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51-467: The economy of the governorate was mainly based on agriculture. During the grain harvest, thousands of agricultural laborers from the parts of the Empire found work in the area. The industrial part of the economy, consisting primarily of flour milling, distilling, metalworking industry, iron mining, beet-sugar processing, and brick industry, was underdeveloped. The governorate bordered Bessarabia Governorate to

102-521: A Romanian majority. The Russian rule resulted in important changes in the ethnic structure of Bessarabia, especially due to the Russian policy of immigration from neighbouring provinces and Russification . The immigration was not uniform: in some districts in the northern and southern parts of Bessarabia (for instance Hotin and Akkerman ), the immigration resulted in Ukrainians outnumbering Romanians, while

153-590: A conquered province. He even started a memorandum against Russia to try to influence the Western governments, denouncing not only the annexation of Southern Bessarabia, but the 1812 annexation of Bessarabia as well. Despite this, none of the European powers wanted to risk a conflict with Russia. According to the Treaty of Berlin (1878) , Romania gained Dobruja as a compensation for the loss of Southern Bessarabia. Despite being

204-448: A governor of an oblast or a krai . The Russian Empire had nine governorates in modern-day Ukrainian territories: Chernigov , Kharkov , Kherson , Kiev , Podolia , Poltava , Volhynia , Yekaterinoslav , and Taurida . Additional lands annexed from Poland in 1815 were organized into the Kholm governorate in 1912. After the events of 1917, which led to the declaration of independence of

255-477: A larger territory, Romanians considered it an unfair exchange and accepted it reluctantly, because there was no other alternative. As a consequence of Russification policy, Bessarabia was the most backward of the western provinces of the Russian Empire. In 1897, literacy was just 15.4% for the whole Bessarabia, with only 6% of ethnically Moldavians being literate, the main reason behind this being that Russian

306-599: A population between 240,000 and 360,000, most of them being Romanians . The boyars of Bessarabia protested against the annexation, arguing that the Ottoman Empire had no right to cede a territory that was not theirs in the first place (Moldavia being only a vassal , not an Ottoman province), but this did not prevent the Sultan from signing the treaty in May 1812. After the annexation, the local boyars, led by Gavril Bănulescu-Bodoni ,

357-660: A population of 1,935,412 inhabitants. The Bessarabia Governorate bordered the Podolia Governorate to the north, the Kherson Governorate to the east, the Black Sea to the south, Romania to the west, and Austria to the northwest. It roughly corresponds to what is now most of Moldova and some parts of Chernivtsi and Odesa Oblasts of Ukraine. It included the eastern part of the Principality of Moldavia along with

408-586: A resolution in the zemstvo of the gubernia related to the usage of Romanian in schools. The radicals ( national democrats ), mostly students educated at Russian universities and influenced by socialist revolutionaries, wanted a real national awakening, as well as social justice . They founded a newspaper called Basarabia (first issue on 24 May 1906) led by Constantin Stere , which called for autonomy of Bessarabia and more rights to protect their language and culture, while making clear that they do not want secession from

459-861: A visitor found no Romanian books in the Chişinău public library. The Kishinev pogrom was an anti-Jewish riot that took place in Kishinev , then the capital of the Bessarabia Governorate in the Russian Empire , on April 19 and 20, 1903. A further pogrom erupted in October 1905. In the first wave of violence, which was associated with Easter, 49 Jews were killed, large numbers of Jewish women were raped and 1,500 homes were damaged. American Jews began large-scale organized financial help, and assisted in emigration. The incident focused worldwide negative attention on

510-519: A word borrowed from Latin gubernator , in turn from Greek kyvernítis ( Greek : κυβερνήτης ). Selected governorates were united under an assigned governor-general such as the Grand Duchy of Finland , Congress Poland , Russian Turkestan and others. There were also military governors such as Kronstadt , Vladivostok and others. Aside from governorates, other types of divisions were oblasts (region) and okrugs (district). This subdivision type

561-573: The Bolshevik rule, the governorate's territory, 70,600 km (27,259 sq mi), was divided to form the newer Odessa Governorate . The Kherson Governorate was renamed Mykolaiv Governorate in 1921, and in 1922 – merged with the Odessa Governorate. In 1925, the Odessa Governorate was abolished, and its territory was divided into six okruhas : Kherson, Kryvyi Rih, Mykolaiv, Odesa, Pershotravneve, and Zinoviivske. In 1932, much of this territory

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612-498: The Cahul and Ismail counties, with the Bolgrad later split from the second) to Moldavia, which joined Wallachia in 1859 to form Romania . In 1877, the Russian Empire and Romania signed a treaty by the terms of which, Romania and Russia were allies against the Ottoman Empire, while Russia recognized Romania's independence and guaranteed its territorial integrity after the war. However, at

663-561: The Republic of Moldova (including the breakaway region of Transnistria ); around 35% belongs to Ukraine . As the Russian Empire noticed the weakening of the Ottoman Empire , it occupied the eastern half of the autonomous Principality of Moldavia , between the Prut and Dniester rivers. This was followed by six years of warfare, which were concluded by the Treaty of Bucharest (1812) , by which

714-833: The Ukrainian People's Republic , these governorates became subdivisions, which also annexed Ukrainian-inhabited parts of Mogilev , Kursk , Voronezh and Minsk governorates in 1918. By the end of the Soviet–Ukrainian War in 1920, the Bolsheviks had made them part of the Ukrainian SSR . Soviet Ukraine was reorganized into 12 governorates, which were reduced to nine in 1922 upon the Soviet Union 's founding, and then replaced with okruhas in 1925. The West Ukrainian People's Republic in former Austro-Hungarian Empire territory

765-609: The orthodox church in Bessarabia became an eparchy of the Russian Orthodox Church , and after Bănulescu-Bodoni 's death, it became an agent in the state policy of Russification . All the archbishops after 1821 tried to bring the eparchy in conformity with the regulations of the Russian Orthodox Church and because of that, all the high-ranked clerics were brought from Russia, because they were more familiar with

816-405: The 1850s it consisted of Ukrainians ( 68–75 % ), Romanians ( 8–11 % ), Russians ( 3–7 % ), Jews ( 6 % ), Germans ( 4 % ), Bulgarians ( 2 % ), Poles , Greeks , and Gypsies . In 1914, Ukrainians composed only 53% of the population, while Russians made up 22% and Jews – 12%. Urban dwellers made up 10 to 20 percent of the population until the 1850s, after which

867-498: The 1880s only 23 schools remained. As a result, the literature and cultural life stagnated, only a few notable literary figures arising from Bessarabia, among them being Alexandru Hasdeu (1811–1872), Constantin Stamati (1786–1869) and Teodor Vârnav (1801–1860). In the second half of the 19th century, all links with Romanian literature were cut and no literary currents or schools of criticism developed in Bessarabia. In fact, in 1899,

918-632: The Empire: the chiefs of the Tsarist administrations passed their legal powers to the chiefs of the County and Governorate Zemstvos, which were then called County/Governorate Commissars . According to Bessarabian historian Ștefan Ciobanu , at the beginning of the 19th century the ethnic Romanians (Moldavians) proportion was approximately 95% (1810), not including the territories formerly under direct Turkish administration ( Budjak and Khotyn ), which also purportedly had

969-584: The Metropolitan of Chișinău and Hotin , petitioned for self-rule and the establishment of a civil government based on the Moldavian traditional laws. In 1818, a special autonomous region was created, which had both Romanian and Russian as languages used in the local administration. Bănulescu-Bodoni also obtained permission for opening a seminary and a printing press, with the Bessarabian church being an eparchy of

1020-722: The Ottoman Empire acknowledged the Russian annexation of the province. In 1829, according to the Treaty of Adrianople , Turkey ceded to Russia the Danube Delta , which also became part of the Bessarabia Oblast. Before the Russian annexation, the territory had no particular name, Moldavia being traditionally divided into Ţara de Sus (the Upper Lands, the area of the Carpathian Mountains ) and Ţara de Jos (the Lower Lands,

1071-486: The Russian Empire or from elsewhere. Most of the Moldavians of Bessarabia were free peasants, of which most being landless, leasing their land from landlords and monasteries, while 12% (in 1861) were răzeşi (" yeomen "). The Emancipation reform of 1861 had little effects in Bessarabia, where there were few serfs : just 12,000 most of which being brought from Russia for non-agricultural activities. The urban population

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1122-406: The Russian Empire. Their movement had little success because in 1907, the extreme right won in the elections for the second Duma . In March 1907, the newspaper published Deşteaptă-te, române! ("Wake up, Romanian!"), a Romanian patriotic song, which made Kharuzin, the governor of Bessarabia, to order the closure of the newspaper only nine months after its first issue. Most of the contributors of

1173-485: The Russian Orthodox Church. After the death of Bănulescu-Bodoni in 1821, Bessarabia lacked a strong leader and as the Russians feared nationalism, which triggered the anti-Ottoman 1821 Wallachian Revolution in neighbouring Wallachia, the local authorities began a gradual retraction of many of the freedoms. Nicholas I of Russia , crowned in 1825, began a campaign of reforms which had the goal of gaining more control over

1224-685: The Soviet Union into particular territorial units was subject to numerous changes, especially during the 1918–1929 period. Because of the Soviet Union's electrification program under the GOELRO plan , Ivan Alexandrov directed the Regionalisation Commission of Gosplan to divide the Soviet union into thirteen European and eight Asiatic oblasts , using rational economic planning rather than "the vestiges of lost sovereign rights". Eventually, in 1929,

1275-513: The beginning of the 20th century, the Jewish population made up to 40% of Chisinau. Romania became independent in 1878, but millions of ethnic Romanians lived outside its borders and as such it had aspirations toward Transylvania , as well as Bessarabia. In 1856, under the terms of the Treaty of Paris , Russia was forced to return a significant territory in Southern Bessarabia (organised as

1326-558: The end of the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) , Russia took southern Bessarabia, Alexander Gorchakov justifying this as a "matter of national honour" for Russia and arguing that the territory was ceded in 1856 to Moldavia, not to Romania and that the Russian guarantee of territorial integrity was directed against Turkish claims. The Romanian politicians and public were angered by this action: Romanian politician Mihail Kogălniceanu accused Russia of deception and of treating an ally like

1377-461: The latter, Cahul County and Ismail County were returned to Moldavia in 1856. There they were known as Southern Bessarabia with three counties because a Bolgrad County was split out of Ismail County. When again annexed by the Russian Empire in 1878, these there were lumped together as one Ismail County, thus from 1878 till 1917, there were 8 counties. Split from the Metropolis of Moldavia ,

1428-542: The liturgy. Following the 1905 Russian Revolution , the church decided to allow the usage of Romanian by the village priests and the re-establishment of the eparchy printing press, which would publish religious literature and of a newspaper. 47°01′28″N 28°49′56″E  /  47.02444°N 28.83222°E  / 47.02444; 28.83222 Guberniya A governorate ( Russian : губе́рния , romanized :  gubérniya , pre-1918 spelling : губе́рнія , IPA: [ɡʊˈbʲernʲɪjə] )

1479-559: The locals in civic affairs, it was run by Russians and other non-Moldavian functionaries brought from across the Empire. The Moldavian boyars protested against the reforms, which decreased their own powers, but their protests were not well organized and they were mostly ignored. Some Moldavian boyar families were however integrated in the Russian nobility , but most of the nobles of Bessarabia were foreigners: in 1911, there were 468 noble families in Bessarabia, of which only 138 were Moldavian. In

1530-598: The neighboring Ottoman -ruled territories annexed by Russia by the Treaty of Bucharest following the Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812) . The Governorate was disbanded in 1917, with the establishment of Sfatul Țării , a national assembly which proclaimed the Moldavian Democratic Republic in December 1917. The latter united with Romania in April 1918. Around 65% of the territory of the former governorate now belongs to

1581-837: The newspaper fled to Iaşi afterwards. When the February Revolution happened in Petrograd in 1917, the governor of Bessarabia Governorate, Mihail Mihail Voronovici , stepped down on 13 March and passed his legal powers to Constantin Mimi , the President of the Gubernial Zemstvo , which was named the Comissar of the Provisional Government in Bessarabia , with Vladimir Criste his deputy. Similar procedures took place in all regions of

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1632-540: The persecution of Jews in Russia. There was no Moldavian political party or movement in Bessarabia until 1905, when two major groups were founded. The moderates, led by landowner Pavel Dicescu , organized around the Societatea pentru Cultură Naţională ("The Society for National Culture"), argued for the usage of Romanian as a language of instruction in schools, but against social reforms. In 1909, they were successful in passing

1683-472: The plains which included this territory). Bessarabia was the southern part of this territory (now known as Budjak ); it is believed that the region was named after the Wallachian house of Basarab , which may have ruled it in the 14th century. The Russians used the name "Bessarabia" for the whole region rather than the southern area. Bessarabia had an area of 45,630 km², more than the rest of Moldavia and

1734-575: The population indicated Little Russian to be their mother tongue, with significant Russian , Jewish , Romanian , and German speaking minorities. 46°38′00″N 32°36′00″E  /  46.6333°N 32.6000°E  / 46.6333; 32.6000 Bessarabia Governorate The Bessarabia Governorate was a province ( guberniya ) of the Russian Empire , with its administrative centre in Kishinev ( Chișinău ). It consisted of an area of 45,632.42 square kilometres (17,618.78 sq mi) and

1785-562: The proportion of urban dwellers increased, to about 30% in 1897. Migration within the Russian Empire mainly accounted for the area's population growth, with 46% of the population born outside of the governorate in 1897. According to the Russian Empire Census on 28 January [ O.S. 15 January] 1897, the Kherson Governorate had a population of 2,733,612, including 1,400,981 men and 1,332,631 women. The majority of

1836-461: The rules of the Russian church. Archbishop Irinarh Popov (1844–1858) tried to promote Russian nationalism and loyalty to the tsar and brought clerics from Russia. Archbishop Pavel Lebedev forced Moldavian churches and monasteries to use Russian during the religious service, making knowledge of Russian compulsory for becoming a priest, but despite his attempts, by the end of his rule (1882), there were still 417 churches which used only Romanian in

1887-442: The rural areas of the centre were mostly Romanian . Initially, the purpose of the colonization policy was unrelated to the ethnic makeup, being to increase the population of the rather sparsely populated area, in order to better exploit its resources. It was part of the larger campaign of colonization of Novorossiya , under which Russia appealed to everyone who wanted to work and live under its authority, no matter if they came from

1938-403: The subdivision was replaced by the notions of oblast, okrug , and raion . Oblast as a unit was used even before the revolution, although unlike governorates it designated remote areas that usually incorporated huge swaths of land. In post-Soviet states such as Russia and Ukraine, the term Guberniya is considered obsolete, yet the word gubernator was reinstated and is used when referring to

1989-485: The term governorate general ( генерал-губернаторство , general-gubernatorstvo ) was in use to refer to the actual territory being governed. The office of governor general had more administrative power and was in a higher position than the previous office of governor. Sometimes a governor general ruled several governorates. By the ukase of the Russian Senate of December 31, 1796, the office of governorate general

2040-447: The territorial division of the Kherson Governorate. A seventh uyezd – Bobrynets, existed from 1828 to 1865. The cities of Odessa and Nikolayev (in 1803–1861) and their surrounding vicinity were governed separately: Odessa by a gradonachalnik ( Russian : градоначальник ), answerable directly to the tsar and (from 1822) the governor-general of Novorossiya and Bessarabia , and Nikolayev by a military governor. In 1920, while being under

2091-399: The usage of Romanian compulsory for public announcements and in 1854, Russian was made the official language. Also around 1850, Romanian was no longer used in schools and the importation of books from Moldavia and Wallachia was banned. Integration within the Russian Empire continued with the introduction of the zemstva in 1869. Although this system was meant to increase the participation of

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2142-470: The west, with Kiev and Poltava Governorates to the north, to the east could be found Yekaterinoslav Governorate , and in the southward direction was located Taurida Governorate . From 1809, the governorate consisted of five uyezds : Khersonsky Uyezd , Aleksandriysky Uyezd , Ovidiopol , Tiraspolsky Uyezd , and Yelisavetgradsky Uyezd . The city of Odessa carried a special status. In 1825, Odessky Uyezd and in 1834, Ananyevsky Uyezd were added into

2193-430: The western provinces. Autonomy of the region was retracted in 1829, with the new constitution written by the governor of New Russia and Bessarabia, Mikhail Semyonovich Vorontsov . In 1834, Romanian was banned in schools and government facilities, and soon, books, the press, and churches despite 80% of the population being Romanian. Those who fought the changes could be exiled to Siberia . The constitution no longer made

2244-539: Was a major and principal administrative subdivision of the Russian Empire . After the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917, governorates remained as subdivisions in the Byelorussian , Russian and Ukrainian Soviet republics, and in the Soviet Union from its formation in 1922 until 1929. The term is also translated as government or province . A governorate was headed by a governor ( губернатор , gubernator ),

2295-526: Was also applied to subdivisions of the Kingdom of Poland ("Russian Poland") and the Grand Duchy of Finland . After the February Revolution , the Russian Provisional Government renamed governors into governorate commissars . The October Revolution left the subdivision in place, but the governing apparatus was replaced by governorate soviets ( губернский совет ). Actual subdivisions of

2346-463: Was based on population size, and the term guberniya was replaced by the synonym of Russian origin: namestnichestvo ( наместничество ), sometimes translated as "viceroyalty", other times as " vicegerency ". The term guberniya , however, still remained in use. These viceroyalties were governed by namestniki ( наместник ) (literal translation: "deputy") or " governors general " ( генерал-губернатор , general-gubernator ). Correspondingly,

2397-528: Was created by the edict ( ukase ) of Peter the Great on December 18, 1708 "On the establishment of the gubernias and cities assigned to them", which divided Russia into eight governorates . In 1719, governorates were further subdivided into provinces ( Russian : провинции , romanized :  provintsii ). Later the number of governorates was increased to 23 . By the reform of 1775, subdivision into governorates and further into uezds ( Russian : уезды ),

2448-478: Was demoted to the previous level of governorate, and Russia was again divided into governorates, which were subdivided into uezds, further subdivided into volosts ( волость ); nevertheless several governorates general made from several governorates existed until the Russian Revolution of 1917 . The governorate ( Russian : губе́рния , Polish : gubernia , Swedish : län , Finnish : lääni ) system

2499-512: Was incorporated into the new Odesa Oblast , now an administrative division of the modern Ukrainian nation, which was divided to form the Mykolaiv Oblast . Until 1858, a third of the population ( military settlers, admiralty settlements, foreign colonists, etc. ) was subject to martial law. The gubernia had a population of about 245,000 in 1812; 893,000 in 1851; 1,330,000 in 1863; 2,027,000 in 1885; 2,733,600 in 1897 ; and 3,744,600 in 1914. In

2550-594: Was quite low, amounting just 14.7% in 1912, most of the cities being just local administrative centres and having little industry. Also, few of the urban dwellers were Moldavians, in 1912, 37.2% being Jewish , 24.4% Russian , 15.8% Ukrainian, with just 14.2% Moldavian. From 1812 to 1818, there were 12 counties, which were then merged into 6, afterwards split into 9 counties (ținuturi): Hotin, Soroca, Iași, Orhei, Bender, Hotărniceni, Greceni, Codru, Reni (Ismail). The original terms for county were Romanian : ținut and județ (in Russian : tsynut, uyezd ). Two of

2601-502: Was the only language of instruction. As of 1920, an estimated ten percent of men and one percent of women were able to read and write. Alexander II 's reign brought a policy of establishing schools in every parish: 400 rural schools were founded in the 1860s in Bessarabia, but the Orthodox Church insisted everything be taught in Russian, whereas neither priests (who were teachers in most villages) nor pupils were speaking it. Thus, by

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