137-695: Banjarmasin is the largest city in South Kalimantan , Indonesia . It was the capital of the province until 15 February 2022. The city is located on a delta island near the junction of the Barito and Martapura rivers. Historically the centre of the Banjarese culture , and the capital of the Sultanate of Banjar , it is the biggest city in South Kalimantan and one of the main cities of Kalimantan . The city covers an area of 98.46 km (38.02 sq mi) and had
274-539: A thalassocracy , which dominated a confederation of semi autonomous harbour cities in Maritime Southeast Asia. Little physical evidence of Srivijaya remains. There had been no continuous knowledge of the history of Srivijaya even in Indonesia and Maritime Southeast Asia ; its forgotten past has been resurrected by foreign scholars. Contemporary Indonesians, even those from the area of Palembang (around where
411-673: A Srivijayan envoy was sent to the Chinese court in Guangzhou . After sojourning for about two years in China , the envoy learned that his country had been attacked by Java which made him unable to return home. In 992 an envoy from Java arrived in the Chinese court and explained that their country was involved in continuous war with Srivijaya. In 999 the Srivijayan envoy sailed from China to Champa in an attempt to return home, however, he received no news about
548-635: A big navigable river, speed boats on the river are also an important means of transportation within the city. Ride-hailing services such as Gojek and Grab are widespread. The city has three urban bus services, BRT Banjarbakula which connects it to the Greater Banjarmasin area and Trans Banjarmasin , which only serves the city proper. As with other Indonesian cities, the city has angkots (shared taxis), which have been declining rapidly because of competition from online ride-hailing services, online taxis, and new public transportation services created by
685-417: A complex urban centre under the lens of a sinocentric model, leading to parameters of a new proposed model. Parameters for such a model of a city-like settlement included isolation in relevance to its hinterland. No hinterland makes low archaeological visibility. The settlement must also have access to both easy transportation and major interregional trade routes, crucial in a region with few resources. Access to
822-717: A dense urban population, while a regency comprises predominantly rural areas and is larger in area than a city. However, Indonesia historically had several classifications of cities. According to Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia , the official dictionary of the Indonesian language , a city ( kota ) is "a densely populated area with high density and modern facilities and most of the population works outside of agriculture." Cities are divided into districts ( Kecamatan , Distrik in Papua region , or Kemantren in Yogyakarta ). During
959-587: A healthcare or maternity facility, while 99.98% of births are assisted by healthcare workers. The city's dominant culture is that of the Banjar people , which have characteristics described as those of a "river culture" and are influenced by other ethnicities such as Dayak, Javanese, Malay, Arab, and even Persian. Despite being a Muslim majority, the Banjar people still hold on to the importance of cultural parts that have been influenced by their Hindu-Buddhist past. This includes
1096-510: A king named Sanjaya that—after he secured his rule in Java —was involved in battle with the Malayu and Keling against their king Sang Sri Wijaya. Subsequently, after studying local stone inscriptions, manuscripts and Chinese historical accounts, historians concluded that the term "Srivijaya" was in reference to a polity or kingdom . The main concern is to define Srivijaya's amorphous statehood as
1233-575: A landlord in Central Java . The political move that seemed to be an effort to secure peace and Sailendran rule on Java by reconciling the Mahayana Buddhist with Shivaist Hindus . Prince Balaputra , however, opposed the rule of Pikatan and Pramodhawardhani in Central Java . The relations between Balaputra and Pramodhawardhani are interpreted differently by some historians. An older theory according to Bosch and De Casparis holds that Balaputra
1370-476: A maritime power; fleets were available but acted as logistical support to facilitate the projection of land power. In response to the change in the maritime Asian economy, and threatened by the loss of its dependencies, the kingdoms around the Strait of Malacca developed a naval strategy to delay their decline. The naval strategy was mainly punitive; this was done to coerce trading ships to be called to their port. Later,
1507-645: A network of alliances with the Srivijaya maharaja or king. Force was the dominant element in the empire's relations with rival river systems such as the Batang Hari River , centred in Jambi . The Telaga Batu inscription , discovered in Sabokingking, eastern Palembang , is also a siddhayatra inscription, from the 7th century. This inscription was very likely used in a ceremonial sumpah (allegiance ritual). The top of
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#17328515641561644-658: A population of 625,481 as of the 2010 Census and 657,663 as of the 2020 Census; the official estimate as of mid 2023 was 675,915 (comprising 337,819 males and 338,096 females). It is the third most populous city on the island of Borneo . Greater Banjarmasin, also known as Banjarbakula (an acronym for Banjar masin- Ba rito Ku ala-Tanah La ut) or Banjar Raya, is an urban agglomeration of over two million people covering an area of 6,945.67 km (2,681.74 sq mi), which includes Banjarbaru city and parts of Banjar Regency (including Martapura town), Barito Kuala Regency , and Tanah Laut Regency , and accounts for almost half of
1781-529: A public university, is the Lambung Mangkurat University . The university has more than 2,000 graduates every year—most of them majoring in teaching and science education, followed by economics and business, engineering, agricultural science, and medical subjects. In 2020, there were 700 postgraduate students. A developed education system and the existence of educational institutions attract students from neighbouring regions to pursue their education in
1918-516: A stealth attack and raided Srivijaya's 14 ports. The strike took Srivijaya by surprise and unprepared; they first ransacked the capital city of Palembang and then swiftly moved on to other ports including Kadaram (modern Kedah). The Cholas are known to have benefitted from both piracy and foreign trade. At times, the Chola's seafaring led to outright plunder and conquest as far as Southeast Asia. An inscription of King Rajendra states that he had captured
2055-653: A target of looting and destruction during the Banjarmasin riot of May 1997 . It was renovated after the riot. Other than modern shopping malls, according to Statistics Indonesia, as of 2019, there are 60 traditional markets registered in the city. The city has 790.13 km (490.96 mi) of road, most of which have been paved with asphalt. It is connected to the Trans-Kalimantan Highway Southern Route , which connects it to other big cities such as Palangka Raya and Samarinda . Kilometer 6 Bus Terminal
2192-522: A total of 45 parliamentary representatives. The last election was in 2019 and the next one is scheduled for 2024. The Banjarmasin metropolitan area comprises two complete cities (Banjarmasin and Banjarbaru), together with large parts of three regencies as follows: Notes: (a) 14 out of 20 districts. (b) 12 out of 17 districts. (c) all except Kintap District. The city's economy is dominated by manufacturing, which accounts for 17.19% of its gross regional product (GRP) as of 2020. The second largest sector
2329-426: Is South Banjarmasin with density of 4,281 per square kilometre. As of 2020, South, North, and East Banjarmasin district experienced population growth—South and North both by 1.10% and East by 0.58%; Central and West Banjarmasin both experienced declines of 0.46%. Their areas and populations at the 2010 Census and 2020 Census, together with the official estimates as at mid 2023, are tabulated below. The table also includes
2466-409: Is a slight variation of seasonal temperatures because of monsoons . Precipitation can reach between 2,400 mm (94 in) and 3,500 mm (140 in) yearly, with an average level of 1,600 mm (63 in). The hottest months are between March and September when the temperature can reach an average as high as 36 °C (97 °F). The average amount of sunshine is 2.8 hours per day during
2603-405: Is also an Arabic population that date back to Sultanate and colonial era. The literacy rate in 2020 was 98.94%. There are 311 kindergartens, 208 elementary schools, 35 junior high schools, and 29 senior high schools as of 2020. There are also 22 vocational high schools in the city. The city is home to more than 25 higher education institutions and universities. One of the most notable, which is also
2740-399: Is also surrounded by several other buildings housing stores, forming a complex with a total area of 80,000 m (860,000 sq ft). Other entertainment centers in the city include Trans Studio Mini Banjarmasin, an indoor theme park which is owned by Trans Corp and malls such as Mitra Plaza, Lotte Mart, and Giant. Mitra Plaza is one of the city's oldest modern shopping centers, and was
2877-495: Is an equivalent of a province, kotamadya is an equivalent of a regency, while kotapraja is an equivalent of kecamatan (districts). Jakarta was the only city granted the kotaraya status, due to its function as the capital of Indonesia . The terms kotaraya and kotapraja had been abolished since 1974, and kotamadya was used for most of urban areas in Indonesia up to 1999. Jakarta continued to become
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#17328515641563014-510: Is an urban bus stop used by both Trans Banjarmasin & BRT Banjarbakula bus companies. In addition, the park includes one of the city's landmarks, a 6.5 m (21 ft) statue of a bekantan (Proboscis monkey) which is a native primate in the region. The park is also a center for street foods in the city during dusk. Other city parks include Kamboja Park, Bungas Banjarmasin Park, and Banua Anyar Public Space. Located 2 km (1.2 mi) from
3151-685: Is based on two main sources: the Chinese historical accounts and the Southeast Asian stone inscriptions that have been discovered and deciphered in the region. The Buddhist monk Yijing 's account is especially important in describing Srivijaya, when he visited the kingdom in 671 for six months. The 7th-century siddhayatra inscriptions discovered in Palembang and Bangka Island are also vital primary historical sources. Also, regional accounts that some might be preserved and retold as tales and legends, such as
3288-530: Is center of mass media in the province of South Kalimantan. Known established media groups such as Banjarmasin Post, Kalimantan Post, and Radar Banjarmasin existed since early New Order period , while numerous smaller independent media were founded mostly after Reformasi . Other example of news media are Barito Post, Mata Banua , Metro Banjar, and Kanal Kalimantan . In total, there were 47 registered news media including printed and online, 36 tabloids, and 4 magazines in
3425-482: Is headed by a mayor ( walikota ), who is directly elected via elections to serve for a five-year term, which can be renewed for one further five-year term. Each kota is divided further into districts , more commonly known as kecamatan . Jakarta , then known as Batavia , was the first city in the archipelago to be developed by the Dutch Empire . On the 4 March 1621, the first city government ( stad )
3562-765: Is now Palembang , South Sumatra , Indonesia). Palembang is called in Chinese : 巨港 ; pinyin : Jù gǎng ; lit. 'Giant Harbour', this is probably a testament of its history as a once a great port. In 2021 numbers of treasures were surfaced from shallows and riverbed of the Musi River by local fishermen that turns to be treasure divers. The troves includes coins of certain periods, gold jewelries, Buddhist statues, gems, colourful beads, and Chinese ceramic fragments. However, these troves were immediately lost as local treasure hunters immediately has sold them to international antiquities dealers before archaeologists could properly study them. These discoveries led to
3699-465: Is referred to as the time when Srivijaya ruled over present-day southern Thailand. In the region of Chaiya, there is clear evidence of Srivijayan influence seen in artwork inspired by Mahayana Buddhism . Because of the large amount of remains, such as the Ligor stele, found in this region, some scholars have attempted to prove that Chaiya was the capital. This period was also a time for art. The Buddhist art of
3836-542: Is still widely referred to as a city. The United Nations (UN) classifies Jakarta as a 'city' on its statistical database . The Special Region of Jakarta consists of five 'administrative cities' and one 'administrative regency' . Unlike other actual cities in Indonesia, administrative cities in Jakarta are not self-governing , and were only created for bureaucracy purposes. The administrative cities do not have city councils , and their mayors were exclusively selected by
3973-490: Is the main bus terminal for the city and the province, where buses for long inter-province routes gather. Being old and overcrowded, the government relocated the main terminal to the newly built Kilometer 17 Bus Terminal in Gambut District, Banjar Regency. However, the new terminal is rarely used and many bus operators resisted the relocation because of the remoteness of the new terminal from the city center. Being divided by
4110-504: Is thought to be a corrupted version of "Bandar Masih" (Port Masih), which was named for Patih Masih, who ruled the port and the surrounding villages. Patih Masih's name may have been a nickname. Masih originates from the Ngaju language . Oloh Masi refers to the coastal-dwelling Malay population in the language of the Dayaks , who lived in the interior and visited the port regularly to trade. Some of
4247-541: Is trade, which accounts for 12.57% of the city's GRP, followed by the finance sector at 12.29%. The agriculture sector is small, contributing only 2.43% of city's GRP. Mining is nonexistent within the city, in stark contrast to neighbouring regions. In 2019, economic growth was 6.38%. However, in 2020 there was an economic downturn caused by the COVID-19 pandemic , resulting in a decrease of 1.91%. The city imports 1,900,000 long tons (1,900,000 t) of goods through its main port,
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4384-590: The Barito Kuala Regency in the north and west and the Banjar Regency in the east and south. Banjarmasin has a tropical savanna climate (Aw) with heavy rainfall from November to June and moderate rainfall from July to October. The monthly temperature is within range between 26 °C (79 °F) to 38 °C (100 °F) with an average maximum temperature of 33 °C (91 °F) and average minimum temperature of 22 °C (72 °F). However, there
4521-615: The Borobudur project. It was in these years, at the beginning of the 9th century, that the Khmer prince Jayavarman II was appointed governor of Indrapura in the Mekong Delta under Sailendran rule. This decision was later proven to be a mistake, as Jayavarman II revolted, moved his capital further inland north from Tonle Sap to Mahendraparvata , severing the link to Srivijaya and proclaimed Khmer independent from Java in 802. Samaragrawira
4658-465: The Dutch East Indies period, a city was governed as gemeente , or municipality , since the decentralisation law in 1903. The gemeente was a third-level subdivision, below residentie ( residency ) and gouvernement ( governorate ) or provincie ( province ). The terms kota besar (big city), and kota kecil (small city or town ), were used since the implementation of
4795-447: The Dutch East Indies . Srivijaya, and by extension Sumatra, had been known by different names to different peoples. The Chinese called it Sanfotsi , Sanfoqi or Che-li-fo-che ( Shilifoshi ), and there was an even older kingdom of Kantoli , which could be considered the predecessor of Srivijaya. The Arabs called it Zabag or Sribuza and the Khmer called it Melayu . While
4932-548: The Dutch recognition of Indonesia in 1949. The city was briefly assigned as the capital of Great Dayak federal state before being absorbed into a single Kalimantan province. It later became the capital city of the newly formed South Kalimantan province. Frequent flooding led to a plan to relocate the provincial capital city to Banjarbaru . The process continued until 2011, and the provincial parliament remains in Banjarmasin. Banjarmasin
5069-481: The Governor of Jakarta without any public election . Ryas Rasyid, an Indonesian regional government expert, stated that Jakarta is a "province with a city management". Anies Baswedan , the 17th Governor of Jakarta, asserted that "Jakarta has only an area of 600 square kilometres. It is a city with the province status." Unlike other 37 Indonesian provinces whose governors work in a 'governor office' ( Kantor Gubernur ),
5206-769: The Javanese Mataram kingdom became more intense and hostile. The animosity was probably caused by Srivijaya's effort to reclaim the Sailendra lands in Java or by Mataram's aspiration to challenge Srivijaya domination in the region. In East Java , the Anjukladang inscription dated 937 mentions an infiltration attack from Malayu — which refers to a Srivijayan attack upon the Mataram Kingdom of East Java . The villagers of Anjuk Ladang were awarded for their service and merit in assisting
5343-506: The Javanese called them Suvarnabhumi , Suvarnadvipa , Melayu , or Malayu . This is another reason why the discovery of Srivijaya was so difficult. While some of these names are strongly reminiscent of the name of Java , there is a distinct possibility that they may have been referring to Sumatra instead. According to the Kedukan Bukit inscription , dated 605 Saka (683), Srivijaya
5480-476: The Javanese invasion, he secured Chinese political support by appeasing the Chinese Emperor. In 1003, a Song historical record reported that the envoy of San-fo-qi was dispatched by the king Shi-li-zhu-luo-wu-ni-fo-ma-tiao-hua (Sri Cudamani Warmadewa). The Srivijayan envoy told the Chinese court that in their country a Buddhist temple had been erected to pray for the long life of Chinese Emperor, and asked
5617-399: The Kedukan Bukit , Talang Tuwo , Telaga Batu and Kota Kapur inscriptions. Srivijaya became a symbol of early Sumatran importance as a great empire to balance Java's Majapahit in the east. In the 20th century, both empires were referred to by nationalistic intellectuals to argue for an Indonesian identity within a united Indonesian state that had existed prior to the colonial state of
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5754-645: The Kra Isthmus . The Ligor inscription in Vat Sema Muang says that Maharaja Dharmasetu of Srivijaya ordered the construction of three sanctuaries dedicated to the Bodhisattvas Padmapani , Vajrapani , and Buddha in the northern Malay Peninsula . The Sailendras of Java established a relationship with the Sumatran Srivijayan lineage, and then further established their rule and authority in
5891-696: The Legend of the Maharaja of Zabaj and the Khmer King also provide a glimpse of the kingdom. Some Indian and Arabic accounts also vaguely describe the riches of the king of Zabag . It's likely that the Zabag-Khmer story was based on Javanese overlordship over Cambodia. The historical records of Srivijaya were reconstructed from a number of stone inscriptions, most of them written in Old Malay using Pallava script , such as
6028-564: The Malanuh ceremony, which is an offering to supernatural beings. One annual event that is celebrated widely by the people of the city is Haul Guru Sekumpul , an event commemorating the death of a charismatic ulema from the region, Zaini Abdul Ghani . Another famous cultural sight in the city is a floating market located on the Kuin River and Lok Baintan. People meet on the river after Fajr prayer until around 07:00 pm and transactions with
6165-624: The Mataram Kingdom of Central Java . It is unknown what the exact nature of their relationship was, with Arab sources mentioning that Zabag (Java) ruled over Sribuza (Srivijaya), Kalah (a place in the Malay peninsula, probably Kedah), and Ramni (a place in Sumatra, probably Lambri ). In Java , Dharanindra 's successor was Samaragrawira (r. 800–819), mentioned in the Nalanda inscription (dated 860) as
6302-672: The Muaro Jambi Temple Compounds , suggesting that the initial centre of Srivijaya was located in the Muaro Jambi Regency , Jambi on the Batang Hari River , rather than on the originally-proposed Musi River. The archaeological site includes eight excavated temple sanctuaries and covers about 12 square kilometers, and stretches 7.5 kilometers along the Batang Hari River, while 80 mounds ( menapos ) of temple ruins, are not yet restored. The Muaro Jambi archaeological site
6439-505: The Muslim writer Ibn Rustah was so impressed with the wealth of the Srivijayan ruler that he declared that one would not hear of a king who was richer, stronger or had more revenue. The main urban centres of Srivijaya were then at Palembang (especially the Karanganyar site near Seguntang Hill area), Muara Jambi and Kedah . In the 10th century, the rivalry between Sumatran Srivijaya and
6576-479: The Nalanda inscription dated 860. After a trade disruption at Canton between 820 and 850, the ruler of Jambi (Melayu Kingdom) was able to assert enough independence to send missions to China in 853 and 871. The Melayu Kingdom 's independence coincided with the troubled times when the Sailendran Balaputradewa was expelled from Java and later seized the throne of Srivijaya. The new maharaja
6713-507: The Port of Trisakti , and exports 98,320,000 long tons (99,900,000 t) of goods as of 2019. Movement of goods increased 92.24% between 2018 and 2019. Banjarmasin experienced 4.15% yearly inflation in 2019. Around 62% of industry in Banjarmasin is focused on food and drink processing and related products. This includes bread, flour, and soybean sauce production. Other industries include rubber and plastic manufacturing, which account for about 15% of
6850-536: The Sumatran branch of Sailendra dynasty and was enthroned in the Srivijayan capital of Palembang . Historians have argued that this was because Balaputra's mother Tara, the queen consort of King Samaragrawira, was the princess of Srivijaya, making Balaputra the heir of the Srivijayan throne. Balaputra the Maharaja of Srivijaya later stated his claim as the rightful heir of the Sailendra dynasty from Java , as proclaimed in
6987-566: The Sunda Shelf . Many stone tools have been found in Awang Bangkal, 50 km (31 mi) from the city. Until the early 15th century, there were few written records found from the region. Outside records indicate it was home to several kingdoms such as Tanjungpuri —theorized to have been founded by Malay people from Srivijaya —and Negara Daha and Dipa , which were founded by Javanese people from Majapahit . Hinduism and Buddhism entered
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#17328515641567124-515: The rainy season and 6.5 hours during the dry season . January is the wettest month, with air humidity sitting between 75 and 90% in January; September is the driest, with humidity of 52% in September. The city is divided into five districts ( kecamatan ). The most densely populated district is Central Banjarmasin with a density of 13,155 per square kilometre while the least densely populated district
7261-488: The siddhayatra journey to acquire wealth, power, and 'magical powers'. Under the leadership of Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanasa, the Melayu Kingdom became the first kingdom to be integrated into Srivijaya. This possibly occurred in the 680s. Melayu , also known as Jambi , was rich in gold and was held in high esteem at the time. Srivijaya recognised that the submission of Melayu would increase its own prestige. The empire
7398-414: The 1920s and 1930s focused more on art and epigraphy found in the regions. Some northern urban settlements were sited due to some overlap in fitting the sinocentric model of city-state urban centres. An approach to differentiate between urban settlements in the southern regions from the northern ones of Southeast Asia was initiated by a proposition for an alternative model. Excavations showed failed signs of
7535-593: The 5th monarch of the Mataram kingdom . This would mean that Samaratungga was the successor of Samaragrawira. Dewi Tara, the daughter of Dharmasetu, married Samaratunga, a member of the Sailendra family who assumed the throne of Srivijaya around 792. By the 8th century, the Srivijayan court was virtually located in Java , as the Sailendras monarch rose to become the Maharaja of Srivijaya. After Dharmasetu, Samaratungga became
7672-557: The 7th to 11th century AD. Srivijaya was the first polity to dominate much of western Maritime Southeast Asia . Due to its location, Srivijaya developed complex technology utilizing maritime resources. In addition, its economy became progressively reliant on the booming trade in the region , thus transforming it into a prestige goods -based economy. The earliest reference to it dates from the 7th century. A Tang dynasty Chinese monk , Yijing , wrote that he visited Srivijaya in 671 for six months. The earliest known inscription in which
7809-606: The Act Number 22 of 1948. Kota Besar was an urban equivalent of kabupaten ( regency ), which was the country's second level subdivision, just below province . Kota kecil , used for a small urban area, was the third-level division below regency and province. According to the Act Number 18 of 1965, cities in Indonesia were classified into three: kotaraya (great city, first-level subdivision), kotamadya (medium city, second-level subdivision), and kotapraja (small city or town, third-level subdivision). Kotaraya
7946-558: The Banjar people in the region came through trade. Starting in 1596, this mostly took place in Banten . European traders, largely Dutch , did not bother visiting the port until Banten's rulers banned them. The traders resorted to attacking ships from other countries, including ships under the Banjar Sultanate, to steal nutmeg . The Sultan took revenge against a Dutch ship visiting Banjarmasin on 17 July 1607 by hijacking it and massacring
8083-535: The Batang Hari river whilst Pelembang has no comparable temples or building structures. The proponents of the theory that Muaro Jambi was Srivijaya's capital point out that the descriptions written by Yijing and Zhao Rukuo , the description of Srivijaya realms by the Cholas and archaeological findings, suggest that Srivijaya's capital fits Muaro Jambi's environment better than the marshy Palembang. The study also compares
8220-591: The British East India Company and the sultanate, which prohibited the region’s transfer to any other European power. This issue was navigated by the then Governor of Java, John Fendall , who argued that the 1812 treaty’s conditions were still valid. Sovereignty was therefore effectively transferred from the British East India Company to the Sultan in late 1816, and not directly to the Dutch. The dispute over sovereignty
8357-496: The Dayaks eventually settled in the port. They eventually contributed to the culture of the Banjar people , along with the Javanese and Malays . European archeologist H. Kupper discovered several prehistoric sites around the region in 1939 and found implements such as choppers and other stone tools. Most of the artifacts found around the region and the province show signs of Neolithic culture. Migration from mainland Asia to Borneo may have been common while they were connected by
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#17328515641568494-462: The Kedukan Bukit inscription and other Srivijayan inscriptions, immediately to the west of modern Palembang city, a quantity of artefacts have been revealed through archaeological surveys commenced since the 20th century. Artefacts unearthed include large amounts of Chinese ceramics and Indian rouletted ware remains, also the ruins of stupa at the foot of Bukit Seguntang . Furthermore, a significant number of Hindu-Buddhist statuary has been recovered from
8631-422: The Malay Peninsula, probably Kedah), and Ramni (a place in Sumatra, probably Lambri ). However, it's unknown whether Srivijaya's capital moved to Java or Srivijaya simply became a subordinate of Java. Another theory suggests that Dapunta Hyang came from the east coast of the Malay Peninsula, and that the Chaiya district in Surat Thani province , Thailand , was the centre of Srivijaya. The Srivijayan Period
8768-641: The Musi River basin. These discoveries reinforce the suggestion that Palembang was the centre of Srivijaya. Nevertheless, Palembang left little archaeological traces of ancient urban settlement. This is probably because of the nature of Palembang's environment — a low-lying plain which is frequently flooded by the Musi River. Experts suggests that the ancient Palembang settlement was formed as a collection of floating houses made from thatched materials , such as wood, bamboo and straw. Zhao Rukuo 's 13th century Chinese account Zhu Fan Zhi confirmed this; "The residents of Sanfo-tsi (Srivijaya) live scattered outside
8905-495: The Srivijayan Kingdom was believed to have borrowed from Indian styles like that of the Dvaravati school of art. Some scholars believe that Chaiya probably comes from Srivijaya . It was a regional capital in Srivijaya. Some Thai historians argue it was the capital of Srivijaya itself, but this is generally discounted. Around 500 CE, the roots of the Srivijayan empire began to develop around present-day Palembang , Sumatra . The Kedukan Bukit inscription (683)—considered to be
9042-404: The Tumenggung forces and proclaimed the Banjar Sultanate. He changed his name to Sultan Suriansyah I. The sultanate became more reliant on the Demak to the point that it was considered their protectorate. However, between 1546 and 1550, as conquests and the spice trade enriched the sultanate, it became independent and stopped sending tributes to Java. The first contact between Europeans and
9179-566: The city average. The city's dominant religion is Islam , with a minority of Protestants , Catholics , Hindus , Buddhists , Confucianists , and animist religions. Muslims make up around 95% of the city's population, followed by Christians (both Catholics and Protestants) at around 3%; other religions combined total about 2%. Most of the city's population identifies as Banjarese—79,26% did so in 2010. Other ethnicities include Javanese with 10.27%, Madurese with 3.17%, Chinese Indonesian with 1.56%, Dayak with 0.92%, and Bugis with 0.6%. There
9316-536: The city center, Banua Anyar Public Space is specifically designed for toddlers and kids. It is located below Banua Anyar bridge and has facilities such as a kids' park, artificial soft grass to ensure child safety, and book reading corners. Several shopping malls are located in the city. The Duta Mall Banjarmasin is the largest in the province, and connected to a hotel called The Mercure Hotel. Located in Central Banjarmasin district, it occupies more than 42,000 m (450,000 sq ft) and consists of four stories. It
9453-599: The city government. On 22 December 2021, another urban bus system, Trans Banjarbakula , was launched which also covers the entire metropolitan area. The city is served by the Port of Trisakti , which is one of main ports in Indonesia and classified as class IA. The port has a passenger terminal for passenger ships to neighbouring islands such as Java and Sulawesi. The closest airport is the Syamsudin Noor Airport , which located inside Banjarbaru city, 29 km (18 mi) from Banjarmasin. There are numerous newspapers, television stations, and radio based in Banjarmasin. The city
9590-623: The city is Ulin Regional Hospital, which is owned by the provincial government; it is classified as an A-type hospital by the Ministry of Health. Life expectancy in the city as of 2020 was 71.13 years, which is significantly above the provincial average. As of 2020, 511,118 people of the total city population of 657,663 are registered in the BPJS Kesehatan , government-mandated social insurance which covers certain healthcare costs. 89% of newborn babies in 2020 were vaccinated with basic vaccines such as polio vaccine , MMR vaccine , and Hepatitis B vaccine . Around 95% of newborn babies are born inside
9727-505: The city on the water, within rafts lined with reeds." It was probably that only Kedatuan (king's court) and religious structures were built on land, while the people live in floating houses along the Musi River. Palembang and its relevance to the early Malay state were controversial in terms of its evidence build-up through the archaeological record. Strong historical evidence found in Chinese sources, speaking of city-like settlements as early as 700 AD, and later Arab travelers, who visited
9864-470: The city's industrial output. The rest of the industrial output is from machinery, pharmaceuticals, paper products, and electrical equipment. There are 3,014 industrial companies registered in the city as of 2020, employing a total of 22,063 people. There are also smaller-scale industries producing wood furniture, clothing, and snacks, with 88 registered smaller-scale businesses in these sectors as of 2020. The city has 129 hotels registered as of 2020. The city
10001-472: The city, one of the most notable being Siring Park, located in the center of the city. Sometimes referred to by locals as "0 Kilometer Park", the park is located on the shores of the Martapura River and also acts as a waterfront for the river with docks for small boats in the river. Facilities in the park include a watchtower, several gazebos, pedestrian roads, and skateboard parks. In front of the park, there
10138-455: The city. In television sector, outside of nationwide networks both private and state-owned, there are local television stations focused mostly on local news. State-owned television network TVRI has local branch for South Kalimantan located in Banjarmasin, while Duta TV and Banjar TV , two most prominent local channels, are private. The city also has a branch of Radio Republik Indonesia , an Indonesian state-owned radio network. According to
10275-595: The city. Other notable private universities, such as the Muhammad Arsyad Al-Banjari Kalimantan Islamic University, have the greatest number of students. According to Indonesian Statistics, in 2020 there 11,854 male and 8,189 female students. The school participation rate was 97.91% as of 2020. The city has eight hospitals and 34 polyclinics as of 2020. There are also 26 puskesmas (community healthcare centres), 26 healthcare centres, and 47 pharmacies. The main and largest hospital in
10412-409: The condition of his country. The Srivijayan envoy then sailed back to China and appealed to the Chinese Emperor for the protection of Srivijaya against Javanese invaders. Dharmawangsa's invasion led the Maharaja of Srivijaya, Sri Cudamani Warmadewa , to seek protection from China. Warmadewa was known as an able and astute ruler, with shrewd diplomatic skills. In the midst of the crisis brought by
10549-473: The crew. Similar incidents occurred several times between 1603 and 1636, ending when the sultanate reached a trade agreement that put the Dutch East India Company in control of the nutmeg trade from the sultanate and gave it a monopoly over trade in Banjarmasin. The company was expelled in 1638, however, after the sultan waged a war against the Dutch and burned much of the company's possessions around
10686-687: The death of Dharmawangsa and the fall of the Mataram capital, Srivijaya contributed to the collapse of Mataram kingdom, leaving Eastern Java in further unrest, violence and, ultimately, desolation for several years to come. The factors in the decline of Srivijaya were foreign piracy and raids that disrupted trade and security in the region. Rajendra Chola , the Chola king from Tamil Nadu in South India , launched naval raids on ports of Srivijaya in 1025. His navy sailed swiftly to Sumatra using monsoon winds, made
10823-435: The dendritic patterns formed by the streams. The second being the overseas centre is economically superior to the ports found at the mouth of the rivers, having a higher population and a more productive and technologically advanced economy. Lastly, constraints on the land work against and do not develop urban settlements. An aerial photograph taken in 1984 near Palembang (in what is now Srivijaya Archaeological Park ) revealed
10960-464: The divine, at least in Hinduism . Vijaya means "victorious" or "excellence". Thus, the combined word Srivijaya means "shining victory", "splendid triumph", "prosperous victor", "radiance of excellence" or simply "glorious". Early 20th-century historians who studied the inscriptions of Sumatra and the neighboring islands thought that the term "Srivijaya" referred to a king's name. In 1913, H. Kern
11097-487: The early 8th century, an influential Buddhist family related to Srivijaya, the Sailendra family of Javanese ancestry, dominated Central Java . During the 8th century, Langkasuka on the Malay Peninsula became part of Srivijaya. Soon after this, Pan Pan and Tambralinga , north of Langkasuka, came under Srivijayan influence. These kingdoms on the peninsula were major trading nations that transported goods across
11234-489: The emperor to give the name and the bell for this temple which was built in his honor. Rejoiced, the Chinese Emperor named the temple Ch'eng-t'en-wan-shou ('ten thousand years of receiving blessing from heaven, which is China) and a bell was immediately cast and sent to Srivijaya to be installed in the temple. In 1006, Srivijaya's alliance proved its resilience by successfully repelling the Javanese invasion. This attack opened
11371-464: The end of the 8th century, many western Javanese kingdoms, such as Tarumanagara and Kalingga , were within the Srivijayan sphere of influence. The 7th-century Sojomerto inscription mentions that an Old Malay -speaking Shivaist family led by Dapunta Selendra had established themselves in the Batang area of the northern coast of Central Java . He was possibly the progenitor of the Sailendra family. By
11508-517: The entire province, both in local and foreign currencies. According to Statistics Indonesia , a resident of the city is defined as "someone who resides within the city for at least 6 months or less than 6 months but with intention to settle". The estimated number of residents in 2020 was 657,663 with a sex ratio of 100.36 male per 100 female. 47.87% of the city population resides in the South and North Banjarmasin districts. As with most of Indonesian cities,
11645-614: The environment, geographical location, and the economic wealth of both cities; arguing that Jambi, located on the mouth of the Batang Hari River basin with its connection to Minangkabau hinterland was the centre of gold trade in the area, that described as the fabulous wealth of Srivijaya. In the second half of the eighth century, the Srivijayan mandala seems to have been ruled by the Sailendra dynasty of Central Java. Several Arabic sources mentioned that Zabag (the Javanese Sailendra dynasty) ruled over Sribuza (Srivijaya), Kalah (a place in
11782-585: The establishment of the Śrīksetra garden endowed by King Jayanasa of Srivijaya for the well-being of all creatures. It is likely that the Seguntang Hill site was the location of the Śrīksetra garden. According to the Kota Kapur inscription discovered on Bangka Island , the empire conquered most of southern Sumatra and the neighbouring island of Bangka as far as Palas Pasemah in Lampung . Also, according to
11919-469: The eyes of Srivijayan Maharaja to the threat of the Javanese Mataram Kingdom, so he laid a plan to destroy his Javanese rival. Srivijaya assisted Haji (king) Wurawari of Lwaram to revolt, which led to the attack and destruction of the Mataram palace. This sudden and unexpected attack took place during the wedding ceremony of Dharmawangsa's daughter, which left the court unprepared and shocked. With
12056-484: The father of Balaputradewa , and the son of Śailendravamsatilaka (the jewel of the Śailendra family) with the stylised name Śrīviravairimathana (the slayer of a heroic enemy), which refers to Dharanindra. Unlike his predecessor, the expansive and warlike Dharanindra, Samaragrawira seems to have been a pacifist, enjoying the peaceful prosperity of interior Java in the Kedu Plain and being more interested in completing
12193-596: The former and later played a major role in the creation of an extreme economic surplus in the absence of an exploited hinterland. The urban centre must be able to organize politically without the need for ceremonial foci such as temples, monuments and inscriptions. Lastly, habitations must be impermanent, being highly probable in the region Palembang and of southern Southeast Asia. Such a model was proposed to challenge city concepts of ancient urban centres in Southeast Asia and basic postulates themselves such as regions found in
12330-528: The government source, there are 21 formally registered radio station. City status in Indonesia In Indonesian law , the term " city " ( kota ) is generally defined as the second-level administrative subdivision of the Republic of Indonesia , an equivalent to regency ( kabupaten ). The difference between a city and a regency is that a city has non- agricultural economic activities and
12467-412: The governor of Jakarta works in a city hall ( Balai Kota DKI Jakarta ). Srivijaya Srivijaya ( Indonesian : Sriwijaya ), also spelled Sri Vijaya , was a Hindu - Buddhist thalassocratic empire based on the island of Sumatra (in modern-day Indonesia ) that influenced much of Southeast Asia . Srivijaya was an important centre for the expansion of Buddhism from
12604-658: The inscriptions, Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanasa launched a military campaign against Java in the late 7th century, a period which coincided with the decline of Tarumanagara in West Java and the Kalingga in Central Java . The empire thus grew to control trade on the Strait of Malacca , the western side of Java Sea , and possibly the Gulf of Thailand . Chinese records dating to the late 7th century mention two Sumatran kingdoms and three other kingdoms on Java as being part of Srivijaya. By
12741-469: The king's army, under the leadership of Mpu Sindok , in repelling invading Malayu (Sumatra) forces; subsequently, a jayastambha (victory monument) was erected in their honor. In 990, King Dharmawangsa of Java launched a naval invasion against Srivijaya and attempted to capture the capital Palembang . The news of the Javanese invasion of Srivijaya was recorded in Chinese Song period sources. In 988,
12878-451: The kingdom was based), had not heard of Srivijaya until the 1920s when the French scholar, George Cœdès , published his discoveries and interpretations in Dutch and Indonesian language newspapers. Cœdès noted that the Chinese references to Sanfoqi , previously read as Sribhoja or Sribogha , and the inscriptions in Old Malay refer to the same empire. The Srivijayan historiography
13015-485: The kingdom. The history of Banjarmasin itself began during the founding of the Sultanate of Banjar . According to folk stories and the Hikayat Banjar , Sukarama, the fourth king of Negara Daha, wanted his grandson, Raden Samudra, to be his successor in the kingdom instead of his direct son Prince Tumenggung. Prince Tumenggung later banished Raden Samudra and tried to reclaim the throne for himself. Raden Samudra fled to
13152-436: The local parliament. The mayor, vice mayor, and parliament members are directly elected by the people of the city in an election. Heads of districts are appointed by the mayor on the recommendation of the city secretary. On the provincial level, Banjarmasin is part of South Kalimantan's first electoral district, which has 8 out of 55 representatives. On the city level, the city is divided into five electoral districts, which have
13289-435: The locations of the district administrative centres, the number of urban villages (all rated as kelurahan ) in each district, and its postal codes. As with all Indonesian cities , Banjarmasin is a second-level administrative division run by a mayor and a vice mayor together with the city parliament, and is equivalent to a regency . Executive power is vested in the mayor and vice mayor, while legislative duties are vested in
13426-637: The merchants are done from small boats. Small snacks, vegetables, fruits, meat, and many other groceries are sold at the market. This market is dying, however, and the number of merchants has declined because of the shift from river culture to land culture and competition with regular land markets. The city is home to a cultural center building surrounded by a cultural park where traditional artists can often be seen performing. The building and its surrounding has been used regularly to hold cultural events to preserve Banjarese culture, as well as to facilitate local artists. There are several city parks and public spaces in
13563-517: The most unique, which no other 1st-millennium kingdom held, was its location in junction to three major rivers, the Musi River, the Komering River , and the Ogan River . The historical evidence was contrasted in 1975 with publications by Bennet Bronson and Jan Wisseman. Findings at certain major excavation sites, such as Geding Suro, Penyaringan Air Bersih, Sarang Wati, and Bukit Seguntang, conducted in
13700-411: The name Srivijaya appears also dates from the 7th century in the Kedukan Bukit inscription found near Palembang , Sumatra , dated 16 June 682. Between the late 7th and early 11th century, Srivijaya rose to become a hegemon in Southeast Asia . It was involved in close interactions, often rivalries, with the neighbouring Mataram , Khom or Khmer Empire and Champa . Srivijaya's main foreign interest
13837-682: The naval strategy degenerated to raiding fleet. The kingdom may have disintegrated after 1025 CE following several major raids launched by the Chola Empire upon their ports. After Srivijaya fell, it was largely forgotten. It was not until 1918 that French historian George Cœdès , of the French School of the Far East , formally postulated its existence. Srivijaya is a Sanskrit -derived name: श्रीविजय, Śrīvijaya . Śrī means "fortunate", "prosperous", or "happy" and also has some association with
13974-553: The navy as harsher compared to the army. This led many people to escape to Java , which remained under army rule. The city was liberated by Australian forces in September 1945. The return of Dutch rule, however, was opposed by the people and resulted in the Kalimantan Physical Revolution , four years of war between Indonesian nationalists and the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army . This ended with
14111-403: The next Maharaja of Srivijaya. He reigned from 792 to 835. Unlike the expansionist Dharmasetu, Samaratungga did not indulge in military expansion but preferred to strengthen the Srivijayan hold on Java . He personally oversaw the construction of the grand monument of Borobudur ; a massive stone mandala , which was completed in 825, during his reign. According to Cœdès, "In the second half of
14248-423: The ninth century Java and Sumatra were united under the rule of a Sailendra reigning in Java ... its center at Palembang ." Samaratungga , like Samaragrawira, seems to have been influenced by peaceful Mahayana Buddhist beliefs and strove to become a peaceful and benevolent ruler. His successor was Princess Pramodhawardhani who was betrothed to Shivaite Rakai Pikatan , son of the influential Rakai Patapan,
14385-559: The oldest inscription related to Srivijaya, discovered on the banks of the Tatang River near the Karanganyar site , states about the "glorious Srivijaya", a kadatuan (kingdom or polity) which was founded by Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanasa and his retinue. He had embarked on a sacred siddhayatra journey and led 20,000 troops and 312 people in boats with 1,312 foot soldiers from Minanga Tamwan to Jambi and Palembang . Many of these armed forces gathered under Srivijayan rule would have been
14522-469: The only urban area with a province status. The term kota administratif (administrative city, not to be confused with kota administrasi ) was used after the implementation of Act Number 5 of 1974. Kota administratif status was granted to a town inside the territory of a regency ( kabupaten ) that were deemed necessary in accordance with the town's growth and development. Kota administratif does not have autonomy and its own legislature, and
14659-439: The population is young and consists of a workforce within the reproductive age of above 15, which in the city is around 62.07% of the city's population in 2020, or 331,526 people. Annual population growth was 0.44% between 2010 and 2020. East and Central Banjarmasin district. however, has a sex ratio of 98.84 and 97.47 male per 100 female respectively, which means both districts have more female residents than males. This differs from
14796-521: The port. Similarly, an English company agreed upon a treaty with the sultanate in 1698 but was expelled from the region in 1707. Following the Napoleonic Wars, Banjarmasin was subject to British control, a situation complicated by the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 , which was seen to have mandated its transfer to Dutch authority.This directive paradoxically conflicted with a prior 1812 treaty between
14933-1232: The province's population. Banjarmasin was the de jure seat of the South Kalimantan governor and the location of the provincial parliament, although some provincial buildings have been relocated to Banjarbaru. On 15 February 2022, the capital of South Kalimantan province was legally moved to Banjarbaru. Negara Dipa (1380–1478) Negara Daha (1478–1520) [REDACTED] Banjar Sultanate (1520–1526) Demak Sultanate (1526–1546) [REDACTED] Banjar Sultanate (1546–1635) [REDACTED] VOC (1635–1638) [REDACTED] Banjar Sultanate (1638–1701) [REDACTED] England (1701–1707) [REDACTED] Banjar Sultanate (1707–1787) [REDACTED] Dutch Republic (1787–1795) [REDACTED] Batavian Republic (1795–1806) [REDACTED] Dutch East Indies (1806–1809) [REDACTED] Banjar Sultanate (1809–1815) [REDACTED] Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1815–1816) [REDACTED] Dutch East Indies (1817–1942) [REDACTED] Empire of Japan (1942–1945) [REDACTED] Dutch East Indies (1945–1949) [REDACTED] Indonesia (1949–today) "Banjarmasin"
15070-475: The region between the first and 15th centuries. There are two candis (temples) left in the region, Candi Laras and Candi Agung. The Ma'anyan people may have ruled the oldest kingdom in the archipelago, Nan Sarunai . Its existence is disputed; speculated by archeologists based on several carved stone tombs and a Ma'anyan folk song called "Usak Jawa", which is thought to tell the story of the Majapahit conquest of
15207-483: The region during the 10th and 11th centuries, held written proof, named the kingdom of Srivijaya. As far as early state-like polities in the Malay Archipelago , the geographical location of modern Palembang was a possible candidate for the 1st-millennium kingdom settlement like Srivijaya as it is the best described and most secure in historical context, its prestige was apparent in wealth and urban characteristics, and
15344-418: The region played major roles in the negative evidence of the 1st-millennium kingdom in the same region. It was noted that the region contained no locatable settlements earlier than the middle of the second millennium. Lack of evidence of southern settlements in the archaeological record comes from the disinterest in the archeologist and the unclear physical visibility of the settlements themselves. Archeology of
15481-477: The region that would later be known as Banjarmasin. There, he met Patih Masih. Under Samudra's leadership, the port grew into the town of Bandar Masih. Tumenggung, who disliked Samudra's growing power, wanted to invade the town. Samudra allied with the Demak Sultanate , which agreed to help him. In return he would have to convert to Islam if he won. With the help of expeditionary forces from Demak, Samudra defeated
15618-461: The remnants of ancient man-made canals, moats, ponds, and artificial islands, suggesting the location of Srivijaya's urban centre. Several artefacts such as fragments of inscriptions, Buddhist statues, beads, pottery and Chinese ceramics were found, confirming that the area had once been densely populated. By 1993, Pierre-Yves Manguin had shown that the centre of Srivijaya was along the Musi River between Bukit Seguntang and Sabokingking (situated in what
15755-695: The rest of early Southeast Asia. Bronson's model was based on the dendritic patterns of a drainage basin where its opening leads out to sea. Being that historical evidence places the capital in Palembang, and in junction of three rivers, the Musi River, the Komering River, and the Ogan River, such model can be applied. For the system to function appropriately, several constraints are required. The inability for terrestrial transportation results in movements of all goods through water routes, lining up economical patterns with
15892-583: The riots. The riot today is known by locals as Jumat Kelabu or Grey Friday. On 15 February 2022, the capital of South Kalimantan province was legally moved to Banjarbaru. Banjarmasin is located in the Barito River 's basin and is bisected by the Martapura River . The slope of the city is 0.13% and the land is generally flat and low-lying. The geological foundation of the city is dominated by clay and sandstone , but also includes alluvial sediments from
16029-422: The river. Several smaller rivers, all connected to either the Martapura River or Barito River, form a dendritic drainage pattern. The city's river system is affected by tides . The city is located in a swampy region and is generally below water level, making it prone to being flooded by tidal bores . The area of city proper is 98.46 km (38.02 sq mi), around 0.26% of the provincial area. It borders
16166-461: The sea people, referred to generally as the orang laut . In establishing its power, Srivijaya had first to consolidate its position in Southeast Sumatra, which at that time consisted of multiple quasi-independent polities ruled by local Datus (chieftain). From the Old Malay inscriptions, it is known that Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanasa launched a maritime conquest in 684 with 20,000 men in
16303-518: The south, like Palembang, based their achievements in correlation with urbanization. Due to the contradicting pattern found in southern regions, like Palembang, in 1977 Bennet Bronson developed a speculative model for a better understanding of coastal-oriented states in Insular Southeast Asia, such as insular and Peninsular Malaysia , the Philippines , and western Indonesia . Its main focus
16440-401: The stone is adorned with seven nāga heads, and on the lower portion there is a water spout to channel liquid that was likely poured over the stone during a ritual. The ritual included a curse upon those who commit treason against Kadatuan Srivijaya. The Talang Tuwo inscription is also a siddhayatra inscription. Discovered in Seguntang Hill , western Palembang , this inscription describes
16577-640: The sultanate called Pagustian. The last resistance was put down with the capture of Queen Zaleha in 1906. As a result of the war, many Banjar people from Borneo migrated to Sumatra , Singapore , and Malaysia and formed communities there. When World War II broke out, the city was occupied by the Imperial Japanese Army . After the Battle of Banjarmasin , control was transferred to the Imperial Japanese Navy . Locals described Japanese rule under
16714-575: The treasure rush in Musi River in 2021, where locals formed groups of treasure divers operating in some parts of the Musi River in and around Palembang. These troves seem to confirm that Palembang was indeed the commercial centre of Srivijaya. Some scholars argue that the centre of Srivijaya was located in Muaro Jambi , and not Palembang. In 2013, archaeological research led by the University of Indonesia discovered several religious and habitation sites at
16851-406: Was Mahayana - Vajrayana Buddhist in nature, which suggests that the site served as a Buddhist learning centre, connected to the 10th century Buddhist scholar Suvarṇadvipi Dharmakīrti . Chinese sources also mentioned that Srivijaya hosted thousands of Buddhist monks . Compared to Palembang, Muaro Jambi has richer archaeological sites, i.e. multiple red brick temples and building structures along
16988-494: Was able to dispatch a tributary mission to China by 902. Two years after that, the weakening Tang dynasty conferred a title on a Srivijayan envoy. In the first half of the 10th century, between the fall of Tang dynasty and the rise of Song , there was brisk trading between the overseas world with the Fujian kingdom of Min and the rich Guangdong kingdom of Nan Han. Srivijaya undoubtedly benefited from this. Sometime around 903,
17125-506: Was created in Batavia, and on 1 April 1905, it became the very first municipality ( gemeente ) of the Dutch East Indies . Upon Indonesian independence, it remains as the city within the province of West Java . With the release of the Act Number 1 of 1957, Jakarta became the first provincial-level city in Indonesia. Although Jakarta is now written as a 'province' in Indonesian law products, it
17262-589: Was finally settled when the Sultan of Banjarmasin settled an agreement with the Netherlands in January 1817, effectively confirming Dutch control over the region. A succession crisis between Sultan Adam and Tamjidillah II and a dispute over resource control of coal mines resulted in a war between the sultanate and the Dutch East Indies Company which led to the end of the sultanate in 1863. The war continued until 1905 under an emergency government set up by
17399-479: Was first established in the vicinity of today's Palembang , on the banks of the Musi River . It mentions that Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanasa came from Minanga Tamwan. The exact location of Minanga Tamwan is still a subject of discussion. The Palembang theory as the place where Srivijaya was first established was presented by Cœdes and supported by Pierre-Yves Manguin. Soekmono , on the other hand, argues that Palembang
17536-682: Was granted city status by the Indonesian government in 1959 under Law Number 27 of 1959. On 7 December 1996, Dirgantara Air Service Flight 5940 crashed to the gas factory after taking off near Syamsudin Noor International Airport , killing around 18 people. On 23 May 1997, the city witnessed a riot caused by friction between supporters of the United Development Party and Golkar . The riot later developed into looting, which targeted Chinese and Christian minorities and several shopping malls. At least 137 people were killed during
17673-514: Was mentioned as the king of Java that married Tārā, daughter of Dharmasetu . He was mentioned by his other name Rakai Warak in the Mantyasih inscription . Earlier historians, such as N. J. Krom and Cœdes, tend to equate Samaragrawira and Samaratungga as the same person. However, later historians such as Slamet Muljana equate Samaratungga with Rakai Garung, mentioned in the Mantyasih inscription as
17810-596: Was not the capital of Srivijaya and suggests that the Kampar River system in Riau where the Muara Takus temple is located as Minanga Tamwan. However, a recent study suggests that Minanga Tamwan is located by the upper Komering River in modern Minanga village, Cempaka district, East Ogan Komering Ulu Regency , South Sumatra. Komering River is a tributary of the Musi River, with its confluence located in Palembang. Other than
17947-676: Was nurturing lucrative trade agreements with China which lasted from the Tang to the Song dynasty . Srivijaya had religious, cultural and trade links with the Buddhist Pala of Bengal , as well as with the Islamic Caliphate in the Middle East . Although it was once thought of as a maritime empire, new research on available records suggests that Srivijaya was primarily a land-based polity rather than
18084-450: Was organised in three main zones: the estuarine capital region centred on Palembang , the Musi River basin which served as a hinterland, and estuarine areas capable of forming rival power centres. The areas upstream of the Musi River were rich in various commodities valuable to Chinese traders. The capital was administered directly by the ruler, while the hinterland remained under local datus or tribal chiefs , who were organised into
18221-397: Was responsible to its parent regency. The term kota administratif was abolished with the implementation of Act Number 22 of 1999, and all kota administratif were either granted full kota (city) status or dissolved and merged with its parent regency. The term kota (city) has been implemented to substitute kotamadya since the post-Suharto era in Indonesia . Kota
18358-471: Was the first epigraphist that identified the name "Srivijaya" written in a 7th-century Kota Kapur inscription (discovered in 1892). However, at that time he believed that it referred to a king named "Vijaya", with " Sri " as an honorific title for a king or ruler. The Sundanese manuscript of Carita Parahyangan , composed around the late 16th century in West Java , mentioned the name "Sang Sri Wijaya". The manuscript describes princely hero that rose to be
18495-416: Was the relationship of political, economic and geographical systems. The general political and economic pattern of the region seems irrelevant to other parts of the world of their time, but in correlation with their maritime trade network, it produced high levels of socio-economic complexity. He concluded, from his earlier publications in 1974 that state development in this region developed much differently than
18632-520: Was the son of Samaratungga , which means he was the younger brother of Pramodhawardhani. Later historians such as Muljana, argued that Balaputra was the son of Samaragrawira and the younger brother of Samaratungga , which would make himthe uncle of Pramodhawardhani. It is not known whether Balaputra was expelled from Central Java because of a succession dispute with Pikatan, or already ruled in Sumatra . Either way, it seems that Balaputra eventually ruled
18769-531: Was visited by 109,653 domestic tourists and 251 foreign tourists that year. According to Statistics Indonesia, in 2020 there were 113 identified potential tourist spots in the city. Tourism, however, remains a small sector in the city's economy. The finance sector in general has been grew steadily from 2015 to 2019, with an annual growth of around 3%. Basic financial services account for 67% of this sector, followed by pension funds and insurance services with 14.94%. The city accounts for 67.61% of financial activities in
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