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48-685: Novorossiya Governorate was an administrative-territorial unit ( guberniya ) of the Russian Empire , which existed in 1764–1783 and again in 1796–1802. It was created and governed according to the "Plan for the Colonization of New Russia Governorate" issued by the Russian Senate . It became the first region in Russia where Catherine the Great allowed foreign Jews to settle. Most of its territories belonged to

96-616: A Kosh Otaman as the host's leader. He was aided by a head secretary ( pysar ), head judge, and head archivist. During military operations the Otaman carried unlimited power supported by his staff as the military collegiate. He decided with an agreement from the Rada whether to support a certain Hetman (such as Bohdan Khmelnytsky ) or other leaders of state. Some sources refer to the Zaporozhian Sich as

144-509: A "Cossack republic", because the highest power in it belonged to the assembly of all its members, and its leaders ( starshyna ) were elected. The Cossacks formed a society (hromada) that consisted of " kurins " (each with several hundred Cossacks). A Cossack military court severely punished violence and stealing among compatriots, the bringing of women to the Sich, the consumption of alcohol in periods of conflict, and other offenses. The administration of

192-532: A central fortress, the Zaporozhian Sich. Prince Dmytro Vyshnevetsky established the first Zaporozhian Sich on the island of Small (Mala) Khortytsia in 1552, building a fortress at Niz Dnieprovsky (Lower Dnieper) and placing a Cossack garrison there; Tatar forces destroyed the fortress in 1558. The Tomakivka Sich was built on a now-inundated island to the south, near the modern city of Marhanets ; Tatars also razed that sich, in 1593. A third sich soon followed, on Bazavluk island, which survived until 1638, when it

240-448: A governor of an oblast or a krai . The Russian Empire had nine governorates in modern-day Ukrainian territories: Chernigov , Kharkov , Kherson , Kiev , Podolia , Poltava , Volhynia , Yekaterinoslav , and Taurida . Additional lands annexed from Poland in 1815 were organized into the Kholm governorate in 1912. After the events of 1917, which led to the declaration of independence of

288-632: A high mortality rate among builders, and only an estimated 40% of Cossacks returned home. After the Battle of Poltava in 1709, the Chortomlyk Sich (sometimes referred to as the "Old Sich" ( Stara Sich )) was destroyed and Baturyn , the capital of Hetman Ivan Mazepa , was razed. Another sich was built at the mouth of the Kamianets river but was destroyed in 1711 by the Russian government. The Cossacks then fled to

336-599: A method of defence by Slavic colonists against the frequent and devastating raids of Crimean Tatars , who captured and enslaved hundreds of thousands of Ukrainians , Belarusians and Poles to supply the Crimean slave trade in operations called "the harvesting of the steppe". The Ukrainians created a self-defence force, the Cossacks , fierce enough to stop the Tatar hordes, and built fortified camps ( sichi ) that were later united to form

384-574: A new Danube Sich , as a protectorate of the Ottoman Empire. Others moved to Hungary to form a Sich there as a protectorate of the Austrian Empire . According to folklore, some moved to Malta , because Kosh otamans and other senior members of the starshyna considered themselves a kind of Maltese chivalry . The leader of the Zaporozhian Host, Petro Kalnyshevsky, was arrested and exiled to

432-651: A sich at Mykytyn Rih, near the present-day city of Nikopol . From there he began an uprising against the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth that led to the establishment of the Cossack Hetmanate (1648–1764). After the Treaty of Pereyaslav in 1654, the Zaporozhian Host was split into the Hetmanate, with its capital at Chyhyryn , and the more autonomous region of Zaporizhzhia , which continued to be centred on

480-684: The Military Frontier of the Austrian Empire against the Ottoman Empire and involved many military units from the region that were resettled in Ukraine. The military units included mounted cossacks (or hussars ) and mounted pikers (or lancers ). In 1796, the governorate was reestablished, but with the centre not in Kremenchug but in Yekaterinoslav , and in 1802 was split into three governorates:

528-616: The Russian Imperial Army razed the capital of the Zaporizhian Sich , after which all its lands were annexed to the Novorossiysk Governorate. The following year, Bakhmut Province and Yekaterinoslav Province were transferred to the newly established Azov Governorate . The governorate was subdivided into 12 provinces (circuluses) and further into uyezdes (counties). The city of Yekaterinoslav (today – Novomoskovsk )

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576-692: The Solovetsky Islands (where he lived to the age of 112 in the Solovetsky Monastery ). Four high level starshynas were repressed and exiled, later dying in Siberian monasteries. Lower level starshynas who remained and went over to the Russian side were given army ranks and all the privileges that accompanied them, and allowed to join Hussar and Dragoon regiments. Most of the ordinary Cossacks were made peasants and even serfs. In 1780, after disbanding

624-833: The Ukrainian People's Republic , these governorates became subdivisions, which also annexed Ukrainian-inhabited parts of Mogilev , Kursk , Voronezh and Minsk governorates in 1918. By the end of the Soviet–Ukrainian War in 1920, the Bolsheviks had made them part of the Ukrainian SSR . Soviet Ukraine was reorganized into 12 governorates, which were reduced to nine in 1922 upon the Soviet Union 's founding, and then replaced with okruhas in 1925. The West Ukrainian People's Republic in former Austro-Hungarian Empire territory

672-713: The Yekaterinoslav Governorate , and the Taurida Oblast . A Decree of 12 December 1796 set up a serf system on the territory of South Ukraine and Caucasus by attaching peasants to the land. The Novorossiysk and Bessarabian General Governorate was formed on May 23, 1822, with the center in Odessa. It consisted of the Kherson, Yekaterinoslav and Tauride provinces, as well as the Odessa, Taganrog, Feodosiya and Kerch-Yenikalsky city administrations. Nevertheless, Duke Richelieu, who

720-682: The Yekaterinoslav Governorate , the Taurida Governorate , the Nikolayev Governorate (known as the Kherson Governorate from 1803). It was created on 2 April [ O.S. 22 March] 1764 as a military district for the protection of the southern border of the empire and in preparation for the major military campaign of the Russo-Turkish War . The governorate united the territories of New Serbia , Slavo-Serbia , and

768-566: The Zaporozhian Sich as well as the Poltava Regiment and Myrhorod Regiment of the Cossack Hetmanate . Its establishment was strategically successful and advantageous for Russia, and after the conclusion of the Russian war against Turkey in 1774 it gave a way for Russia to access the Black Sea and establish an area that became known as Novorossiya ("New Russia"). It was created based on

816-648: The Bakhmut Hussars Regiment) as well as the Samara Hussar Regiment (originally the Moldavian Hussars Regiment based in Kiev). The first capital of the governorate was the city of Kremenchug (1765) with the fortress of Saint Elizabeth (today Kropyvnytskyi ) serving that administrative function previously (1764). In 1769–70 during the 1768–74 Russian-Ottoman War there was an uprising among

864-687: The Crimean Khanate to avoid persecution and founded the Oleshky Sich in 1711 (today the city of Oleshky ). In 1734, they were allowed to return to the Russian Empire. Suffering from discrimination in the Khanate, Cossacks accepted the offer to return and built another Sich in close proximity to the former Chortomlyk Sich, referred to as the Nova Sich . The population in steppe region numbered around 52,000 in

912-567: The Dnieper and Donets Pikers regiments. The unrest started on territory of today's Poltava Oblast and eventually spread across the lands of the Zaporizhian Host . It was mercilessly put down by Russian Imperial forces and its instigators were punished by knout or sent to katorga . The Donets Pikers Regiment eventually was forcefully sent to the war where it played a key role in forcing Syvash , taken of Perekop, Caffa ( Feodosiya ). In June 1775

960-585: The East Slavic verb sich ( сѣчь ), meaning 'to chop' or 'cut'; it may have been associated with the usual wood sharp-spiked stockades around Cossack settlements. Zaporizhzhia was located in the region around the Great Meadow , which was until 2023 flooded by the Kakhovka Reservoir in today's south-eastern Ukraine. The area was also known under the historical term Wild Fields . A possible precursor of

1008-580: The Russian government began to resettle them on the Kuban River . In 1860, they changed their name to the Kuban Cossacks . Ukrainian writer Adrian Kaschenko (1858–1921) and historian Olena Apanovich note that the abolition of the Zaporozhian Sich had a strong symbolic effect, and memories of the event remained for a long time in local folklore. The Zaporozhian Host was led by the Sich Rada that elected

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1056-497: The Sich provided Orthodox churches and schools for the religious and secular education of children. The population of the Sich had a cosmopolitan component, including Ukrainians , Moldavians , Tatars , Poles , Lithuanians , Jews , Russians and many other ethnicities. The social structure was complex, consisting of destitute gentry and boyars , szlachta (Polish nobility), merchants, peasants, outlaws of every sort, runaway slaves from Turkish galleys , and runaway serfs (as

1104-572: The Sich to either North America or Australia. Under the guidance of a starshyna named Lyakh, a conspiracy was formed among a group of 50 Cossacks to pretend to go fishing on the river Inhul next to the Southern Buh in the Ottoman provinces, and to obtain 50 passports for the expedition. The pretext was enough to allow about 5,000 Zaporozhians to flee, some travelling to the Danube Delta where they formed

1152-706: The Sich. During this period the Sich changed location several times but was generally located in the Great Meadow . The Chortomlyk Sich was built at the mouth of the Chortomlyk River in 1652. In 1667 the Truce of Andrusovo made the Sich a condominium ruled jointly by Russia and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . During the reign of Peter the Great , Cossacks were used for the construction of canals and fortification lines in northern Russia. An estimated 20–30 thousands were sent each year. Hard labour led to

1200-538: The Slobidskyi regiment (today in Kirovohrad Oblast ) which were the northern regions of Buhohard Palatinate ( Zaporizhian Sich ). The governorate, centered in the fortress of Saint Elizabeth, initially was divided into three territories (polki) assigned to each regiment in the area: Elizabeth City Pikers Regiment, Black Hussars Regiment, and Yellow Hussars Regiment. As of 22 June [ O.S. 11 June] 1764

1248-685: The Soviet Union into particular territorial units was subject to numerous changes, especially during the 1918–1929 period. Because of the Soviet Union's electrification program under the GOELRO plan , Ivan Alexandrov directed the Regionalisation Commission of Gosplan to divide the Soviet union into thirteen European and eight Asiatic oblasts , using rational economic planning rather than "the vestiges of lost sovereign rights". Eventually, in 1929,

1296-515: The Zaporozhian polkovnyk Pivtorakozhukha). Some of those who were not accepted to the host formed gangs of their own, and also claimed to be Cossacks. However, after the Khmelnytsky Uprising these formations largely disappeared and were integrated mainly into Hetmanate society. The Cossacks developed a large fleet of fast, light vessels. Their campaigns were targeted at rich settlements on

1344-628: The Zaporozhian Cossack Host, General Grigorii Potemkin attempted to gather and reorganize the Cossacks on a voluntary basis, and they helped to defend Ukraine from the Turks during the Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792) . He was able to gather almost 12,000 Cossacks and called them the Black Sea Cossacks. After the conflict was over, rather than allowing the Cossacks to settle across Southern Ukraine,

1392-506: The Zaporozhian Host the Lower ) was a semi-autonomous polity and proto-state of Cossacks that existed between the 16th to 18th centuries, including as an autonomous stratocratic state within the Cossack Hetmanate for over a hundred years, centred around the region now home to the Kakhovka Reservoir and spanning the lower Dnieper river in Ukraine . In different periods the area came under

1440-438: The Zaporozhian Sich through military force in 1775. In May 1775, Russian General Peter Tekeli received orders to occupy and destroy the Zaporozhian Sich from Grigory Potemkin , who had been formally admitted into Cossackdom a few years earlier. Potemkin was given direct orders from Catherine the Great . On 5 June 1775, Tekeli surrounded the Sich with artillery and infantry. He postponed the assault and even allowed visits while

1488-610: The Zaporozhian Sich was a fortification ( sich ) built on the Tomakivka island ( Tomakivka Sich  [ uk ] ) in the middle of the Dnieper River in the present-day Zaporizhzhia region of Ukraine . However, there is no direct evidence about the exact time of the existence of Tomakivka Sich, whereas indirect data suggest that at the time of Tomakivka Sich there was no Zaporozhian Sich yet. The history of Zaporozhian Sich spans six time-periods: The Zaporozhian Sich emerged as

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1536-746: The cossacks were Orthodox Christians whereas the Poles were mostly Catholics . They thus engaged in a long struggle for independence from surrounding powers, the Rzeczpospolita (Polish state), the Ottoman Empire, the Crimean Khanate , and the Tsardom of Russia and Russian Empire . The Sich became the centre of Cossack life, governed by the Sich Rada alongside its Kosh Ataman (sometimes called Hetman, from German "Hauptmann"). In 1648, Bohdan Khmelnytsky captured

1584-640: The governorate also included the so-called Ukrainian Line , a line of Russian built fortresses between Dnieper and Donets ) that was administrated by the Dnieper and Donets Pikers regiments (based on the Habsburg's Pandurs , the cossacks of Poltava, the Myrhorod regiments), the Slavo-Serbia with Luhansk Pikers Regiment, and the Raiko Preradovic and Ivan Sevic Hussars regiments (soon the later two were united into

1632-508: The head of the Host, Petro Kalnyshevsky , was deciding how to react to the Russian ultimatum. The Zaporozhians decided to surrender. The Sich was officially disbanded by the 3 August 1775 manifesto of Catherine, "On the Liquidation of Zaporozhian Sich and Annexation thereof to Novorossiya Governorate ", and the Sich was razed to the ground. Some of the Cossack officer class, the starshyna , became hereditary Russian nobility and obtained huge lands in spite of their previous attempts to relocate

1680-426: The need for a southern frontier ended after the annexation of the Crimea . The colonisation of Novorossiya (New Russia) with Serbian and Romanians sponsored by Russia created further conflict. After the end of the war between Russia and the Ottoman Empire for possession of the Black Sea and Crimean steppes, Russia no longer needed the Zaporozhian Cossacks for protection of the border region. Russia finally destroyed

1728-462: The sovereignty of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth , the Ottoman Empire , the Tsardom of Russia , and the Russian Empire . In 1775, shortly after Russia annexed the territories ceded to it by the Ottoman Empire under the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca (1774), Catherine the Great disbanded the Sich. She incorporated its territory into the Russian province of Novorossiya . The term Zaporozhian Sich can also refer metonymically and informally to

1776-403: The subdivision was replaced by the notions of oblast, okrug , and raion . Oblast as a unit was used even before the revolution, although unlike governorates it designated remote areas that usually incorporated huge swaths of land. In post-Soviet states such as Russia and Ukraine, the term Guberniya is considered obsolete, yet the word gubernator was reinstated and is used when referring to

1824-429: The term governorate general ( генерал-губернаторство , general-gubernatorstvo ) was in use to refer to the actual territory being governed. The office of governor general had more administrative power and was in a higher position than the previous office of governor. Sometimes a governor general ruled several governorates. By the ukase of the Russian Senate of December 31, 1796, the office of governorate general

1872-414: The whole military-administrative organisation of the Zaporozhian Cossack host . The name Zaporizhzhia refers to the military and political organization of the Cossacks and to the location of their autonomous territory 'beyond the rapids' ( za porohamy ) of the Dnieper River . The Dnieper rapids were a major portage on the north–south Dnieper trade route. The term sich is a noun related to

1920-406: The year 1768. Fear of the independence of the Sich resulted in the Russian administration abolishing the Hetmanate in 1764. The Cossack officer class was incorporated into the Imperial Russian nobility ( Dvoryanstvo ). The rank and file Cossacks, however, including a substantial portion of the old Zaporozhians, were reduced to peasant status. Tension rose after the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca , when

1968-405: Was also applied to subdivisions of the Kingdom of Poland ("Russian Poland") and the Grand Duchy of Finland . After the February Revolution , the Russian Provisional Government renamed governors into governorate commissars . The October Revolution left the subdivision in place, but the governing apparatus was replaced by governorate soviets ( губернский совет ). Actual subdivisions of

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2016-526: Was appointed to this position in 1805, was still considered the governor of the Novorossiysk Territory. The Governate was abolished in 1874. Guberniya Selected governorates were united under an assigned governor-general such as the Grand Duchy of Finland , Congress Poland , Russian Turkestan and others. There were also military governors such as Kronstadt , Vladivostok and others. Aside from governorates, other types of divisions were oblasts (region) and okrugs (district). This subdivision type

2064-463: Was based on population size, and the term guberniya was replaced by the synonym of Russian origin: namestnichestvo ( наместничество ), sometimes translated as "viceroyalty", other times as " vicegerency ". The term guberniya , however, still remained in use. These viceroyalties were governed by namestniki ( наместник ) (literal translation: "deputy") or " governors general " ( генерал-губернатор , general-gubernator ). Correspondingly,

2112-480: Was created by the edict ( ukase ) of Peter the Great on December 18, 1708 "On the establishment of the gubernias and cities assigned to them", which divided Russia into eight governorates . In 1719, governorates were further subdivided into provinces ( Russian : провинции , romanized :  provintsii ). Later the number of governorates was increased to 23 . By the reform of 1775, subdivision into governorates and further into uezds ( Russian : уезды ),

2160-418: Was demoted to the previous level of governorate, and Russia was again divided into governorates, which were subdivided into uezds, further subdivided into volosts ( волость ); nevertheless several governorates general made from several governorates existed until the Russian Revolution of 1917 . The governorate ( Russian : губе́рния , Polish : gubernia , Swedish : län , Finnish : lääni ) system

2208-432: Was destroyed by a Polish expeditionary force suppressing a Cossack uprising. These settlements, founded during the 16th century, were already complex enough to constitute an early proto-state . The Zaporozhian Cossacks became included in the Kiev Voivodeship from 1583 to 1657, part of the Lesser Poland Province of the Polish Crown . They resented Polish rule, however, one of the reasons being religious differences, as

2256-401: Was located in Azov Governorate. The city of Yekaterinoslav (today – Dnipro ) was located in Novorossiya Governorate. List of provinces (circuluses): In December 1796, Paul I reestablished the Novorossiya Governorate, mostly with land from the former Yekaterinoslav Viceroyalty . In 1802, this province was divided into the Nikolayev Governorate (known as the Kherson Governorate from 1803),

2304-495: Was not subdivided into governorates, and would be annexed by the Second Polish Republic from 1920 until the Soviet invasion of 1939 . There is another meaning of the word as it denoted a type of estate in Lithuania of the until 1917. Zaporizhian Sich The Zaporozhian Sich ( Polish : Sicz Zaporoska , Ukrainian : Запорозька Січ , Zaporozka Sich ; also Ukrainian : Вольностi Вiйська Запорозького Низового , Volnosti Viiska Zaporozkoho Nyzovoho ; Free lands of

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