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77-499: Ranawijaya was born in Trowulan (also called Wilwatikta ) to King Singhawikramawardhana during a time of upheaval and decline across the Empire. In 1468 Prince Kertabhumi rebelled against King Singhawikramawardhana and captured Trowulan. The king moved to Daha , the former capital of Kadiri , where he died. Thus when Ranawijaya ascended the throne in 1474, the empire was divided. For

154-436: A Chinese concubine. Sunan Ngudung died in the battle and was replaced by Sunan Kudus , but the army managed to turn back Ranawijaya's forces. However, they did not stop Udara's troops storming the palace and killing Kertabhumi. With the death of Kertabhumi, Ranawijaya was now the undisputed ruler of Majapahit. He styled himself Girindrawardhana, the latter to show continuity with his predecessors back to Kritavijaya in 1447. In

231-466: A Chinese mythical creature. This might suggest a strong cultural relationship with China especially during Ming Dynasty . The local tradition linked this site with the pavilion of Queen Kencana Wungu, the Majapahit queen from the tales of Damarwulan and Menak Jingga. At Umpak stones form the base for wooden pillars, which were probably part of a wooden building. The organic material has decayed and only

308-477: A bathing place. Archaeological surveys and excavations have recently found the remains of industrial, commercial, and religious activity, habitation areas, water supply systems, and water canals all of which are evidence of dense population during the 14th to 15th centuries. In October 2009, Ministry of Culture and Tourism of Indonesia submitted Trowulan to the UNESCO World Heritage list. According to

385-562: A court official whose duty was to protect the markets. 'Eight thousand cash every day from the markets is the share' received by this official. The 'cash' referred to in this text is Chinese bronze coins which became Majapahit's official currency in around 1300, replacing gold and silver currency which had been in use for centuries. Chinese coins were apparently preferable because they were available in small denominations, suitable for use in markets. This change suggests that economic life in Trowulan

462-451: A flight of steps descends on the northern side. The principal structure, which projects from the southern wall of the basin, was modelled on the legendary Mount Mahameru . No longer complete, it consisted of terraced foundations, upon which would have rested a concentric arrangement of 'turrets' surrounding the highest peak of the building. Not far from Tikus Temple in the Keraton hamlet stands

539-416: A later time. The word "Gajah" (elephant) refers to a large animal that is respected by other animals. In Hindu mythology it is believed to be a vahana (animal mount) of the god Indra . Elephants are also associated with Ganesha , the elephant-headed god with a human body, the son of Shiva and Parvati . As for the word "Mada", in the ancient Javanese language (possibly derived from Sanskrit , where

616-411: A passage in the centre for people to walk through. This type of split gate has no doors and provides no real defensive purpose but narrowing the passage. It probably only served the ceremonial and aesthetic purpose, to create a sense of grandeur, before entering the next compound. Most historians agree that this structure is the gate of an important compound in the Majapahit capital. Speculations concerning

693-550: A piggy bank. Such a portrayal is considered an insult because usually the state leaders during the Hindu - Buddhist era, including Majapahit, were made in effigy as statues. Some even believe that the face was none other than Yamin's own face. Another illustration of the historical Gajah Mada, different from Yamin's, is the result of research at the University of Indonesia by archaeologist Agus Aris Munandar. He interpreted that Gajah Mada

770-486: A recreational pool for Majapahit royalty to entertain envoys and guests. The 46,875-square meter pool was built slightly higher than its surroundings and is currently used to irrigate paddy fields adjacent to the pool. The Islamic tomb of Champa Princess is believed to be the tomb of a Majapahit king's consort. According to local traditions, she is said to have married one of the last of the Majapahit kings and to have converted him to Islam before she died in 1448. Near

847-400: A ribbon forming like a tekes hat. He wears clothes and jewelry, bracelets, and an upper armband in the form of a snake-like Bima's. The traditional Bima statue depiction associated with Gajah Mada was made at the end of Majapahit in the mid-15th century. The characteristics are: a) wearing a supit urang crown (his hair is shaped in two arches at the top of the head like a shrimp tongs), b)

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924-404: A rival of Gajah Mada, preceded his arrival with his army to crush both rebellions. His men Jabung Tarewes, Lembu Peteng, dan Ikal-Ikalan Bang were also the ones implicated in the murder of Nambi. This led to a conflict between Gajah Mada's and Ra Kembar's forces which was only resolved when Tribhuwana herself led the battles against both rebelling regions. After Arya Tadah's retirement, Gajah Mada

1001-594: A sacred building of Caitya , dedicated for the late Paduka Bhatara Sang Lumah ri Siwa Buddha ( King Kertanegara ) who had died in 1214 Saka (1292 CE) in the month of Jyesta. The inscription was discovered in Singosari subdistrict, Malang, East Java, and was written in Old Javanese script and language. The caitya or temple mentioned in this inscription is possibly Singhasari temple . The special reverence to King Kertanegara of Singhasari demonstrated by Gajah Mada suggests that

1078-441: A stocky face and curly hair. Based on the look on the piggy bank's face, Yamin interpreted this as the face of Gajah Mada, the unifier of the archipelago. Yamin then asked the artist Henk Ngantung to make a painting based on the terracotta fragment. The painting was displayed as the cover of Yamin's book. Many people disagree with Yamin's opinion because it is impossible for the face of a figure as big as Gajah Mada to be displayed in

1155-507: A transverse mustache, c) strong body, d) wearing poleng (black and white) cloth, and e) the phallus is always depicted standing out. In the Bima statue stored in the National Museum (No. 2776/286b), he is depicted standing upright with both hands beside his body, his right hand holding a gadha (a kind of mace ); his phallus is depicted as protruding with a shawl hanging between his legs; he

1232-405: Is a ritual bathing pool ( petirtaan ) which is perhaps the most exciting recent archaeological finding at Trowulan. Tikus Temple means 'rat temple', the name given to the discovery in 1914 because the site appeared during the excavation to be a rat-breeding enclosure. Restored to its present condition in 1985 and 1989, this complex of red brick takes the form of a sunken, rectangular basin, into which

1309-478: Is still called Kemasan, from the word mas , meaning 'gold'. Gold ornaments have been discovered near this area, as well as the tools that were used for working the gold. Small clay cups might have been used for melting gold for use in lost wax casting . Bronze anvils and flat circular stones with three legs may have been used as work surfaces for chiseling and hammering metals. A large number of clay crucibles for melting bronze have been excavated at Pakis village, in

1386-452: Is supported in part by material evidence, which suggests that the monument once served as a royal mortuary shrine . The royal personage to whom the building was dedicated remains unclear. The ruin of Candi Gentong lies nearby. Segaran Pool is a large rectangular pool 800 x 500 metres in size. The name Segaran originated from the word 'segara' in Javanese which means 'sea', probably based on

1463-406: Is unknown; they may have served multiple purposes. Some may have been used in religious shrines attached to dwellings, as in modern Bali . Examples of these terracottas in the form of miniature buildings and animals have been found at shrines on Mount Penanggungan . Others, such as humorous depictions of foreigners, may simply have been meant as toys for children. During the last half-year of 2008,

1540-458: Is wearing a serpent upavita , a crown of supit urang , a grim face, and a thick transverse mustache; and the hair above the forehead is described as curly, forming a jamang (forehead decoration). The similarity between the statue of Brajanata as the embodiment of Gajah Mada and the statue of Bima is not a coincidence, but there is an underlying conception that is developed along with the distance between historical events and their worshippers at

1617-615: The Nusantara Archipelago, [then] I will amukti palapa . If [I have] conquered Gurun , Seram , Tanjungpura , Haru , Pahang , Dompo , Bali , Sunda , Palembang , Tumasik (Singapore), then I will amukti palapa ." Petrus Josephus Zoetmulder defines amukti palapa as "enjoying a state where everything can be taken", or simply "enjoying pleasure"; while according to Slamet Muljana it means "enjoying rest". Even his closest friends were at first doubtful of his oath, but Gajah Mada kept pursuing his dream to unify Nusantara under

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1694-632: The 14th century. He is credited in Old Javanese manuscripts, poems, and inscriptions with bringing the empire to its peak of glory. He delivered an oath called Sumpah Palapa , in which he vowed not to rest until he had conquered all of the Southeast Asian archipelago of Nusantara for Majapahit. During his reign, the Hindu epics , including the Rāmāyana and the Mahābhārata , became ingrained in

1771-424: The 14th century. The gate is of the ' candi bentar ' or split gateway type, a structure that may have appeared during the Majapahit era. It is one of the oldest and the largest surviving 'Candi Bentar' dated from the Majapahit era. The 'Candi Bentar' took the shape of a typical Majapahit temple structure – consisting of three parts; foot, body, and tall roof – evenly split into two mirroring structures to make

1848-416: The 14th–15th-century Majapahit era. The actual function of the pool is unknown. A study suggested that the pool probably served various functions, but mainly as the city reservoir, the source of freshwater essential for the high-density urban area, especially during the dry season. Another popular local belief is that the pool was used as the bathing place and as a swimming pool to train Majapahit troops, and as

1925-445: The 15th or 16th century: Sira Gajah Madapatih amangkubhumi tan ayun amuktia palapa, sira Gajah Mada: "Lamun huwus kalah nusantara isun amukti palapa, lamun kalah ring Gurun, ring Seran, Tañjungpura, ring Haru, ring Pahang, Dompo, ring Bali, Sunda, Palembang, Tumasik, samana isun amukti palapa". Translation: [Eventually] Gajah Mada became patih mangkubumi, [but] did not want to amukti palapa . Gajah Mada [swore], "If I have conquered

2002-780: The Brawijaya. From that time, the Demak Sultanate rose to become the dominant force in Java. Demak continued to fight Girindrawardhana. As they claimed descent from Kertabumi, Raden Patah and his successor Pati Unus fought Girindrawardhana in retribution for his death. Trowulan Trowulan is an archaeological site in Trowulan Subdistrict , Mojokerto Regency , in the Indonesian province of East Java . It includes approximately 100 square kilometres and has been theorized to be

2079-537: The Dutch apathy and established the first state university, which freely admitted native pribumi Indonesians. Universitas Gadjah Mada , in Yogyakarta is named in honour of Gajah Mada and was completed in 1945, and had the honour of being the first Medicine Faculty freely open to natives. Launched on 9 July 1976, Indonesia's first telecommunication satellite was called Satelit Palapa signifying its role in uniting

2156-607: The Indonesian government sponsored a massive exploration on the site that is believed to be the place where the palace of Majapahit once stood. Jero Wacik , the Indonesian Minister of Culture and Tourism stated that the Majapahit Park would be built on the site and completed as early as 2009, in order to prevent further damage caused by home-made brick industries that develop on the surrounding area. Majapahit Park would expand

2233-571: The Javanese culture and worldview through the performing arts of wayang kulit (“leather puppets”). He is considered an important national hero in modern Indonesia , as well as a symbol of patriotism and national unity. Historical accounts of his life, political career, and administration are taken from several sources, mainly the Pararaton ("The Book of Kings"), the Nagarakretagama (a Javanese-language eulogy), and an inscription dating from

2310-473: The Princess of Sunda was not to be hailed as the new queen consort of Majapahit, but merely as a concubine, as a sign of submission of Sunda to Majapahit. This misunderstanding led to embarrassment and hostility, which quickly rose into a skirmish and then the full-scale Battle of Bubat . The Sunda King with all of his guards as well as the royal party were overwhelmed by Majapahit troops and subsequently killed in

2387-564: The Trailokyapuri Jiwu and Petak inscriptions, Girindrawardhana claims that he reunited Majapahit as one kingdom. In the Jiyu inscription, he is referred to as Sri Wilwatikta Jenggala Kediri , which means ruler of Majapahit, Janggala and Kediri in 1486. However, his power was substantially smaller than his predecessors. Raden Patah named himself the Sultan of Demak and ceased paying homage to

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2464-663: The Trowulan Museum , located on the west side of Segaran Pool. Excavations in and around Trowulan have shown that parts of the old settlement still lie buried under several metres of mud and volcanic debris, a result of the frequent eruptions of nearby Mount Kelud , as well as frequent flooding of the Brantas River . Several archaeological ruins lie scattered around Trowulan village. Several are quite damaged, while others have undergone reconstruction. Most are constructed of red brick . Tikus Temple ( lit.   ' Rat temple ' )

2541-468: The account of Prapanca in the Nagarakretagama poem, the royal compound was surrounded by a thick, high wall of red brick . Nearby was the fortified guard post. Huge doors of decorated iron led to the main gate into the palace which was located in the north wall. Outside the north gate was a long building where courtiers met once a year, a marketplace, and a sacred crossroads. Just inside the north gate

2618-411: The age of 74. King Hayam Wuruk considered the power Gajah Mada had accumulated during his time as mahapatih too much to handle for a single person. Therefore, the king split the responsibilities that had been Gajah Mada's, between four separate new mahamantri (equal to ministries), thereby probably increasing his own power. King Hayam Wuruk, who is said to have been a wise leader, was able to maintain

2695-459: The capital as 'All where one can go out without passing through paddy fields.' Temple reliefs from Majapahit do not depict urban scenes, but some contain sketches of settlements indicated as pavilions enclosed within walls. The word 'kuwu' in Nagarakretagama seems to refer to the settlement units consisting of a group of buildings surrounded by a wall, in which a large number of people lived under

2772-429: The control of a nobleman. This pattern characterised the 16th-century coastal cities of Java described by early European visitors, and Majapahit's capital was probably composed of such units. The ancient city ruins at Trowulan had been discovered by the 19th century. Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles , Lieutenant-Governor of British Java , Governor-General of Bencoolen from 1811 until 1816 and an indefatigable enthusiast for

2849-419: The death of Nambi in 1316 (a local patih who was deemed instrumental in raising both regions) also contributed to the rebellion. At this time Sadeng was also led by a famed Majapahit general, Wirota Wiraganti. While Gajah Mada was still currently a patih, he was sent by Tribhuwana with the advice of the sickly mahapatih Arya Tadah, to negotiate with rebel leaders in 1331. However, the Majapahit general Ra Kembar,

2926-477: The existing Trowulan Museum and provide a Majapahit themed education and recreation park. Nevertheless, the project leaves huge attention to some historians, since constructing the park's foundation in Segaran site located in the south side of Trowulan Museum will inevitably damage the site itself. Ancient bricks and wells which are historically valuable were found scattered on the site. The government then argued that

3003-499: The far flung islands within the Indonesian archipelago under Majapahit suzerainty, was used by Indonesian nationalists to argue that an ancient form of unity had existed prior to Dutch colonialism . Thus, Gajah Mada was a great inspiration during the Indonesian National Revolution for independence from Dutch colonization. In 1942, only 230 Indonesian natives held a tertiary education. The Republicans sought to mend

3080-598: The field of Bubat. Tradition holds that the heartbroken princess, Dyah Pitaloka Citraresmi , committed suicide. Hayam Wuruk was deeply shocked by the tragedy. Majapahit courtiers, ministers and nobles blamed Gajah Mada for his recklessness, and the brutal consequences were not to the taste of the Majapahit royal family. Gajah Mada was promptly demoted and spent the rest of his days at the estate of Madakaripura in Probolinggo in East Java . Gajah Mada died in obscurity in 1364, at

3157-484: The first four years, Ranawijaya ruled from Daha in a climate of increasing conflict between Daha and Trowulan. This culminated in Perang Sudarma Wisuta , meaning the war between father and son, in 1478. In 1478, Ranawijaya's army under Udara attacked the defences at Trowulan. Raden Patah of Demak sent reinforcements under Sunan Ngudung. According to Babad Tanah Jawi , Raden Patah was the son of Kertabhumi and

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3234-469: The first stage is profane—in the form of its depiction as Brajanata, but then the glorification of Gajah Mada occurs in the second stage which is more sacred, which is equated with Bima as an aspect of Siva. In the statue found at the National Museum of Indonesia (No. 5136/310d), the statue is depicted with a sturdy body, transverse mustache, and wavy curls, at the top of the head there is a hair tie with

3311-548: The form of vessels, such as water ewers ( kendi ), with thin-walled bodies, graceful shapes, and a glossy red surface created by burnishing . These must have been made by full-time professional potters. Water containers were one of the Majapahit urban potter's main products and many large round water jars have been found. Square water 'boxes' were decorated with aquatic motifs or other scenery. Terracotta figurines were produced in large quantities, representing many subjects: gods, humans, animals, buildings, and scenes. Their function

3388-489: The gate with Jayanegara , the second Majapahit king, the successor to Kertarajasa Jayawarddhana , founder of the Majapahit Empire. According to tradition, Jayanegara fell from the gate as a child, causing defects to his body. The name probably also means 'little monarch', as Jayanegara ascended to the throne at a young age. Historian connects this gate with Çrenggapura (Çri Ranggapura) or Kapopongan of Antawulan (Trowulan),

3465-855: The glory of Majapahit. Soon he conquered the surrounding territory of Bedahulu ( Bali ) and Lombok (1343). He then sent the navy westward to attack the remnants of the thalassocratic kingdom of Sriwijaya in Palembang . There he installed Adityawarman , a Majapahit prince, as vassal ruler of the Minangkabau in West Sumatra . He then conquered the first Islamic sultanate in Southeast Asia , Samudra Pasai , and another state in Svarnadvipa ( Sumatra ). Gajah Mada also conquered Bintan , Tumasik ( Singapore ), Melayu (now known as Jambi), and Kalimantan . At

3542-567: The hegemony of Majapahit in the region that was gained during Gajah Mada's service. However, Majapahit slowly fell into decline after the death of Hayam Wuruk. His reign helped further Indianisation of Javanese culture through the spread of Hinduism and sanskritization . The Blahbatuh royal house in Gianyar, Bali, has been performing Gajah Mada's mask dance drama ritually for the past 600 years. The mask of Gajah Mada has been protected and brought to life every couple of years to unite and harmonize

3619-616: The intervention of Gajah Mada. His solution was to arrange for a surgeon to murder the king while pretending to perform surgery. Jayanegara was immediately succeeded by his half-sister Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi (r. 1328–1350). However, when she took the throne, the Sadeng and Keta region did not send their delegations, which was interpreted as a rebellion. This was later confirmed when Tribhuwana's spies discovered that both regions were preparing for rebellions. Sadeng and Keta were coastal regions who were formerly conquered by Majapahit. However,

3696-443: The island's history, reported the existence of ' ruins of temples.... scattered about the country for many miles '. Much of the region was blanketed with dense teak forest at that time, making detailed survey impossible. Nonetheless, Raffles was so impressed by what he saw that he later referred to Trowulan as ' this pride of Java '. Most of the archaeological relics discovered in Trowulan and its vicinity are stored and displayed in

3773-415: The king return to the capital and crush the rebellion. Seven years later, Jayanegara was murdered by the court physician Rakrian Tanca , an aide of Rakrian Kuti. Another version suggests that Jayanegara was assassinated by Gajah Mada in 1328. Jayanegara was overly protective of his two half-sisters, born from Kertarajasa 's youngest queen, Dyah Dewi Gayatri . Complaints by the two young princesses led to

3850-418: The local suggestion that the large pool is the miniature of the sea. Surrounding the water basin is a rectangular wall made of red brick. The brick pool structure was discovered in 1926 by Henri Maclaine Pont ; at that time the pool was covered in dirt and mud. Reconstruction took place some years later and now the Segaran pool functions as a recreational pool and fishing pond. The brick structure originated from

3927-486: The mahapatih honoured the late king tremendously, and possibly the two are related. Some historian suggests that possibly Kertanegara was Gajah Mada's grandfather. In 1357, the only remaining state refusing to acknowledge Majapahit's hegemony was Sunda , in West Java , bordering the Majapahit Empire. King Hayam Wuruk intended to marry Dyah Pitaloka Citraresmi, a princess of Sunda and the daughter of Sunda's king. Gajah Mada

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4004-481: The method they were applying were less destructive since the digging method was used instead of drilling. Since then the construction of Majapahit Park has been halted, postponed for further study of the impact on the archaeological site. Gajah Mada Gajah Mada (c. 1290 – c. 1364), also known as Jirnnodhara , was a powerful military leader and mahapatih of the Javanese empire of Majapahit during

4081-400: The mid-14th century. Much of the modern popular depiction of Gajah Mada derives from the imagination of Mohammad Yamin in his 1945 book Gajah Mada: Pahlawan Persatuan Nusantara . One day in the 1940s, Yamin visited Trowulan , the site of the capital city of the former Majapahit kingdom. He found fragments of terracotta , one of which was a piggy bank in the form of the face of a man with

4158-531: The modern Indonesian archipelago under Majapahit control, which spanned not only the territory of today's Indonesia but also that of Temasek (the historical name for Singapore ), and the states comprising modern-day Malaysia , Brunei , the southern Philippines and East Timor . According to the Gajah Mada inscription , dated 1273 Saka (1351 CE), in the month of Wesakha, Sang Mahamantrimukya Rakryan Mapatih Mpu Mada (Gajah Mada) commanded, created and inaugurated

4235-445: The northeast edge of Kolam Segaran lies the ruin of Menak Jingga Temple. The structure is now ruined and stones scattered around the vicinity with the base still lies buried underground. Excavation still on the progress. The structure is made from carved andesite stone on the outer layer with red brick in the inner layer. The most exciting feature of this structure is the parts contained ornaments (probably roof part) identified as Qilin ,

4312-487: The official name. The meaning of the word Jirnnodhara is "builder of something new" or "restorer of something that has fallen apart". In a literal sense, Gajah Mada is the builder of caitya for Kertanegara, which did not exist before. In a figurative sense, he can be seen as a restorer and successor to Kertanegara's ideas in the Dwipantara Mandala concept. Not much is known about Gajah Mada's early life, but he

4389-531: The original function of this majestic gateway have led to various suggestions, a popular one being that it was the entrance to the residence of Gajah Mada . Brahu Temple in the Bejijong village is the sole surviving structure of what was once a cluster of historic buildings. According to popular folk belief, it was in the vicinity of Brahu Temple that the cremation ceremonies for the first four Majapahit rulers were carried out. This tradition, while difficult to prove,

4466-414: The palace as clean and well-kept. It was said to have been enclosed within a brick wall more than 10 metres high and with a double gate. The houses inside were built on pillars and were 10–13 metres high, with wooden floors covered with fine mats on which people sat. Roofs were made from wooden shingles and the dwellings of the common people were roofed with straw. A book on Majapahit court etiquette defines

4543-445: The recently restored gateway of "Bajang Ratu", an elegant red-brick paduraksa gate dating from the mid-14th century. The form of structure is tall and slender, rising to a height of 16.5 metres and displaying intricate relief decoration, especially on the roof section. The gate is adorned with bas reliefs depicting the story of Sri Tanjung and Ramayana . Bajang Ratu in Javanese means ' dwarf or defect monarch'. Folk tradition links

4620-445: The resignation of queen Tribuwanatunggadewi, her son, Hayam Wuruk (ruled 1350–1389), became king. Gajah Mada retained his position as mahapatih under the new king and continued his military campaign by expanding eastward into Logajah, Gurun, Seram , Hutankadali , Sasak , Buton , Banggai , Kunir, Galiyan , Salayar , Sumba , Muar ( Saparua ), Solor , Bima , Wandan (Banda), Ambon , Timor , and Dompo. He thus effectively brought

4697-443: The root word 'celeng' itself means boar or pig. Coin containers in other shapes have also been found. Significant numbers of Majapahit Terracotta artefacts were commonly discovered in Trowulan. The craft of pottery was an important activity. Most potteries was intended for domestic use in cooking and storage, with decorations limited to stripes of red paint. Lamps for coconut oil are another common find. The finest pottery takes

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4774-519: The shrine mentioned in Nagarakertagama as the dharma place (holy compound) dedicated to King Jayanegara during his death on 1328. Wringin Lawang is located a short distance south of Indonesian National Route 15 at Jatipasar village. The name in Javanese means 'The Banyan Tree Gate'. The grand gate portals are made from red brick, with a base of 13 x 11 metres and a height of 15.5 metres, and date from

4851-504: The site of the eponymous capital city of the Majapahit Empire , which is described by Mpu Prapanca in the 14th-century poem Nagarakretagama and in a 15th-century Chinese source. When it was the capital of the Majapahit Empire, the city was known as Wilwatikta , which is a name also synonymous with the empire's name. It was razed during the invasion of Girindrawardhana to defeat Kertabhumi in 1478. After this event Majapahit's capital

4928-504: The southern part of the site. Some of the bronze was used to cast uang gobog , large coins or amulets , in stone moulds. Other metal objects include ornate bronze lamps, water containers, bells and other items probably used in religious ceremonies, and instruments usually called 'slit drums'. Similar objects made of wood or bamboo are still found in Javanese and Balinese villages. Many iron tools were used, but most were probably imported, as Java has little iron ore. The Nawanatya mentions

5005-457: The stone base remains. In the Troloyo hamlet, numerous Islamic tombstones have been discovered, the majority of which date from between 1350 and 1478. These finds confirm not only that a Muslim community was well established in Java by the mid 14th century, but also that the religion was officially acknowledged and practiced within the royal capital itself. People believe that Troloyo also contains

5082-689: The tomb of Raden Wijaya , and they use to make a pilgrim every Legi Friday. Other important ruins include: Archaeological excavations have revealed brick floors and the walls of some dwellings. In some cases, two or even three layers of such buildings are superimposed. These dwellings were equipped with wells and drains. Traces of a large reservoir and wells lined with brick or clay have also been located. Many pieces of gold jewellery from this period have been discovered in East Java . Although Java lacks significant gold resources, imports from Sumatra , Borneo , and Sulawesi made it possible for many goldsmiths to find work in Java. One hamlet of Trowulan

5159-457: The west of this courtyard, had pavilions on decorated red brick bases, ornately carved wooden pillars, and a roof decorated with clay ornaments. Outside the palace were quarters for Shiva priests, Buddhists, and other members of the nobility. Further away, and separated from the palace by open fields, were more royal compounds, including that of the chief minister Gajah Mada . Here Prapanca's descriptions end. A 15th-century Chinese source describes

5236-431: The word has the same meaning), it means "drunk". When an elephant is drunk, he will walk arbitrarily and violently, overcoming all obstacles. So when it is associated with the figure of Gajah Mada, the name can be interpreted in two ways, namely: In the Gajah Mada inscription , another nickname was used, namely Rakryan Mapatih Jirnnodhara . It is possible the name is just a title for Gajah Mada, but it can also be seen as

5313-650: The world, this sacred ritual was intended to bring peace to Bali. Gajah Mada's legacy is important for Indonesian Nationalism, and invoked by the Indonesian Nationalist movement in the early 20th century. The Nationalists prior to the Japanese invasion, notably Sukarno and Mohammad Yamin , often cited Gajah Mada's oath and Nagarakretagama as the inspiration and a historical proof of Indonesian past greatness — that Indonesians could unite, despite vast territory and various cultures. The Gajah Mada campaign that united

5390-406: Was a courtyard containing religious buildings. On the eastern side of this courtyard were pavilions surrounded by canals where people bathed. At the south end, a gate led to rows of houses set on terraces in which palace servants lived. Another gate led to a third courtyard crowded with houses and a great hall for those waiting to be admitted into the ruler's presence. The king's quarters, which lay to

5467-503: Was armed with a gold-layered spear and a shield full of diamond decoration. According to Munandar, at first Gajah Mada was depicted as a Brajanata character from the Panji tales , and as Bima from the Mahābhārata in later eras. The Panji story was known earlier than the activities of making Bima statues, which apparently began in the mid-15th century, so the former was likely Gajah Mada's original depiction. The glorification of Gajah Mada in

5544-477: Was born into an ordinary family. Early accounts mention his career as a commander of the Bhayangkara , an elite royal guard for the Majapahit king and royal family. When Rakrian Kuti , an official from Majapahit, rebelled against King Jayanegara (r. 1309–1328) in 1321, Gajah Mada and the mahapatih Arya Tadah rescued the king and his family by escaping from the capital city of Trowulan . Later Gajah Mada helped

5621-441: Was depicted as Bima in wayang shadow-puppet shows, with a transverse mustache. In popular depiction, Gajah Mada is mostly shown bare-chested, wearing a sarong , and using a weapon in the form of a kris . While this may have been true on civilian duties, his official outfit might have been different: a Sundanese patih explained in the kidung Sundayana that Gajah Mada wore a gold-embossed karambalangan ( breastplate ) and

5698-505: Was given the task to go to the Bubat square in the northern part of Trowulan to welcome the princess as she arrived with her father and escort to Majapahit palace. Gajah Mada took this opportunity to demand Sunda submission to Majapahit rule. While the Sunda King thought that the royal marriage was a sign of a new alliance between Sunda and Majapahit, Gajah Mada thought otherwise. He stated that

5775-458: Was marked by specialized occupations, wages, and the acquisition of most daily needs by purchase. Important evidence for the 14th-century Javanese perception of money comes in the form of clay piggy banks with slits in their backs large enough to admit a coin. The association of pig figurines and containers for saving money is obvious; in present Javanese and Indonesian , the word 'celengan' means ' piggy bank ', ' money box ', or ' saving ', while

5852-453: Was moved to Daha ( Kediri ). The Trowulan Museum includes a collection of artifacts. The Nagarakretagama contains poetic descriptions of the palace of Majapahit and its surroundings but is limited to the royal and religious sectors. Some of the details are vague, so scholars who have tried to compile a plan of the capital have come to different conclusions. Older research at Trowulan has concentrated on monumental remains: temples, tombs, and

5929-515: Was picked as mahapatih in 1334. It was during Gajah Mada's reign as mahapatih, around the year 1345, that the famous Muslim traveller Ibn Battuta visited Sumatra . It is said that it was during his appointment as mahapatih under queen Tribhuwanatunggadewi that Gajah Mada took his famous oath, the Palapa Oath or Sumpah Palapa . The telling of the oath is described in the Pararaton (Book of Kings), an account of Javanese history that dates from

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