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138-561: Initially part of the Majapahit Empire , Jambi broke away in the early 16th century and established the sultanate in 1615. The state's founder is believed to be Datuk Puduko Berhalo . The sultanate grew rich on pepper, gold and timber exports in the early 17th century, but would face decline in the early 18th century due to the aftermath of the Johor-Jambi war that occurred in the mid to late 17th century. The Dutch became more involved with

276-593: A Thai junk owned by a Persian official in Thailand. The Dutch tried to impede Thai and Chinese competition with the Dutch in the pepper trade at Jambi. The Jambi Sultan temporarily jailed English merchants during violence between the Dutch and English. The Thai and Jambi Sultanate angrily complained against the Dutch over Dutch attacks and attempts to impede Jambi's trade with Chinese and Thai. Chinese junks regularly traded with Jambi, Patani, Siam and Cambodia. The title of Shahbandar

414-517: A certain district headed by local elites. The Jambian court was heavily influenced by Javanese culture , partly out of desire to ally with Mataram . There is evidence of Jambian coins written in Javanese , which contrasts with the surrounding Malay states (which made coinage in Jawi ). Javanese was spoken as a court language well into the 18th century. Jambi was very sparsely populated. An 1852 estimate put

552-529: A daughter together and he stayed with her in Java. Kelantan was ruled by his brother, Sultan Sadik Muhammad Shah, until his death in 1429. This necessitated Kemas Jiwa to return and took the throne as Iskandar, where he declared Kelantan as Majapahit II in Mahligai. Although Pararaton listed her husband as Bhra Hyang Parameswara Ratnapangkaja, which suggests she remarried after Kemas Jiwa returned. The reign of Suhita

690-487: A destination for Bruneian troops. Jambi took advantage of the Acehnese invasion of Johor to seize Tungkal , a disputed district on the border with Johor. Despite a 1629 Johorese attempt to seek its return, Tungkal remained under Jambian sovereignty until a pro-Johorese rebellion forced them out in 1655. Eventually, it was decided that Jambi and Johor should settle their disagreements through marriage. In 1659,

828-490: A foothold on the northern coast of Java. Malacca prospered under Chinese Ming protection, while the Majapahit were steadily pushed back. Wikramawardhana ruled until 1429 and was succeeded by his daughter Suhita , who ruled from 1429 to 1447. She was the second child of Wikramawardhana by a concubine who was the daughter of Wirabhumi. She was married to future Kelantan king Iskandar Shah or Kemas Jiwa in 1427. Both of them had

966-439: A king with formal name Rajasawardhana. He died in 1453. A three-year kingless period was possibly the result of a succession crisis. Girisawardhana , son of Kertawijaya, came to power in 1456. He died in 1466 and was succeeded by Singhawikramawardhana. In 1468 Prince Kertabhumi rebelled against Singhawikramawardhana, promoting himself as the king of Majapahit. Deposed Singhawikramawardhana retreated upstream of Brantas River, moved

1104-496: A legend linked to the establishment of a new settlement in the forest of Trik by Raden Wijaya in 1292. It was said that the workers clearing the Trik forest encountered some maja trees and consumed their bitter-tasting fruit which then gave its name to the village. Strictly speaking, the name Majapahit refers to the kingdom's capital, but today it is common to refer to the kingdom with its capital's name. In Javanese primary sources,

1242-608: A major pepper-producing port and go on the decline. In 1688, Sultan Ingalaga would be arrested and deposed by the VOC. This act split Jambi in two: Lower Jambi based in Tanah Pilih, ruled by Kiai Gede and supported by the VOC, and Upper Jambi, ruled by Pangeran Pringgabaya, under the influence of the ruler of Pagaruyung and supported by the highlanders. In 1708, an arrangement was made that Kiai Gede would relinquish his authority and cede his position to Pringgabaya, which reunified Jambi. However,

1380-587: A major rival of the Dutch in colonial Indonesia. Han Chinese interpreters advised the local Muslim king of Jambi to go to war against the Dutch, while the Dutch attacked Chinese ships and Thai ships to stop them from trading with the Muslims in Jambi and make them trade with the Dutch in Batavia. The Chinese continued to violate the Dutch ban on trade with Jambi. The Dutch East India Company was also angered by Thailand trading with

1518-478: A massive expedition of 1000 ships to Java in 1293. By that time, Jayakatwang , the Adipati (Duke) of Kediri , a vassal state of Singhasari, had usurped and killed Kertanagara. After being pardoned by Jayakatwang with the aid of Madura's regent Arya Wiraraja, Kertanegara's son-in-law Raden Wijaya was given the land of Tarik timberland. He then opened the vast timberland and built a new settlement there. The village

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1656-714: A naval exploration, but also a show of power and a display of geopolitical reach. The Chinese Ming dynasty had recently overthrown the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty, and was eager to establish their hegemony in the world, which changed the geopolitical balance in Asia. The Chinese intervened in the politics of the southern seas by supporting Thais against the declining Khmer Empire, supporting and installing allied factions in India, Sri Lanka and other places in Indian Ocean coasts. However, perhaps

1794-533: A primary historical account of Majapahit court during the reign of King Hayam Wuruk , as well as detailed information about the East Javanese countryside and a summary of Singhasari history. The Pararaton focuses on Ken Arok , the founder of Singhasari , but includes a number of shorter narrative fragments about the formation of Majapahit. The Javanese sources incorporate some poetic mythological elements into their historical accounts. This complexity has led to

1932-512: A rebellion in the capital occurred against Sultan Mohildin due to his wife's treatment of some noble girls. Mohildin asked his brother for protection, who agreed on the condition that his son, Raden Tabun, would become Pangeran Ratu after the Sultan's death. Mohildin agreed but eventually declined the assistance, as his forces had already crushed the rebellion. In 1817/18, fighting emerged between Sultan Mohildin and his cousin, with few casualties. Mohildin

2070-509: A result, Jambi soon turned to Makassarese refugees to aid them in the conflict. With the defeat of the Gowa Sultanate by the Dutch in 1669, many royal Makassarese refugees fled across the archipelago and into Jambi and Palembang. This inflow of refugees would only be increased, as Arung Palakka 's rule would become oppressive and very intrusive in the politics of the local kingdoms. The Jambi royal family had links with Southern Sulawesi, as

2208-515: A result, during times of low yield or trade embargoes in Java, Jambi would suffer. In 1631, because of a Javanese trade embargo with Palembang, the sultan of Jambi had to ban the production of arak . In 1641, the ruler of Palembang made submission to Mataram after a fleet of 300 ships showed up at Palembang. Due to Mataram's massive military might, Jambi's economic dependence on Java for rice, and Jambi's high regard for Javanese culture, in 1642 Pangeran Ratu would accept Mataram's overlordship. Until

2346-416: A royal monopoly. It also claimed relationships with Champa , Cambodia , Siam , southern Burma, and Vietnam, and even sent missions to China. Although the Majapahit rulers extended their power over other islands and destroyed neighbouring kingdoms, their focus seems to have been on controlling and gaining a larger share of the commercial trade that passed through the archipelago. About the time Majapahit

2484-618: A shelter for Rohingya refugees and forced them out of a convention centre in the city of Banda Aceh, demanding they be deported. The students also seen kicking the belongings of the Rohingya men, women, and children who seated on the floor and crying in fear. They burned tyres and chanting “Kick them out” and “Reject Rohingya in Aceh”. The religion of the majority of the population is Islam , with minorities including Buddhists , Christians (both Protestant and Catholic ), and Hindus . Banda Aceh

2622-548: A show of force at the mouth of the Jambi river, threatening future assaults. The Dutch fruitlessly tried to broker agreements between the two sides, as the conflict decreased revenue they were gaining from trade. In August 1670, Jambian forces raided Indragiri and Tungkal, taking 917 slaves in the process. The Johorese responded to this attack by burning kampongs and inflicting a defeat on Jambi downriver in January 1671. Groups of Orang Laut , led by Sekam, deserted Johor and assisted

2760-515: A single line Keudah – Darussalam ( vv ) (Corridor I), which operates from 06:30–18:36 on Monday-Saturday and 07:20–17:20 on Sunday and Holidays. Since 2017, it has added 2 additional lines: Corridor II-A with route Sultan Iskandar Muda International Airport – Pasar Aceh ( vv ) and operates from 08:00–18:20 every day; and Corridor II-B with route Pelabuhan Ulèë Lheuë (Port) – Pasar Aceh ( vv ) and operates from 07:00–18:35 every day. From 2016 until 2018, thanks to subsidies from Aceh government, it

2898-584: A son from his previous marriage, the crown prince Wirabhumi , who also claimed the throne. By the time of Hayam Wuruk's death, Majapahit had lost its grip on its vassal states on the northern coasts of Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula, the latter which according to Chinese sources, would become a tributary state of the Ayutthaya Kingdom until the rise of Malacca Sultanate , supported by the Ming dynasty . In

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3036-440: A story about a country called Tawalisi which oppose the king of China (Yuan dynasty) and waged war with him using numerous junks until he made a peace on certain conditions. Hayam Wuruk , also known as Rajasanagara, ruled Majapahit in 1350–1389. During this period, Majapahit attained its peak with the help of the prime minister Gajah Mada . Under Gajah Mada's command (1313–1364), Majapahit conquered more territories and became

3174-507: A sultanate. In the same year, the English and Dutch established trading posts in Jambi. However, the wealth of Jambi made it a target for other powers. Jambi suffered difficulties feeding its people. As pepper growth took over much of the arable land, rice production was extremely limited. In essence, Jambi was dependent on Java for adequate supplies of rice. Efforts by Jambian rulers to encourage rice production failed due to pepper's high returns. As

3312-415: A variety of interpretive approaches. Cornelis Christiaan Berg, a Dutch historian, have considered the entire historical record to be not a record of the past, but a supernatural means by which the future can be determined. Most scholars do not accept this view, as the historical record corresponds in part with Chinese materials that could not have had similar intention. The references to rulers and details of

3450-575: A venue for multiple sports: GOR KONI, GOR Dista, GOR Pango and GOR A. Madjid Ibrahim Unsyiah. The city has two major football stadiums: In addition, there are also several small capacity stadiums in the city, i.e.: Syiah Kuala University Stadium and Lambhuk Mini Stadium. The oldest newspaper in the Banda Aceh region is Serambi Indonesia , part of Tribun Network . Several other newspapers such as Harian Aceh , Rakyat Aceh and ProHaba are also available. The privately owned Kutaraja TV and Aceh TV are

3588-603: Is a type of police in Indonesia called the religious police; they enforce Islamic laws in the Islamic majority province. They are known for being very strict. Banda Aceh features a tropical rainforest climate under the Köppen climate classification , with near-constant average temperatures. The city's annual average temperature is 27.3 °C or 81.1 °F. However, the city features wetter and drier seasons, with June through August being

3726-468: Is also available like Grab and Gojek . Sultan Iskandar Muda International Airport is located in Blang Bintang, 13.5 km (8.4 mi) from Banda Aceh. Two main highways run from Banda Aceh to the south. One runs down the eastern side of the province through main towns such as Bireuen and Lhokseumawe to Medan , the large capital of the province of North Sumatra . The other highway runs down

3864-555: Is also credited to the famous prime minister Gajah Mada . According to the Nagarakretagama written in 1365, Majapahit was an empire of 98 tributaries, stretching from Sumatra to New Guinea ; including territories in present-day Indonesia , Singapore , Malaysia , Brunei , southern Thailand , Timor Leste , southwestern Philippines (in particular the Sulu Archipelago ) although the scope of Majapahit sphere of influence

4002-569: Is also dubbed the "port to Mecca," or the "porch of Mecca " ( Indonesian : Serambi Mekkah ) in reference to the days when hajj pilgrims travelled by sea from Indonesia and would make a stopover in the city before continuing their journey to Mecca . Banda Aceh was long at the center of protracted conflicts between the Acehnese and foreign powers, including the Portuguese, the Dutch , the Japanese, and

4140-547: Is also referred to by the Sanskrit-derived synonym Wilwatikta ( Sanskrit : विल्वतिक्त , romanized :  vilvatikta , lit.   'bitter maja '). Toponyms containing the word maja are common in the area in and around Trowulan (e.g. Mojokerto ), as it is a widespread practice in Java to name an area, a village or settlement with the most conspicuous or abundant tree or fruit species found in that region. The 16th-century chronicle Pararaton records

4278-460: Is demonstrated in the way Jambi families easily incorporate outsiders, particularly men as well as foreigners (e.g. Chinese and Arab traders) through marriage into the Jambi womenfolk. For instance, a Jambi pengiran (prince) adopted a Dutch official as his son, resulting to kinship obligations between the Dutch and the royal family. The Melayu population was extremely diverse, whose identities were based on suku (lineage groups), usually identified with

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4416-544: Is home to four long-standing churches: the Hati Kudus Catholic church, Western Indonesian Protestant church (GPIB), Methodist church, and the Batak Protestant Church (HKBP). There are 93 mosques and 112 mushollas (Places for islamic prayer.) There is a Buddhist temple and a Hindu temple in the city. The Hindu community consists of both Balinese Hindus and Tamil Hindus who originate from India. There

4554-404: Is still the subject of debate among historians. The nature of Majapahit's relations and influence upon its overseas vassals and also its status as an empire still provokes discussion. Majapahit was one of the last major Hindu-Buddhist empires of the region and is considered to be one of the greatest and most powerful empires in the history of Indonesia and Southeast Asia. It is sometimes seen as

4692-452: Is subject to debate. It may have had limited or entirely notional influence over some of the tributary states , including Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula, Kalimantan , and eastern Indonesia, over which authority was claimed in the Nagarakretagama . Geographical and economic constraints suggest that rather than a regular centralised authority, the outer states were most likely to have been connected mainly by trade connections, which were probably

4830-410: Is the capital and largest city in the province of Aceh , Indonesia . It is located on the island of Sumatra and has an elevation of 35 meters (115 feet). The city covers an area of 61.36 square kilometers (23.69 sq mi) and had a population of 223,446 people at the 2010 Census, rising to 252,899 at the 2020 Census. The official estimate as at mid 2023 was 261,969. Banda Aceh is located on

4968-724: The Melayu Kingdom in Sumatra in 1275, Singhasari became the most powerful kingdom in the region. Kublai Khan , the Khagan of the Mongol Empire and the Emperor of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty of China, challenged Singhasari by sending emissaries demanding tribute. Kertanegara of Singhasari refused to pay the tribute, insulted Kublai's envoy, and challenged the Khan instead. In response, Kublai Khan sent

5106-485: The Regreg War , is thought to have occurred from 1405 to 1406. The war was fought as a contest of succession between the western court led by Wikramawardhana and the eastern court led by Bhre Wirabhumi . Wikramawardhana was victorious. Wirabhumi was caught and decapitated. However the civil war drained financial resources, exhausted the kingdom, and weakened Majapahit's grip on its outer vassals and colonies. During

5244-667: The Trowulan area, which was the royal capital of the kingdom. The area has become the centre for the study of Majapahit history. The Trowulan archaeological site was first documented in the 19th century by Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles , Lieutenant-Governor of British Java of the East India Company from 1811 to 1816. He reported the existence of "ruins of temples... scattered about the country for many miles", and referred to Trowulan as "this pride of Java". Aerial and satellite imagery has revealed an extensive network of canals crisscrossing

5382-405: The 14th century (1368 AD, 1376 AD). The close proximity of the site with the kraton means there were Muslim people in close relation with the court. Following Hayam Wuruk's death in 1389, Majapahit power entered a period of decline with conflict over succession. Hayam Wuruk was succeeded by the crown princess Kusumawardhani, who married a relative, Prince Wikramawardhana . Hayam Wuruk also had

5520-494: The 14th century a Malay Kingdom of Singapura was established, and it promptly attracted a Majapahit navy that regarded it as Tumasik , a rebellious colony. Singapura was finally sacked by Majapahit in 1398, after approximately 1 month long siege by 300 jong and 200,000 men. The last king, Parameswara , fled to the west coast of the Malay Peninsula to establish the Melaka Sultanate in 1400. A war of succession, called

5658-644: The 1660s, Jambi would remain a vassal of Mataram. By 1682, Jambi was disputed as a vassal state between the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and the Kingdom of Siam . The Jambi Sultanate was involved in the Brunei Civil War by selling gunpowder to Muhyiddin (the future sultan of Brunei), who would later defeat Abdul Hakkul Mubin in Pulau Cermin . In the aftermath of the conflict, Jambi would become

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5796-631: The 17th century, Jambi was extremely prosperous. By 1616, it was known as the second-largest Sumatran port after Aceh , and this prosperity continued until the 1670s. Pepper drove the growth of Jambi's prestige, and pepper cultivation grew rapidly. By the 1630s, the Batang Hari as far down as Muara Ketalo was being used for pepper cultivation, starting to be grown in Tembesi as well. Aside from pepper, Jambi also exported gold and forest products such as beeswax , resin , and timber . At around 1615, Jambi became

5934-518: The 2010 Census and the 2020 Census, together with the official estimates as at mid 2023. The table also includes the numbers of urban villages ( gampong ) in each district, and its postal codes. Note that many suburbs of Bandar Aceh lie outside the city's official boundaries, in Aceh Besar Regency . As the capital of the Aceh province, Banda Aceh is home to many landmarks important to the history of

6072-440: The Acehnese people and the sultanates. Several festivals are held annually by the city: There are three beaches close to Banda Aceh which can be reached by car or motorcycle: Ujông Batèë Beach, Lhôk Nga Beach, and Lam Pu'uk Beach, which is the most developed of the three. Motorized becaks are common in Banda Aceh. Transport by taxis and minibuses, known as labi-labi , are also common. Since 2018, some online transportation

6210-452: The British. In 1871, the Dutch began to threaten Aceh, and on 26 March 1873, the Dutch formally declared war on Aceh. The Dutch bombarded the capital in that year and sought to capture the sultan's palace in the city to bring about a capitulation of the Acehnese. Significant support from the British in the region led the modernization and fortification of the city, and while coastal areas were lost

6348-421: The Dutch underestimated the city's defenses. The Dutch expedition commander General Johan Köhler was killed in a skirmish around the city, leading to the failure of the first expedition . A second expedition was mounted by the Dutch within months and was successful in overwhelming the city. The Dutch moved into the capital in January 1874 believing the Acehnese to have surrendered; however, the conflict moved into

6486-482: The Indonesian government . The city rose to international prominence in the aftermath of the Indian Ocean earthquake in 2004, which struck off the western coast of Sumatra. Banda Aceh was the closest major city to the earthquake's epicenter , which lay 249 kilometers (155 miles) off the coast. It suffered great damage in the earthquake and further damage when a tsunami struck shortly afterwards. Around 60,000 people in

6624-660: The Islamization of Sumatra, citing that these two events roughly coincided in the fifteenth century. In 852–853 and 871, Tang dynasty China received diplomatic missions from Jambi. While Song and Yuan dynasty Chinese porcelain were found in Muara Jambi, near Jambi city (Chan-pei or Zhanbei). In 1095, 1094, 1090, 1088, and 1084 China received diplomatic delegations from Jambi, and the Jambi (Zhanbei) ruler and his daughter sent cloth, camphor and two Chinese language letters to Guangzhou in 1082. Local Muslim women who dealt in

6762-602: The Jambi Sultanate and the Jambi Sultanate sending pepper and flowers as tribute to Thailand. leading to tensions between Thailand the Dutch in 1663–1664 and 1680–1685. The Dutch wanted Chinese banned from Thai junks and were angry when a Thai ambassador in Iran took out a loan from the Dutch in Surat but didn't pay it back after his ship got repaired. The 1682 Dutch invasion of Banten (Bantam) in Indonesia also raised alarms in Thailand, so

6900-557: The Jambi elite. He sent a fleet which extradited Raja Ibrahim from Jambi in September 1660. He feared Raja Ibrahim as a potential threat to his position, who could possibly be supported by the combined forces of Jambi and Mataram, and sought Dutch assistance if such a conflict ever arose. This suspicion was likely fueled by the Laksamana Tun Abdul Jamil of Johor, a close confidant of the Sultan, who stood to directly benefit from

7038-520: The Jambians in attacking Johorese shipping. Abdul Jalil, threatened by Sekam, demanded his extradition to Johor. As the Dutch were allies of both Johor and Jambi, they desperately wanted to seek a peace arrangement. During the next round of peace negotiations, Abdul Jalil demanded that Jambi send envoys to Johor to explain themselves, in effect seeking Jambi's submission. Jambi was rightfully insulted, and attacks on both sides continued. On April 4, 1673, while

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7176-615: The Kraton, Kedipan, Perban, and the Raja Ampat Puluh (Jawi: راج امڤت ڤوله ‎, lit: forty rajas). The candidates came from the largest family: the Kraton. The matriarch's social status determined the ranking of the candidates. Like other Malay states, the Jambi sultan spent much of his time in leisure activities such as hunting or fishing, leaving the Pangeran Ratu to administer state affairs. The twelve-person Rapat XII council served

7314-450: The Majapahit capital. Findings from April 2011 indicate the Majapahit capital was much larger than previously believed after some artefacts were uncovered. While significant details about the history of Majapahit remain vague, this period of Javanese history is the more comprehensively documented than any other. The most reliable written sources for this period are Old Javanese inscriptions on stone and metal, which are contemporary with

7452-518: The Majapahit rulers, as well as to correct certain errors found in the Pararaton . A few inscriptions found outside Java, such as the Pura Abang C inscription discovered in northern Bali, offer conclusive evidence that these areas were under Majapahit control during the late 14th century. Two important chronicle sources are available to historians of Majapahit: Deśavarṇana ("Description of Districts")

7590-526: The Ming emperor. Malacca actively encouraged the conversion to Islam in the region, while the Ming fleet actively established Chinese-Malay Muslim community in coastal northern Java, thus created a permanent opposition to the Hindus of Java. By 1430, the expeditions had established Muslim Chinese, Arab and Malay communities in northern ports of Java such as Semarang , Demak , Tuban , and Ampel ; thus Islam began to gain

7728-476: The Pangeran Ratu for advisory and administrative functions. Its members came from the Jambian nobility ( Jawi : انق راج ‎; romanized: anak raja ), including the heads of the four noble families. The Jambi Sultanate's structure was quite decentralised, similar to concentric power circles than a rigid hierarchy. The Sultan owned all lands and in Jambi, in addition to mineral and forest resources. The rights to

7866-493: The Pangeran Ratu was away in Palembang preparing for a marriage between a Palembang princess and his son, Pangeran Dipati Anom, Anom led a surprise attack on Johor's capital. The city was burned and depopulated, with its population and many of Johor's elites fleeing to the jungle. The Bendahara of Johor was captured and taken back to Jambi as a war prize, along with other Johorese and some foreign merchants. Jambi also took advantage of

8004-569: The Raja Muda of Johor, Raja Ibrahim, who himself was the son of a Jambi princess and a previous sultan , was married to the daughter of the Jambi sultan. Their marriage would be a happy one. During his year-long stay in Jambi, he encouraged the Sultan to break from Mataram's overlordship, which would allow Johor and Jambi to come to a long-term peace arrangement. Eventually, Jambi did break away from Mataram's overlordship in 1663/64. The Sultan of Johor, Abdul Jalil , became distrustful of Raja Ibrahim and

8142-704: The Sunda royal family and the Majapahit troops on Bubat square was inevitable. Despite courageous resistance, the royal family were overwhelmed and decimated. Almost the whole of the Sundanese royal party was killed. Tradition mentioned that the heartbroken princess committed suicide to defend the honour of her country. The Battle of Bubat , or the Pasunda Bubat tragedy, became the main theme of Kidung Sunda , also mentioned in Carita Parahyangan and Pararaton , but it

8280-910: The Tembesi rivers), and the population of Tungkal (composed of Javanese, Johorese , and Minangkabaus) were directly administered by the Sultan. Regions like Sungai Tenang , Serampas , and (since the mid-18th century) Kerinci , functioned autonomously and the Jambi Sultanate had little influence in these areas. However, there is evidence of Jambi sultans writing edicts of land grants in Serampas. These lands and other regions of highland Jambi were major economic centers for pepper, and later gold. Majapahit Empire Majapahit ( Javanese : ꦩꦗꦥꦲꦶꦠ꧀ , romanized:  Måjåpahit ; Javanese pronunciation: [mɔd͡ʒɔpaɪt] (eastern and central dialect) or [mad͡ʒapaɪt] (western dialect) ), also known as Wilwatikta ( Javanese : ꦮꦶꦭ꧀ꦮꦠꦶꦏ꧀ꦠ ; Javanese pronunciation: [wɪlwatɪkta] ),

8418-648: The Thai King Narai courted the French to counter the Dutch. Dutch East India Company attacked Zheng Zhilong 's junks which were trading pepper with Jambi, but while the Dutch transferred 32 Chinese prisoners into the Dutch ship, the remaining Chinese managed to slaughter the 13 Dutch sailors on board the Chinese junk and retake the vessel. Zheng Zhilong demanded the Dutch then release the 32 Chinese in 1636. Dutch East India Company blockaded Thai trade in 1664 and in 1661–1662 seized

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8556-572: The actual fall of Majapahit itself as a whole. Demak sent reinforcements under Sunan Ngudung , who later died in battle and was replaced by Sunan Kudus , but they came too late to save Kertabumi although they managed to repel the Ranawijaya army. This event is mentioned in Trailokyapuri (Jiyu) and Petak inscription, where Ranawijaya claimed that he already defeated Kertabhumi and reunited Majapahit as one Kingdom. Ranawijaya ruled from 1474 to 1498 with

8694-526: The already crumbling empire. The rising power of the Sultanate of Malacca began to gain effective control of the Malacca Strait in the mid-15th century and expanding its influence to Sumatra. And amidst these events, Indragiri and Siantan, according to Malay Annals were given to Malacca as a dowry for the marriage of a Majapahit princess and the sultan of Malacca , further weakening Majapahit's influence on

8832-463: The arrangement and treated him more like a governor than a ruler. With the assistance of Daeng Mangika and 300 Makassarese soldiers, they were able to break the Jambian blockade of the river, leaving Jambi's capital exposed. The Pangeran Dipati Anom was forced to pay the Laksamana 10,000 rijksaalders , two metal cannons, and compensate Johor by returning the gold and people taken from Jambian raids. Jambi

8970-535: The capital and safely hid in Badander village. While the king was in hiding, Gajah Mada returned to the capital city to assess the situation. After learning that Kuti's rebellion was not supported by the people or nobles of Majapahit court, Gajah Mada raised resistance forces to crush the Kuti rebellion. After Kuti forces were defeated, Jayanegara was safely returned to his throne. For his loyalty and excellent service, Gajah Mada

9108-399: The city died as a result and many more were injured. The aftermath of the tsunami has seen a cessation of much of the conflict in the city and province, and domestic and international aid, as a result, has seen a major modernization and reconstruction of the city over the past decade. Banda Aceh, situated at the tip of Sumatra, has long been a strategic, transportation and trading hub in

9246-618: The city's buildings. Based on the statistical data issued by the City Government of Banda Aceh, Banda Aceh had 248,727 inhabitants in May 2012, while the Indonesian national census of 2020 showed a population of 252,899. The official estimate as at mid 2023 was 261,969. On 27 December 2023, hundreds of students from various universities in Aceh , such as: Abulyatama University, Bina Bangsa Getsempena University, and University of Muhammadiyah Aceh , stormed

9384-403: The cloth trade willingly married Han Chinese men in Palembang and Jambi and also local Muslim women in Banten married Han Chinese men. The Han Chinese men converted to Islam to please their Muslim wives. The same Muslim women refused to deal or even meet with Dutch men especially in Palembang since the Dutch were infamous for sexually abusing indigenous Muslim women. Han Chinese merchants were

9522-425: The conflict. In May 1665, a Jambian embassy demanded that Raja Ibrahim be allowed to return to his bride, or obtain a divorce. Soon afterwards, in 1666, conflict broke out between Jambi and Palembang. Raja Ibrahim came to Jambi's assistance and gathered his forces to attack Palembang. Raja Ibrahim and Jambi's fleets, however, got into a disagreement near Lingga . A battle broke out between the two sides, which ignited

9660-663: The conflict. The Dutch tried to mediate between the two sides; however they were unable to come to an agreement. The war would be marked by Jambian and Johorese attempts to control the seas, "marked by an occasional show of force by either side against the other's capital". Although Johorese and Jambian forces would sometimes engage in pitched battles, the main aspects of the war were the constant daily attacks on shipping by pirates on both dies. As Johor and Jambi were both trading entrepots , and became prominent due to their ability to keep neighboring waters safe, these piratical activities were far more detrimental than any show of force made by

9798-405: The country of Qaqula and Qamara. He arrived at the walled city named Qaqula/Kakula, and observed that the city had war junks for pirate raiding and collecting tolls and that elephants were employed for various purposes. He met the ruler of Mul Jawa and stayed as a guest for three days. Ibn Battuta said that the women of Java ride horses, understand archery, and fight like men. Ibn Battuta recorded

9936-630: The countryside, and the Acehnese continued to actively oppose Dutch rule. After it entered the Government of the Republic of Indonesia on 28 December 1962, the name of the city was changed back to Banda Aceh by the Ministry of Public Administration and Regional Autonomy on 9 May 1963. On 26 December 2004, the city was hit by a tsunami caused by a 9.2-magnitude earthquake in the Indian Ocean . The disaster killed 167,000 inhabitants and destroyed more than 60% of

10074-420: The destruction to attack Rokan , Bengkalis , and Indragiri (although Indragiri managed to hold its own). Johor quickly recovered, with the Laksamana of Johor acting as a main rallying point for resistance. In late 1673, the Laksamana's forces inflicted a resounding defeat on Jambi. By 1674, Jambi was soon forced on the defensive, dealing with repeated Johorese assaults and with few allies able to assist them. As

10212-452: The driest months of the year. Like other cities with a tropical rainforest climate, Banda Aceh does not have a true dry season , with the driest month averaging 90 millimeters or 3.54 inches of precipitation. On average, the city experiences a little less than 2,000 millimeters or 79 inches of precipitation annually. Banda Aceh is divided into nine districts ( Indonesian : kecamatan ), listed below with their areas and their populations at

10350-571: The early 14th century, the Italian Friar Odoric of Pordenone visited the Majapahit court in Java. He mentioned Java to be well-populated and filled with cloves, nutmeg and many other spices. He also mentioned that the king of Java had seven vassals under him and engaged in several wars with the "khan of Cathay". In 1328, Jayanegara was murdered by his physician, Tanca , during a surgical operation. In complete mayhem and rage, Gajah Mada immediately killed Tanca. The motive behind this regicide

10488-522: The early 18th century. Sultan Taha attempted, on multiple occasions, to seek the assistance of the Ottoman Empire (in 1857, 1902, and 1903), all of which became futile. Lower Jambi would be governed by a succession of Dutch-controlled shadow rulers ( Jawi : سلطان بايڠ ‎, romanized: sultan bayang ). Some of these rulers were: Ahmad Nazaruddin from 1858 to 1881, Mohildin from 1882 to 1885, and Zainuddin from 1886 to 1899. In 1899, Sultan Zainuddin

10626-411: The eastern Indian Ocean . Its first mention in western accounts comes from 1292 when Marco Polo and his expedition visited the city, referred to as 'Lambri' from Lamuri Kingdom which previously existed there and noted as the logical first port of call for travellers from Arabia and India to Indonesia . Ibn Battuta also reported visiting the city in the mid-14th century when under the control of

10764-526: The empire slowly declined before collapsing in 1527 due to an invasion by the Sultanate of Demak . The fall of Majapahit saw the rise of Islamic kingdoms in Java. Established by Raden Wijaya in 1292, Majapahit rose to power after the Mongol invasion of Java and reached its peak during the era of the queen Tribhuvana and her son Hayam Wuruk , whose reigns in the mid-14th century were marked by conquests that extended throughout Southeast Asia. This achievement

10902-486: The events they describe. These inscriptions provide valuable information about dynasties, religious affairs, village communities, society, economics, and the arts. The Majapahit dynasty is described in royal inscriptions such as Kudadu (issued in 1294), Sukhamerta (1296), Tuhanyaru (1323), Gajah Mada (1351), Waringin Pitu (1447) and Trailokyapuri (1486). These sources help us to clarify the family relationships and chronologies of

11040-587: The expansion of the Majapahit Empire involved diplomacy and alliance. Hayam Wuruk decided, probably for political reasons, to take princess Citra Rashmi (Dyah Pitaloka) of neighbouring Sunda Kingdom as his consort . The Sundanese took this proposal as an alliance agreement. In 1357 the Sunda king and his royal family came to Majapahit to accompany and marry his daughter to Hayam Wuruk. However, Gajah Mada saw this event as an opportunity to demand Sunda's submission to Majapahit overlordship. The skirmish between

11178-832: The first battle in April 1358; killed Majapahit soldiers were burned in Tambak Wasi. Nansarunai captain Jamuhala was also killed in this battle. While prince Jarang and prince Idong hid in Man near Tabalong-kiwa river. Nansarunai soldiers were concentrated in Pulau Kadap before the second battle happened in December 1362. Casualties from this second battle were buried in Tambak in Bayu Hinrang. In this war Raden Anyan

11316-473: The formal name Girindrawardhana, with Udara as his vice-regent. This event led to the war between the Sultanate of Demak and Daha since Demak rulers were descendants of Kertabhumi. During this period, Demak , being the dominant ruler of the Javanese coastal lands and Java as a whole, seized the region of Jambi and Palembang in Sumatra from Majapahit. In 1498, there was a turning point when Girindrawardhana

11454-418: The fortune of Malayu in Sumatra, in the 1370s, a Malay ruler of Palembang sent an envoy to the court of the first emperor of the newly established Ming dynasty . He invited China to resume the tributary system, just like Srivijaya did several centuries earlier. Learning this diplomatic manoeuvre, immediately King Hayam Wuruk sent an envoy to Nanking, convinced the emperor that Malayu was their vassal, and

11592-780: The greatest extent of Majapahit, making it one of the most influential empires in Indonesian history. It is considered a commercial trading empire in the civilisation of Asia. In 1355, Hayam Wuruk launched the third invasion of Dayak Ma'anyan kingdom of Nan Sarunai , which at the time was led by Raden Anyan or Datu Tatuyan Wulau Miharaja Papangkat Amas. This invasion was led by Ampu Jatmika from Kalingga, Kediri with his entourage which according to Hikayat Banjar included his advisor Aria Megatsari, general Tumenggung Tatah Jiwa, minister Wiramartas, punokawan Patih Baras, Patih Basi, Patih Luhu, dan Patih Dulu, and bodyguards Sang Panimba Segara, Sang Pembelah Batung, Sang Jampang Sasak, and Sang Pengeruntung 'Garuntung' Manau. Multiple battles happened with

11730-507: The internal politics of the sultanate in the 19th century and would eventually conquer the sultanate and kill its last ruling sultan in 1904. In the 7th century, there was an early reference to a Malay Kingdom based in Jambi , which was eventually absorbed into the Srivijaya empire as an independent trading community or a subject-region. An account associated the early history of the sultanate with

11868-531: The king of Java lived. The report was composed and collected in Yingya Shenglan , which provides valuable insight on the culture, customs, and also various social and economic aspects of Java ( 爪哇 , chao-wa ) during Majapahit period. The Veritable Records of the Ming Dynasty ( Ming shi-lu ) provide supporting evidence for specific events in Majapahit history, such as the Regreg War . After defeating

12006-473: The king's wishes. It was not clear what motivated Jayanegara's wish – it might have been his way to ensure his claim to the throne by preventing rivals from being his half-sisters' suitors, although in the later period of the Majapahit court the custom of marriage among cousins was quite common. In the Pararaton , he was known as Kala Gemet , or "weak villain". Around the time of Jayanegara's reign in

12144-531: The kingdom as an extended territory is generally referred to not as Majapahit but rather as bhūmi Jawa ("land of Java") in Old Javanese or yava-dvīpa- maṇḍala ("country of the island of Java") in Sanskrit . Compared to contemporary societies elsewhere in Asia, little physical evidence of Majapahit remains, Majapahit did produce physical evidence: the main ruins dating from the Majapahit period are clustered in

12282-531: The kingdom's capital further inland to Daha (the former capital of Kediri kingdom ), effectively splitting Majapahit, under Bhre Kertabumi in Trowulan and Singhawikramawardhana in Daha. Singhawikramawardhana continued his rule until he was succeeded by his son Girindrawardhana (Ranawijaya) in 1474. And in between this period of the dividing court of Majapahit, the kingdom found itself unable to control its western part of

12420-591: The lands could be granted or taken away by the Sultan, and a proportion of the yield had to be delivered to him. Land access was traditionally regulated by Adat . The domains claimed by the Jambi sultan were known as "Jambi with its nine rivers", composing the Batang Tembesi, Merangin , Asai, Tebir, Tebo, Bungo, Uleh, Jujuhan, and Siau rivers. However, only the Jambian Malays (living along the Batanghari and part of

12558-468: The local communities would seek contacts with other Minangkabau rulers or the King of Pagaruyung, rather than falling under Jambi's orbit. The Jambi Sultanate itself would become a vassal to Pagaruyung by the end of the 18th century. For the next couple of decades, the downstream areas of Jambi would continue to decline as trade stagnated, while the upstream districts remained thriving centers of commerce. In 1811,

12696-470: The most significant Chinese intervention was its support for the newly established Sultanate of Malacca as a rival and counter-weight to the Majapahit influence of Java. Previously, Majapahit had succeeded in asserting its influence in Malacca strait by containing the aspiration of Malay polities in Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula to ever reach the geopolitical might like those of Srivijaya. The Hindu Majapahit

12834-766: The neighbouring island of Bali . According to the Babad Arya Tabanan manuscript, in 1342 Majapahit forces led by Gajah Mada, assisted by his general Arya Damar, the regent of Palembang, landed in Bali. After seven months of battles, Majapahit forces defeated the Balinese king and captured the Balinese capital of Bedulu in 1343. After the conquest of Bali, Majapahit distributed the governing authority of Bali among Arya Damar's younger brothers, Arya Kenceng, Arya Kutawandira, Arya Sentong, and Arya Belog. Arya Kenceng led his brothers to govern Bali under Majapahit suzerainty, and he would become

12972-661: The northwestern tip of Indonesia at the mouth of the Aceh River . Banda Aceh itself is a semi-enclave within Aceh Besar Regency , as Banda Aceh is surrounded by Aceh Besar to the south, east, and west, while it borders with the Strait of Malacca to the north. Many suburbs of the city have developed in adjacent districts of Acah Besar Regency beyond the city limits, notably to the south in Darul Imarah, Ingin Jaya and Krueng Barona Jaya Districts of

13110-602: The old Srivijaya , the only suzerainty under Majapahit in Sumatra, bordering Pagaruyung Kingdom on the west and independent Muslim kingdoms on the north. This Ming dynasty voyages are extremely important for Majapahit historiography, since Zheng He's translator Ma Huan wrote Yingya Shenglan , a detailed description of Majapahit, which provides valuable insight on the culture, customs, and also various social and economic aspects of Java during Majapahit period. The Chinese provided systematic support to Malacca, and its sultan made at least one trip to personally pay obeisance to

13248-479: The other side. In essence, the goal was to cut the other off from port revenues and eliminate their position as trade hubs by attacking any shipping in the nearby waters (including neutral parties), and decreasing their prestige. In May 1667, a Johorese fleet destroyed the fishing huts and orchards at the mouth of the Jambi River , and later destroyed huts and a Dutch warehouse in Jambi. In August 1669, they again made

13386-438: The population at around 60,000. The marshy, low-level Eastern Jambi was almost entirely uninhabited. Some of Jambi's ethnic groups include Jambi Malays , Batin , Kubu , Minangkabau , Javanese , Chinese , and Arabs . The Jambian monarchy did not practice direct succession. The Sultan of Jambi and the Pangeran Ratu ( ڤڠيرن راتو ‎, meaning crown prince ) were elected by representatives of Jambi's four noble families:

13524-461: The precedent for Indonesia's modern boundaries. Its influence extended beyond the modern territory of Indonesia and has been the subject of many studies. The name Majapahit (sometimes also spelled Mojopait to reflect Javanese pronunciation), derives from Javanese , meaning "bitter maja ". German orientalist Berthold Laufer suggested that the maja element comes from the Javanese name of Aegle marmelos , an Indonesian tree. Majapahit

13662-653: The previous agreement making Raden Tabun the Pangeran Ratu. In the late 19th century the sultanate was slowly annexed by the Dutch, with the sultan degraded to a puppet ruler. This culminated in 1833 with the invasion of the Dutch-controlled Palembang by Jambi's Sultan, Mohammad Fakhruddin, which gave the Dutch the pretext to finally gain control of Jambi, forcing the sultan to accede to their authority and provide significant economic concessions. They hoped that this treaty would allow them to gain access to Upper Jambi's economic boom. In 1855, Sultan Taha ascended to

13800-652: The progenitor of the Balinese kings of the Tabanan and Badung royal houses. Through this campaign, Majapahit planted a vassal dynasty that would rule the Bali Kingdom in the following centuries. Tribhuwana ruled Majapahit until the death of her mother in 1350. She abdicated the throne in favour of her son, Hayam Wuruk. Ibn Battuta in his travels between 1332 and 1347 visited a place called "Mul Jawa" (island of Java or Majapahit Java, as opposed to "al-Jawa" which refers to Sumatra). The empire spanned 2 months of travel and ruled over

13938-462: The queen of Majapahit under Rajapatni's auspices. Tribhuwana appointed Gajah Mada as the prime minister in 1336. During his inauguration Gajah Mada declared his Palapa oath , revealing his plan to expand Majapahit realm and building an empire . During Tribhuwana's rule, the Majapahit kingdom grew much larger and became famous in the area. Under the initiative of her able and ambitious prime minister, Gajah Mada , Majapahit sent its armada to conquer

14076-495: The regency, forming part of the built-up area. The city was originally established as Bandar Aceh Darussalam Kandang and served as a capital and hub for the Sultanate of Aceh upon its foundation in the late 15th century. Later its name was changed to Bandar Aceh Darussalam , and then it became popularly known as Banda Aceh . The first part of the name comes from the Persian bandar ( بندر ) meaning "port" or "haven". The city

14214-794: The regional power. According to the Nagarakretagama , canto XIII and XIV mentioned several states in Sumatra , the Malay Peninsula , Borneo , Sulawesi , Nusa Tenggara islands, Maluku , New Guinea , Mindanao , Sulu Archipelago , Luzon and some parts of the Visayas islands as under the Majapahit realm of power. The Hikayat Raja Pasai , a 14th-century Aceh chronicle describe a Majapahit naval invasion on Samudra Pasai in 1350. The attacking force consisted of 400 large jong and an uncountable number of malangbang and kelulus . This expansion marked

14352-416: The reign of Wikramawardhana, a series of Ming armada naval expeditions led by Zheng He , a Muslim Chinese admiral, arrived in Java several times spanning the period from 1405 to 1433. These Chinese voyages visited numbers of ports in Asia as far as Africa, including Majapahit ports. It was said that Zheng He has paid a visit to the Majapahit court in Java. These massive Chinese voyages were not merely

14490-456: The ruler of Jambi, Anom Ingalaga, had a Makassarese wife, Karaeng Fatimah. His mother was also from Makassar . Sultan Ingalaga honored the Makassarese and gave their leader, a sister of Karaeng Fatimah, Daeng Mangika, the title of Pangeran Sutadilaga. The Makassarese would be equals to the Jambi ruler and would not be governed by Jambian law. However, this arrangement was inherently unstable and

14628-455: The state structure show no sign of being invented. The Chinese historical sources on Majapahit mainly acquired from the chronicles of the Yuan and following Ming dynasty . The Chinese accounts on Majapahit are mainly owed to the Ming admiral Zheng He 's reports during his visit to Majapahit between 1405 and 1432. Zheng He's translator Ma Huan wrote a detailed description of Majapahit and where

14766-417: The sultanate had become extremely weakened with the decline of trade. In March 1768, the Dutch settlement in Jambi would be attacked by a hundred men acting on orders from the Sultan. By 1770, they had abandoned Jambi for good. In the 18th century, driven by the pursuit of gold, Minangkabau migrants began steadily flooding into highland regions of Jambi, which would decrease Jambian control of these areas, as

14904-425: The throne of Jambi. He was a young and energetic sultan. However, by this time the Dutch had become more and more demanding. In 1858, an expedition was launched that deposed Sultan Taha within a day. He fled upstream into the region of Upper Jambi, while his uncle, Ahmad Nazaruddin , became the new ruler of Jambi. This divided Jambi into two competing areas: Upper and Lower, restoring a divide that had not existed since

15042-525: The trading kingdom of Samudera Pasai , the then-dominant entity in northern Sumatra. However the Pasai began to collapse under pressure from declining economic conditions and the Portuguese , who occupied much of the area after occupying Malacca in the early 16th century. Sultan Ali Mughayat Syah , ruler of the newly founded Sultanate of Aceh , aggressively expanded in the area in the 1520s and established sultanate

15180-494: The two princesses – Gitarja and Rajadewi, the daughters of Gayatri Rajapatni from the king's cruelty. Since the slain king was childless, he left no successor. Jayanegara's stepmother, Gayatri Rajapatni – the most revered matriarch of the court – was supposed to take the helm. However, Rajapatni had retired from worldly affairs to become a Buddhist nun . Rajapatni appointed her daughter, Dyah Gitarja , or known in her formal regnal name as Tribhuwannottungadewi Jayawishnuwardhani, as

15318-457: The way for Ranawijaya to defeat Kertabumi. Dates for the end of the Majapahit Empire range from 1478, traditionally described in sinengkalan or chandrasengkala ( chronogram ) Sirna ilang kertaning bhumi that is correspond to 1400 Saka , to 1527. The year 1478 was the year of Sudarma Wisuta war , when Ranawijaya's army under general Udara (who later became vice-regent) breached Trowulan defences and killed Kertabumi in his palace, but not

15456-496: The western part of the archipelago. Kertabhumi managed to stabilize this situation by allying with Muslim merchants, giving them trading rights on the north coast of Java, with Demak as its centre and in return asked for their loyalty to Majapahit. This policy boosted the Majapahit treasury and power but weakened Hindu-Buddhism as its main religion because Islamic proselytizing spread faster, especially in Javanese coastal principalities. Hindu-Buddhist followers' grievances later paved

15594-506: The western side of the province, through lesser-populated areas, to the towns of Calang , Meulaboh , and Singkil. The main bus station, Terminal Terpadu Batoh, is located at Jalan Mr. Teuku Muhammad Hasan . Banda Aceh-Sigli Toll Road, part of Trans-Sumatra Toll Road , is currently under construction; it is located at the tip of the toll road and connected with Sultan Iskandar Muda Airport. Banda Aceh has two seaports, Pelabuhan (port) Ulèë Lheuë and Pelabuhan Malahayati. Pelabuhan Ulèë Lheuë

15732-471: Was a Javanese Hindu - Buddhist thalassocratic empire in Southeast Asia based on the island of Java (in modern-day Indonesia ). At its greatest extent, following significant military expansions, the territory of the empire and its tributary states covered almost the entire Nusantara archipelago , spanning both Asia and Oceania . After a civil war that weakened control over the vassal states,

15870-663: Was a free-of-charge transportation for passengers. Lapangan Blang Padang is a multi-use park located in the center of Banda Aceh and has become a location for citizen sports activities for decades. It has jogging track, volleyball court, football pitch, basketball court, and food courts, as well. There is a famous replica of RI 001, the first Indonesian plane, at Lapangan Blang Padang. Some other sport complexes in Banda Aceh are: Lapangan Neusu, Komplek Harapan Bangsa, Lapangan Gelanggang Unsyiah, and Lapangan Tugu In Banda Aceh, there are several indoor sport halls ( id : Gelanggang Olah Raga , abbreviated as GOR ) which previously hosted as

16008-424: Was also forced to send two noble hostages to ensure the continued payment of these reparations. On October 17, 1679, Daeng Mangika fled to Palembang with his followers. In 1680, he would participate in a combined expedition with Palembang against Jambi, but was killed in action, ending Makassarese attempts to form a permanent base in the region. The conflict between Jambi and Johor caused Jambi to lose its position as

16146-485: Was also their last chance to catch the monsoon winds home; otherwise, they would have had to wait for another six months. In 1293, Raden Wijaya founded a stronghold with the capital Majapahit. The exact date used as the birth of the Majapahit kingdom is the day of his coronation, the 15th of Kartika month in the year 1215 using the Javanese Shaka era , which equates to 10 November 1293. During his coronation he

16284-590: Was bound to collapse. The continual flow of Makassarese and Buginese to Daeng Mangika from other regions of the archiplelago, such as in Java after the Trunajaya Rebellion , made the ruler of Jambi feel threatened and worsened relations between the two. In May 1679, the Johorese launched an attack on Jambi with 300 ships. During the Johorese invasion, Daeng Mangika deserted Sultan Ingalaga, claiming that he did not fulfill

16422-448: Was built on the remains of the Pasai and other extinct kingdoms in the area, and made Banda Aceh the capital, naming it for himself as Kutaraja or 'City of the King'. After a long period of rule by the sultanate, Aceh began to come into conflict with the Dutch and the British in the second half of the 18th century. At the end of the 18th century, the territory of Aceh in the Malay Peninsula, namely Kedah and Pulau Pinang , were seized by

16560-430: Was composed 1365 and the Pararaton ("The Monarchs") was compiled sometime between 1481 and 1600. Both of these chronicles survive as 19th- or 20th-century palm-leaf manuscripts. The Deśavarṇana (also known as Nagarakretagama ) is an Old Javanese eulogy written during the Majapahit golden age under the reign of Hayam Wuruk , after which some events are covered narratively. Composed by Mpu Prapanca , it provides

16698-518: Was defeated by the latter, and he would not settle in Jambi for a while, even after his cousin was killed. Around 1820, the sultan controlled the Upper Tembesi, while the Pangeran Ratu controlled the Upper Batang Hari, at least nominally, as he spent much of his time in Palembang. When Mohildin's son, Fakhruddin, became Sultan (between 1821 and 1829), he named his brother Pangeran Ratu, violating

16836-703: Was deposed by his vice-regent, Udara. After this coup, the war between Demak and Majapahit receded, since Raden Patah , Sultan of Demak, left Majapahit alone like his father had done before, some source said Udara agreed to become a vassal of Demak, even marrying Raden Patah's youngest daughter. Meanwhile, in the west, Malacca was captured by Portuguese in 1511 . The delicate balance between Demak and Majapahit ended when Udara, seeing an opportunity to eliminate Demak, asked for Portuguese help in Malacca, forcing Demak to attack both Malacca and Majapahit under Adipati Yunus to end this alliance. Banda Aceh Banda Aceh ( Acehnese : Banda Acèh , Jawi : بند اچيه )

16974-466: Was dominated by Chinese merchants and local Jambi people also benefited from renting out to rubber plantations . Jambi was part of Majapahit from the mid-14th century until it broke away in the early 16th century. The sultanate's access to natural resources as well as its strategic location, particularly its proximity to the Strait of Malacca, allowed it to flourish and be involved in international trade. In

17112-473: Was forced to abdicate, but the Jambian nobility refused to elect a new sultan. The resident of Palembang, as a result, took on the position of "Sultan" until 1903, when the sultanate was annexed into the Palembang Residency. The killing of Sultan Taha in 1904 marked the end of the Jambi Sultanate. As a society, Jambi has a history of being an entrepot and a trading center that is open to outsiders. This

17250-519: Was formerly the main sea port in Aceh. It now functions as a ferry terminal. It is located in the Meuraksa area. Pelabuhan Malahayati, the current main sea port, is located in Krueng Raya, 27 km (17 mi) from Banda Aceh. It now functions as the main freight cargo terminal. Since May 2016, Banda Aceh has had a bus rapid transit system, called Trans Koetaradja . Initially, Trans Koetaradja ran only

17388-502: Was founded, Muslim traders and proselytisers began entering the area. The Troloyo/Tralaya tomb, a remnant of Islamic cemetery compound was discovered within the Trowulan area, the royal capital of Majapahit. Experts suggest that the cemetery was used between 1368 and 1611 AD, which means Muslim traders had resided in the capital as early as the mid-14th century during the reign of Hayam Wuruk. Two Muslim tombstones in Troloyo were dated from

17526-546: Was given the formal name Kertarajasa Jayawardhana. King Kertarajasa took all four daughters of Kertanegara as his wives, his first wife and prime queen consort Tribhuwaneswari, and her sisters: Prajnaparamita, Narendraduhita, and Gayatri Rajapatni the youngest. According to Pararaton, he also took a Sumatran Malay Dharmasraya princess named Dara Petak as his wife. The new kingdom faced challenges. Some of Kertarajasa's most trusted men, including Ranggalawe , Sora , and Nambi rebelled against him, though unsuccessfully. It

17664-646: Was held by Han Chinese in Jambi and Japara as Chinese came to those cities and Bantam to trade in pepper. If the 15th century there were Chinese in Surabaya and in the late half of the 14th century there were Chinese in Grise and in the 14th century there were Chinese in Tumasik. Jambi was visited every year by Chinese for pepper that came from the Sumatra Minangkabau highlands. Palembang also exported pepper. Commerce in Jambi

17802-617: Was killed, speared by Mpu Nala, and buried in Banua Lawas. In its place, Ampu Jatmika founded a Hindu kingdom state, Negara Dipa under Majapahit tributary, predecessor of Banjar . While surviving Javanese, Dayak, Madurese, and Bugis soldiers, sailors, metalsmiths of this war settled in Amuntai, Alabio, and Nagara. These invasions were recorded in Dayak Ma'anyan poetry as Nansarunai Usak Jawa . Along with launching naval and military expeditions,

17940-550: Was named Majapahit , which was taken from the name of a fruit that had a bitter taste ( maja is the fruit name and pahit means bitter). When the Yuan army sent by Kublai Khan arrived, Wijaya allied himself with the army to fight against Jayakatwang. Once Jayakatwang was destroyed, Raden Wijaya forced his allies to withdraw from Java by launching a surprise attack. The Yuan army had to withdraw in confusion as they were in hostile territory, with their ships being attacked by Javanese navy. It

18078-450: Was never clear. According to the Pararaton , it was Tanca's revenge for the king sexually abusing his wife. However, according to the Balinese manuscript Babad Dalem , the assassination was a stratagem crafted by Gajah Mada himself to rid the kingdom of an evil tyrant. Tradition mentions that the immoral, cruel and abusive king often seduced and abused women, even the wives of his own subordinates. Other possible reason includes to protect

18216-664: Was never mentioned in Nagarakretagama . The Nagarakretagama , written in 1365, depicts a sophisticated court with refined taste in art and literature and a complex system of religious rituals. The poet describes Majapahit as the centre of a huge mandala extending from New Guinea and Maluku to Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula . Local traditions in many parts of Indonesia retain accounts of 14th-century Majapahit's power in more or less legendary form. The direct administration of Majapahit did not extend beyond east Java and Bali , but challenges to Majapahit's claim to overlordship in outer islands drew forceful responses. To revive

18354-507: Was not an independent country. Subsequently, in 1377, a few years after the death of Gajah Mada, Majapahit sent a punitive naval attack against a rebellion in Palembang, contributing to the end of the Srivijayan successor kingdom. Besides Gajah Mada, Another famous military leader was Adityawarman , known for his chronicle in Minangkabau . The nature of the Majapahit empire and its extent

18492-399: Was promoted to high office to begin his career in royal court politics. According to tradition, Wijaya's son and successor, Jayanegara, was notorious for his immorality. One of his distasteful acts was his desire to take his half-sisters, Gitarja and Rajadewi, as wives. Since Javanese tradition abhorred the practice of half-siblings marrying, the council of royal elders spoke strongly against

18630-526: Was succeeded by his heir Jayanegara . The reign of Jayanegara was a difficult and chaotic one, troubled with several rebellions by his father's former companions in arms. Among others are Gajah Biru's rebellion in 1314, Semi rebellion in 1318 , and the Kuti rebellion in 1319 . The Kuti rebellion was the most dangerous one, as Kuti managed to take control of the capital city. With the help of Gajah Mada and his Bhayangkara palace guard, Jayanegara barely escaped from

18768-514: Was suspected that the Mahapati Halayudha set the conspiracy to overthrow all of his rivals in the court, led them to revolt against the king, while he gained king's favour and attained the highest position in the government. However, following the death of the last rebel Kuti , Halayudha's treachery was exposed, subsequently, he was captured, jailed for his stratagems and then sentenced to death. Wijaya himself died in 1309. Kertarajasa Wijaya

18906-543: Was the most powerful maritime power in Southeast Asian seas that time and were opposed to Chinese expansion into their sphere of influence. The Ming's support for Malacca and the spread of Islam propagated by both Malacca and Zheng He's treasure fleet has weakened Majapahit maritime influence in Sumatra, which caused the northern part of the island to increasingly converting to Islam and gained independence from Majapahit, leaving Indragiri , Jambi and Palembang , remnants of

19044-468: Was the second time Majapahit was reigned by a queen regnant after her great-grandmother Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi. Her reign is immortalized in Javanese legend of Damarwulan , as it involves a maiden queen named Prabu Kenya in the story, and during Suhita's reign there was a war with Blambangan as stated in the legend. In 1447, Suhita died and was succeeded by Kertawijaya , her brother. He ruled until 1451. After Kertawijaya died, Bhre Pamotan became

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