181-493: Varma Films was a film production and distribution company founded in Bombay , India. The company was predominantly involved in producing and distributing Hindi -language films and to a lesser extent distributing some Italian -language films with English subtitles in India. During its 18-year existence, starting from its inception with the release of the film Suhaag Raat in 1948, to
362-501: A music director in Neki Aur Badi . Kidar Sharma, the director of all three films discussed above was credited by renowned filmmaker Raj Kapoor as “a one-man institution who taught me all I know about film-making.” Likewise, Munshiram Varma, the most prominent founder of Varma Films in the 1940s, after working as a co-producer in three movies with Kidar Sharma, developed the skills needed to lead Varma Films into its maiden venture as
543-645: A "Big Hunt" game are divided into "hunters" and "victims." The hunter needs to track down and kill their assigned a victim while the victim needs to assassinate the hunter before the hunter does the same. Of the three Italian films distributed by Varma Brothers, two were commercially successful in Italy. Specifically, on the List of highest-grossing films in Italy , Marriage Italian Style ranked 38th and Boccaccio '70 ranked 104th. Despite performing below producer Carlo Ponti’s expectations in Italy, The 10th Victim apparently achieved
724-466: A *) ( Italian-language films distributed by Varma Brothers, an affiliate of Varma Films, for theatrical release only in India.) Bombay Mumbai ( / m ʊ m ˈ b aɪ / muum- BY ; ISO : Muṁbaī , Marathi: [ˈmumbəi] ), formerly known as Bombay ( / b ɒ m ˈ b eɪ / bom- BAY ), is the capital city of the Indian state of Maharashtra . Mumbai
905-399: A `prelude' (preparatory music to create and introduce the environment and mood for the beginning of the song), then the mukhda starts and is followed by 'interlude' containing music pieces on the orchestra. With very few exceptions ("Ye mera deewana pan hai" is a good example), they always used different interludes before each stanza. 'Multi-layered music studded with counter melodies' played by
1086-399: A cameo in the film. Patanga was a major commercial success; it was the seventh highest-grossing film of 1949. The 1950s decade began with Varma Films releasing two films in 1951. Among these was Sagai (1951), previously titled Ek Nazar . Following the commercial success of their film Patanga (1949), Varma Films once again hired H. S. Rawail to direct and C. Ramchandra to compose
1267-625: A career spanning four decades, was regarded as the first superstar of the Bhojpuri cinema. Together with Sujit, Kiran established a new production company called Shiv Bhakti Films and produced Anubhav (1986), Asmaan Se Ooncha (1989), and Khel (1992). Surinder Kumar Sharma, spouse of Kusum Sharma née Varma, daughter of Walatiram Varma, another founder of Varma Films, started a new production company called Advent Movies and produced Chala Murari Hero Banne . Madhu Makkar née Varma, daughter of Munshiram Varma (still another founder of Varma Films), played
1448-480: A close friendship to the extent that the people started referring to them 'Ram-Lakshman' and by several similar-meaning nicknames. Apart from following their musical pursuits, they also used to play significant roles in various plays including the famous play Pathan . While working in Prithvi Theatre, Shankar and Jaikishan used to compose tunes and were in touch with Raj Kapoor , who was working as an assistant to
1629-480: A core team with lyricists Shailendra (himself regarded as perhaps the greatest modern day Hindi film music lyricist) and Hasrat Jaipuri and with singers Mohammed Rafi , Lata Mangeshkar and Asha Bhosle . SJ had two other lifelong companions who worked as their assistants: Dattaram Wadkar and Sebastian D'Souza , the former supervising their rhythm section and the latter writing musical notations for all SJ compositions (during SJ's musical sittings as can be seen in
1810-521: A deficient knowledge of the Portuguese language of these authors, mixing up the Portuguese word "bom" with the English "bay", from the English version of the name. In 1516, Portuguese explorer Duarte Barbosa used the name Tana-Maiambu : Tana appears to refer to the adjoining town of Thane and Maiambu to Mumbadevi . The form Bombaim is still commonly used in Portuguese. Other variations recorded in
1991-492: A different role in the film. Satish Varma was the film’s executive producer , Kuldip Varma the production controller, Ashok Varma the production-in-charge and Kishanlal Varma the producer. Further, Aroon Varma, son of founder Santram Varma, another one of the founders of Varma Films, was the Public Relations Officer for Budtameez whereas Jagdish Varma, son of Bhagwan Das Varma , still another founder of Varma Films,
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#17331162156102172-617: A director makes at least 7 films that one can conclude that the director’s talent transcends sheer luck. The prolific directors who worked for the Hindi-language films produced and/or distributed for Varma Films as well as its affiliates and the total number of movies made by these directors during their entire careers (shown in parentheses) includes Amiya Chakrabarty (14 films), Ravindra Dave (28 films), Manmohan Desai (20 films), O.P. Dutta (9 films), H. S. Rawail (21 films), Kidar Sharma (32 films), and Naresh Saigal (11 films). Likewise,
2353-415: A disciple of Vinayak Tambe. Apart from working at Prithvi Theatre, Shankar used to frequently visit the office of a Gujarati director, Chandravadan Bhatt, who had promised Shankar a break as composer when he produced a film. It was outside the office of Bhatt that Shankar saw Jaikishan a number of times. He started a conversation one day and discovered that Jaikishan was a harmonium player, and also visiting
2534-434: A disease caused by excessive consumption of alcohol. At the time of his death, the duo enjoyed an unparalleled popularity which was underlined by a massive turnout at his funeral procession. Gaylord, a restaurant at Churchgate (Mumbai) where Jaikishan used to be a regular visitor, mourned the death of its illustrious patron by lighting a candle on his favorite table for one month and keeping it out of bounds for other guests with
2715-606: A film produced by Varma Films. Founded in 1948 by six brothers in the Chawla family (Ramrakha, Munshiram , Bhagwan Das , Biharilal, Walatiram and Santram ), born to Laxmidas and Hakumdai Chawla from the Punjab Province of British India . After moving to Bombay to enter the movie industry, the six brothers changed their last name to Varma, became a part of the Varma family , and named their newly founded company Varma Films. Varma Films
2896-578: A joint effort. Furthermore, each of the two could compose in the other's style now and then thereby making the identification still more difficult. Contrary to the popular mis-conception that 'it was Jaikishan who used to handle the public relations and business/financial aspects of the duo's career', the fact is that it was Shankar who had the final say on all financial/business aspects of the SJ-team. After Jaikishan's very early death in September 1971, Shankar flew
3077-478: A lot of bitterness between the two, as Shankar considered it a violation of the unwritten agreement between them. At about the same time, Shankar gave a break to singer Sharda and started promoting her as the new singing sensation in preference over Lata Mangeshkar. Jaikishan, however, stuck to Lata Mangeshkar for his compositions. In this period, Shankar and Jaikishan started taking individual contracts for films though every such film continued to show them together as
3258-580: A major seaport on the Arabian Sea . Mumbai in the 19th century was characterised by economic and educational development. During the early 20th century it became a strong base for the Indian independence movement . Upon India's independence in 1947 the city was incorporated into Bombay State . In 1960, following the Samyukta Maharashtra Movement , a new state of Maharashtra was created with Mumbai as
3439-482: A memorial to the martyrs of the Samyukta Maharashtra movement, Flora Fountain was renamed as Hutatma Chowk (Martyr's Square) and a memorial was erected. The following decades saw massive expansion of the city and its suburbs. In the late 1960s, Nariman Point and Cuffe Parade were reclaimed and developed. The Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (BMRDA) was established on 26 January 1975 by
3620-775: A music bank where he stored compositions of S-J. Even after the termination of the professional association between Shankar and Raj Kapoor (Jaikishan had died by then), the latter had used a number of S-J's earlier compositions (which were in his custody) for all his films though the credits were given officially to other composers, e.g., Laxmikant-Pyarelal ( Bobby , Satyam Shivam Sundaram, Prem Rog) and Ravindra Jain (Ram Teri Ganga Maili). S-J also worked with other stars like Kishore Kumar , Shammi Kapoor , Rajendra Kumar , Dev Anand , Sunil Dutt , Manoj Kumar , Biswajeet , Joy Mukherjee and Dharmendra . Beside them S-J combo worked above all with Mohammed Rafi and secondly Mukesh, and produced numbers of hits and unmatchable gems. Mohammed Rafi
3801-599: A niche for itself in the information technology industry. The Santacruz Electronic Export Processing Zone (SEEPZ) and the International Infotech Park ( Navi Mumbai ) offer excellent facilities to IT companies. State and central government employees make up a large percentage of the city's workforce. Mumbai also has a large unskilled and semi-skilled self-employed population, who primarily earn their livelihood as hawkers, taxi drivers, mechanics, and other such blue collar professions. The port and shipping industry
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#17331162156103982-534: A number of photographs of such sessions) and then rehearsing all the musicians of the grand SJ orchestra according to SJ's compositions and directions. SJ also patronized the immensely talented singer Manna Dey , who sang his best songs with them and used Mukesh 's silken voice as playback for Raj Kapoor. Among the directors, they worked most closely with Raj Kapoor and were considered the kingpins of his legendary banner RK Films . They were commercial geniuses in addition to be wonderfully god-blessed in music. They led
4163-496: A number of songs done jointly in which both of them contributed. Between the two, Shankar was the senior partner and hence, he would usually arrange the orchestra, even for Jaikishan's songs. There was a gentleman's agreement between them for not identifying the actual composer of the song. As a result, it has been a popular pastime for S-J aficionados to try to tell a Shankar song from a Jaikishan song. Dance numbers, title/theme songs and soulful songs were Shankar's forte while Jaikishan
4344-504: A one-bedroom apartment in Mumbai proper is around ₹30,000, while according to ResearchGate, 25% of Mumbai households have a monthly income of less than ₹12,500. The overall average salary in Mumbai is ₹45,000. This means that the vast majority of conventional housing is out of bounds for many Mumbai residents, leading many to rely on informal housing. Greater Mumbai (or Brihanmumbai), an area of 603 km (233 sq mi), consisting of
4525-410: A production and distribution company with the film Patanga (1949). Starring Nigar Sultana and Shyam in the lead roles with supporting roles performed by Yakub , Gope and Purnima , the film was directed by H. S. Rawail with its music being composed by C. Ramchandra . Famous actor Rajendra Kumar , regarded as one of the greatest actors of the Indian cinema, debuted in the film industry with
4706-471: A production company owned by producer/director Rakesh Roshan and his son, actor Hrithik Roshan . Still more film industry participation comes from two more participants, Jatin Kumar and Rajiv Menon, both associated with founder Santram Varma. Jatin Kumar, grandson of Santram Varma, and son of Sujit Kumar and Kiran Singh née Varma, is one of the producers of Aetbaar (2004). Rajiv Menon, movie screenplay writer,
4887-769: A single amalgamated mass by way of a causeway called the Hornby Vellard , which was completed by 1784. In 1817, the British East India Company under Mountstuart Elphinstone defeated Baji Rao II , the last of the Maratha Peshwa in the Battle of Khadki . Following his defeat, almost the whole of the Deccan Plateau came under British suzerainty, and was incorporated into the Bombay Presidency. The success of
5068-462: A supporting role, whereas Neki Aur Badi featured Madhubala , Geeta Bali and Kidar Sharma in the lead roles. Neither of these two films were commercially successful. However, both films were recognized for other contributions. For her role in Thes , Purnima, was praised by Filmindia , for "promising a good future." and for making “a good impression” Further, renowned music composer Roshan made his debut as
5249-469: A supporting role. The Shanker Jaikishan duo composed the musical score for the film. Bhagwan Das Varma, one of the founders of Varma Films, made his directorial debut with Aurat . The company's first film for 1954 was the comedy Ladla (1954) whose story uncovered the experiences of the protagonist as he ventures out into the world leaving behind all the privileges arising from being the favorite son of wealthy parents. Starring Karan Dewan and Shyama in
5430-403: A team with Hasrat Jaipuri and Shailendra as their lyricists; but after the demise of Shailendra, they worked with a host of other lyricists such as Indeevar , Gulshan Bawra , Gopaldas Neeraj , Verma Malik, Majrooh Sultanpuri , Vithhal Bhai Patel and Rajinder Krishan , to name a few. S-J were the "house composers" for RK Films and were on their payroll till the end. Raj Kapoor used to maintain
5611-590: A televised interview. However, it was only after Raj Kapoor's own death in 1988 that the significance of his association with Shankar–Jaikishan was brought out in great detail. Chandrakant Bhosle first noticed Shankar, as Shankar was popularly known among his friends, in Mumbai in 1945 when Shankarji arrived in Mumbai with ballet troupe of guru Krishnankutty and dancer Hemawati. Bhosle was a tabla player and had become closely associated with Shankar. He used to play rhythm in Shankar's orchestra from 1949 until Shankar's death. On
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5792-637: A temple". By the late 20th century, the city was referred to as Mumbai or Mambai in Marathi, Konkani , Gujarati , Kannada and Sindhi , and as Bambai in Hindi . The Government of India officially changed the English name to Mumbai in November 1995. This came at the insistence of the Marathi nationalist Shiv Sena party, which had just won the Maharashtra state elections, and mirrored similar name changes across
5973-495: A total wealth of around $ 960 billion, it is the richest Indian city and one of the richest cities in the world. As of 2008 , the Globalization and World Cities Study Group (GaWC) has ranked Mumbai as an "Alpha world city", third in its categories of Global cities . Mumbai is the third most expensive office market in the world, and was ranked among the fastest cities in the country for business startup in 2009. However, it
6154-673: A variety of Raagas in their compositions. Shankar Jaikishan also used the western classical -based waltz rhythm in a number of songs. Shankar-Jaikishan gave a new style and meaning to the genre of sad songs by composing them on a fast tempo. Songs like "Zindagi Mein Hardam Rota Hi Raha" (Barsaat), "Tera Jana Dil Ke Armanon" (Anari), "Haye Tu Hi Gaya Mohe Bhool Re" (Kathputli), "Aye Mere Dil Kahin Aur Chal' (Daag) and "Andhe Jahan Ke Andhe Raate" (Patita) demonstrated this. The last two songs, along with many others (notably " Awaara Hoon " from
6335-775: A virtually rainless period extending from October to May and an extremely wet period peaking in July. A cooler season from December to February is followed by a hotter season from March to May. The period from June to about the end of September constitutes the south west monsoon season, and October and November form the post-monsoon season. Between June and September, the South-west monsoon rains occur in Mumbai. Pre-monsoon showers are received in May. Occasionally, north-east monsoon showers occur in October and November. The maximum annual rainfall ever recorded
6516-573: Is also commonly referred to as the Island City or South Mumbai . The total area of Mumbai is 603.4 square kilometres (233.0 sq mi). Of this, the island city spans 67.79 square kilometres (26.17 sq mi), while the suburban district spans 370 square kilometres (140 sq mi), together accounting for 437.71 square kilometres (169.00 sq mi) under the administration of Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai (MCGM). The remaining areas belong to various Defence establishments,
6697-440: Is an Indian Administrative Service (IAS) officer appointed by the state government . Although the municipal corporation is the legislative body that lays down policies for the governance of the city, it is the commissioner who is responsible for the execution of the policies. The commissioner is appointed for a fixed term as defined by state statute. The powers of the commissioner are those provided by statute and those delegated by
6878-457: Is important to acknowledge that Mumbai faces important challenges regarding income inequality. Despite having the largest concentration of billionaires out of any city in Asia, Mumbai is one of the most unequal cities in the world. Like other Indian metropolitan cities, Mumbai is in desperate need of affordable housing infrastructure for its lower and lower-middle class citizens. The median rental cost of
7059-406: Is in charge of the civic and infrastructure needs of the metropolis. The mayor, who serves for a term of 2 + 1 ⁄ 2 years, is chosen through an indirect election by the councillors from among themselves. The municipal commissioner is the chief executive officer and head of the executive arm of the municipal corporation. All executive powers are vested in the municipal commissioner who
7240-490: Is left of me to say anything more, I had never thought that at such an early age he would leave us all and go; Anyway his good qualities of maintaining goodwill, giving love and receiving love were innate in him and I too don't have them in me. He used to regularly remind me of my innate quality of being in a boisterous mood all the time and always abrasive with some one or the other and so on and so forthwith......." Jaikishan died on 12 September 1971 due to cirrhosis of liver ,
7421-483: Is on a narrow peninsula on the southwest of Salsette Island , which lies between the Arabian Sea to the west, Thane Creek to the east and Vasai Creek to the north. Mumbai's suburban district occupies most of the island. Navi Mumbai is east of Thane Creek and Thane is north of Vasai Creek . Mumbai consists of two distinct regions: Mumbai City district and Mumbai Suburban district , which form two separate revenue districts of Maharashtra. The city district region
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7602-543: Is the financial capital and the most populous city proper of India with an estimated population of 12.5 million (1.25 crore ). Mumbai is the centre of the Mumbai Metropolitan Region , the sixth-most populous metropolitan area in the world with a population of over 23 million (2.3 crore). Mumbai lies on the Konkan coast on the west coast of India and has a deep natural harbour . In 2008, Mumbai
7783-419: Is the commercial capital of India and has evolved into a global financial hub. For several decades it has been the home of India's main financial services companies, and a focus for both infrastructure development and private investment. From being an ancient fishing community and a colonial centre of trade, Mumbai has become South Asia's largest city and home of the world's most prolific film industry. Mumbai
7964-413: Is the grandson of Munshiram Varma, one of the founders of Varma Films and Giriraj Kabra is the spouse of Seher Kabra née Varma, granddaughter of Munshiram Varma. Sid Makkar is an actor working in film, television, and theater whereas Giriraj Kabra works primarily in television. Tom Hunkele, spouse of Rachel Hunkele (granddaughter of Munshiram Varma), works in the sports sector of the entertainment industry as
8145-412: Is the spouse of Dimple Varma, granddaughter of Santram Varma. Finally, more involvement comes from the grandchildren of the six original founders of Varma Films, including Sid Makkar , Giriraj Kabra ,Tom Hunkele, Amit Varma , Mihika Varma , Mishkat Varma and Zulfi Syed , who have expanded into other sectors of the entertainment industry--including television, theater, music, and sports. Sid Makkar
8326-403: Is well established, with Mumbai Port being one of the oldest and most significant ports in India. Dharavi , in central Mumbai, has an increasingly large recycling industry, processing recyclable waste from other parts of the city; the district has an estimated 15,000 single-room factories. As of 2024, Mumbai is home to the third-highest number of billionaires of any city in the world. With
8507-523: The Lok Sabha discussions in 1955, the Congress party demanded that the city be constituted as an autonomous city-state. The States Reorganisation Committee recommended a bilingual state for Maharashtra– Gujarat with Mumbai as its capital in its 1955 report. Bombay Citizens' Committee , an advocacy group of leading Gujarati industrialists lobbied for Mumbai's independent status. Following protests during
8688-607: The New York of India , is India's most populous city and is the financial and commercial capital of the country as it generates 6.16% of the total GDP. It serves as an economic hub of India; as of 2006, Mumbai contributed 10% of the nation's factory employment, 25% of industrial output, 33% of income tax collections, 60% of customs duty collections, 20% of central excise tax collections, 40% of foreign trade , and ₹ 40 billion (equivalent to ₹ 130 billion or US$ 1.5 billion in 2023) in corporate taxes . Along with
8869-569: The American Film Institute , as one of the greatest stars of classical Hollywood cinema The 1970s decade was distinguished by an acceleration of participation in the film industry by the children of the founders of Varma Films. Jagdish Varma, son of Bhagwan Das Varma, one of the founders of Varma Films, started a new production and distribution company called J.V. Film Enterprises associated with Insaaniyat (1974) and Oonch Neech Beech (1989). Jagdish and his brother Satpal Varma were
9050-482: The East India Company in 1661, through the dowry of Catherine Braganza when she was married off to Charles II of England . Beginning in 1782, Mumbai was reshaped by the Hornby Vellard project, which undertook reclamation of the area between the seven islands from the Arabian Sea . Along with the construction of major roads and railways , the reclamation project, completed in 1845, transformed Mumbai into
9231-648: The English East India Company in 1668 for a sum of £ 10 per annum. The population quickly rose from 10,000 in 1661, to 60,000 in 1675. The islands were subsequently attacked by Yakut Khan , the Muslim Koli admiral of the Mughal Empire , in October 1672, Rickloffe van Goen , the Governor-General of Dutch India on 20 February 1673, and Siddi admiral Sambal on 10 October 1673. In 1687,
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#17331162156109412-633: The First Anglo-Maratha War . The British were able to secure Salsette from the Marathas without violence through the Treaty of Purandar (1776) , and later through the Treaty of Salbai (1782), signed to settle the outcome of the First Anglo-Maratha War. From 1782 onwards, the city was reshaped with large-scale civil engineering projects aimed at merging all the seven islands of Bombay into
9593-689: The Fortune Global 500 companies are based in Mumbai. This is facilitated by the presence of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE), the National Stock Exchange of India (NSE), and financial sector regulators such as the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI). Until the 1970s, Mumbai owed its prosperity largely to textile mills and the seaport , but
9774-905: The Government of India and the Consulate General of the United States, Mumbai monitor and publicly share real-time air quality data. In December 2019, IIT Bombay , in partnership with the McKelvey School of Engineering of Washington University in St. Louis launched the Aerosol and Air Quality Research Facility to study air pollution in Mumbai, among other Indian cities. Mumbai has been ranked 24th best “National Clean Air City” (under Category 1 >10L Population cities) in India according to 'Swachh Vayu Survekshan 2024 Results' Mumbai, sometimes described as
9955-563: The Government of Maharashtra as an apex body for planning and co-ordination of development activities in the Mumbai metropolitan region . In August 1979, a sister township of New Mumbai was founded by the City and Industrial Development Corporation (CIDCO) across the Thane and Raigad districts to help the dispersal and control of Mumbai's population. The textile industry in Mumbai largely disappeared after
10136-508: The Marathas under Peshwa Baji Rao I captured Salsette in 1737, and Bassein in 1739. By the middle of the 18th century, Mumbai began to grow into a major trading town, and received a huge influx of migrants from across India. Later, the British occupied Salsette on 28 December 1774. With the Treaty of Surat (1775), the British formally gained control of Salsette and Bassein, resulting in
10317-483: The Mithi River originates from Tulsi Lake and gathers water overflowing from Vihar and Powai Lakes. The coastline of the city is indented with numerous creeks and bays, stretching from the Thane creek on the eastern to Madh Marve on the western front. The eastern coast of Salsette Island is covered with large mangrove swamps , rich in biodiversity, while the western coast is mostly sandy and rocky. Soil cover in
10498-686: The Mumbai City and Mumbai Suburban districts, extends from Colaba in the south, to Mulund and Dahisar in the north, and Mankhurd in the east. Its population as per the 2011 census was 12,442,373. It is administered by the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC) (sometimes referred to as the Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai ), formerly known as the Bombay Municipal Corporation (BMC). The BMC
10679-706: The Mumbai Port Trust , the Atomic Energy Commission and the Borivali National Park, which are out of the jurisdiction of the MCGM. The Mumbai Metropolitan Region which includes portions of Thane , Palghar and Raigad districts in addition to Greater Mumbai, covers an area of 4,355 square kilometres (1,681 sq mi). Mumbai lies at the mouth of the Ulhas River on the western coast of India, in
10860-621: The Shilaharas from 810 to 1260. Some of the oldest edifices in the city built during this period are the Jogeshwari Caves (between 520 and 525), Elephanta Caves (between the sixth to seventh century), Walkeshwar Temple (10th century), and Banganga Tank (12th century). King Bhimdev founded his kingdom in the region in the late 13th century and established his capital in Mahikawati (present day Mahim ). The Pathare Prabhus , among
11041-579: The demolition of the Babri Masjid in Ayodhya , the city was rocked by the Hindu-Muslim riots of 1992–93 in which more than 1,000 people were killed. In March 1993, a series of 13 coordinated bombings at several city landmarks by Islamic extremists and the Mumbai underworld resulted in 257 deaths and over 700 injuries. In 2006, 209 people were killed and over 700 injured when seven bombs exploded on
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#173311621561011222-584: The tabla and learned the art formally from Baba Nasir Khansahib. For many years, Shankar studied as a disciple of the legendary composer Khawaja Khurshid Anwar , in whose orchestra he performed. Shankar started his career with a theater group run by Satyanarayan and Hemawati, before shifting to Prithvi Theatre where he played tabla and performed some minor roles in plays. It was at Prithvi Theatre that he learnt to play and mastered several other instruments like Sitar, Accordion and Piano. Besides his work at Prithvi Theatre, he also started working as an assistant to
11403-488: The 16th and the 17th centuries include: Mombayn (1525), Bombay (1538), Bombain (1552), Bombaym (1552), Monbaym (1554), Mombaim (1563), Mombaym (1644), Bambaye (1666), Bombaiim (1666), Bombeye (1676), Boon Bay (1690) and Bon Bahia . After the English gained possession of the city in the 17th century, the Portuguese name was anglicised as Bombay . Ali Muhammad Khan, imperial dewan or revenue minister of
11584-451: The 1940s for which Oriental Pictures was the production company, and Varma Films was the distributor. Bhagwan Das, on the other hand, was the solo producer for two movies ( Badal and Baghi Sipahi ) and the solo director for three movies ( Aurat , Pooja and Baghi Sipahi ), all produced and distributed by Varma Films and its affiliates. Also different were the approaches to storytelling associated with Munshiram and Bhagwan Das. All three of
11765-624: The 1960s decade were made by the children of Biharilal Varma, one of the founders of Varma Films, when they teamed up to produce a Punjabi-language film at a time when the role of Varma Films and its affiliates in the production and distribution of Hindi-language films began to wane. Furthermore, another son of Biharilal, Rajinder Varma, started venturing into the distribution of subtitled Italian-language films in India. These films were significant because of being partly or fully directed by Vittorio De Sica, Frederico Fellini, and Luchino Visconti, and because of featuring stars including Sophia Loren, named by
11946-407: The 1960s to theatrically distribute three English-subtitled Italian films in India. The first of these films was Boccaccio '70 (1962). Originally, Boccacio 70 had four segments, each with different directors and stars, but one of these segments, directed by Mario Monicelli , was removed in the version released in India as well as other countries outside Italy, presumably to reduce the length of
12127-469: The 1970s, Pammy Varma made his debut as the co-director of Mard (1985), which was the second highest-grossing film of 1985, and the eighth highest-grossing film of the 1980s. A third generation of participation comes from the grandchildren of the six Varma brothers that founded Varma Films. Most prominent among the members of this generation is Emraan Hashmi , a film actor. He is the grandson of Purnima Das Varma who had married Bhagwan Das Varma, one of
12308-571: The Bahmani Sultanate attempted to conquer the islands but was defeated. The Mughal Empire , founded in 1526, was the dominant power in the Indian subcontinent during the mid-16th century. Growing apprehensive of the power of the Mughal emperor Humayun , Sultan Bahadur Shah of Gujarat was obliged to sign the Treaty of Bassein with the Portuguese Empire on 23 December 1534. According to
12489-485: The Bollywood music in spite of tough competition from maestros like Naushad, C Ramchandra, Roshan, SD Burman, OP Nayyar, Salil Choudhury and Madan Mohan and remained on the top much to the chagrin of very highly talented music directors. S-J worked with almost all singers of their time. They had a good working relationship with all of them and were masters in extracting the very best from every one of them. They were steady as
12670-580: The British campaign in the Deccan marked the end of all attacks by native powers. By 1845, the seven islands coalesced into a single landmass by the Hornby Vellard project via large scale land reclamation . On 16 April 1853, India's first passenger railway line was established, connecting Mumbai to the neighbouring town of Thana (now Thane). During the American Civil War (1861–1865), the city became
12851-406: The English East India Company transferred its headquarters from Surat to Mumbai. The city eventually became the headquarters of the Bombay Presidency . Following the transfer, Mumbai was placed at the head of all the company's establishments in India. Towards the end of the 17th century, the islands again suffered incursions from Yakut Khan in 1689–90. The Portuguese presence ended in Mumbai when
13032-668: The Gujarat province, in the Mirat-i Ahmedi (1762) referred to the city as Manbai . The French traveller Louis Rousselet , who visited in 1863 and 1868, states in his book L'Inde des Rajahs , which was first published in 1877: "Etymologists have wrongly derived this name from the Portuguese Bôa Bahia, or (French: "bonne bai", English: "good bay"), not knowing that the tutelar goddess of this island has been, from remote antiquity, Bomba, or Mumba Devi , and that she still ... possesses
13213-554: The Gym and being highly impressed by his virtuosity, Dattaram became his disciple and remained with S-J throughout. As recalled by Dattaram, Sebastian used to write the musical notations of S-J's compositions and also conducted the orchestra. Shankar-Jaikishan's compositions broke new ground in Hindi film music. Apart from relying upon their knowledge of Indian classical music , they also employed western beats and orchestration. Shankar-Jaikishan were
13394-549: The Indian union were integrated into the state. Subsequently, the city became the capital of Bombay State. In April 1950, Municipal limits of Mumbai were expanded by merging the Mumbai Suburban District and Mumbai City to form the Greater Mumbai Municipal Corporation. The Samyukta Maharashtra movement to create a separate Maharashtra state including Mumbai was at its height in the 1950s. In
13575-489: The Island City, the average maximum temperature is 31 °C (88 °F), while the average minimum temperature is 24 °C (75 °F). In the suburbs, the daily mean maximum temperature range from 29 °C (84 °F) to 33 °C (91 °F), while the daily mean minimum temperature ranges from 16 °C (61 °F) to 26 °C (79 °F). The record high is 42.2 °C (108 °F) set on 14 April 1952, and
13756-467: The Portuguese vying for hegemony over Mumbai, as they recognised its strategic natural harbour and its natural isolation from land attacks. By the middle of the 17th century the growing power of the Dutch Empire forced the English to acquire a station in western India. On 11 May 1661, the marriage treaty of Charles II of England and Catherine of Braganza , daughter of King John IV of Portugal , placed
13937-492: The SJ flag which had been rampant in Bollywood ever since Barsaat's release in 1949. However, he was never able to regain the popularity that Shankar - Jaikishan once enjoyed after Jaikishan's death. Shankar Jaikishan made a major contribution towards the development of jazz music in India and the new genre Indo jazz . Their 1968 album Raaga-Jazz style is the earliest Indo-jazz recording in India. In this album, considered to be one of
14118-660: The Vice President of Sports Medicine and the Head Athletic Trainer of the Philadelphia Eagles . Amit Varma, grandson of Biharilal Varma, a founder of Varma Films, works in film but primarily in television. Likewise, also working largely in television are sister and brother, Mihika Varma and Mishkat Varma, grandchildren of Waltiram Varma, another founder of Varma Films. Lastly, Zulfi Syed, who is married to Sheena Syed née Varma, granddaughter of Santram Varma (also one of
14299-471: The background scores. On the other hand, both Shankar and Jaikishan were equally proficient in scoring western music based songs. Despite their distinct working styles and preferences, it is very difficult, if not altogether impossible, to ascribe most of their songs to only one of them. In most of the songs, they invariably contributed to one another's creation, either in the form of improvisation of tune or of orchestration, thus, making their compositions truly
14480-779: The beginning of the Common Era , or possibly earlier, they came to be occupied by the Koli fishing community. In the 3rd century BCE, the islands formed part of the Maurya Empire , during its expansion in the south, ruled by the Buddhist emperor Ashoka of Magadha . The Kanheri Caves in Borivali were excavated from basalt rock in the first century CE, and served as an important centre of Buddhism in Western India during ancient Times. The city then
14661-430: The belief that a film’s songs are a crucial ingredient of the box-office success of any mainstream Indian film, the prominence of Varma Films comes from the songs in its films. For a majority of the films produced by Varma Films and its affiliates, the songs were composed by Shankar-Jaikishan , a composer duo who are widely considered to be one of the greatest ever music composers of the Hindi film industry. More evidence on
14842-585: The best example of this genre. It is said that Jaikishan would count some numbers on his fingers before coming up with the background score for a particular scene on the spot! Two of S-J's films, viz., Sangam (1964) and Mera Naam Joker (1971) are regarded even today as having some of the best background musical scores of Hindi films till date. Although, by and large, it was Jaikishan who used to work on background music of SJ movies as per their mutually agreed division of work, it may be an over-simplification to presume that therefore, whatever went in background scores
15023-595: The box office. His most-successful musical hit was Sanyasi in 1975 for which he scored all songs and the entire background score based upon SJ's favorite Raag Bhairavi to prove the point that SJ's Bhairavi was as much Shankar's as that of Jaikishan. After Sanyasi, although some of Shankar's later songs did exhibit flashes of the old maestro's brilliance, overall, these films Aatmaram, Garam Khoon, Chorni, Eint ka Jawab Pathar) did not succeed in endearing him to leading production houses, though there were some exceptions. For example, actor Dharmendra had signed Shankar to compose
15204-604: The capital. Mumbai is the financial , commercial, and entertainment capital of South Asia . Mumbai is often compared to New York , and the city is home to the Bombay Stock Exchange , situated on Dalal Street . It is also one of the world's top ten centres of commerce in terms of global financial flow, generating 6.16% of India's GDP, and accounting for 25% of the nation's industrial output, 70% of maritime trade in India ( Mumbai Port Trust , Dharamtar Port and JNPT ), and 70% of capital transactions to India's economy . The city houses important financial institutions and
15385-452: The city by a name other than Mumbai has been controversial. A resident of Mumbai is called Mumbaikar ( pronounced [ˈmumbəikəɾ] ) in Marathi , in which the suffix -kar means a 'resident of'. The term had been in use for quite some time but it gained popularity after the official name change to Mumbai. Older terms such as Bombayite are also used. Mumbai is built on what
15566-401: The city region is predominantly sandy due to its proximity to the sea. In the suburbs, the soil cover is largely alluvial and loamy. The underlying rock of the region is composed of black Deccan basalt flows, and their acidic and basic variants dating back to the late Cretaceous and early Eocene eras. Mumbai sits on a seismically active zone owing to the presence of 23 fault lines in
15747-505: The city's commuter trains . In 2008, a series of ten coordinated attacks by armed terrorists for three days resulted in 173 deaths, 308 injuries, and severe damage to several heritage landmarks and prestigious hotels. The three coordinated bomb explosions in July 2011 that occurred at the Opera house , Zaveri Bazaar and Dadar were the latest in the series of terrorist attacks in Mumbai which resulted in 26 deaths and 130 injuries. Mumbai
15928-577: The city, prominent being the St. Michael's Church at Mahim (1534), St. John the Baptist Church at Andheri (1579), St. Andrew's Church at Bandra (1580), and Gloria Church at Byculla (1632). The Portuguese also built several fortifications around the city like the Bombay Castle , Castella de Aguada (Castelo da Aguada or Bandra Fort), and Madh Fort . The English were in constant struggle with
16109-533: The city: Vihar , Lower Vaitarna , Upper Vaitarna , Tulsi , Tansa and Powai . Tulsi Lake and Vihar Lake are located in Borivili National Park , within the city's limits. The supply from Powai lake, also within the city limits, is used only for agricultural and industrial purposes. Three small rivers, the Dahisar River , Poinsar (or Poisar) and Ohiwara (or Oshiwara) originate within the park, while
16290-413: The coastal region known as the Konkan . It sits on Salsette Island (Sashti Island), which it partially shares with the Thane district . Mumbai is bounded by the Arabian Sea to the west. Many parts of the city lie just above sea level, with elevations ranging from 10 to 15 metres (33 to 49 ft); the city has an average elevation of 14 metres (46 ft). Northern Mumbai (Salsette) is hilly, and
16471-506: The composers. Mohd. Rafi intervened and helped them settle their differences; however, it is conjectured that their relationship was not the same as earlier and this impacted the quality of their compositions which had started exhibiting a decline (which is clearly noticeable in the movies released during the last phases of Jaikishan's lifetime and those released just after his demise). On the other hand, Jaikishan, Hasrat and Shankar all had denied, whenever quizzed on this topic, that there ever
16652-523: The continued Shankar-bashing and false propaganda by his rivals and lack of motivation on his own part due to which his music appeared to suffer in comparison to S-J's own high standards. Also, in spite of his continued experimentation on music, the projects themselves for which he worked did not turn out to be commercial successes due to which even his good scores went largely unnoticed. After 1970, when Raj Kapoor's personal project Mera Naam Joker did not do very well, he became superstitious and thought that this
16833-441: The corporate headquarters of numerous Indian companies and multinational corporations . The city is also home to some of India's premier scientific and nuclear institutes and the Hindi and Marathi film industries. Mumbai's business opportunities attract migrants from all over India. The name Mumbai ( Marathi : मुंबई ) originated from Mumbā or Mahā-Ambā —the name of the patron Hindu goddess ( kuladevata ) Mumbadevi of
17014-442: The corporation or the standing committee. Shankar-Jaikishan Shankar–Jaikishan (also known as S-J ) were an Indian composer duo of the Hindi film industry, working together from 1949 to 1971. They are widely considered to be one of the greatest music composers of the Hindi film industry. After Jaikishan’s death in 1971, Shankar continued as a music director alone until his own death in 1987. During this solo career, he
17195-458: The country and particularly in Maharashtra. According to Slate magazine, "they argued that 'Bombay' was a corrupted English version of 'Mumbai' and an unwanted legacy of British colonial rule." Slate also said "The push to rename Bombay was part of a larger movement to strengthen Marathi identity in the Maharashtra region." While Mumbai is still referred to as Bombay by some of its residents and by some Indians from other regions, mention of
17376-476: The death of one of the original founders of Varma Films, Bhagwan Das Varma in 1962, the company continued its film production and distribution activities with two more affiliated companies in the 1960s. Varma Productions, was associated with the thriller Ankh Micholi (1962) whose story revolved around the unusual case of the female lead in the film being accused of two consecutive murders that she presumably did commit. The film featured Mala Sinha and Shekhar in
17557-534: The earliest known settlers of the city, were brought to Mahikawati from Saurashtra in Gujarat around 1298 by Bhimdev. The Delhi Sultanate annexed the islands in 1347–48 and controlled it until 1407. During this time, the islands were administered by the Muslim Governors of Gujarat , who were appointed by the Delhi Sultanate. The islands were later governed by the independent Gujarat Sultanate , which
17738-429: The end. S-J enjoyed an unrivalled position in the Hindi film industry. During their heyday and even toward the later part of their career, they were the highest paid music directors in the industry. Barring stray exceptions, they were paid more than the leading actors and the promotional material of their films would give them more prominence than anyone else. "What can I say... my musical partner in life has gone, what
17919-507: The evacuation of the residents of those areas to temporary safe camps. Air pollution is a major issue in Mumbai. According to the 2016 World Health Organization Global Urban Ambient Air Pollution Database, the annual average PM2.5 concentration in 2013 was 63 μg/m , which is 6.3 times higher than that recommended by the WHO Air Quality Guidelines for the annual mean PM2.5. The Central Pollution Control Board for
18100-512: The famous director Kidar Sharma and was aspiring to be an actor/director. Thus, the three had met at Prithvi Theatre. Raj Kapoor made his debut as a director with the film Aag in 1948. Its music director Ram Ganguly was assisted by Shankar and Jaikishan. However, during the recording of a song for his new venture Barsaat , Raj Kapoor had some serious differences with Ram Ganguly and decided to assign its music to Shankar who insisted on taking Jaikishan as his partner. Thus came into existence
18281-472: The female lead in Insaaniyat opposite veteran actor Shashi Kapoor ; Surinder Makkar, spouse of Madhu Makkar, worked as a character actor in Insaaniyat . More participation from the children of Munshiram Varma came from his sons Sunil and Pammy. Sunil Varma was the executive producer of Insaaniyat . After years of working as the assistant director / second-unit director of Manmohan Desai , leading director of
18462-540: The film Awaara ), also demonstrate the composers’ use of musical instruments – a harmonium is used to produce the effect of a piano accordion . "We have never thought of the public as the 'masses', but as individuals who want the best from us" While working as a team, Shankar and Jaikishan used to compose their songs separately. Generally, Shankar liked to work with Shailendra and Jaikishan with Hasrat Jaipuri though there are notable instances where Shankar worked with Hasrat and Jaikishan with Shailendra. Of course there are
18643-531: The film Main Nashe Main Hoon , ranked number 2 on Binaca Geetmala’s Annual list of Top Songs for 1959. Further, the song, Budtameez Kaho Ya Kaho Jaanvar from the film Budtameez ranked number 10 on Binaca Geetmala’s Annual list of Top Songs for 1966. Interestingly, what is probably the most memorable song in a film produced by Varma Films was the evergreen song Mere Piya Gaye Rangoon composed by another renowned composer C. Ramchandra for Patanga (1949),
18824-427: The film was directed by Vittorio De Sica. The narrative of the film revolved around an on-again, off-again relationship between the lead stars spanning over two decades. Finally, the last Italian film distributed by Varma Brothers was The 10th Victim (1965). Starring Ursula Andress and Marcello Mastroianni, the film was directed by Elio Petri . The story of this film is centered around a future where participants of
19005-450: The film. Given how well Suhaag Raat did at the box-office, Varma Films and Oriental Pictures collaborated on two more films: Thes (1949) and Neki Aur Badi (1949). The narrative of both films once again centered around love triangles and both films were directed by Kidar Sharma as well as produced for Oriental Pictures by Kidar Sharma and Munshiram Varma. Thes starred Shashikala and Bharat Bhushan in lead roles with Purnima in
19186-427: The film. The first of the three remaining segments, titled The Temptation of Dr Antonio , revealed the challenges faced by a puritanical champion of public respectability as he crusades against a billboard of a curvaceous model suggesting that people drink more milk. Starring Peppino De Filippo and Anita Ekberg in the lead roles, this segment was directed by Federico Fellini , who has been frequently hailed as one of
19367-409: The films distributed by Varma Films and its affiliates including 12 films produced by the company, the above benchmark is an indicator of the notability of Varma Films arising from their prolific productivity. In addition, the prominence of Varma Films and its affiliates emanates from the notable array of stars that worked in its films during the so-called Golden Age of Hindi Cinema that stretched for
19548-519: The films linked with Varma Films and its affiliates includes Nutan , Mala Sinha , Sadhana , Geeta Bali , Kamini Kaushal , Rehana , Bharat Bhushan , Shyam , Premnath , Ashok Kumar and Shammi Kapoor . Similarly, the noteworthy stars that worked in the Italian-language films distributed by the affiliates of Varma Films includes Sophia Loren , Anita Ekberg , Romy Schneider , Ursula Andress and Marcello Mastroianni . Further contributing to
19729-523: The first two decades following India's independence in 1947. Three of these films ( Neki Aur Badi (1949), Badal (1951) and Baghi Sipahi (1958)) starred Madhubala , called “the biggest star in the world” by David Cort of Theatre Arts Magazine . Another film ( Main Nashe Mein Hoon (1959)) featured Raj Kapoor , one of the greatest and most influential actors and filmmakers in history of Indian cinema. Other distinguished stars that acted in
19910-544: The founders of Varma Films), worked as an actor and is now a renowned disc jockey . Collectively these contributions of the third generation illustrate how members continue their involvement in films but have also moved into other sectors of the entertainment industry, creating a new narrative of Varma Films today and into the future. Rajendra Kumar 2013 stamp of India.jpg ( Hindi -language films produced and distributed by Varma Films as well as affiliated firms. Films only distributed by Varma Films or affiliates are marked with
20091-438: The founders of Varma Films, a co-producer of Suhaag Raat . The story of Suhaag Raat revolved around a love triangle between Bharat Bhushan , Begum Para and Geeta Bali , the three leading stars of the film. The film’s music was composed by Snehal Bhatkar . Suhaag Raat was a box-office hit; it was the seventh highest-grossing film of 1948. Much of the film’s success was attributed to Geeta Bali’s breakthrough performance in
20272-470: The founders of Varma Films. Purnima’s son from her first marriage, Anwar Hashmi, is Emraan’s father, making Bhagwandas Varma Emraan’s step grandfather. Other participation comes from Chandan Arora , film editor/director and recipient of the 2003 Filmfare Award for Best Editing , who is the spouse of Minal Arora, granddaughter of Sumitra, sister of the six Varma brothers that founded Varma Films. Chandan Arora, together with Minal Arora, founded Make Films, one of
20453-518: The greatest directors of all time by BFI 's Sight & Sound poll held evey decade. Notably, in 2002, BFI's directors' poll ranked him the second greatest director ever while the critics' poll placed him at seventh. The second segment, titled The Job , describes the responses taken by a young Contessa when she discovers that her husband, the Count, has been sleeping around with expensive call girls. Starring Romy Schneider and Tomas Milian , this segment
20634-558: The highest point in the city is 450 metres (1,480 ft) at Salsette in the Powai – Kanheri ranges. The Sanjay Gandhi National Park (Borivali National Park) is located partly in the Mumbai suburban district , and partly in the Thane district, and it extends over an area of 103.09 square kilometres (39.80 sq mi). Apart from the Bhatsa Dam , there are six major lakes that supply water to
20815-519: The islands in possession of the English Empire , as part of Catherine's dowry to Charles. However, Salsette , Bassein , Mazagaon , Parel , Worli , Sion , Dharavi , and Wadala still remained under Portuguese possession. From 1665 to 1666, the English managed to acquire Mahim, Sion, Dharavi, and Wadala. In accordance with the Royal Charter of 27 March 1668 , England leased these islands to
20996-532: The lead roles and the Shankar–Jaikishan duo composed the film’s music. Overall, whereas Munshiram was the most prominent member of the six founders in the 1940s, Bhagwan Das was the most noteworthy member in the 1950s. However, they also had distinct roles within Varma Films and its affiliates. Munshiram was the co-producer, along with Kidar Sharma, for three movies ( Suhaag Raat , Thes and Neki Aur Badi ) in
21177-461: The lead roles and was directed by Ravindra Dave with music composed by Chitragupt . Varma Brothers, the other affiliated company formed in the 1960s co-produced and co-distributed the film Budtameez along with Filmistan . Starring Shammi Kapoor and Sadhana , the film was directed by renowned director Manmohan Desai . The music for Budtameez , composed by the Shanker Jaikishan duo, was
21358-408: The lead roles of the film. Varma Pictures, the other affiliated company associated with Varma Films, was the production/distribution company for two films. The first of these was Night Club (1958). The narrative of this film unraveled the challenges faced by a female protagonist when she attempts to avenge the murder of her brother by an omnipotent criminal. Starring Kamini Kaushal and Ashok Kumar in
21539-405: The lead roles, the film was directed by Naresh Saigal with music composed by Madan Mohan . The second film associated with Varma Pictures, also directed by Naresh Saigal, was Main Nashe Mein Hoon (1959). The story of this film centered around the descending consequences of heavy drinking and the ameliorating role that family can play in subduing these effects. Raj Kapoor and Mala Sinha played
21720-440: The lead roles, the film was directed by Surya Kumar. Ladla’s musical compositions, which were composed by Vinod , are regarded as one of his best-known creations. Ladla was followed by and Pooja (1954) starring Bharat Bhushan and Purnima. It was directed by Bhagwan Das Varma with music composed by the Shanker Jaikishan duo. Bold for its time, the film dealt with issues related to the remarriage of Indian child widows. Pooja
21901-569: The leading composer duo of Husnlal Bhagatram and nurtured the ambition of becoming an independent music director. Jaikishan Dayabhai Panchal (4 November 1929 – 12 September 1971) was born to Dahyabhai Panchal and his wife. As a child he lived in Bansda (Vansada), a town in the present-day state of Gujarat . Jaikishan was adept at playing the harmonium . Subsequently, he obtained his musical lessons from Sangeet Visharad Wadilalji and later from Prem Shankar Nayak. After moving to Mumbai , he became
22082-485: The legendary countdown radio program on Hindi film music, where their compositions were declared the most popular on six occasions (a record later equalled by Laxmikant Pyarelal). These songs were " Mera Joota Hai Japani " in 1955 (Shree 420), "Teri Pyari Pyari Surat Ko" in 1961 (Sasural), "Ehsaan Tera Hoga Mujh Par" in 1962 (Junglee), "Bol Radha Bol" in 1964 (Sangam), "Baharon Phool Barsaao" in 1966 (Suraj), and " Zindagi Ek Safar Hai Suhana" in 1971 (Andaaz). In 1959, seven of
22263-519: The local economy has since then diversified to include finance , engineering , diamond-polishing, healthcare , and information technology. The key sectors contributing to the city's economy are: finance, gems & jewellery, leather processing, IT and ITES , textiles, petrochemical, electronics manufacturing, automobiles, and entertainment. Nariman Point and Bandra Kurla Complex (BKC) are Mumbai's major financial centres. Despite competition from Bangalore , Hyderabad and Pune , Mumbai has carved
22444-472: The most innovative, SJ created 11 songs based on Indian Ragas with saxophone , trumpet , sitar (by Rais Khan), tabla, bass etc. During their career, Shankar-Jaikishan won Filmfare Best Music Director Awards nine times. The last three awards were won in three successive years, thereby making them the first composers to score a hat trick of these awards. S-J also came out tops in Binaca Geetmala ,
22625-487: The movement in which 105 people died in clashes with the police, Bombay State was reorganised on linguistic lines on 1 May 1960. Gujarati -speaking areas of Bombay State were partitioned into the state of Gujarat. Maharashtra State with Mumbai as its capital was formed with the merger of Marathi -speaking areas of Bombay State , eight districts from Central Provinces and Berar , five districts from Hyderabad State , and numerous princely states enclosed between them. As
22806-468: The movies which Munshiram co-produced in the 1940s had contemporary plots based on love triangles that were marked by unrequited love . In contrast, both movies produced by Bhagwan Das were historical, and two out of the three movies directed by Bhagwan Das were also historical, all based on epic tales including those of Samson and Delilah and the persecution of Christians during the Roman Empire. After
22987-586: The music of the film. Rehana , the film's female lead, was at that time in the best phase of her career being paired with the top heroes of the time and Sagai turned out to be one of her two biggest hits. Premnath , the film’s male lead, made his first of several collaborations with Varma Films. Purnima was once again cast in a supporting role. As in Patanga , Rajendra Kumar , worked in Sagai as an assistant to director H. S. Rawail. The other film released by Varma Films in
23168-452: The native Koli community —and from ā'ī , meaning "mother" in the Marathi language , which is the mother tongue of the Koli people and the official language of Maharashtra. According to certain accounts, the Koli community, which hails from Kathiawar and Central Gujarat , is believed to have introduced their deity Mumba from Kathiawar ( Gujarat ), where her worship continues to this day. However, other sources disagree that Mumbai's name
23349-465: The new pair of music directors 'Shankar-Jaikishan' who would become a permanent feature in Raj Kapoor films in near future. Himself being a trained singer (he and Mukesh learned vocal music from the same Guru), Raj Kapoor thus took on board this new team of composers Shankar and Jaikishan with lyricists Shailendra and Hasrat Jaipuri (a former bus conductor). On the insistence of Shankar, they co-opted
23530-510: The news of Shankar's death. Unfortunately, family members with whom Shankar was staying did not inform Bhosle, Raj Kapoor or anybody from the film fraternity about Shankar's death. It was Mr. Gokhale, who was once a cook in Shankarji's house, who later became Pujari in Gora Ram Mandir at Thakurdwar, Mumbai, who informed people that Shankarji was cremated hastily on the day of his death, without
23711-437: The night of April 25, 1987, Shankar dropped Bhosle near Charni Road railway station where Bhosle stayed and drove off to his own residence at Churchgate. On 26 April Bhosle was, as usual, waiting for Shankar at around 10.00 a.m. to take him to the studio, but Shankar did not turn up so Bhosle went to the studio by taxi. All the musicians waited the whole day for Shankar in the studio but he did not turn up. The next day, Bhosle read
23892-491: The noteworthiness of the songs composed by the Shanker-Jaikishan duo for Varma Films and its affiliates comes from Binaca Geetmala , the radio countdown show hosted by the iconic Ameen Sayani . With its blend of chart-topping Hindi filmi songs and Sayani’s distinctive style, the show captured the hearts of listeners and became a rage across the Indian subcontinent . The song Zahid Sharab Pine De Masjid Me Baithkar from
24073-1226: The orchestra accompanied while the 'mukhda' or the 'antara' of a song was being sung and finally came the `epilogue' – the music with which the song ended after the singer(s) had finished their singing. Shankar-Jaikishan made a significant contribution in promoting Indian classical music throughout their career. It was their established practice to have at least one song in a movie based on semi-classical style. These included songs like `Jhanak-jhanak tori baje payaliya' (Mere Huzoor), `Chham chham baje re payaliya' (Jane-anjane), `Radhike tune bansari churayi' (Beti Bete), `Manmohana bade jhoothe' (old `Seema'), `Koi matwala aya mere dware' ( Love in Tokyo ), `Ajahu na ayae baalma, sawan beeta jaye' (Sanjh aur Savera), `Lapak jhapak tu aa re badarwa' (Boot polish), `Ye barkha bahar sautaniya ke dwar' (Mayur pankh), `Re man sur mein ga' (Lal pathar), `Sooni sooni sans ke sitar par' (Lal Patthar), `Kate na kate raina' (Mera naam joker), Hone Lagi Hai Raat Jawaan ( Naina) and numerous others. Their music in both `Basant Bahar' and Amrapali had every song based upon Indian classical music. While " raga Bhairavi " remained their perennial favorite, SJ used
24254-453: The other fact is that Lata Mangeshkar had stopped working with him after Sangam due to her anger against both Raj Kapoor and Shankar in making her sing "Budhha Mil Gaya" from Sangam which she was not keen as she did not feel comfortable with the lyrics of the song. Later on she sang in Sanyasi, Duniyadari and Atmaram. Nevertheless, she continued singing for Jaikishan even after Sangam and till
24435-717: The past few decades, the frequency of floods in Mumbai is enormous, the 2005 Mumbai floods are characterised by 500-1000 deaths, household displacements, damaged infrastructure-(including heritage sites), and a financial loss of US$ 1.2 billion. In the process of reducing floods in Mumbai, the Maharashtra government adopted a flood mitigation plan; according to which the drainage system will be restructured, restoration of Mithi River , and re-establishment of informal settlements. Local civic body Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC) authorities are assigned to forecast and issue eviction notices while BMC along with NGO's prepare for
24616-416: The pioneers in establishing the role of the orchestra in song compositions as a medium to express and enhance the meanings and feelings of songs rather than using it just as a `filler' as per the prevalent practice before their advent on the scene. They made use of the orchestra and musical instruments (often dozens or hundreds of them) in their songs which consisted of the following format: The song starts with
24797-482: The producers of Insaaniyat whereas Jagdish was the producer of Oonch Neech Beech and Satpal the co-producer. Shajoo Varma, Jagdish Varma's spouse was the production designer of Oonch Neech Beech . Aroon Varma, son of Santram Varma, also one of the founders of Varma Films, started a new production company called Varma Film Enterprises and produced Balidaan (1971). Kiran Singh née Varma, daughter of Santram Varma, married actor and producer Sujit Kumar , who in
24978-466: The production and distribution of films for the rest of the 1950s decade. V P Productions was connected with Baghi Sipahi (1958) whose narrative revolved around the persecution of Christians by the Roman Empire . Bhagwan Das Varma worked as the producer as well as the director for Baghi Sipahi and the music for the film was composed by the Shankar–Jaikishan duo. Madhubala and Chandrashekhar played
25159-555: The production companies associated with the films Main, Meri Patni Aur Woh (2005) and Striker (2010), with Chandan also serving as producer for Striker . More involvement in the film industry comes from producer/director Kawal Sharma who is married to Sabina Sharma née Varma, granddaughter of Bhagwan Das Varma, one of the founders of Varma Films and daughter of Jagdish Varma. Further, Sachin Sharma, grandson of founder Walatiram Varma, started working as an assistant director for Filmcraft,
25340-497: The prolific directors who worked in the Italian-language films distributed by the affiliates of Varma Films, and the total number of movies made by these directors during their entire careers (shown in parentheses), includes Vittorio De Sica (31 films), Frederico Fellini (26 films), Elio Petri (19 films) and Luchino Visconti (21 films). Overall, these numbers corroborate the talent of the directors that worked for films associated with Varma Films and its affiliates. Finally, given
25521-522: The record low is 7.4 °C (45 °F) set on 27 January 1962. Tropical cyclones are rare in the city. The worst cyclone to ever impact Mumbai was the one in 1948 where gusts reached 151 km/h (94 mph) in Juhu. The storm left 38 people dead and 47 missing. The storm reportedly impacted Mumbai for 20 hours and left the city devastated. Mumbai is prone to monsoon floods, exacerbated by climate change which affects heavy rains and high tide in
25702-490: The release of its last film, Budtameez in 1966, Varma Films and its affiliates distributed 18 films, of which 15 were Hindi-language films and the remaining 3 were Italian-language films. This corresponds to an average of one film per year. In his sample of 274,991 films with 269,385 individual producers over the years 1949 to 2018, film researcher Stephen Follows finds that the average producer starting out in 1950 would go on to produce 6 films over their career span. With 18 of
25883-664: The rest of India, Mumbai has witnessed an economic boom since the liberalisation of 1991 , the finance boom in the mid-nineties and the IT, export, services and outsourcing boom in the 2000s. Estimates of the 2016 economy of the Mumbai Metropolitan Region have ranged from $ 368 billion to $ 400 billion ( PPP metro GDP ) ranking it either the most or second-most productive metro area of India. Many of India's numerous conglomerates (including Larsen & Toubro , State Bank of India (SBI), Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC), Tata Group , Godrej and Reliance ), and five of
26064-403: The same producer in search of work. Shankar later recollected that they developed a liking for each other and it was he who then and there assured Jaikishan of the job of a harmonium player at Prithvi Theatre (without asking Prithviraj Kapoor , fondly referred to as 'Papaji'). Papaji honoured Shankar's selection and gladly accepted Jaikishan as a harmonium player at Prithvi. Soon, the two developed
26245-458: The same year as Sagai’s release, was Badal , an Indian adaptation of Robin Hood , the legendary outlaw who supposedly stole from the rich to give to the poor . Bhagwan Das Varma , one of the founders of the Varma Films, made his debut as a film producer with this film. Starring Madhubala and Prem Nath in lead roles with Purnima in a supporting role, the film was directed by Amiya Chakravarty . It
26426-401: The score for his film Bichchoo , however, since Shankar did not accept Sai's (who was more keen in having Raj Kamal as MD) interference in his work, he opted out of the project. Eventually, the project itself was abandoned by Dharmendra. However music albums of Do-Jhooth, Papi Pet Ka Sawal Hai became popular. Shankar was in the running for Raj Kapoor's film Satyam Shivam Sundaram (1978), but
26607-490: The sea. According to the World Bank , unplanned drainage system and informal settlement is a key factor of frequent floods in Mumbai. Among other causes of flooding in Mumbai is its geographic location , Mumbai urban is peninsular in form, (a land-filled area that connects seven islands) a low laying area, compared to its suburbs that sit on an elevated location. Over the past few decades, new informal settlements were formed in
26788-554: The seventh and last collaboration between the duo and Varma films and its affiliates. Budtameez also marked the ninth and last time Purnima worked in a film connected with Varma Films and its affiliates. Purnima (now Purnima Das Varma) continued to work in films subsequently; in a career spanning more than five decades, beginning in the mid-1940s into the mid-1990s, Purnima appeared in over 150 Hindi-language films. Spearheaded by Rajinder Varma, son of founder Biharilal Varma, Varma Brothers teamed up with Italian producer Carlo Ponti in
26969-439: The sign "Reserved for Mr. Jaikishan". After Jaikishan's death, Shankar carried on with the banner of Shankar-Jaikishan alone (as per their mutual understanding made during their lifetime that in case of the demise of any one of them, the surviving partner will continue to work with the same team name). He was clearly hampered by numerous reasons such as the departures of his soul-mate Jaikishan and his favourite lyricist Shailendra,
27150-409: The significance of Varma Films are the directors who worked in the films produced and/or distributed by the filmmakers. Extant research on film directors shows that director talent, as measured by the total number of films directed during a director’s entire career, has a significant effect on the financial and critical success of their films. Furthermore, academic research also finds that it is only when
27331-447: The so-called rift between Shankar and Jaikishan was blown out of proportion by the media and vested interests and was used later to downgrade Shankar in his post-Jaikishan years. Since Shankar continued to support Sharda (post Sangam era) and even ghost-composed music for her film and non-film albums, it is said that Lata Mangeshkar became angry with him and discontinued singing for him. Whereas there may be some truth in this assertion,
27512-572: The suburbs, causing a rapid increase in population, improper waste management, and drainage congestion. The rainwater from these areas heavily flows towards low-lying urban areas consisting of some slums and high-rise buildings. As a result, slums are either swamped , washed away, or collapse causing heavy casualties, and post-flood water logging lasts for a long time that causing blockage of railway lines-(most frequently used public transport in Mumbai), traffic snarl, inundated roads, and sub-merged bylanes. Over
27693-501: The success he was hoping for when the film was distributed worldwide. The 1960s decade was also marked by the gradual entry of the children of the six founders of Varma Films into the film industry in various roles. A new production company , Varma International Pictures, was started by the sons of Biharilal Varma, one of the founders of Varma Films. The new company produced and distributed a Punjabi-language film called Laiye Tod Nibhaiye (1966), with each of Biharilal’s sons performing
27874-632: The textile industry was adversely affected. While the city was the capital of the Bombay Presidency , the Indian independence movement fostered the Quit India Movement in 1942 and the Royal Indian Navy mutiny in 1946. After India's independence in 1947, the territory of the Bombay Presidency retained by India was restructured into Bombay State . The area of Bombay State increased, after several erstwhile princely states that joined
28055-566: The top ten songs for the year were composed by S-J, a sort of record that stands perhaps to this date, though the top honors for that year went to S. D. Burman . FILMFARE AWARDS STARTED DURING 1954 FOR BEST MUSIC DIRECTOR: Shankar-Jaikishan were the Winners for the films listed below: Winner Winner In a signed article in Filmfare , Jaikishan identified unwittingly the song "Yeh Mera Prem Patra Padh Kar" (Sangam) as his composition. This led to
28236-655: The treaty, the Seven Islands of Bombay, the nearby strategic town of Bassein and its dependencies were offered to the Portuguese. The territories were later surrendered on 25 October 1535. The Portuguese were actively involved in the foundation and growth of their Roman Catholic religious orders in Bombay. They called the islands by various names, which finally took the written form Bombaim . The islands were leased to several Portuguese officers during their regime. The Portuguese Franciscans and Jesuits built several churches in
28417-459: The two lovers, played by the film’s lead stars, when a former lover—who is insanely obsessive—enters their lives. Directed by O.P. Dutta , the film’s music was composed by the Shanker Jaikishan duo. Varma Films subsequently released Aurat (1953), a period film, which was a retelling of the Samson and Delilah biblical tale. The film featured Prem Nath and Bina Rai in the lead roles with Purnima in
28598-991: The upcoming singing talent Lata Mangeshkar , and repeated Mukesh as Raj Kapoor's ghost voice for the songs of Barsaat . The film also had the distinction of featuring two firsts in Hindi cinema — a title song ("Barsaat Mein Humse Mile") and a cabaret ("Patli Kamar Hai"), which were also the first two songs written by Shailendra. The two became known in the public by the acronym "S-J". Their early works include Barsaat (1949), Awara (1951), Badal (1951) , Poonam (1952), Nagina , Aurat , Parbat , Kali Ghata , Aah , Patita , Shikast , Badshah , Mayurpankh , Naya Ghar , Seema , Shree 420 (1955), Basant Bahar , Halaku , Rajhath , New Delhi , Kathputli , Anari , Chori Chori , Daag , Begunah , Yahudi (1958), Main Nashe Mein Hoon , Kanhaiya , Boot Polish , Choti Behan , Shararat , Love Marriage and Ujala . S-J formed
28779-504: The vicinity. The area is classified as a Seismic Zone III region , which means an earthquake of up to magnitude 6.5 on the Richter magnitude scale may be expected. Mumbai has an extreme tropical wet and dry climate ( Aw ) under the Köppen climate classification , although the central and northern suburbs have a tropical monsoon climate ( Am ) with even heavier wet season rainfall. Mumbai has
28960-528: The widespread 1982 Great Bombay Textile Strike , in which nearly 250,000 workers in more than 50 textile mills went on strike. Mumbai's defunct cotton mills have since become the focus of intense redevelopment . Industrial development began in Mumbai when its economy started focusing on the petrochemical, electronic, and automotive sectors. In 1954 Hindustan Petroleum commissioned Mumbai Refinery at Trombay and BPCL Refinery . The Jawaharlal Nehru Port , which handles 55–60% of India's containerised cargo,
29141-456: The world's chief cotton-trading market, resulting in a boom in the economy that subsequently enhanced the city's stature. The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 transformed Mumbai into one of the largest seaports on the Arabian Sea . In September 1896, Mumbai was hit by a bubonic plague epidemic where the death toll was estimated at 1,900 people per week. About 850,000 people fled Mumbai and
29322-412: Was 3,452 mm (136 in) for 1954. The highest rainfall recorded in a single day was 944 mm (37 in) on 26 July 2005 . The average total annual rainfall is 2,213.4 mm (87 in) for the Island City, and 2,502.3 mm (99 in) for the suburbs. The average annual temperature is 27 °C (81 °F), and the average annual precipitation is 2,213 mm (87 in). In
29503-496: Was a master of composing background score , apart from romantic songs (he is generally regarded as the best ever in this genre) and simple, catchy compositions which became instant hits ("Ehsaan Mere Dil Pe" being a typical example of such songs). However, Shankar was no smaller in this aspect of devising simple 'straight line' tunes: " Mera Joota Hai Japani " (Shri 420, 1955), Yeh Mera Deewanapan Hai (Yahudi, 1958) Awaara Hoon (Awaara, 1951), Kisi ke Muskurahaton (Anari, 1959), also being
29684-486: Was also the first film where Varma Films collaborated with the Shankar–Jaikishan duo for the composition of the film’s music. The film was a phenomenal commercial success; Badal was the eighth highest-grossing film of 1951. The company’s next film was Parbat (1952) featuring Prem Nath and Nutan in lead roles with K. N. Singh and Purnima in supporting roles. The film’s narrative centered around what happens to
29865-594: Was any rift between them. In fact, according to Hasrat, the division of work was by mutual agreement to cope up with the heavy work load so that Shankar and Shailendra looked after one part of the work while Jaikishan and Hasrat on the other part but this division was not rigid; there was a lot of give and take between them even during this phase. Towards the end (just before Jaikishan's untimely demise), in several of their last movies such as Jane Anjane (1971), Andaaz (1971), Ankhon Ankhon Mein, Shankar and Jaikishan were known to be working together. In retrospect, it appears that
30046-469: Was attended only by his family and some friends. The film industry was hardly present at his funeral, thus reinforcing the stereotype of its fickle-natured loyalties, when compared to Jaikishan's death in 1971, which drew the entire film industry. After Shankar died, the nearly 40 year old SJ banner came to an end, which was the end of what is widely regarded as the best music direction in Bollywood history. Raj Kapoor later paid glowing tributes to Shankar in
30227-730: Was because Lata Mangeshkar did not sing in the film. Lata got on very well with Jaikishan but not with Shankar, and Raj Kapoor chose Lata over Shankar. This was ironic, as Lata's big break was in the 1949 superhit Barsaat, where Shankar and Jaikishan were the music directors. According to Lata Mangeshkar herself, it was the late Mohd. Rafi who brought about a rapprochement between the two and she did start singing again for Shankar starting from Sohan Lal Kanwar's ` Sanyasi ' and several other films later. Although Shankar's creations during this period for Lata as well as other singers like Kishore, Rafi, Manna Dey were quite good, most of these went unnoticed due to non-descript status of such films which bombed at
30408-614: Was commissioned on 26 May 1989 across the creek at Nhava Sheva with a view to de-congest Mumbai Harbour and to serve as a hub port for the city. The geographical limits of Greater Mumbai were coextensive with municipal limits of Greater Mumbai. On 1 October 1990, the Greater Mumbai district was bifurcated to form two revenue districts namely, Mumbai City and Mumbai Suburban , though they continued to be administered by same Municipal Administration. The years from 1990 to 2010 saw an increase in violence and terrorism activities. Following
30589-544: Was derived from the goddess Mumba. The oldest known names for the city are Kakamuchee and Galajunkja ; these are sometimes still used. Portuguese writer Gaspar Correia recorded the name "Bombaim" after 1512 in his Lendas da Índia ( Legends of India ). While some Anglophone authors have suggested this name possibly originated as an alleged Galician-Portuguese phrase bom baim , meaning "good little bay", such suggestions lack any scientific basis. Portuguese linguist José Pedro Machado attributes that interpretation to
30770-480: Was directed by Luchino Visconti . Finally, the third segment of Boccacio 70 , titled The Raffle , reveals what happens when a timid sacristan wins a raffle to spend a night with an attractive shooting-gallery attendant. Directed by Vittorio De Sica , the lead role in this segment was played by Sophia Loren . After Boccacio 70 , the next Italian film distributed by Varma Brothers was Marriage Italian Style (1964). Starring Sophia Loren and Marcello Mastroianni ,
30951-693: Was established in 1407. As a result of the Sultanate's support, numerous mosques were built, with one notable example being the Haji Ali Dargah in Worli . Erected in 1431, this magnificent structure pays homage to the revered Muslim saint, Haji Ali. From 1429 to 1431, the islands were a source of contention between the Gujarat Sultanate and the Bahmani Sultanate of Deccan. In 1493, Bahadur Khan Gilani of
31132-472: Was initially involved only with distributing films and afterward with producing as well as distributing Hindi-language films. The first film distributed by the company was Suhaag Raat (1948). Kidar Sharma , the film’s director, had been looking for a financier/distributor for Oriental Pictures, a film company that he had founded a few years ago. When Varma Films offered to take on the distribution rights for Suhaag Raat , Kidar Sharma made Munshiram Varma, one of
31313-586: Was known as Heptanesia ( Ancient Greek : A Cluster of Seven Islands) to the Greek geographer Ptolemy in 150 CE. The Mahakali Caves in Andheri were cut out between the 1st century BCE and the 6th century CE. Between the 2nd century BCE and 9th century CE, the islands came under the control of successive indigenous dynasties : Satavahanas , Western Satraps , Abhira , Vakataka , Kalachuris , Konkan Mauryas , Chalukyas and Rashtrakutas , before being ruled by
31494-454: Was named an alpha world city . Mumbai has the highest number of billionaires out of any city in Asia . The seven islands that constitute Mumbai were earlier home to communities of Marathi language -speaking Koli people . For centuries, the seven islands of Bombay were under the control of successive indigenous rulers before being ceded to the Portuguese Empire , and subsequently to
31675-476: Was once an archipelago of seven islands : Isle of Bombay , Parel , Mazagaon , Mahim , Colaba , Worli , and Old Woman's Island (also known as Little Colaba ). It is not exactly known when these islands were first inhabited. Pleistocene sediments found along the coastal areas around Kandivali in northern Mumbai suggest that the islands were inhabited since the South Asian Stone Age . Perhaps at
31856-542: Was overlooked in favour of Laxmikant Pyarelal whose candidature was supported vigorously by Mukesh. Ironically, Mukesh owed his standing in the film industry primarily to S-J's compositions. Shankar was also considered for Raj Kapoor's proposed film Param Vir Chakra (his case was supported by Raj Kapoor's sons), but the project did not see the light of day and Shankar never returned to the RK camp. Shankar died on 26 April 1987. His death received little media coverage and his funeral
32037-442: Was solely Jaikishan's creation. Since SJ had a common pool of tunes in their stock, made by either of them during their numerous music sessions/sittings (Riyaz), it was perfectly legitimate and natural for Jaikishan to have used tunes created by Shankar also wherever needed. This is also one of the reasons why he was able to finish this job in a few days' time. It is understood that in RK films, Shankar and Jaikishan both used to work on
32218-417: Was still credited as 'Shankar–Jaikishan'. Shankar–Jaikishan, along with other artists, composed "everlasting" and "immortal melodies" in the 1950s, 1960s, and early 1970s. Their best work was noted for being "raga-based and having both lilt and sonority". Shankar Singh Ram Singh Raghuvanshi (15 October 1922 – 26 April 1987) was from Hyderabad , British India . During his formative years, Shankar played
32399-490: Was the first film in which Purnima, who had previously worked in supporting roles for several films associated with Varma Films, worked in the leading role portraying a child widow. In the same year that Pooja was released Bhagwan Das Varma married Purnima. During the latter half of the 1950s, the Varma Films banner was retired following the death of one of its founders, Munshiram Varma, in 1958. Varma Films subsequently evolved into two affiliated companies, both associated with
32580-463: Was the producer of the same film. Also, Baldevraj Varma, son of Ramrakha Varma, another founder of Varma Films, started working as a first assistant camera for renowned award-winning cinematographer Nariman Irani . Finally, Purnima Das Varma’s son from her first marriage, Anwar Hashmi, worked as a character actor in Baharon Ki Manzil (1968). Overall, the most noteworthy contributions to
32761-400: Was their favourite singer despite having good reputation with other playback singers of the time. Most of S-J's films show Dattaram and Sebastian as their assistants. Dattaram handled the percussion section of the orchestra while Sebastian handled the rest. Dattaram met Shankar in a Gym when the latter was already working at Prithvi Theatre as a musician. After listening to Shankar's Tabla at
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