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18-648: The river originates in the Barisan Mountains of West Sumatra and flows to the island's eastern coast, emptying into the Malacca Strait , directly opposite Singapore . It is the confluence of two tributaries of almost equal size: the Kampar Kanan River (or Right Kampar) and the Kampar Kiri River (or Left Kampar). The Kampar Kanan River passes through Lima Puluh Kota Regency and Kampar Regency , while

36-499: A chain of volcanoes that span from the extreme northwest of the island (in Aceh province) to the extreme southeast (in Lampung province). It is the most prominent feature of the terrain of Kerinci Seblat National Park , with pine-forested slopes rising 2,400–3,300 metres (7,900–10,800 ft) above the surrounding basin, and a cone 13 km (8 mi) wide and 25 km (16 mi) long at

54-571: A high tide flowing upstream from the wide, shallow estuary into the rapidly narrowing channel, meeting the river water flowing downstream. The waves can travel from the sea at speeds of up to 40 kilometres per hour (25 mph), and when sea water at full tide combines with heavy rain upstream they can reach a height of 4–6 metres (13–20 ft), accompanied by a loud roaring sound and strong winds. Bono waves can persist for four hours or more, and travel as far upstream as Tanjung Pungai, Meranti, Pelalawan Regency , 60 kilometres (37 mi) inland. Bono

72-505: A row" in Malay , for the range stretches end to end along the island of Sumatra . There are 35 active volcanoes in Bukit Barisan. The largest volcano is the supervolcano Toba within the 100 km (62 miles) × 30 km (19 miles) Lake Toba, which was created after a caldera collapse (est. in 74,000 Before Present ). The eruption is estimated to have been at level eight on

90-576: Is an active stratovolcano and the highest mountain in Sumatra , Indonesia . At 12,484 ft (3,805 m) above sea level, it provides Sumatra with the fifth-highest maximum elevation of any island in the world . It is surrounded by the lush forest of Kerinci Seblat National Park , home to several endangered species including the Sumatran tiger . Mount Kerinci is ranked 32nd by topographic isolation . At 3,805 metres (12,484 ft) above sea level, Kerinci

108-518: Is not far from Tesso Nilo National Park and Kerumutan Natural Reserve and local government planned to extend the Bono tourist attraction with ecotourism. The river flows in the central area of Sumatra with predominantly tropical rainforest climate (designated as Af in the Köppen-Geiger climate classification). The annual average temperature in the area is 24 °C. The warmest month is October, when

126-473: Is not just one wave but a series of many, sometimes on the left and right river banks and at other times in the middle of the river. The large number of ships sunk in the Kampar River's estuary has been attributed to the Bono waves, called by locals as "Seven Ghosts", considered to be the incarnation of the seven evil spirits. Although they still used the river as the ground for boating agility tests. The bore

144-458: Is the highest volcano in Indonesia , and the highest of any situated on an island that is a part of Asia. Kerinci is located on the border of the titular Kerinci Regency of Jambi province and South Solok Regency of West Sumatra province, in the west-central part of the island near the west coast, and is about 130 km (81 mi) south of Padang . It is part of the Barisan Mountains ,

162-713: Is used for river surfing . Surfing the Bono waves is difficult, owing to the quantity of mud in the river. The river is inhabited by crocodiles, so surfers are usually escorted by rescue boats for their safety. The Bono wave can be seen at a number of places on the river, such as Tanjung Sebayang, Pulau Muda, Teluk Meranti and Tanjung Pungai, all in Pelalawan Regency. The area can be reached from Pangkalan Kerinci within 4 hours by car, or 3 hours by speedboat. Pangkalan Kerinci can be reached within 90 minutes by car from Pekanbaru or Pekanbaru international airport . The river can also be reached from nearby Singapore. The Bono area

180-662: The VEI scale, the largest possible for a volcanic eruption. The following list is sourced from the Smithsonian Institution 's Global Volcanism Program. The following list is sourced from the Study Archaeology 3°00′S 102°15′E  /  3.000°S 102.250°E  / -3.000; 102.250 Mount Kerinci Mount Kerinci ( Kerinci : Gunung Kincai , Minangkabau : Gunuang Kurinci , Indonesian : Gunung Kerinci ), also spelled Kerintji ,

198-612: The Kampar Kiri River through Sijunjung Regency , Kuantan Singingi Regency , and Kampar Regency. The tributaries meet in the Langgam District of Pelalawan Regency before flowing into the Malacca Strait as the Kampar River. Koto Panjang, an artificial lake upstream of the river, is the reservoir for a hydroelectric generating plant with a capacity of 114 MW. A large tidal bore that can include breaking waves occurs on

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216-455: The average temperature is around 26 °C, and the coldest is November, at 22 °C. The average annual rainfall is 2667 mm. The wettest month is November, with an average of 402 mm rainfall, and the driest is June, with 104 mm rainfall. Barisan Mountains The Bukit Barisan or the Barisan Mountains are a mountain range on the western side of Sumatra , Indonesia , covering nearly 1,700 km (1,050 mi) from

234-450: The base, elongated in the north-south direction. At the summit, there is a deep 600 m (1,969 ft) wide crater, often partially filled by a small crater lake on the northeast side of the crater floor. Kerinci is more active than most Indonesian volcanoes, with nearly annual phreatic eruptions . In 2004, Kerinci erupted and continues to spew clouds of sulfurous smoke, with plumes reaching as high as 1,000 m (3,281 ft) above

252-498: The biggest being Kerinci Lake, followed by Gunung Tujuh Lake. The 4,200 hectares of Kerinci Lake lies at a height of 650 metres (2,130 ft), and is the host of the annual Kerinci Lake Festival. Gunung Tujuh Lake (literally, Seven Mountains Lake) is a caldera lake formed in an extinct volcano and is surrounded by seven peaks. It is also the highest lake in Southeast Asia at 1,996 metres (6,549 ft). Based on research in 1973,

270-512: The north to the south of the island. The Bukit Barisan range consists primarily of volcanoes shrouded in dense jungle cover, including Sumatran tropical pine forests on the higher slopes. The highest peak of the range is Mount Kerinci at 3,800 metres (12,467 ft). The Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park is situated towards the southern end of the range in Liwa, Indonesia . The name Bukit Barisan actually means "row of hills" or "hills that make

288-408: The river. It is known as Bono , which means true . The river widens as it approaches the sea, and its water volume increases as it is joined by tributaries. During the rainy season, normally November to December, the volume is greatly increased, and the shallow estuary becomes even wider. Upstream the river's cross-section changes suddenly, becoming much narrower. The bore is caused by sea water from

306-473: The summit. In 2009, Kerinci erupted again followed by June 2, 2013 eruption with 600 m (1,969 ft) spewed black smoke. Kerinci was first climbed in December 1877 by Dutch mountaineers Arend Ludolf van Hasselt and Daniël David Veth. It can be climbed from the village of Kersik Tuo, 6 or 7 hours away from Padang by car or bus. The climb and descent normally takes 2 days and 1 night, when choosing to go all

324-673: The way to the summit. Climbers may also choose to go up only as far as Camp 2 or 3, skipping the summit attempt, which requires a pre-dawn climb. Kerinci's terrain consists of thick jungle and can get muddy and slippery even if there are only mild drizzles, which may occur occasionally even during the dry season. To climb the volcano a guide is needed, as required by the Kerinci Seblat National Park. There have been rare cases of people disappearing and/or dying from exposure or falls after attempting to trek alone. The Kerinci Seblat National Park has at least fifteen lakes of note, with

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