74-514: The Mithi River (Pronunciation: [miʈʰiː] ) is a river on Salsette Island , the island of the city of Mumbai , India. It is a confluence of tail-water discharges of the Powai and Vihar lakes. The river is seasonal and rises during the monsoons . The overflowing lakes also contribute to the river flow, which is stopped by a dam at other times. During this season, the gutter is a favourite with anglers , who can catch large fish that have escaped from
148-626: A lack of linguistic contact and exchanges with the standard and principal forms of Konkani. It is also spoken by migrants outside of the Konkan proper; in Nagpore , Surat , Cochin , Mangalore , Ahmedabad , Karachi , New Delhi etc. Dialects such as Malvani , Chitpavani, Damani, Koli & Aagri in Maharashtra; are threatened by language assimilation into the linguistic majority of non-Konkani states and territories of India . Konkani belongs to
222-574: A lexical fund of its own. The second wave of Indo-Aryans is believed to have been accompanied by Dravidians from the Deccan plateau. Paishachi is also considered to be an Aryan language spoken by Dravidians. Goa and Konkan were ruled by the Konkan Mauryas and the Bhojas ; as a result, numerous migrations occurred from north, east and western India. Immigrants spoke various vernacular languages, which led to
296-605: A magnitude of 6. The island is mostly composed of black basalt rock. Since it is along the sea coast, it has a sandy belt on its western coast. The southern region of Old Mumbai is mostly at sea level. However, the parts which were erstwhile shallows are below sea level. Many parts of the city are hilly. There are three major lakes on the island: Powai Lake , Tulsi Lake and Vihar Lake . The latter two supply part of Mumbai's water requirements. Numerous other smaller ponds and lakes are present. The Mithi River (Mahim), Poisar River , Oshiwara River and Dahisar River originate in
370-460: A metre or two), Versova , Marve Island , Dharavi Island and Rai Murdhe, all with a knoll core and fringing wave-cut platforms and sandy beaches. These islands seem to have remained separate until as late as 1808. At the time of writing of the old Gazetteer of Thana in 1882, these islands could be reached during low tides by walking across the tidal inlets in between, except for the island of Dharavi in present-day Gorai (not to be confused with
444-504: A mission to unite all Konkanis, Hindus as well as Christians, regardless of caste or religion. He saw this movement not just as a nationalistic movement against Portuguese rule, but also against the pre-eminence of Marathi over Konkani. Almost single-handedly he crusaded, writing a number of works in Konkani. He is regarded as the pioneer of modern Konkani literature and affectionately remembered as Shenoi Goembab . His death anniversary, 9 April,
518-569: A mixture of features of Eastern and Western Prakrit. It was later substantially influenced by Magadhi Prakrit. The overtones of Pali (the liturgical language of the Buddhists) also played a very important role in the development of Konkani Apabhramsha grammar and vocabulary. A major number of linguistic innovations in Konkani are shared with Eastern Indo-Aryan languages like Bengali and Oriya , which have their roots in Magadhi. Maharashtri Prakrit
592-573: A mixture of intermarriages of Arab seafarers, Middle East businessman, Britishes and locals as well as conversions of Hindus to Islam. Another migrant community that picked up Konkani are the Siddis , who are descended from Bantu peoples from South East Africa that were brought to the Indian subcontinent as slaves. Contemporary Konkani is written in Devanagari, Kannada, Malayalam, Persian, and Roman scripts. It
666-464: A portion of Thane district lie within it, making it very populous and one of the most densely populated islands in the world . It has a population of more than 20 million inhabitants living on an area of about 619 square kilometres (239 sq mi). Salsette is bounded on the north by Vasai Creek , on the northeast by the Ulhas River , on the east by Thane Creek and Mumbai Harbour , and on
740-426: A time when Indian states were being reorganised along linguistic lines. There were demands to merge Goa with Maharashtra. This was because Goa had a sizeable population of Marathi speakers and Konkani was also considered to be a dialect of Marathi by many. Konkani Goans were opposed to the move. The status of Konkani as an independent language or as a dialect of Marathi had a great political bearing on Goa's merger, which
814-586: Is Konkani according to S.B. Kulkarni (former head of Department of Marathi, Nagpur University ) and Jose Pereira (former professor, Fordham University , USA). Another inscription in Nāgarī , of Shilahara King Aparaditya II of the year 1187 AD in Parel reportedly contains Konkani words, but this has not been reliably verified. Many stone and copper-plate inscriptions found in Goa and Konkan are written in Konkani. The grammar and
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#1732848159110888-662: Is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by the Konkani people , primarily in the Konkan region, along the western coast of India . It is one of the 22 scheduled languages mentioned in the Indian Constitution , and the official language of the Indian state of Goa . It is also spoken in Karnataka , Maharashtra , Kerala , Gujarat as well as Damaon, Diu & Silvassa . Konkani is a member of
962-524: Is at the northeastern corner, on Thane Creek , while the western suburbs of Mumbai which stretches from Bhayandar in the northwest corner to Bandra which lies just before the Mumbai City district lies on its western side while the eastern suburbs of Mumbai that stretches from Thane to Kurla lies on the eastern half of the island. Both suburbs are separated by the Borivali National Park till
1036-460: Is called a "dialect of Maharashtra" as an origin of the language controversy. Another linguist to whom this theory is attributed is Grierson . Grierson's work on the languages of India, the Linguistic Survey of India , was regarded as an important reference by other linguists. In his book, Grierson had distinguished between the Konkani spoken in coastal Maharashtra (then, part of Bombay) and
1110-709: Is celebrated as World Konkani Day (Vishwa Konkani Dis). Madhav Manjunath Shanbhag, an advocate by profession from Karwar, who with a few like-minded companions travelled throughout all the Konkani speaking areas, sought to unite the fragmented Konkani community under the banner of "one language, one script, one literature". He succeeded in organising the first All India Konkani Parishad in Karwar in 1939. Successive Adhiveshans of All India Konkani Parishad were held at various places in subsequent years. 27 annual Adhiveshans of All India Konkani Parishad have been held so far. Pandu Putti Kolambkar an eminent social worker of Kodibag, Karwar
1184-526: Is more evident in Konkani syntax. The question markers in yes/no questions and the negative marker are sentence final. Copula deletion in Konkani is remarkably similar to Kannada. Phrasal verbs are not so commonly used in Indo-Aryan languages; however, Konkani spoken in Dravidian regions has borrowed numerous phrasal verb patterns. The Kols, Kharwas, Yadavas, and Lothal migrants all settled in Goa during
1258-459: Is required. It aims to revive the dying river and the entire operation at Mithi will be done through solar power in an attempt to stay energy neutral. Recently environmentalist Afroz Shah has launched campaigns with the local citizens of Mumbai to clean the Mithi river, to much success. Many young entrepreneurs in and around Mumbai are now aggressively involved with raising awareness of the degradation of
1332-468: Is similar to the Brajbhasha word mōhē has been replaced by mākā . This era was marked by several invasions of Goa and subsequent exodus of some Konkani families to Canara (today's coastal Karnataka), and Cochin. These events caused the Konkani language to develop into multiple dialects with multiple scripts. The exodus to coastal Karnataka and Kerala required Konkani speakers in these regions to learn
1406-525: Is the ancestor of Marathi and Konkani, it was the official language of the Satavahana Empire that ruled Goa and Konkan in the early centuries of the Common Era. Under the patronage of the Satavahana Empire, Maharashtri became the most widespread Prakrit of its time. Studying early Maharashtri compilations, many linguists have called Konkani "the first-born daughter of Maharashtri". This old language that
1480-461: Is very prominent in Konkani. The grammatical impact of the Dravidian languages on the structure and syntax of Indo-Aryan languages is difficult to fathom. Some linguists explain this anomaly by arguing that Middle Indo-Aryan and New Indo-Aryan were built on a Dravidian substratum . Some examples of Konkani words of Dravidian origin are: naall ( coconut ), madval (washerman), choru (cooked rice) and mulo ( radish ). Linguists also suggest that
1554-534: Is written by speakers in their native dialects. The Goan Antruz dialect in the Devanagari script has been promulgated as Standard Konkani. Konkani language was in decline, due to the use of Portuguese as the official and social language among the Christians, the predominance of Marathi over Konkani among Hindus, and the Konkani Christian-Hindu divide. Seeing this, Vaman Raghunath Varde Valaulikar set about on
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#17328481591101628-776: The Goa Legislative Assembly passed the Official Language Bill, making Konkani the official language of Goa. Konkani was included in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India as per the Seventy-First Amendment on 20 August 1992, adding it to the list of official languages. The Konkani language originated and is spoken widely in the western coastal region of India known as Konkan . The native lands historically inhabited by Konkani people include
1702-610: The Indian Anthropological Society , these Australoid tribes speaking Austro-Asiatic or Munda languages who once inhabited Konkan, migrated to Northern India ( Chota Nagpur Plateau , Mirzapur ) and are not found in Konkan any more. Olivinho Gomes in his essay "Medieval Konkani Literature" also mentions the Mundari substratum. Goan Indologist Anant Shenvi Dhume identified many Austro-Asiatic Munda words in Konkani, like mund , mundkar , dhumak , goem-bab . This substratum
1776-510: The Indo-Aryan language branch. It is part of the Marathi-Konkani group of the southern Indo-Aryan languages. It is inflexive, and less distant from Sanskrit as compared to other modern Indo-Aryan languages . Linguists describe Konkani as a fusion of a variety of Prakrit vernacular languages. This could be attributed to the confluence of immigrants that the Konkan coast has witnessed over
1850-615: The Konkan division of Maharashtra , the state of Goa and the territory of Daman , the Uttara Kannada , Udupi & Dakshina Kannada districts of Karnataka , belagavi , Mysore , and Bengaluru along with many districts in Kerala such as Kasaragod , Kochi , Alappuzha , Thiruvananthapuram and Kottayam . All of the regions and areas have developed distinct dialects , pronunciation and prose styles, vocabulary, tone, and sometimes, significant differences in grammar. According to
1924-536: The Mahim Causeway in 1845. These railway lines and roads encouraged wealthier merchants to build villas on Salsette. By 1901, the population of Salsette had increased to 146,993 and the area began to be referred to as Greater Bombay . Salsette is dominated by a central mass of hills surrounded by tidal flats. A number of much smaller islands lay on its western flank. These included Bandra , Khar Danda , Juhu (an old linear sand bar rising above sea level by just
1998-744: The Mount St Mary's Church in Bandra, the Cross at Cross Maidan , Gloria Church (1632) in Mazagaon and the remnants of a church in Santa Cruz are the sole places of worship that have survived to the 21st century. In 1661, the seven Bombay (Mumbai) islets were ceded to Britain as part of the dowry of Catherine de Braganza to Charles II of England ; while Salsette remained in Portuguese hands. Charles II in turn, leased
2072-485: The Nagueshi Maharudra temple when Nanjanna Gosavi was the religious head or Pratihasta of the state. It mentions words like, kullgga , kulaagra , naralel , tambavem , and tilel . A piece of hymn dedicated to Lord Narayana attributed to the 12th century AD says: "jaṇẽ rasataḷavāntũ matsyarūpē̃ vēda āṇiyēlē̃. manuśivāka vāṇiyēlē̃. to saṁsārasāgara tāraṇu. mōhō to rākho nārāyāṇu". (The one who brought
2146-810: The Persian Gulf countries , Portugal and the European Union , and the British Isles and the rest of the Anglosphere . Many families still continue to speak different Konkani dialects that their ancestors spoke, which are now highly influenced by the languages of the dominant majority. The Konkani language has been in danger of dying out over the years for many of the following reasons: Efforts have been made to stop this downward trend of usage of Konkani, starting with Shenoi Goembab 's efforts to revive Konkani. The recognition granted by Sahitya Akademi to Konkani and
2220-482: The Southern Indo-Aryan language group. It retains elements of Vedic structures and shows similarities with both Western and Eastern Indo-Aryan languages . The first Konkani inscription is dated 1187 AD. There are many Konkani dialects spoken along and beyond the Konkan region, from Damaon in the north to Karwar in the south; most of which are only partially mutually intelligible with one another due to
2294-577: The Sultan of Guzerat . In 1534, the Portuguese empire seized the islands from Sultan Bahadur Shah . Sashti became part of the northern province of Portuguese India , which was governed from Vasai (Bassein) on the north shore of Bassein Creek. It was leased to the explorer Diogo Rodrigues from 25 October, 1535 to 1548. In 1554, the islands were handed over to Garcia de Orta , a renowned physician and botanist and
Mithi River - Misplaced Pages Continue
2368-665: The Vedas up from the ocean in the form of a fish, from the bottoms of the water and offered it to Manu , he is the one Saviour of the world, that is Narayana my God.). A hymn from the later 16th century goes vaikuṇṭhācē̃ jhāḍa tu gē phaḷa amṛtācē̃, jīvita rākhilē̃ tuvē̃ manasakuḷācē̃. Early Konkani was marked by the use of pronouns like dzo , jī , and jẽ . These are replaced in contemporary Konkani by koṇa . The conjunctions yedō and tedō ("when" and "then") which were used in early Konkani are no longer in use. The use of -viyalẽ has been replaced by -aylẽ . The pronoun moho , which
2442-556: The epithet – 'Cottonopolis of India' due to its vibrant cotton textile mills . The mills over the years have utilized water from this river and dumped their waste into it leading to the present polluted state of the river. The Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai has undertaken a cleanliness drive lately so that the floods of 26 July 2005 are not repeated. An environmental group has been formed by Rajendra Singh , an award-winning conservationist in 2009. The BMC has been able to remove just 267,000 cubic metres so far, or 60% of what
2516-640: The 15th century with the Portuguese. These original inhabitants of Salsette are the Bombay East Indian Catholics , the Aagris & Kolis . 109 Buddhist caves, including those at Kanheri, can be found on the island, and date from the end of the 2nd century. Salsette was ruled by a succession of Hindu kingdoms, the last of which were the Silharas and later the Marathas . In 1343, the islands were annexed by
2590-727: The 2001 estimates of the Census Department of India, there were 2,489,016 Konkani speakers in India. The Census Department of India, 2011 figures put the number of Konkani speakers in India as 2,256,502 making up 0.19% of India's population. Out of these, 788,294 were in Karnataka , 964,305 in Goa , 399,255 in Maharashtra , and 69,449 in Kerala . It ranks 19th on the List of Scheduled Languages by strength. The number of Konkani speakers in India fell by 9.34% in
2664-627: The Bombay islets to the English East India Company in 1668 for £10 per year. The company found the deep harbour at Mumbai (Bombay) eminently apposite, and the population rose from 10,000 in 1661 to 60,000 by 1675. In 1687, the East India Company transferred their headquarters there from Surat . In 1737, the island was captured by Mahratta violence, all of the Portuguese northern province in India, except Damaon, Diu & Silvassa , as it
2738-1335: The Dahisar River into Gorai Creek. The eastern waterfront also has many small creeks. The small southern part of the eastern waterfront of Salsette forms Mumbai Harbour. North of this region lie vast amounts of protected wetlands at Sewree , home to migratory birds. The northern and northwestern part of the island and parts of Mahim River have government-protected marshlands. These swampy regions form massive, dense mangrove forests. 15th century 16th century 15th century 16th century 17th century 18th century 19th century 16th century 17th century 15th century 16th century Portuguese India 17th century Portuguese India 18th century Portuguese India 16th century 17th century 19th century Portuguese Macau 20th century Portuguese Macau 15th century [Atlantic islands] 16th century [Canada] 16th century 17th century 18th century 19th century Konkani language Konkani ( Devanagari : कोंकणी , Romi : Konknni , Kannada : ಕೊಂಕಣಿ , Malayalam : കൊങ്കണി , Perso-Arabic : کونکنی ; IAST : Kōṅkṇī , IPA: [kõkɳi] )
2812-585: The Indo-Aryan group, Konkani was influenced by a language of the Dravidian family. A branch of the Kadambas , who ruled Goa for a long period, had their roots in Karnataka . Konkani was never used for official purposes. Another reason Kannada influenced Konkani was the proximity of original Konkani-speaking territories to Karnataka. Old Konkani documents show considerable Kannada influence on grammar as well as vocabulary. Like southern Dravidian languages, Konkani has prothetic glides y- and w- . The Kannada influence
2886-517: The Konkani spoken in Goa as two different languages. He regarded the Konkani spoken in coastal Maharashtra as a dialect of Marathi and not as a dialect of Goan Konkani itself. In his opinion, Goan Konkani was also considered a dialect of Marathi because the religious literature used by the Hindus in Goa was not in Konkani itself, but in Marathi. S. M. Katre's 1966 work, The Formation of Konkani , which utilised
2960-477: The Mithi River, and creating awareness on a global scale as the government of India has again began to ignore this extremely important issue. In 2009, environmentalist and Magsaysay Award winner, Rajendra Singh lead a yatra , of a group of environmentalist and NGOs, through Mumbai city along the degraded Mithi river to highlight its problems. A Contemporary Art show was also held in 2009 to increase awareness of
3034-480: The ancient Konkani Prakrit was born as a confluence of the Indo-Aryan dialects while accepting many words from Dravidian speech. Some linguists assume Shauraseni to be its progenitor whereas some call it Paisaci . The influence of Paisachi over Konkani can be proved in the findings of Taraporewala, who in his book Elements of Science of Languages (Calcutta University) ascertained that Konkani showed many Dardic features that are found in present-day Kashmiri . Thus,
Mithi River - Misplaced Pages Continue
3108-584: The archaic form of old Konkani is referred to as Paishachi by some linguists. This progenitor of Konkani (or Paishachi Apabhramsha) has preserved an older form of phonetic and grammatic development, showing a great variety of verbal forms found in Sanskrit and a large number of grammatical forms that are not found in Marathi. (Examples of this are found in many works like Dnyaneshwari , and Leela Charitra .) Konkani thus developed with overall Sanskrit complexity and grammatical structure, which eventually developed into
3182-461: The author of Colloquies on the Simples Drugs and Medical Matter of India , a seminal work on Indian Eastern medicine of its time. Nine churches were built on Salsette island by the Portuguese; Nirmal (1557), Nossa Senhora dos Remédios (1557), Sandor (1566), Agashi (1568), Nandakal (1573), Papdy (1574), Pale (1595), Manickpur (1606), and Nossa Senhora das Mercês (1606). The St Andrews Church and
3256-587: The base of such texts is in Konkani, whereas very few verbs are in Marathi. Copper plates found in Ponda dating back to the early 13th century, and from Quepem in the early 14th century, have been written in Goykanadi . One such stone inscription or shilalekh (written Nāgarī ) is found at the Nageshi temple in Goa (dating back to the year 1463 AD). It mentions that the (then) ruler of Goa, Devaraja Gominam, had gifted land to
3330-479: The course of this river. Cattle sheds in some areas contribute animal waste. Barrel cleaners, scrap dealers and others dump sludge oil , effluent and garbage in the river. The organic waste, sludge and garbage dumping has reduced the carrying capacity of the river. The water with mixture of sewage and industrial waste is a threat to marine life. The river bed is full of sludge, garbage and vegetation growth like water hyacinth in many parts. The city of Mumbai earned
3404-588: The days of Portuguese Goa and British rule in Pre-Partition India many Goans and non-Goan Konkani people went to foreign countries as economic migrants to the colonies of Portuguese and British Empire respectively, and also to the Pakistan of Pre-Partition India . The migratory trend has continued well into the post-colonial era and a significant number of Konkani people are found in Kenya , Uganda , Pakistan ,
3478-522: The decade 2001-2011. It is the only scheduled language apart from Urdu to have a negative growth rate in the decade. A very large number of Konkanis live outside India, either as expatriates ( NRIs ) with work visas or as naturalised citizens and permanent residents of other host countries ( immigrants ). Determining their numbers is difficult since Konkani is a minority language that is very often not recognised by censuses and surveys of various government agencies and NGOs catering to Indians abroad. During
3552-499: The dire situation of the Mithi River in Bombay by Chintan Upadhyay titled Khatti – Mithi. Salsette Island Salsette Island ( Portuguese : Salsete , Konkani : साष्टी , romanized: sāṣṭī , Sashti) is an island in Konkan division of the state of Maharashtra , along India's west coast . Administratively known as Greater Mumbai (Greater Bombay), the Mumbai Suburban district , Mira Bhayander and
3626-414: The foot of the colossal Jain monolith Bahubali (The word gomateshvara apparently comes from Konkani gomaṭo which means "beautiful" or "handsome" and īśvara "lord". ) at Shravanabelagola of 981 CE reads, in a variant of Nāgarī: "śrīcāvuṇḍarājē̃ kara viyālē̃, śrīgaṅgārājē̃ suttālē̃ kara viyālē̃" ( Chavundaraya got it done, Gangaraya got the surroundings done). The language of these lines
3700-625: The institution of an annual award for Konkani literature has helped to a certain extent. Some organisations, such as the Konkan Daiz Yatra organised by Konkani Bhasha Mandal, World Konkani Centre and the newer Vishwa Konkani Parishad have laid great stress on uniting all factions of Konkanis. José Pereira, in his 1971 work Konkani – A Language: A History of the Konkani Marathi Controversy , pointed to an essay on Indian languages written by John Leyden in 1807, wherein Konkani
3774-399: The instruments of modern historical and comparative linguistics across six typical Konkani dialects, showed the formation of Konkani to be distinct from that of Marathi. Shenoi Goembab , who played a pivotal role in the Konkani revival movement, rallied against the pre-eminence of Marathi over Konkani amongst Hindus and Portuguese amongst Christians. Goa's accession to India in 1961 came at
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#17328481591103848-515: The islets of Bombay. By 1845, the seven southern islands had been connected to form South Bombay , with an area of 435 km². Railway viaducts and causeways were built in the 19th century to connect Bombay Island to the mainland via Salsette. The channels separating Mumbai from Salsette and Trombay were bridged by the Sion Causeway in 1803. Accessibility considerably increased after construction of this causeway. Mahim and Bandra were connected by
3922-644: The lakes. Chattrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport is located right next to the section of river at Andheri (E) . The river originates from the overflow of Vihar Lake and also receives the overflows from the Powai Lake about 2 km later. It flows for a total of 18 km before it meets the Arabian Sea at Mahim Creek flowing through residential and industrial complexes of Powai, Saki Naka , Kurla , Kalina , Vakola , Bandra Kurla Complex , Dharavi and Mahim . The river has an average width of 5 metres in
3996-476: The local languages. This caused penetration of local words into the dialects of Konkani spoken by these speakers. Examples include dār (door) giving way to the word bāgil . Also, the phoneme "a" in the Salcette dialect was replaced by the phoneme "o". Other Konkani communities came into being with their own dialects of Konkani. The Konkani Muslim communities of Ratnagiri and Coastal Karnataka came about due to
4070-427: The merger of Goa into Maharashtra, an intense debate was started in Goa. The main issues discussed were the status of Konkani as an independent language and Goa's future as a part of Maharashtra or as an independent state. The Goa Opinion Poll , a plebiscite, retained Goa as an independent state in 1967. However, English, Hindi, and Marathi continued to be the preferred languages for official communication, while Konkani
4144-506: The national park and empty into the Arabian Sea. The Mithi River originates at Vihar Lake. Vasai and Thane creeks are estuarine distributaries of the Ulhas River . A number of saline or brackish creeks extend inland from the coastline. Mahim Creek separates the city from the suburbs in the west. Further north on the western coast, the Oshiwara river empties into Malad (or Marvé) Creek and
4218-567: The neighbourhood of Powai in Andheri. Politically, the Mumbai City district covers the peninsula south of Mahim and Sion while most of the original island constitutes the Mumbai Suburban district . The northern portion lies within Thane district , which extends across Thane creeks onto the mainland. The word Sasashti (also shortened to Sashti ) is Maharashtri Konkani term for "sixty-six", referring to
4292-656: The original "sixty-six villages" on the island. It was inhabited by (Aagri, Kunbi) farmers, agriculturists, (Bhandaris) toddy tappers , (Sutar, Malis) artisans and (Kolis) fisherfolk who trace their conversion to Christianity back to 55 AD with the arrival of Christ's disciple, Bartholomew the Apostle , in north Konkan region . They were later converted to the Latin Church in India by four religious orders —the Dominicans , Franciscans , Augustinians & Jesuits — who arrived in
4366-496: The pre-historic period and later. Chavada , a tribe of warriors (now known as Chaddi or Chaddo ), migrated to Goa from Saurashtra , during the 7th and 8th century AD, after their kingdom was destroyed by the Arabs in 740. Royal matrimonial relationships between the two states, as well as trade relationships, had a major impact on Goan society. Many of these groups spoke different Nagar Apabhramsha dialects, which could be seen as precursors of modern Gujarati. An inscription at
4440-431: The slum near Mahim), which had to be reached by a boat. These are no longer separate, being joined to Salsette via reclamation. The highest point is the conical peak of Kanheri (467 metres) in Borivali National Park on the northern reaches of the island. This national park is the world's biggest within city limits. The island is at the confluence of a number of fault lines. This makes the area earthquake -prone, up to
4514-438: The sound of ण at the beginning of words; it is still retained in many Konkani words of archaic Shauraseni origin, such as णव (nine). Archaic Konkani born out of Shauraseni vernacular Prakrit at the earlier stage of the evolution (and later Maharashtri Prakrit), was commonly spoken until 875 AD, and at its later phase ultimately developed into Apabhramsha , which could be called a predecessor of old Konkani. Although most of
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#17328481591104588-524: The south and west by the Arabian Sea . The original seven islands of Mumbai , which were merged by land reclamation during the 19th and early 20th centuries to form the city of Mumbai, are now practically a southward protruding peninsula of the much larger Salsette Island. The island of Trombay that was to the southeast of Salsette is today part of Salsette as much of the intervening swamps have been reclaimed. It contains Borivali National Park , also known as Sanjay Gandhi National Park. The city of Thane
4662-404: The stone inscriptions and copper plates found in Goa (and other parts of Konkan) from the 2nd century BC to the 10th century AD are in Prakrit-influenced Sanskrit (mostly written in early Brahmi and archaic Dravidian Brahmi), most of the places, grants, agricultural-related terms, and names of some people are in Konkani. This suggests that Konkani was spoken in Goa and Konkan. Though it belongs to
4736-486: The substratum of Marathi and Konkani is more closely related to Dravidian Kannada. Migrations of Indo-Aryan vernacular speakers have occurred throughout the history of the Indian west coast. Around 1100-700 BC the first wave of Indo-Aryans dialect speakers might have occurred, with the second wave appearing around 700-500 BC. Many spoke old Indo-Aryan vernacular languages, which may be loosely related to Vedic Sanskrit ; others still spoke Dravidian and Desi dialects. Thus
4810-421: The term is derived from the Persian word for coast, kinara ; if so, it would mean "the language of the coast". The problem is that this term overlaps with Kanarese or Kannada . All the European authors, however, recognised two forms of the language in Goa: the plebeian , called Canarim , and the more regular (used by the educated classes), called Língua Canarim Brâmana or simply Brâmana de Goa . The latter
4884-426: The upper reaches, has been widened to 25 m in the middle reaches and up to 70 m in the lower reaches after 26 July 2005 deluge (944 mm in 24 h on 26 July 2005). The river has been polluted by dumping of raw sewage , industrial waste and municipal waste into the river. Besides this, illegal activities like washing vessels, animals and oily drums, discharge of unauthorised hazardous waste are also carried out along
4958-492: The years. It is quite possible that Old Konkani was just referred to as Prakrit by its speakers. Reference to the name Konkani is not found in literature prior to the 13th century. The first reference of the name Konkani is in " Abhanga 263" of the 13th century Hindu Marathi saint poet, Namadeva (1270–1350). Konkani has been known by a variety of names: Canarim, Concanim, Gomantaki, Bramana, and Goani . Learned Marathi speakers tend to call it Gomantaki . Konkani
5032-471: Was a close associate of Shri Waman Raghunath Shennoi Varde Valaulikar, strove hard for the upliftment of Konkani in Karwar (North Kanara) and Konkan Patti. Following India's independence and its subsequent annexation of Goa in 1961, Goa was absorbed into the Indian Union as a Union Territory, directly under central administration. However, with the reorganisation of states along linguistic lines, and growing calls from Maharashtra, as well as Marathis in Goa for
5106-411: Was commonly referred to as Língua Canarim by the Portuguese and Língua Brahmana by Catholic missionaries. The Portuguese later started referring to Konkani as Língua Concanim . The name Canarim or Língua Canarim , which is how the 16th century European Jesuit Thomas Stephens refers to it in the title of his famous work Arte da lingoa Canarim has always been intriguing. It is possible that
5180-424: Was frequently invaded by the Mahratta forces until 1739. Marquis de Pombal formally ceded what would become Greater Bombay, to Peshwa Balaji Bajirao of the Mahratta Confederacy in the 1750s. The British occupied Salsette in 1774, and it was formally ceded to the East India Company in the 1782 Treaty of Salbai . In 1782, William Hornby , then Governor of Bombay Province , initiated the project of connecting
5254-494: Was heavily influenced by the Portuguese language. All this did not change anything in Goa. Finally, fed up with the delay, Konkani activists launched an agitation in 1986, demanding official status for Konkani. The agitation turned violent in various places, resulting in the death of six agitators from the Catholic community: Floriano Vaz from Gogol Margao, Aldrin Fernandes, Mathew Faria, C. J. Dias, John Fernandes, and Joaquim Pereira, all from Agaçaim . Finally, on 4 February 1987,
5328-707: Was prevalent contemporary to old Marathi is found to be distinct from its counterpart. The Sauraseni impact on Konkani is not as prominent as that of Maharashtri. Very few Konkani words are found to follow the Sauraseni pattern. Konkani forms are rather more akin to Pali than the corresponding Sauraseni forms. The major Sauraseni influence on Konkani is the ao sound found at the end of many nouns in Sauraseni, which becomes o or u in Konkani. Examples include: dando , suno , raakhano , dukh , rukhu , manisu (from Prakrit), dandao , sunnao , rakkhakao , dukkhao , vukkhao , vrukkhao , and mannisso . Another example could be
5402-612: Was sidelined. With the continued insistence of some Marathis that Konkani was a dialect of Marathi and not an independent language, the matter was finally placed before the Sahitya Akademi . Suniti Kumar Chatterji , the president of the Akademi appointed a committee of linguistic experts to settle the dispute. On 26 February 1975, the committee came to the conclusion that Konkani was indeed an independent and literary language, classified as an Indo-European language, which in its present state
5476-509: Was the preferred choice of the Europeans, and also of other castes, for writing, sermons, and religious purposes. There are different views as to the origin of the word Konkan and hence Konkani: The substratum of the Konkani language lies in the speech of Austroasiatic tribes called Kurukh , Oraon , and Kukni, whose modern representatives are languages like Kurukh and its dialects including Kurux, Kunrukh, Kunna, and Malto . According to
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