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47-510: Gajah Mada (c. 1290 – c. 1364), also known as Jirnnodhara , was a powerful military leader and mahapatih of the Javanese empire of Majapahit during the 14th century. He is credited in Old Javanese manuscripts, poems, and inscriptions with bringing the empire to its peak of glory. He delivered an oath called Sumpah Palapa , in which he vowed not to rest until he had conquered all of

94-416: A gadha (a kind of mace ); his phallus is depicted as protruding with a shawl hanging between his legs; he is wearing a serpent upavita , a crown of supit urang , a grim face, and a thick transverse mustache; and the hair above the forehead is described as curly, forming a jamang (forehead decoration). The similarity between the statue of Brajanata as the embodiment of Gajah Mada and the statue of Bima

141-579: A stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Gada (mace) The gada is the main weapon of the Hindu God Hanuman . Known for his strength, Hanuman is traditionally worshipped by wrestlers in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia. Vishnu also carries a gada named Kaumodaki in one of his four hands. In the epic Mahabharata , the fighters Balarama , Duryodhana , Bhima , Karna , Shalya , Jarasandha and others were said to be masters of

188-506: A Sundanese patih explained in the kidung Sundayana that Gajah Mada wore a gold-embossed karambalangan ( breastplate ) and was armed with a gold-layered spear and a shield full of diamond decoration. According to Munandar, at first Gajah Mada was depicted as a Brajanata character from the Panji tales , and as Bima from the Mahābhārata in later eras. The Panji story was known earlier than

235-492: A conflict between Gajah Mada's and Ra Kembar's forces which was only resolved when Tribhuwana herself led the battles against both rebelling regions. After Arya Tadah's retirement, Gajah Mada was picked as mahapatih in 1334. It was during Gajah Mada's reign as mahapatih, around the year 1345, that the famous Muslim traveller Ibn Battuta visited Sumatra . It is said that it was during his appointment as mahapatih under queen Tribhuwanatunggadewi that Gajah Mada took his famous oath,

282-641: A figurative sense, he can be seen as a restorer and successor to Kertanegara's ideas in the Dwipantara Mandala concept. Not much is known about Gajah Mada's early life, but he was born into an ordinary family. Early accounts mention his career as a commander of the Bhayangkara , an elite royal guard for the Majapahit king and royal family. When Rakrian Kuti , an official from Majapahit, rebelled against King Jayanegara (r. 1309–1328) in 1321, Gajah Mada and

329-400: A human body, the son of Shiva and Parvati . As for the word "Mada", in the ancient Javanese language (possibly derived from Sanskrit , where the word has the same meaning), it means "drunk". When an elephant is drunk, he will walk arbitrarily and violently, overcoming all obstacles. So when it is associated with the figure of Gajah Mada, the name can be interpreted in two ways, namely: In

376-602: A realm, the Patih was the right hand and representative of the ruler. The commands of the ruler were transferred to the regional or local chiefs via the Patih. In the Javanese kingdoms the Patih had his own palace, the Pepatihan, and carried a particular name; in Yogyakarta his name as regent was Danurejo, in Surakarta (Solo) it was Joyonegoro. This Indonesia -related article is

423-594: A sacred building of Caitya , dedicated for the late Paduka Bhatara Sang Lumah ri Siwa Buddha ( King Kertanegara ) who had died in 1214 Saka (1292 CE) in the month of Jyesta. The inscription was discovered in Singosari subdistrict, Malang, East Java, and was written in Old Javanese script and language. The caitya or temple mentioned in this inscription is possibly Singhasari temple . The special reverence to King Kertanegara of Singhasari demonstrated by Gajah Mada suggests that

470-640: Is a regent title equivalent to vicegerent which was traditionally used among Austronesian polities of insular Southeast Asia , in particular those of Java and the Malay world. In the first place it denoted the chief minister of a kingdom or (in the case of Java) a traditional regency . Lesser ministers could also be known by the title. In some cases the headmen of local communities could be termed Patih, for example on 16th-century Java and in Banjarmasin in southeastern Kalimantan . In his capacity of chief minister in

517-519: Is granted the personal title of archbishop and serves as the chief assistant to the Cardinal Vicar of Rome . Early in 1535, closely following the passing of Parliament's Act of Supremacy formally creating the Church of England , King Henry VIII appointed his chief minister Thomas Cromwell "Vice-Gerent in spirituals", effectively acting as the king's deputy in church matters and taking precedence over

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564-449: Is impossible for the face of a figure as big as Gajah Mada to be displayed in a piggy bank. Such a portrayal is considered an insult because usually the state leaders during the Hindu - Buddhist era, including Majapahit, were made in effigy as statues. Some even believe that the face was none other than Yamin's own face. Another illustration of the historical Gajah Mada, different from Yamin's,

611-420: Is not a coincidence, but there is an underlying conception that is developed along with the distance between historical events and their worshippers at a later time. The word "Gajah" (elephant) refers to a large animal that is respected by other animals. In Hindu mythology it is believed to be a vahana (animal mount) of the god Indra . Elephants are also associated with Ganesha , the elephant-headed god with

658-556: Is sometimes used in English-language historiography for an administrative division in the Russian Empire in the late 18th century. The administrators were called vicegerents, the equivalent of a governor-general . The following such divisions were established on the territory of modern Ukraine between 1780 and 1797: In 1797, the vicegerencies were abolished and replaced by guberniyas , or governorates . Patih or Pepatih

705-622: Is the official administrative deputy of a ruler or head of state : vice ( Latin for "in place of") and gerere (Latin for "to carry on, conduct"). In Oxford colleges , a vicegerent is often someone appointed by the Master of a college to assume their powers and responsibilities during a period of absence. In the Catholic Church, the Vicegerent is an auxiliary bishop of the Diocese of Rome , who

752-486: Is the result of research at the University of Indonesia by archaeologist Agus Aris Munandar. He interpreted that Gajah Mada was depicted as Bima in wayang shadow-puppet shows, with a transverse mustache. In popular depiction, Gajah Mada is mostly shown bare-chested, wearing a sarong , and using a weapon in the form of a kris . While this may have been true on civilian duties, his official outfit might have been different:

799-401: Is used by practitioners of silat martial arts in the Malay world . In Indonesia the meaning of "gada" has been expanded to refer to other impact weapons including the mace , the morning star , and the flail . However, several ethnic groups of Indonesia have their own version of gada. Traditional Indonesian gada generally shaped more like Persian meel club than Indian gada. This is because

846-523: Is used in the Indian martial art Kalaripayattu . The gada is one of the traditional pieces of training equipment in Hindu physical culture, and is common in the akhara of north India. Maces of various weights and heights are used depending on the strength and skill level of the practitioner. It is believed that Lord Hanuman's gada was the largest amongst all the gadas in the world. For training purposes, one or two wooden gada ( mudgar ) are swung behind

893-613: The Nusantara Archipelago, [then] I will amukti palapa . If [I have] conquered Gurun , Seram , Tanjungpura , Haru , Pahang , Dompo , Bali , Sunda , Palembang , Tumasik (Singapore), then I will amukti palapa ." Petrus Josephus Zoetmulder defines amukti palapa as "enjoying a state where everything can be taken", or simply "enjoying pleasure"; while according to Slamet Muljana it means "enjoying rest". Even his closest friends were at first doubtful of his oath, but Gajah Mada kept pursuing his dream to unify Nusantara under

940-577: The Pararaton ("The Book of Kings"), the Nagarakretagama (a Javanese-language eulogy), and an inscription dating from the mid-14th century. Much of the modern popular depiction of Gajah Mada derives from the imagination of Mohammad Yamin in his 1945 book Gajah Mada: Pahlawan Persatuan Nusantara . One day in the 1940s, Yamin visited Trowulan , the site of the capital city of the former Majapahit kingdom. He found fragments of terracotta , one of which

987-472: The Gajah Mada inscription , another nickname was used, namely Rakryan Mapatih Jirnnodhara . It is possible the name is just a title for Gajah Mada, but it can also be seen as the official name. The meaning of the word Jirnnodhara is "builder of something new" or "restorer of something that has fallen apart". In a literal sense, Gajah Mada is the builder of caitya for Kertanegara, which did not exist before. In

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1034-474: The National Museum of Indonesia (No. 5136/310d), the statue is depicted with a sturdy body, transverse mustache, and wavy curls, at the top of the head there is a hair tie with a ribbon forming like a tekes hat. He wears clothes and jewelry, bracelets, and an upper armband in the form of a snake-like Bima's. The traditional Bima statue depiction associated with Gajah Mada was made at the end of Majapahit in

1081-658: The Palapa Oath or Sumpah Palapa . The telling of the oath is described in the Pararaton (Book of Kings), an account of Javanese history that dates from the 15th or 16th century: Sira Gajah Madapatih amangkubhumi tan ayun amuktia palapa, sira Gajah Mada: "Lamun huwus kalah nusantara isun amukti palapa, lamun kalah ring Gurun, ring Seran, Tañjungpura, ring Haru, ring Pahang, Dompo, ring Bali, Sunda, Palembang, Tumasik, samana isun amukti palapa". Translation: [Eventually] Gajah Mada became patih mangkubumi, [but] did not want to amukti palapa . Gajah Mada [swore], "If I have conquered

1128-665: The Southeast Asian archipelago of Nusantara for Majapahit. During his reign, the Hindu epics , including the Rāmāyana and the Mahābhārata , became ingrained in the Javanese culture and worldview through the performing arts of wayang kulit (“leather puppets”). He is considered an important national hero in modern Indonesia , as well as a symbol of patriotism and national unity. Historical accounts of his life, political career, and administration are taken from several sources, mainly

1175-482: The Dutch apathy and established the first state university, which freely admitted native pribumi Indonesians. Universitas Gadjah Mada , in Yogyakarta is named in honour of Gajah Mada and was completed in 1945, and had the honour of being the first Medicine Faculty freely open to natives. Launched on 9 July 1976, Indonesia's first telecommunication satellite was called Satelit Palapa signifying its role in uniting

1222-473: The Princess of Sunda was not to be hailed as the new queen consort of Majapahit, but merely as a concubine, as a sign of submission of Sunda to Majapahit. This misunderstanding led to embarrassment and hostility, which quickly rose into a skirmish and then the full-scale Battle of Bubat . The Sunda King with all of his guards as well as the royal party were overwhelmed by Majapahit troops and subsequently killed in

1269-411: The activities of making Bima statues, which apparently began in the mid-15th century, so the former was likely Gajah Mada's original depiction. The glorification of Gajah Mada in the first stage is profane—in the form of its depiction as Brajanata, but then the glorification of Gajah Mada occurs in the second stage which is more sacred, which is equated with Bima as an aspect of Siva. In the statue found at

1316-409: The age of 74. King Hayam Wuruk considered the power Gajah Mada had accumulated during his time as mahapatih too much to handle for a single person. Therefore, the king split the responsibilities that had been Gajah Mada's, between four separate new mahamantri (equal to ministries), thereby probably increasing his own power. King Hayam Wuruk, who is said to have been a wise leader, was able to maintain

1363-401: The back in several different ways and is particularly useful for building grip strength and shoulder endurance. The Great Gama was known for extensive use of gada. Winners in a kushti contest are often awarded with a gada. Chi'ishi , a karate conditioning equipment and its exercise pattern was inspired by the gada and mudgar . The war mallets were also inspired by gada. Gada

1410-551: The far flung islands within the Indonesian archipelago under Majapahit suzerainty, was used by Indonesian nationalists to argue that an ancient form of unity had existed prior to Dutch colonialism . Thus, Gajah Mada was a great inspiration during the Indonesian National Revolution for independence from Dutch colonization. In 1942, only 230 Indonesian natives held a tertiary education. The Republicans sought to mend

1457-598: The field of Bubat. Tradition holds that the heartbroken princess, Dyah Pitaloka Citraresmi , committed suicide. Hayam Wuruk was deeply shocked by the tragedy. Majapahit courtiers, ministers and nobles blamed Gajah Mada for his recklessness, and the brutal consequences were not to the taste of the Majapahit royal family. Gajah Mada was promptly demoted and spent the rest of his days at the estate of Madakaripura in Probolinggo in East Java . Gajah Mada died in obscurity in 1364, at

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1504-635: The gada. The martial art of wielding the gada is known as gada-yuddha . It can either be wielded singly or in pairs, and can be handled in twenty different ways. Various gada-yuddha techniques are mentioned in the Agni Purana and Mahabharata such as aahat (आहत), prabrita (प्रभृत), kamalasan (कमलासन), oordhvargatra (ऊर्ध्वगत्र), namita (नमित), vaamadakshina (वामदक्षिण), aavritta (आवृत्त), paraavritta (परावृत्त), padoddhrita (पदोद्धृत), avaplata (अवप्लत), hansmaarga (हंसमार्ग) and vibhaag (विभाग). The gada

1551-854: The glory of Majapahit. Soon he conquered the surrounding territory of Bedahulu ( Bali ) and Lombok (1343). He then sent the navy westward to attack the remnants of the thalassocratic kingdom of Sriwijaya in Palembang . There he installed Adityawarman , a Majapahit prince, as vassal ruler of the Minangkabau in West Sumatra . He then conquered the first Islamic sultanate in Southeast Asia , Samudra Pasai , and another state in Svarnadvipa ( Sumatra ). Gajah Mada also conquered Bintan , Tumasik ( Singapore ), Melayu (now known as Jambi), and Kalimantan . At

1598-565: The hegemony of Majapahit in the region that was gained during Gajah Mada's service. However, Majapahit slowly fell into decline after the death of Hayam Wuruk. His reign helped further Indianisation of Javanese culture through the spread of Hinduism and sanskritization . The Blahbatuh royal house in Gianyar, Bali, has been performing Gajah Mada's mask dance drama ritually for the past 600 years. The mask of Gajah Mada has been protected and brought to life every couple of years to unite and harmonize

1645-515: The mahapatih Arya Tadah rescued the king and his family by escaping from the capital city of Trowulan . Later Gajah Mada helped the king return to the capital and crush the rebellion. Seven years later, Jayanegara was murdered by the court physician Rakrian Tanca , an aide of Rakrian Kuti. Another version suggests that Jayanegara was assassinated by Gajah Mada in 1328. Jayanegara was overly protective of his two half-sisters, born from Kertarajasa 's youngest queen, Dyah Dewi Gayatri . Complaints by

1692-544: The mahapatih honoured the late king tremendously, and possibly the two are related. Some historian suggests that possibly Kertanegara was Gajah Mada's grandfather. In 1357, the only remaining state refusing to acknowledge Majapahit's hegemony was Sunda , in West Java , bordering the Majapahit Empire. King Hayam Wuruk intended to marry Dyah Pitaloka Citraresmi, a princess of Sunda and the daughter of Sunda's king. Gajah Mada

1739-556: The mid-15th century. The characteristics are: a) wearing a supit urang crown (his hair is shaped in two arches at the top of the head like a shrimp tongs), b) a transverse mustache, c) strong body, d) wearing poleng (black and white) cloth, and e) the phallus is always depicted standing out. In the Bima statue stored in the National Museum (No. 2776/286b), he is depicted standing upright with both hands beside his body, his right hand holding

1786-479: The modern Indonesian archipelago under Majapahit control, which spanned not only the territory of today's Indonesia but also that of Temasek (the historical name for Singapore ), and the states comprising modern-day Malaysia , Brunei , the southern Philippines and East Timor . According to the Gajah Mada inscription , dated 1273 Saka (1351 CE), in the month of Wesakha, Sang Mahamantrimukya Rakryan Mapatih Mpu Mada (Gajah Mada) commanded, created and inaugurated

1833-445: The resignation of queen Tribuwanatunggadewi, her son, Hayam Wuruk (ruled 1350–1389), became king. Gajah Mada retained his position as mahapatih under the new king and continued his military campaign by expanding eastward into Logajah, Gurun, Seram , Hutankadali , Sasak , Buton , Banggai , Kunir, Galiyan , Salayar , Sumba , Muar ( Saparua ), Solor , Bima , Wandan (Banda), Ambon , Timor , and Dompo. He thus effectively brought

1880-579: The two archbishops; this was a necessary step as Cromwell, as an unordained layman, otherwise had no jurisdiction within the Church. The office was not continued after Cromwell's execution in 1540. Cromwell's earlier appointment, that of Vicar General , had different responsibilities: under this title he directed the royal commissions into monastic affairs. The term "vicegerency" ( Ukrainian : намісництво , romanized :  namisnytstvo ; Russian : намесничество , romanized :  namestnichestvo )

1927-456: The two young princesses led to the intervention of Gajah Mada. His solution was to arrange for a surgeon to murder the king while pretending to perform surgery. Jayanegara was immediately succeeded by his half-sister Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi (r. 1328–1350). However, when she took the throne, the Sadeng and Keta region did not send their delegations, which was interpreted as a rebellion. This

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1974-574: The vast archipelagic nation. The Army Military Police Corps of the Indonesian Army has honored Gajah Mada as their unit symbol. The symbol of the Army MP corps also has the picture of Gajah Mada. Many cities in Indonesia have streets named after Gajah Mada, such as Jalan Gajah Mada and Jalan Hayam Wuruk . There is a brand of badminton shuttlecock named after him as well. Patih Vicegerent

2021-649: The world, this sacred ritual was intended to bring peace to Bali. Gajah Mada's legacy is important for Indonesian Nationalism, and invoked by the Indonesian Nationalist movement in the early 20th century. The Nationalists prior to the Japanese invasion, notably Sukarno and Mohammad Yamin , often cited Gajah Mada's oath and Nagarakretagama as the inspiration and a historical proof of Indonesian past greatness — that Indonesians could unite, despite vast territory and various cultures. The Gajah Mada campaign that united

2068-419: Was a piggy bank in the form of the face of a man with a stocky face and curly hair. Based on the look on the piggy bank's face, Yamin interpreted this as the face of Gajah Mada, the unifier of the archipelago. Yamin then asked the artist Henk Ngantung to make a painting based on the terracotta fragment. The painting was displayed as the cover of Yamin's book. Many people disagree with Yamin's opinion because it

2115-505: Was given the task to go to the Bubat square in the northern part of Trowulan to welcome the princess as she arrived with her father and escort to Majapahit palace. Gajah Mada took this opportunity to demand Sunda submission to Majapahit rule. While the Sunda King thought that the royal marriage was a sign of a new alliance between Sunda and Majapahit, Gajah Mada thought otherwise. He stated that

2162-421: Was later confirmed when Tribhuwana's spies discovered that both regions were preparing for rebellions. Sadeng and Keta were coastal regions who were formerly conquered by Majapahit. However, the death of Nambi in 1316 (a local patih who was deemed instrumental in raising both regions) also contributed to the rebellion. At this time Sadeng was also led by a famed Majapahit general, Wirota Wiraganti. While Gajah Mada

2209-400: Was still currently a patih, he was sent by Tribhuwana with the advice of the sickly mahapatih Arya Tadah, to negotiate with rebel leaders in 1331. However, the Majapahit general Ra Kembar, a rival of Gajah Mada, preceded his arrival with his army to crush both rebellions. His men Jabung Tarewes, Lembu Peteng, dan Ikal-Ikalan Bang were also the ones implicated in the murder of Nambi. This led to

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