ocean varies according to the island. In Mauritius , Mauritian Creoles will be identified based on both ethnicity and religion. Mauritian Creoles being either people who are of Mauritian ancestry or those who are both racially mixed and Christian. The Mauritian Constitution identifies four communities namely, Hindu, Muslim, Chinese and
860-410: A new way of life. Through a process of cultural amalgamation, they selectively adopted and merged desirable elements from their varied heritages. This resulted in the emergence of novel social norms, languages, and cultural practices that transcended their individual origins. This process of cultural amalgamation, termed creolization , is characterized by rapid social change that ultimately leads to
946-589: A number of independent republics. Persons of pure Spanish descent born in the islands of the Spanish Philippines were called Insulares ("islanders") or Criollos. Although many of the Spanish Americans in the islands were also persons of pure Spanish descent, they, along with many Mestizos and Castizos from Spanish America living in the East Indies were also classified as "Americanos". In many parts of
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#17328513263251032-502: A number of settlements in southeastern Texas and western Louisiana (e.g. Los Adaes ). Black Texas Creoles have been present in Texas ever since the 1600s; they served as soldiers in Spanish garrisons of eastern Texas. Generations of Black Texas Creoles, also known as "Black Tejanos", played a role in later phases of Texas history: Mexican Texas, Republic of Texas, and American Texas. Unlike
1118-819: A result, S. M. Ardan considers him as having saved the genre. Many lenong actors, including Benyamin Sueb , Mandra, and Enung Tile bin Bayan, began making films in the 1970s. In the early 1990s, Lenong started to be televised when Harry de Fretes combined l enong and sitcoms to create Lenong Rumpi (literally Gossip Lenong ). This was aired on RCTI from 1991 to 1992. Unlike stage performances, performers on this televised lenong were mostly not native Betawi speakers. Betawi people Betawi people , Batavi , or Batavians ( Orang Betawi in Indonesian , meaning "people of Batavia "), are an Austronesian ethnic group native to
1204-422: A script. Rather, performers will memorise an orally-presented outline and follow that, with improvisation as necessary. Lenong developed from the earlier form Gambang Rancag . In its earlier years, beginning around the turn of the twentieth century, it was promoted by ethnic Chinese . This has left fairly extensive Chinese influences in the genre. Lenong performances from the 1920s and 1930s often focused on
1290-561: A significantly large number of followers; for example, as of 2021, Forkabi has a membership of 500,000 people across the Jabodetabek region. Religion of Betawinese A substantial majority of the Betawi people follow Sunni Islam . Anthropologist Fachry Ali of IAIN Pekalongan considers that Islam is one of the main sources for the formation of the Betawi culture and identity, and as such these two cannot be separated. The element of Islam can be seen in many parts of Betawi society. For example,
1376-524: A similar usage, beginning in the Caribbean in the 16th century, which distinguished people born in the French, Spanish, and Portuguese colonies from the various new arrivals born in their respective, non-Caribbean homelands. Some writers from other parts of the country have mistakenly assumed the term to refer only to people of mixed racial descent, but this is not the traditional Louisiana usage. In Louisiana,
1462-610: A thriving port city, Betawi has an eclectic cuisine that reflects foreign culinary traditions that have influenced the inhabitants of Jakarta for centuries. Betawi cuisine is heavily influenced by Peranakan , Malay , Sundanese , and Javanese cuisines, and to some extent Indian, Arabic, and European cuisines. Betawi people have several popular dishes, such as soto betawi and soto kaki , nasi uduk , kerak telor , nasi ulam , asinan , ketoprak , rujak , semur jengkol , sayur asem , gabus pucung , and gado-gado Betawi. Creole peoples Creole peoples represent
1548-597: A unique blend of European, Native American, and African cultures. Louisianians descended from the French Acadians of Canada are also Creoles in a strict sense, and there are many historical examples of people of full European ancestry and with Acadian surnames, such as the influential Alexandre and Alfred Mouton, being explicitly described as "Creoles." Today, however, the descendants of the Acadians are more commonly referred to as, and identify as, ' Cajuns '—a derivation of
1634-598: A wedding is probably a European custom. Other Betawi celebrations and ceremonies include sunatan or khitanan (Muslim circumcision ), and the Lebaran Betawi festival. Silat Betawi is a martial art of the Betawi people, which was not quite popular but recently has gained wider attention thanks to the popularity of Silat films, such as The Raid . Betawi martial art was rooted in the Betawi culture of jagoan (lit. "tough guy" or "local hero") that during colonial times often went against colonial authority; despised by
1720-430: Is Cajun and any francophone of African descent is Creole—a false assumption that would not have been recognized in the nineteenth century . Some assert that "Creole" refers to aristocratic urbanites whereas "Cajuns" are agrarian members of the francophone working class, but this is another relatively recent distinction. Creoles may be of any race and live in any area, rural or urban . The Creole culture of Southwest Louisiana
1806-599: Is a choreographed mock fighting between the groom's entourage with the bride's jagoan kampung (local champion). The fight is naturally won by the groom's entourage as the village champs welcome him to the bride's home. The traditional wedding dress of Betawi displays Chinese influences in the bride's costume and Arabian influences in the groom's costume. Betawi people borrowed the Chinese culture of firecrackers during weddings, circumcisions, or any celebrative events. The tradition of bringing roti buaya (crocodile bread) during
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#17328513263251892-691: Is found more often in the Chesapeake Colonies. In the United States , the words "Louisiana Creole" refers to people of any race or mixture thereof who are descended from colonial French La Louisiane and colonial Spanish Louisiana (New Spain) settlers before the Louisiana region became part of the United States in 1803 with the Louisiana Purchase . Both the word and the ethnic group derive from
1978-429: Is historically inaccurate. Louisiane Creoles were also referred to as criollos , a word from the Spanish language meaning "created" and used in the post-French governance period to distinguish the two groups of New Orleans area and down river Creoles. Both mixed race and European Creole groups share many traditions and language, but their socio-economic roots differed in the original period of Louisiana history. Actually,
2064-529: Is now present day Mozambique and Zimbabwe, to create the Prazeros and Luso-Africans , who were loyal to the Portuguese crown and served to advance its interests in southeastern Africa . A legacy of this era are the numerous Portuguese words that have entered Shona , Tsonga and Makonde. Today, mixed race communities exist across the region, notably so in South Africa, Namibia and Zimbabwe. In colonial era Zambia,
2150-528: Is spoken among those families determined to keep the language alive or in regions below New Orleans around St. James and St. John Parishes where German immigrants originally settled (also known as 'the German Coast', or La Côte des Allemands) and cultivated the land, keeping the ill-equipped French Colonists from starvation during the Colonial Period and adopting commonly spoken French and creole (arriving with
2236-578: Is thriving since it is being adopted by immigrants who have settled in Jakarta. The Betawi culture also has become an identity for the city, promoted through municipal government patronage. The Betawi dialect is often spoken in TV shows and dramas . Traditionally Betawi people are not urban dwellers living in gedong (European-style building) or two-storied Chinese rumah toko ( shophouse ) clustered in and around Batavia city walls. They are living in kampungs around
2322-524: Is thus more similar to the culture dominant in Acadiana than it is to the Creole culture of New Orleans . Though the land areas overlap around New Orleans and down river, Cajun/Creole culture and language extend westward all along the southern coast of Louisiana, concentrating in areas southwest of New Orleans around Lafayette, and as far as Crowley, Abbeville, and into the rice belt of Louisiana nearer Lake Charles and
2408-473: Is used as an outdoor living space. The Gambang kromong and Tanjidor , as well as Keroncong Kemayoran music, is derived from the kroncong music of Portuguese Mardijker people of the Tugu area, North Jakarta. " Si Jali-jali " is an example of a traditional Betawi song. The Ondel-ondel large bamboo masked-puppet giant effigy is similar to Chinese - Balinese Barong Landung and Sundanese Badawang ,
2494-548: The Creoles . Thoroughly westernized in their manners and bourgeois in their methods, the Creoles established a comfortable dominance in the country through a combination of British colonial favouritism and political and economic activity. Their influence in the modern republic remains considerable, and their language Krio - an English-based creole language - is the lingua franca and de facto national language spoken throughout
2580-457: The One Thousand and One Nights , are also common. In broad strokes there are two main subdivisions of lenong , namely lenong denes and lenong preman . Stories in lenong denes focus on the exploits of the nobility, the rich, and the powerful. Lenong preman stories are always about commoners or folk heroes. The type of performance will affect the costumes worn. Stories are not memorised from
2666-560: The Caribbean and Canada. Many Louisiana Creole families arrived in Louisiana from Saint-Domingue as refugees from the Haitian Revolution , along with other immigrants from Caribbean colonial centers like Santo Domingo and Havana . The children of slaves brought primarily from Western Africa were also considered Creoles, as were children born of unions between Native Americans and non-Natives. Creole culture in Louisiana thus consists of
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2752-848: The European colonial era, with some mix of African and non-African racial or cultural heritage. Creole communities are found on most African islands and along the continent's coastal regions where indigenous Africans first interacted with Europeans. As a result of these contacts, five major Creole types emerged in Africa: Portuguese , African American , Dutch , French and British . The Crioulos of African or mixed Portuguese and African descent eventually gave rise to several ethnic groups in Cape Verde , Guinea-Bissau , São Tomé e Príncipe , Angola and Mozambique . The French-speaking Mauritian and Seychellois Creoles are both either African or ethnically mixed and Christianized . On Réunion ,
2838-518: The European colonization of the Americas before 1660. Some had lived and worked in Europe or the Caribbean before coming (or being transported) to North America. Examples of such men included John Punch and Emanuel Driggus (his surname was likely derived from Rodrigues ). Also, during the early settlement of the colonies, children born of immigrants in the colonies were often referred to as "Creole". This
2924-618: The Spanish word criollo (implying "native born") historically denoted a class in the colonial caste system comprising people born in the colonies with total or mostly European, mainly Spanish , descent. Those with mostly European descent were considered on the basis of their “passing” for white. For example, many castizos could've gotten away with passing as criollo because their features would be strikingly European and so many of them would assume such identity in passing, mainly for economic reasons. "Criollo" came to refer to things distinctive of
3010-623: The 17th to 18th century, the dwellers of Batavia were identified according to their ethnics of origin; either Sundanese, Javanese, Malays, Ambonese, Buginese-Makassar, or Arabs and Chinese. This was shown in the Batavia census record that listed the immigrant's ethnic background of Batavian citizens. They were separated into specific ethnic-based enclaves kampungs , which is why in today's Jakarta there are some regions named after ethnic-specific names such as Kampung Melayu, Kampung Bali, Makassar, and Kampung Ambon. These ethnic groups merged and formed around
3096-451: The 18th to 19th centuries. It was not until the late 19th or early 20th century that the group – who would become the dwellers of Batavia, referred to themselves as "Betawi", which refers to a Creole Malay-speaking ethnic group that has a mixed culture of different influences; Malay, Javanese, Sundanese to Arabic and Chinese. The term "Betawi" was first listed as an ethnic category in the 1930 census of Batavia residents. The Betawi people have
3182-645: The 19th century, this discrimination and the example of the American Revolution and the ideals of the Enlightenment eventually led the Spanish American Criollo elite to rebel against the Spanish rule. With the support of the lower classes, they engaged Spain in the Spanish American wars of independence (1810–1826), which ended with the break-up of the former Spanish Empire in the Americas into
3268-662: The Americas, the term coloured is preferred in Southern Africa to refer to mixed people of African and European descent. The colonisation of the Cape Colony by the Dutch East India Company led to the importation of Indonesian, East African and Southeast Asian slaves, who intermingled with Dutch settlers and the indigenous population leading to the development of a creolized population in the early 1700s. Additionally, Portuguese traders mixed with African communities, in what
3354-496: The Betawi language is a popular informal language in Indonesia and used as the base of Indonesian slang . It has become one of the most widely spoken languages in Indonesia, and also one of the most active local dialects in the country. Due to their historical sentiment as a marginalized ethnic group in their native land, the Betawi people form several communal organizations to protect themselves from other ethnic groups and strengthen
3440-493: The Betawi solidarity. Notable organizations include the Forum Betawi Rempug (FBR), Forum Komunikasi Anak Betawi (Communication Forum for Betawi People, Forkabi), and Ikatan Keluarga Betawi (Betawi Family Network, IKB). These organizations act as grassroots movements to increase the bargaining power of the Betawi people whose significant part of them are economically relegated to the informal sector . Some of them hold
3526-481: The Caribbean has French, Spanish, Portuguese, British, or Dutch ancestry, mixed with sub-Saharan African ethnicities, and sometimes mixed with Native Indigenous peoples of the Americas. As workers from Asia entered the Caribbean, Creole people of colour intermarried with Arabs, Indians, Chinese, Javanese, Filipinos, Koreans, and Hmongs. The latter combinations were especially common in Guadeloupe. The foods and cultures are
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3612-589: The Chesapeake Colonies as the Charter Generation of slaves during the Transatlantic Slave Trade before 1660. The Crioulos of mixed Portuguese and African descent eventually gave rise to several major ethnic groups in Africa, especially in Cape Verde , Guinea-Bissau , São Tomé e Príncipe , Equatorial Guinea (especially Annobón Province ), Ziguinchor ( Casamance ), Angola , Mozambique . Only
3698-873: The Christian faith. Among the Betawi ethnic Christians, some have claimed that they are the descendants of the Portuguese Mardijker who intermarried with the local population, who mainly settled in the area of Kampung Tugu , North Jakarta . Although today Betawi culture is often perceived as Muslim culture , it also has other roots which include Christian Portuguese and Chinese Peranakan culture. Recently, there has been an ongoing debate on defining Betawi culture and identity—as mainstream Betawi organizations are criticized for only accommodating Muslim Betawi while marginalizing non-Muslim elements within Betawi culture—such as Portuguese Christian Betawi Tugu and Tangerang Buddhist Cina Benteng community. Meester Anthing became
3784-626: The Dutch as thugs and bandits, but highly respected by locals pribumis as native's champion. In the Betawi dialect, their style of pencak silat is called maen pukulan (lit. playing strike) which is related to Sundanese maen po . Notable schools among others are Beksi and Cingkrik . Beksi is one of the most commonly practised forms of silat in Greater Jakarta and is distinguishable from other Betawi silat styles by its close-distance combat style and lack of offensive leg action. Finding its roots in
3870-550: The Forum Betawi Rempug (FBR), a Betawi organization, considers the ethos of their organization to be the three S's: Sholat (prayer), Silat (martial arts), and Sekolah ( pesantren -based education). Betawi people often strongly emphasize their Islamic identity in their writings, which is observed by many foreign academics. Susan Abeyasekere of Monash University observed that many of the Betawi people are devout and orthodox Muslims. There are Betawi people who profess
3956-458: The French word Créole is derived from the Portuguese word Crioulo , which described people born in the Americas as opposed to Spain. The term is often used to mean simply "pertaining to the New Orleans area," but this, too, is not historically accurate. People all across the Louisiana territory, including the pays des Illinois , identified as Creoles, as evidenced by the continued existence of
4042-483: The General Population. Creoles are included in the General Population category along with white Christians. The term also indicates the same to the people of Seychelles . On Réunion the term creole applies to all people born on the island. In all three societies, creole also refers to the new languages derived from French and incorporating other languages. In regions that were formerly colonies of Spain ,
4128-608: The Southern Caribbean, the term Creole people is used to refer to the mixed-race descendants of Europeans and Africans born in the islands. Over time, there was intermarriage with Amerindians and residents from Asia, the Middle East and Latin America as well. They eventually formed a common culture based on their experience of living together in countries colonized by the French, Spanish, Dutch, and British. A typical Creole person from
4214-476: The Texas border. Louisiana Creoles historically spoke a variety of languages; today, the most prominent include Louisiana French and Louisiana Creole . (There is a distinction between "Creole" people and the "creole" language. Not all Creoles speak creole—many speak French, Spanish, or English as primary languages.) Spoken creole is dying with continued 'Americanization' in the area. Most remaining Creole lexemes have drifted into popular culture. Traditional creole
4300-485: The archipelago into Batavia. One of the earliest were Balinese slaves bought from Bali and Ambonese mercenaries. Subsequently, other ethnic groups followed suit; they were Malays , Sundanese , Javanese , Minangkabaus , Buginese , and Makassar . Foreign and mixed ethnic groups were also included; such as Indos , Mardijkers , Portuguese , Dutch , Arabs , Chinese , and Indians , who were originally brought to or attracted to Batavia to work. Originally, circa
4386-445: The art forms of masked dance. The traditional Betawi dance costumes show both Chinese and European influences, while the movements such as Yapong dance, which is derived from Sundanese Jaipongan dance with a hint of Chinese style. Another dance is Topeng Betawi or Betawi mask dance . Betawi's popular folk drama is called lenong , which is a form of theater that draws themes from local urban legends, and foreign stories to
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#17328513263254472-445: The arts, and journalism. Atlantic Creole is a term coined by historian Ira Berlin to describe a group of people from Angola and Central Africa in the 16th and 17th centuries with cultural or ethnic ties to Africa , Europe , and sometimes the Caribbean . They often had Portuguese names and were sometimes mixed race. Their knowledge of different cultures made them skilled traders and negotiators, but some were enslaved and arrived in
4558-679: The city filled with orchards. As Jakarta becomes more and more densely populated, so do Betawi traditional villages that have mostly now turned into a densely packed urban village with humble houses tucked in between high-rise buildings and main roads. Some of the more authentic Betawi villages survived only on the outskirts of the city, such as in Setu Babakan, Jagakarsa, South Jakarta bordering with Depok area, West Java. Traditional Betawi houses can be found in Betawi traditional kampung (villages) in Condet and Setu Babakan area, East and South Jakarta. In
4644-432: The city of Jakarta and its immediate outskirts, as such often described as the inhabitants of the city. They are the descendants of the people who inhabited Batavia (the Dutch colonial name of Jakarta) from the 17th century onwards. The term Betawi people emerged in the 18th century as an amalgamation of various ethnic groups into Batavia. The Betawis are the most recently formed ethnic groups in Indonesia. They are
4730-462: The cluster of Bugis fishermen villages can be found inhabiting Jakarta's Thousands Islands . An example of a well-preserved Betawi rumah panggung style is Rumah Si Pitung , located in Marunda, Cilincing , North Jakarta . Betawi houses are typically one of three styles: rumah bapang (or rumah kebaya ), rumah gudang (warehouse style), and Javanese-influenced rumah joglo . Most Betawi houses have
4816-479: The coastal area in the Marunda area, North Jakarta, the Betawi traditional houses are built in rumah panggung style, which are houses built on stilts . The coastal stilt houses were built according to coastal wet environs which are sometimes flooded by tides or floods, it was possibly influenced by Malay and Bugis traditional houses . Malay and Bugis migrants around Batavia were historically clustered in coastal areas as they worked as traders or fishermen. Today,
4902-424: The colonies on a previous Habsburg era. In Argentina , in an ambiguous ethnoracial way, criollo currently is used for people whose ancestors were already present in the territory in the colonial period, regardless their ethnicity. The exception are dark-skinned African people and current indigenous groups. The word criollo is the origin and cognate of the French word creole . The racially-based caste system
4988-497: The country. The extension of these Sierra Leoneans' business and religious activities to neighbouring Nigeria in the late 19th and early 20th centuries - where many of them had ancestral ties - subsequently caused the creation of an offshoot in that country, the Saros . Now often considered to be part of the wider Yoruba ethnicity, the Saros have been prominent in politics, the law, religion,
5074-404: The culture of the Caribbean. In Trinidad , the term Creole is used to designate all Trinidadians except those of Asian origin. In Suriname , the term refers only to the descendants of enslaved Africans and in neighboring French Guiana the term refers to anyone, regardless of skin colour, who has adopted a European lifestyle. In Africa, the term Creole refers to any ethnic group formed during
5160-446: The descendants of European colonists who had been born in the colony. Creole is also known by cognates in other languages, such as crioulo , criollo , creolo , kriolu , criol , kreyol , kreol , kriol , krio , and kriyoyo . In Louisiana , the term Creole has been used since 1792 to represent descendants of African or mixed heritage parents as well as children of French and Spanish descent with no racial mixing. Its use as in
5246-462: The economy of Russian America and the North Pacific Rim. Atlantic Creole is a term coined by historian Ira Berlin to describe a group of people from Angola and Central Africa in the 16th and 17th centuries with cultural or ethnic ties to Africa , Europe , and sometimes the Caribbean . Some of these people arrived in the Chesapeake Colonies as the Charter Generation of slaves during
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#17328513263255332-429: The eighteenth, nineteenth and early twentieth centuries make use of the word "Creole" without any additional qualifier. Creoles of Spanish and German descent also exist, and Spanish Creoles survive today as Isleños and Malagueños, both found in southern Louisiana. However, all racial categories of Creoles - from Caucasian, mixed racial, African, to Native American - tended to think and refer to themselves solely as Creole,
5418-464: The everyday life of Betawi people. Mangkeng is a ceremony used at important public gatherings and especially at weddings. The main purpose is to bring good luck and ward off the rain. It is performed by the village shaman , also called the Pangkeng shaman, where the name originates. During a Betawi wedding ceremony, there is a palang pintu (lit. door's bar) tradition of silat Betawi demonstration. It
5504-773: The exiles) as a language of trade. Creoles are largely Roman Catholic and influenced by traditional French and Spanish culture left from the first Colonial Period, officially beginning in 1722 with the arrival of the Ursuline Nuns , who were preceded by another order, the sisters of the Sacred Heart, with whom they lived until their first convent could be built with monies from the French Crown. (Both orders still educate girls in 2010). The "fiery Latin temperament" described by early scholars on New Orleans culture made sweeping generalizations to accommodate Creoles of Spanish heritage as well as
5590-539: The exploits of bandits, including Si Pitung and Si Tjonat . These bandits, though portrayed as despicable people by Dutch and ethnic Chinese writers, became more Robin Hood -like in lenong ; Si Pitung, for instance, became a humble person, a good Muslim, a hero of Betawi people , and an upholder of justice. During the 1950s, Sudiro, the governor of Jakarta, restricted performances of traditional theatre such as lenong . Meanwhile, lenong performances were unable to compete in
5676-603: The first to bring Christianity to the Betawi community of Kampung Sawah, and founded the Protestant Church of Kampung Sawah, by combining mysticism, Betawi culture, and Christianity. However this community split into three rival factions in 1895, the first faction was led by Guru Laban based in West Kampung Sawah, the second faction was under Yoseh based in East Kampung Sawah, and the third under Guru Nathanael which
5762-496: The formation of a distinct Creole identity. The English word creole derives from the French créole , which in turn came from Portuguese crioulo , a diminutive of cria meaning a person raised in one's house. Cria is derived from criar , meaning "to raise or bring up", itself derived from the Latin creare , meaning "to make, bring forth, produce, beget"; which is also the source of the English word "create". It originally referred to
5848-410: The influences experienced by them throughout their history. Foreign influences are visible, such as Portuguese and Chinese influences on their music, and Sundanese, Javanese, and Chinese influences in their dances. Contrary to popular perception, which believes that Betawi culture is currently marginalized and under pressure from the more dominant neighbouring Javanese and Sundanese cultures—Betawi culture
5934-418: The intermingling of African Recaptives with Afro-Caribbean people and African Americans . Perhaps due to the range of divergent descriptions and lack of a coherent definition, Norwegian anthropologist T. H. Eriksen concludes: “A Creole society, in my understanding, is based wholly or partly on the mass displacement of people who were, often involuntarily, uprooted from their original home, shedding
6020-444: The main features of their social and political organisations on the way, brought into sustained contact with people from other linguistic and cultural areas and obliged to develop, in creative and improvisational ways, new social and cultural forms in the new land, drawing simultaneously on traditions from their respective places of origin and on impulses resulting from the encounter.” Thomas Hylland Eriksen , Creolisation as
6106-501: The market due to the booming domestic film industry . Troupes had to go from kampung to kampung , offering performances for money which, ultimately, was not always enough to survive on. By the early 1960s lenong was nearly extinct. During the 1970s, Governor Ali Sadikin gave greater freedom to traditional culture. In this atmosphere, cultural critic and film director D. Djajakusuma worked to promote and preserve lenong , with regular performances at Taman Ismail Marzuki ; as
6192-410: The meaning of Louisiana Creoles to describe a broad cultural group of people of all races who share a colonial Louisianian background. Louisianians who identify themselves as "Creole" are most commonly from historically Francophone and Hispanic communities. Some of their ancestors came to Louisiana directly from France , Spain , or Germany , while others came via the French and Spanish colonies in
6278-543: The name for languages started from 1879, while as an adjective for languages, its use began around 1748. In Spanish-speaking countries, the word Criollo refers to the descendants of Europeans born in the Americas, but also in some countries, to describe something local or very typical of a particular Latin American region. In the Caribbean , the term broadly refers to all the people, whatever their class or ancestry — African, East Asian, European, Indian — who are part of
6364-457: The original French. The mixed-race Creoles, descendants of mixing of European colonists, slaves, and Native Americans or sometimes Gens de Couleur (free men and women of colour), first appeared during the colonial periods with the arrival of slave populations. Most Creoles, regardless of race, generally consider themselves to share a collective culture. Non-Louisianans often fail to appreciate this and assume that all Creoles are of mixed race, which
6450-523: The region, as it is used today, in expressions such as "comida criolla" ("country" food from the area). In the latter period of settlement of Latin America called La Colonia , the Bourbon Spanish Crown preferred Spanish-born Peninsulares (literally "born in the Iberian Peninsula ") over Criollos for the top military, administrative, and religious offices due to the former mismanagement of
6536-562: The result of creolization of these influences. "Kreyòl" or "Kwéyòl" or "Patois/Patwa" refers to the French-lexicon Creole languages in the Caribbean, including Antillean French Creole , Haitian Creole , and Trinidadian Creole . Creole also refers to Bajan Creole , Bahamian Creole , Belizean Creole , Guyanese Creole , Jamaican Patois , Tobagonian Creole , Trinidadian Creole and Sranan Tongo (Surinamese Creole), among others. People speak French-lexicon Antillean Creole in
6622-781: The stage. The number of performers is determined by the needs of the story. Male performers are referred to as panjak , while female performers are known as ronggeng . A performance is generally opened with a prayer, known as ungkup , and a ritual offering before introducing the performers. Gambang kromong is one of the musical genres which may accompany a performance. Musicians may use various instruments, including flutes, gongs, accordions, or drums. The songs are traditionally quite formulaic, and several songs are common in performances, including "Cente Manis" and "Jali-Jali". Chinese musical influences can be seen. Performances can be classified under many genres, although most are about heroes or criminals; tales adapted from folklore, such as from
6708-529: The term Créole in the critically endangered Missouri French . The Mississippi Gulf Coast region has a significant population of Creoles—especially in Pass Christian , Gulfport , Biloxi , and Pascagoula . A community known as Creoletown is located in Pascagoula, with its history on record. Many in this location are Catholic and have also used the Creole, French. and English languages. In colonial Texas,
6794-581: The term Eurafrican was often used though it has largely fallen out of use in the modern era and is no longer recognized at the national level. Today, South African Coloureds and Cape Malay form the majority of the population in the Western Cape and a plurality in the Northern Cape . In addition to Coloured people, the term mestiço is used in Angola and Mozambique to refer to mixed race people, who enjoyed
6880-401: The term "Creole" ( criollo ) distinguished old-world Africans and Europeans from their descendants born in the new world, Creoles; they composed the citizen class of New Spain 's Tejas province. Texas Creole culture revolved around "' ranchos " (Creole ranches), attended mostly by vaqueros (cowboys) of African, Spaniard, or Mestizo descent, and Tlaxcalan Nahuatl settlers , who established
6966-460: The term "Creole" was first used to describe people born in Louisiana, who used the term to distinguish themselves from newly arrived immigrants. It was not a racial or ethnic identifier; it was simply synonymous with "born in the New World," meant to separate native-born people of any ethnic background—white, African, or any mixture thereof—from European immigrants and slaves imported from Africa. Later,
7052-531: The term Creole applies to all people born on the island, while in South Africa , the blending of East African and Southeast Asian slaves with Dutch settlers, later produced a creolized population. The Fernandino Creole peoples of Equatorial Guinea are a mix of Afro-Cubans with Emancipados and English-speaking Liberated Africans , while the Americo-Liberians and Sierra Leone Creoles resulted from
7138-662: The term was racialized after newly arrived Anglo-Americans began to associate créolité, or the quality of being Creole, with racially mixed ancestry. This caused many white Creoles to eventually abandon the label out of fear that the term would lead mainstream Americans to believe them to be of racially mixed descent (and thus endanger their livelihoods or social standing). Later writers occasionally make distinctions among French Creoles (of European ancestry), Creoles of Color (of mixed ethnic ancestry), and occasionally, African Creoles (of primarily African descendant); these categories, however, are later inventions, and most primary documents from
7224-427: The word Acadian, indicating French Canadian settlers as ancestors. The distinction between "Cajuns" and "Creoles" is stronger today than it was in the past because American racial ideologies have strongly influenced the meaning of the word "Creole" to the extent that there is no longer unanimous agreement among Louisianians on the word's precise definition. Today, many assume that any francophone person of European descent
7310-594: Was dismissed from the Protestant Church of Kampung Sawah and seek refuge in Jakarta Cathedral and adopted Catholicism . The Catholic St. Servatius Church in Kampung Sawah, Bekasi , which traces its origin to the Guru Nathanael community, uses Betawi culture and language in its mass . A practice that is shared by other churches in Kampung Sawah. The culture and art form of the Betawi people demonstrates
7396-575: Was in force throughout the Spanish viceroyalties in the Americas , since the 16th century. During the early Spanish colonial period the Spaniards had a policy selecting promising assimilationist Indigenous to educate and indoctrinate. They were accepted into the colonial leadership but sometimes remained in Spain. Among the descendants of these assimilated sons of chiefs are the Aztec descended Moctezuma de Tultengo . By
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