The yuan ( / j uː ˈ ɑː n , - æ n / yoo- A(H)N ; sign : ¥ ; Chinese : 圓/元 ; pinyin : yuán ; [ɥæ̌n] ) is the base unit of a number of former and present-day currencies throughout China .
90-539: [REDACTED] Look up yuan in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Yuan may refer to: Currency [ edit ] Yuan (currency) , the basic unit of currency in historic and contemporary mainland China and Taiwan Renminbi , the current currency used in mainland China, whose basic unit is yuan New Taiwan dollar , the current currency used in Taiwan, whose basic unit
180-539: A competitive export market, and tried to ensure a low exchange rate for the yen through a trade surplus . The Plaza Accord of 1985 temporarily changed this situation; the exchange rate fell from its average of ¥239 per dollar in 1985 to ¥128 in 1988 and led to a peak rate of ¥80 against the US$ in 1995, effectively increasing the value of Japan's GDP in dollar terms to almost that of the United States. Since that time, however,
270-422: A consequence of the disturbance following Zhang Zuolin's assassination. The Fengtien yuan was only issued in banknote form, with 1, 5 and 10 yuan notes issued in 1917, followed by 50 and 100 yuan notes in 1924. The last notes were issued in 1928. The number of banks issuing paper money increased after the revolution . Significant national issuers included the " Commercial Bank of China " (the former Imperial Bank),
360-674: A dynasty of China ruled by the Mongol Borjigin clan Northern Yuan (北元), the Yuan dynasty's successor state in northern China and the Mongolian Plateau People and languages [ edit ] Yuan (surname) , the transliteration of a number of Chinese family names (e.g. 袁, 元, 苑, 原, 源, 爰, 遠) Yuan Haowen (元好問; 1190–1257), Chinese poet, author, and official Thai Yuan , a people of Northern Thailand Yuan language , commonly known as Northern Thai language, language of
450-476: A person's relationships and encounters Type 041 submarine , PLAN Yuan-class submarines Yuan Qi (TCM), in traditional Chinese medicine Yuan ( Tales of Symphonia ) (ユアン), a character from Tales of Symphonia BYD Yuan (元), a car Tao Yúan ( Shaman King ) (Tao En), a character in Shaman King See also [ edit ] 圓 (disambiguation) , the character where Yuan comes from Yen ,
540-429: A post-war recession. Coins worth 1 and 5 rin were eventually officially taken out of circulation at the end of 1953 and demonetized. Color The issuance of yen banknotes began in 1872, two years after the currency was introduced. Denominations have ranged from 1 yen to 10,000 yen; since 1984, the lowest-valued banknote is the 1,000 yen note. Before and during World War II , various bodies issued banknotes in yen, such as
630-465: A rise in the value of the yen would hurt export growth by making Japanese products less competitive and would damage the industrial base. The government, therefore, continued to intervene heavily in foreign-exchange marketing (buying or selling dollars), even after the 1973 decision to allow the yen to float. Despite intervention, market pressures caused the yen to continue climbing in value, peaking temporarily at an average of ¥271 per US$ in 1973, before
720-485: A smaller 50 yen. In 1982, the first cupronickel 500 yen coin was introduced. Alongside the 5 Swiss franc coin , the 500 yen coin is one of the highest-valued coin to be used regularly in the world, with a value of US$ 4.42 as of December 2016 . Because of its high face value , the 500 yen coin has been a favorite target for counterfeiters, resulting in the issuance in 2000 of the second nickel-brass 500 yen coin with added security features. Continued counterfeiting of
810-541: A total of seven areas, most of which were organized as Soviets. These were: Production of banknotes by Communist Party forces ceased in 1936 but resumed in 1938 and continued through to the centralization of money production in 1948. A great many regional banks and other entities issued notes. Before 1942, denominations up to 100 yuan were issued. That year, the first notes up to 1,000 yuan appeared. Notes up to 5,000 yuan appeared in 1943, with 10,000 yuan notes appearing in 1947, 50,000 yuan in 1948 and 100,000 yuan in 1949. As
900-495: A variety of factors. Firstly, Japan's prolonged low-interest-rate policy (to tackle domestic deflation ) has created a yield differential with other countries—notably the US—that have high interest rates (to tackle domestic inflation ), prompting investors to seek higher returns in foreign currencies. This interest rate differential directly affects the price of the Yen and serves as one of
990-417: A yen called "rin" were first introduced in 1873. One rin coins were very small, measuring 15.75 mm in diameter and 0.3 mm in thickness, and co-circulated with mon coins of the old currency system. Their small size was eventually their undoing, and the rin was abandoned in 1884 due to unpopularity. Five rin coins worth one-two hundredth of a yen also used a bronze alloy. These were successor coins to
SECTION 10
#17328343074721080-524: Is CNY, an abbreviation of "Chinese yuan". (A similar case is the use of the terms sterling to designate British currency and pound for the unit of account.) The symbol for the yuan (元) is also used in Chinese to refer to the currency units of Japan ( yen ) and Korea ( won ) , and is used to translate the currency unit dollar as well as some other currencies; for example, the United States dollar
1170-561: Is also used in Taiwan. In 1946, a new currency was introduced for circulation there, replacing the Japanese issued Taiwan yen , the Old Taiwan dollar . It was not directly related to the mainland yuan. In 1949, a second yuan was introduced in Taiwan, replacing the first at a rate of 40,000 to 1. Known as the New Taiwan dollar , it remains the currency of Taiwan today. Originally, a silver yuan had
1260-459: Is called Meiyuan (Chinese: 美元 ; pinyin: Měiyuán ; lit. 'American yuan') in Chinese, and the euro is called Ouyuan (simplified Chinese: 欧元 ; traditional Chinese: 歐元 ; pinyin: Ōuyuán ; lit. 'European yuan'). When used in English in the context of the modern foreign exchange market , the Chinese yuan (CNY) refers to the renminbi (RMB), which
1350-569: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Yuan (currency) A yuan (Chinese: 圓/元 ; pinyin: yuán ) is also known colloquially as a kuai (simplified Chinese: 块 ; traditional Chinese: 塊 ; pinyin: kuài ; lit. 'lump'; originally a lump of silver). One yuan is divided into 10 jiao (Chinese: 角 ; pinyin: jiǎo ; lit. 'corner') or colloquially mao (Chinese: 毛 ; pinyin: máo ; lit. 'feather'). One jiao
1440-527: Is divided into 10 fen (Chinese: 分 ; pinyin: fēn ; lit. 'small portion'). Today, the term "yuan" usually refers to the primary unit of account of the renminbi (RMB), the currency of the People's Republic of China . RMB banknotes start at one Yuan and go up to 100 Yuan. It is also used as a synonym of that currency, especially in international contexts – the ISO 4217 standard code for renminbi
1530-589: Is mostly written with the coin's original name, 圓 / 圆. In international contexts, '¥' or 'RMB' (abbr. for renminbi ) is often prefixed to the amount (e.g. RMB¥100 or ¥100元). In many parts of China, the unit of renminbi is sometimes colloquially called kuài ( simplified Chinese : 块 ; traditional Chinese : 塊 , literally "piece") rather than yuán . The pinyin term kuài has also been written as "quay" in English language publications In Cantonese , widely spoken in Guangdong , Guangxi , Hong Kong and Macau ,
1620-458: Is so large that it is expected to double the money supply, but this move has sparked concerns that the authorities in Japan are deliberately devaluing the yen to boost exports. However, the commercial sector in Japan worried that the devaluation would trigger an increase in import prices, especially for energy and raw materials. Since 2022, the yen has depreciated significantly against its peers, due to
1710-546: Is the official currency of Japan . It is the third-most traded currency in the foreign exchange market , after the United States dollar and the euro . It is also widely used as a third reserve currency after the US dollar and the euro. The New Currency Act of 1871 introduced Japan's modern currency system, with the yen defined as 1.5 g (0.048 troy ounces) of gold, or 24.26 g (0.780 troy ounces) of silver, and divided decimally into 100 sen or 1,000 rin . The yen replaced
1800-619: Is the official currency used in mainland China. In Standard (Mandarin) Chinese , 圓 / 圆 yuán literally means "round". During the Qing dynasty and early Republic the yuan was a large, thick round coin made of silver, modelled on the Mexican silver dollar . The word is usually written with the Chinese character 元 , literally meaning "beginning" but used as an abbreviation for 圓. On notes, coins and documents such as contracts, to make it less easy to alter it
1890-573: Is yuán in Mandarin Manchukuo yuan , the unit of currency that was used in the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo Gold yuan , the unit of currency that was used in the Republic of China between 1948 and 1949 Yen and yuan sign (¥), symbol used for yuan currency in Latin scripts Governmental organ [ edit ] " Government branch " or "Court" (Chinese: 院 ; pinyin: Yuàn ),
SECTION 20
#17328343074721980-640: The 1964 games . The largest issuance by denomination and total face value were 10 million gold coins of ¥100,000 denomination for the 60th anniversary of reign of the Shōwa Emperor in 1986, totalling ¥1 trillion and utilizing 200,000 kg fine gold. ¥500 commemorative coins have been regularly issued since 1985. In 2008 commemorative ¥500 and ¥1,000 coins were issued featuring Japan's 47 prefectures. Even though all commemorative coins can be spent like ordinary (non-commemorative) coins, they do not normally circulate, and ¥100,000 coins are treated with caution due to
2070-612: The Federal Reserve Bank of China (Chinese: 中國聯合準備銀行 ; pinyin: Zhōngguó liánhé zhǔnbèi yínháng ). The Japanese occupiers issued coins and banknotes denominated in li (Chinese: 釐 ) (and were worth 1 ⁄ 1000 of a yuan), fen, jiao and yuan. Issuers included a variety of banks, including the Central Reserve Bank of China (for the puppet government in Nanking ) and the Federal Reserve Bank of China (for
2160-485: The Guangdong mint, known in the West at the time as Canton, and transliterated as Kwangtung, in denominations of 5 cents, 1, 2 and 5 jiao and 1 yuan. Other regional mints were opened in the 1890s producing similar silver coins along with copper coins in denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10 and 20 cash. The central government began issuing its own coins in the yuan currency system in 1903. Banknotes were issued in yuan denominations from
2250-523: The Japanese asset price bubble and continued to do so afterwards, reaching a low of ¥134 to US$ in February 2002. The Bank of Japan's policy of zero interest rates has discouraged yen investments, with the carry trade of investors borrowing yen and investing in better-paying currencies (thus further pushing down the yen) estimated to be as large as $ 1 trillion . In February 2007, The Economist estimated that
2340-491: The Korean and Japanese currency units, won and yen respectively, are cognates of Mandarin yuán , also meaning "round" in the Korean and Japanese languages. The Japanese yen ( en ) was originally also written with the kanji (Chinese) character 圓 , which was simplified to 円 with the promulgation of the Tōyō kanji in 1946. The Korean won ( won ) used to be written with
2430-573: The Meiji period and later are printed on Japanese banknotes. The reason for this is that from the viewpoint of preventing forgery, it is desirable to use a precise photograph as an original rather than a painting for a portrait. Series E banknotes were introduced in 2004 in ¥1000, ¥5000, and ¥10,000 denominations. Series F banknotes were introduced on 3 July 2024. They were announced on 9 April 2019 by Finance Minister Tarō Asō . The ¥1000 bill features Kitasato Shibasaburō and The Great Wave off Kanagawa ,
2520-752: The Ministry of Finance and the Imperial Japanese National Bank. The Allied forces also issued some notes shortly after the war. Since then, the Bank of Japan has been the exclusive note issuing authority. The bank has issued five series after World War II. Japan is generally considered a cash-based society, with 38% of payments in Japan made by cash in 2014. Possible explanations are that cash payments protect one's privacy, merchants do not have to wait for payment, and it does not carry any negative connotation like credit. At present, portraits of people from
2610-408: The People's Liberation Army took control of most of China, they introduced a new currency, in banknote form only, denominated in yuan. This became the sole currency of mainland China at the end of the civil war . A new yuan was introduced in 1955 at a rate of 10,000 old yuan = 1 new yuan, known as the renminbi yuan . It is the currency of the People's Republic of China to this day. The term yuan
2700-542: The [je] pronunciation. Walter Henry Medhurst , who had neither been to Japan nor met any Japanese people, having consulted mainly a Japanese-Dutch dictionary, spelled some "e"s as "ye" in his An English and Japanese, and Japanese and English Vocabulary (1830). In the early Meiji era, James Curtis Hepburn , following Medhurst, spelled all "e"s as "ye" in his A Japanese and English dictionary (1867); in Japanese, e and i are slightly palatalized, somewhat as in Russian. That
2790-563: The hanja (Chinese) character 圜 from 1902 to 1910, and 圓 some time after World War II . It is now written exclusively in Hangul , as 원 , in both North and South Korea . The Mongolian tögrög ( Mongolian : төгрөг ), means "round" in Mongolian language . The yuan was derived from the Spanish dollar or Mexican dollar , worth eight Spanish reales and popularly known as the piece-of-eight. This
Yuan - Misplaced Pages Continue
2880-510: The pattern stage . The first gold yen coins consisted of 2, 5, and 20 yen coins which were struck throughout 1870. Five yen coins were first struck in gold for the Japanese government in 1870 at the San Francisco Mint . During this time a new mint was being established at Osaka , which did not receive the gold bullion needed for coinage until the following year. Gold bullion was delivered from private Japanese citizens, foreigners, and
2970-608: The yuan , jiao , and fen are called mān (Chinese: 蚊 ), hòuh (Chinese: 毫 ), and sīn (Chinese: 仙 ), respectively. Sīn is a loan word from the English cent . The Chinese character 圓 is also used to denote the base unit of the Hong Kong dollar , the Macanese pataca , and the New Taiwan dollar . The unit of a New Taiwan dollar is also referred to in Standard Chinese as yuán and written as 元 or 圓. The names of
3060-521: The " Bank of China " (the former Ta-Ch'ing Government Bank), the " Bank of Communications ", the " Ningpo Commercial Bank ", the " Central Bank of China " and the " Farmers Bank of China ". Of these, only the Central Bank of China issued notes beyond 1943. An exceptionally large number of banknotes were issued during the Republican era (1911–1949) by provincial banks (both Nationalist and Communist). After
3150-636: The "yen" as Japan's modern unit of currency on June 27, 1871. This Act formally stipulated the adoption of the decimal accounting system of yen (1, 圓 ), sen ( 1 ⁄ 100 , 錢 ), and rin ( 1 ⁄ 1000 , 厘 ). The new currency was gradually introduced beginning from July of that year. Japanese yen denominated paper currency was also conceived with the coins in 1870 as Meiji Tsuho notes by Italian engraver Edoardo Chiossone . These were released as fiat currency in denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 50, and 100 yen along with subsidiary notes of 10, 20, and 50 sen in 1872. Almost concurrently,
3240-463: The 1890s by several local and private banks, along with banks established by the Imperial government. The central government began issuing its own coins in the yuan currency system in 1903. These were brass 1 cash, copper 2, 5, 10 and 20 cash, and silver 1, 2 and 5 jiao and 1 yuan. After the revolution, although the designs changed, the sizes and metals used in the coinage remained mostly unchanged until
3330-452: The 1930s. From 1936, the central government issued nickel (later cupronickel ) 5, 10 and 20 fen and 1 ⁄ 2 yuan coins. Aluminium 1 and 5 fen pieces were issued in 1940. This table sets out the first " silver yuan " coins minted by each province. In 1917, the warlord in control of Manchuria , Zhang Zuolin , introduced a new currency, known as the Fengtien yuan or dollar, for use in
3420-826: The 1940s alongside the yuan. Banknotes of the yuan suffered from hyperinflation following the Second World War and were replaced in August 1948 by notes denominated in gold yuan, worth 3 million old yuan. There was no link between the gold yuan and gold metal or coins and this yuan also suffered from hyperinflation. In 1948, the Central Bank of China issued notes (some dated 1945 and 1946) in denominations of 1, 2 and 5 jiao, 1, 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 yuan. In 1949, higher denominations of 500, 1000, 5000, 10,000, 50,000, 100,000, 500,000, 1,000,000 and 5,000,000 yuan were issued. The Central Bank of China issued notes in denominations of 1 and 5 fen, 1, 2 and 5 jiao, 1, 5 and 10 yuan. In July 1949,
3510-431: The 1990s to redenominate the yen by introducing a new unit or new yen, equal to 100 yen, and nearly worth one U.S. dollar. This has not happened to date, since the yen remains trusted globally despite its low unit value, and due to the huge costs of reissuing new currency and updating currency-reading hardware. The negative impact of postponing upgrades to various computer software until redenomination occurs, in particular,
3600-456: The Chinese had traded silver in mass called sycees , and when Spanish and Mexican silver coins arrived from the Philippines , the Chinese called them "silver rounds" ( Chinese : 銀圓 ; pinyin : yínyuán ) for their circular shapes. The coins and the name also appeared in Japan. While the Chinese eventually replaced 圆 ; 圓 with 元 , the Japanese continued to use the same word, which
3690-484: The Chinese name for a kind of executive institution. Government of Taiwan [ edit ] Control Yuan Examination Yuan Executive Yuan Judicial Yuan Legislative Yuan Government of Imperial China [ edit ] Xuanzheng Yuan, or Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs during the Yuan dynasty Lifan Yuan during the Qing dynasty Dynasties [ edit ] Yuan dynasty (元朝),
Yuan - Misplaced Pages Continue
3780-409: The Japanese government. Initially the government opted for silver, which would become the standard unit of value leaving gold coinage as a subsidiary. While gold coinage couldn't be produced domestically in 1870, the mint at Osaka could produce silver coins which included denominations of 5, 10, 20, and 50 sen. None of these coins dated "1870" circulated until the Meiji government officially adopted
3870-472: The Ministry of Finance, seeking to introduce a modern monetary system into Japan. Ōkuma eventually proposed that coins, which were previously square, be made into circles, and that the names of the traditional currencies, ryō (両), bu (分) and shu (朱), be unified into yen (円), which was accepted by the government. Other rejected proposals included physical weight units of "Fun" and "Momme" which never made it past
3960-574: The Nationalist Government introduced the silver yuan, which was initially worth 500 million gold yuan. It circulated for a few months on the mainland before the end of the civil war. This silver yuan remained the de jure official currency of the Republic government in Taiwan until 2000. The various Soviets under the control of the Chinese Communist Party issued coins between 1931 and 1935, and banknotes between 1930 and 1949. Some of
4050-747: The Soviets. Some only issued silver 1 yuan coins ( Hunan , Eyuwan , Northeastern Jiangxi , North Shaanxi and Pingjiang ) whilst the West Hunan - Hubei Soviet only issued copper 1 fen coins and the North-West Anhui Soviet issued only copper 50 wen coins. The Chinese Soviet Republic issued copper 1 and 5 fen and silver 2 jiao and 1 yuan coins. The Sichuan - Shaanxi Soviet issued copper 200 and 500 wen and silver 1 yuan coins. Notes were produced by many different banks. There were two phases of note production. The first, up until 1936, involved banks in
4140-730: The Thai Yuan people Places [ edit ] Yu'an District , in Anhui, China Yuan River (沅江 or 沅水), one of the four largest rivers in Hunan, a tributary of the Yangtze River Nanyang, Henan , abbreviated (宛) and pronounced as Yuān in Yayan , a city in China Other uses [ edit ] Yuanfen (缘分), a Chinese or Buddhist concept that means the predetermined principle that dictates
4230-508: The Three Eastern Provinces. It was valued at 1.2 yuan in the earlier (and still circulating) "small money" banknotes and was initially set equal to the Japanese yen . It maintained its value (at times being worth a little more than the yen) until 1925, when Zhang Zuolin's military involvement in the rest of China lead to an increase in banknote production and a fall in the currency's value. The currency lost most of its value in 1928 as
4320-564: The United States' actions in 1971. Following the United States' measures to devalue the dollar in the summer of 1971, the Japanese government agreed to a new, fixed exchange rate as part of the Smithsonian Agreement , signed at the end of the year. This agreement set the exchange rate at ¥308 per US$ . However, the new fixed rates of the Smithsonian Agreement were difficult to maintain in the face of supply and demand pressures in
4410-604: The activities of the invading Japanese . The pre-existing, national currency yuan came to be associated only with the Nationalist, Kuomintang government. In 1935, the Kuomintang Government enacted currency reforms to limit currency issuance to four major government controlled banks: the Bank of China , Central Bank of China , Bank of Communications and later the Farmers Bank of China . The circulation of silver yuan coins
4500-464: The banknotes were denominated in chuàn , strings of wén coins. The People's Bank was founded in 1948 and began issuing currency that year, but some of the regional banks continued to issue their own notes in to 1949. After the defeat of Japan in 1945, the Central Bank of China issued a separate currency in the northeast to replace those issued by the puppet banks—north-eastern yuan (Chinese: 東北九省流通券 ; pinyin: Dōngběi jiǔ shěng liútōngquàn ). It
4590-611: The currency of Japan Korean won (disambiguation) , the currency of Korea Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Yuan . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yuan&oldid=1259741226 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Kyōiku kanji Hidden categories: Articles containing Chinese-language text Short description
SECTION 50
#17328343074724680-582: The currency. The sharp fall in the value of the currency has led some companies, including Modec , to stop presenting their financial statements in Japanese yen. However, this weakness has had some benefits for Japan's tourism industry, as the low exchange rate makes its purchasing power attractive for travellers, particularly those from foreign nations. The name, "Yen", derives from the Japanese word 圓 ( en , [eɴ] ; "round") , which borrows its phonetic reading from Chinese yuan , similar to North Korean won and South Korean won . Originally,
4770-597: The discovery of counterfeits. The 1 yen coin is made out of 100% aluminum and can float on water if placed correctly. Subsidiary coins of "sen" (one hundredth of a yen) were initially introduced in 1870 with a silver alloy in denominations of 5, 10, 20 and 50 sen. Copper sen coins in denominations of half, 1, and 2 came three years later, as Japan acquired the technology needed to mint them. The removal of silver from sen coinage began in 1889, when Cupronickel 5 sen coins were introduced. By 1920, this included cupro-nickel 10 sen and reduced-size silver 50 sen coins. Production of
4860-441: The dollar. In light of the dollar's reduction in value from ¥360 to ¥308 just before the reversion, an unannounced "currency confirmation" took place on October 9, 1971, wherein residents disclosed their dollar holdings in cash and bank accounts; dollars held that day amounting to US$ 60 million were entitled for conversion in 1972 at a higher rate of ¥360. In the 1970s, Japanese government and business people were very concerned that
4950-507: The drivers behind its depreciation. Widely held expectations of yen depreciation can become self-fulfilling prophecies, affecting the currency's exchange rate. To counter this, the BOJ conducted currency interventions of more than JPY 9 trillion selling the dollar and buying the yen in the September–October 2022 and April–May 2024 periods respectively. Numerous proposals have been made since
5040-469: The equally valued half sen coin which had been previously minted until 1888. The decision to bring back an equally valued coin was in response to rising inflation caused by World War I which led to an overall shortage of subsidiary coins. The mintage period for five rin coins was brief as they were discontinued after only four years of production due to their sharp decline in monetary value. The overall demand for subsidiary coinage ended as Japan slipped into
5130-463: The establishment of a centralized banking system. The Bank of Japan hence commenced operations on October 10, 1882, with the authority to print banknotes that could be exchanged for the old Government and National Bank Notes. By May 1883, another act provided the redemption and retirement of national bank notes. The National Bank Act was amended again in March 1896, providing for the dissolution of
5220-505: The foreign-exchange market. In early 1973, the rates were abandoned, and the major nations of the world allowed their currencies to float . After World War II the United States-administered Okinawa issued a higher-valued currency called the B yen from 1946 to 1958, which was then replaced by the U.S. dollar at the rate of $ 1 = 120 B yen. Upon the reversion of Okinawa to Japan in 1972 the Japanese yen then replaced
5310-613: The former entity. During this unstable period, the confusion caused by this form of exchange caused economic turmoil. The gold (counting money) system of eastern Japan and the silver (weighing money) system of the western Japan were not unified, and the difference in the gold-silver ratio caused a large amount of gold to flow overseas at the end of the Tokugawa shogunate. Emperor Meiji responded to this by appointing Ōkuma Shigenobu as head of Japan's monetary reform program. He worked with Inoue Kaoru , Itō Hirobumi , and Shibusawa Eiichi to run
5400-473: The government established a series of national banks modeled after the system in the United States which issued national bank notes. Massive inflation from the Satsuma Rebellion in 1877 caused a glut of non-redeemable fiat currency notes. The issuance of national fiat banknotes was ultimately suspended in 1880 by then prime minister Matsukata Masayoshi . New policies were put into place which included
5490-424: The impact of the 1973 oil crisis was felt (this was retroactively called endaka , although the term was only coined in 1985). The increased costs of imported oil caused the yen to depreciate to a range of ¥290 per US$ to ¥300 per US$ between 1974 and 1976. The re-emergence of trade surpluses drove the yen back up to ¥211 in 1978. This currency strengthening was again reversed by the second oil shock in 1979 , with
SECTION 60
#17328343074725580-462: The introduction of a new currency in 1948, the gold yuan. In the 1940s, larger denominations of notes appeared due to the high inflation. 500 yuan notes were introduced in 1941, followed by 1,000 and 2,000 yuan in 1942, 2,500 and 5,000 yuan in 1945 and 10,000 yuan in 1947. Between 1930 and 1948, banknotes were also issued by the Central Bank of China denominated in customs gold units . These, known as "gold yuan notes", circulated as normal currency in
5670-449: The latter ceased in 1938, after which a variety of base metals were used to produce 1, 5 and 10 sen coins during the Second World War . While clay 5 and 10 sen coins were produced in 1945, they were not issued for circulation. As with the Rin, coins in denominations of less than 1 yen became invalid at the end of 1953 and were demonetized due to inflation. Bronze coins worth one-one thousandth of
5760-485: The latter resulted in the issuance in 2021 of the third bi-metallic 500 yen coin with more improvements in security features. Due to the great differences in style, size, weight and the pattern present on the edge of the coin they are easy for people with visual impairments to tell apart from one another. Commemorative coins have been minted on various occasions in base metal, silver and gold. The first of these were silver ¥100 and ¥1,000 Summer Olympic coins issued for
5850-514: The national banks on the expiration of their charters. This amendment also prohibited national bank notes from circulating after December 31, 1899. In that year, Japan adopted a gold exchange standard , defining the yen as 0.75 g fine gold or US$ 0.4985. This exchange rate remained in place until Japan left the gold standard in December 1931, after which the yen fell to $ 0.30 by July 1932 and to $ 0.20 by 1933. It remained steady at around $ 0.30 until
5940-484: The previous Tokugawa coinage as well as the various hansatsu paper currencies issued by feudal han (fiefs). The Bank of Japan was founded in 1882 and given a monopoly on controlling the money supply. Following World War II , the yen lost much of its pre-war value. To stabilize the Japanese economy , the exchange rate of the yen was fixed at ¥360 per US$ as part of the Bretton Woods system . When that system
6030-569: The puppet government in Peking (Beijing) ). The Japanese decreed the exchange rates between the various banks' issues and those of the Nationalists but the banknotes circulated with varying degrees of acceptance among the Chinese population. Between 1932 and 1945, the puppet state of Manchukuo issued its own yuan . In the aftermath of the Second World War and during the civil war which followed, Nationalist China suffered from hyperinflation, leading to
6120-407: The revolution, a great many local, national and foreign banks issued currency. Although the provincial coinages mostly ended in the 1920s, the provincial banks continued issuing notes until 1949, including Communist issues from 1930. Most of the banknotes issued for use throughout the country bore the words "National Currency", as did some of the provincial banks. The remaining provincial banknotes bore
6210-557: The same specifications as a silver Spanish dollar . During the Republican era (1911–1949), the transliteration "yuan" was often printed on the reverse of the first yuan banknotes but sometimes "dollar" was used instead. In the Republic of China , the common English name is the "New Taiwan dollar" but banknotes issued between 1949 and 1956 used "yuan" as the transliteration. More modern notes lack any transliteration. Yen The yen ( Japanese : 円 , symbol : ¥ ; code : JPY )
6300-469: The start of the Pacific War on December 7, 1941, at which time it fell to $ 0.23. The sen and the rin were eventually taken out of circulation at the end of 1953. No true exchange rate existed for the yen between December 7, 1941, and April 25, 1949; wartime inflation reduced the yen to a fraction of its prewar value. After a period of instability, on April 25, 1949, the U.S. occupation government fixed
6390-466: The value of the yen at ¥360 per USD through a United States plan, which was part of the Bretton Woods system , to stabilize prices in the Japanese economy . That exchange rate was maintained until 1971, when the United States abandoned the gold standard, ending a key element of the Bretton Woods system, and setting in motion changes that eventually led to floating exchange rates in 1973. By 1971,
6480-406: The value of the yen. From its average of ¥239 per US$ in 1985, the yen rose to a peak of ¥128 in 1988, virtually doubling its value relative to the dollar. After declining somewhat in 1989 and 1990, it reached a new high of ¥123 to US$ in December 1992. In April 1995, the yen hit a peak of under 80 yen/US$ , temporarily making Japan's economy nearly the size of that of the US. The yen declined during
6570-416: The war, brass 50 sen, 1 and 5 yen were introduced between 1946 and 1948. The current-type holed brass 5 yen was introduced in 1949, the bronze 10 yen in 1951, and the aluminum 1 yen in 1955. In 1955 the first unholed, nickel 50 yen was introduced. In 1957, silver 100 yen pieces were introduced, followed by the holed 50 yen coin in 1959. These were replaced in 1967 by the current cupro-nickel 100 yen along with
6660-450: The words "Local Currency". These circulated at varying exchange rates to the national currency issues. After the revolution, in addition to the denominations already in circulation, "small money" notes proliferated, with 1, 2 and 5 cent denominations appearing. Many notes were issued denominated in English in cash ( wén ). During the 1930s, several new currencies came into being in China due to
6750-490: The world price of the yen has greatly decreased, falling to an average of almost ¥158 per dollar and ¥171 per euro in July 2024. The Bank of Japan maintains a policy of zero to near-zero interest rates and the Japanese government has previously had a strict anti-inflation policy. From late 2020 to first half 2024, the yen depreciated against the dollar by about 60%, giving rise to serious concern in Japan about long-term prospects for
6840-496: The year of mintage, which is not shown in Gregorian calendar years, but instead in the regnal year of the current emperor's reign , with the first year of an era called gannen ( 元年 ) . Imperial portraits have never appeared on Japanese coins, as the image of the emperor remains sacred. In 1897, the silver 1 yen coin was demonetized and the sizes of the gold coins were reduced by 50%, with 5, 10 and 20 yen coins issued. After
6930-412: The yen dropping to ¥227 per US$ by 1980. During the first half of the 1980s, the yen failed to rise in value, though current account surpluses returned and grew quickly. From ¥221 per US$ in 1981, the average value of the yen actually dropped to ¥239 per US$ in 1985. The rise in the current account surplus generated stronger demand for yen in foreign-exchange markets, but this trade-related demand for yen
7020-428: The yen had become undervalued. Japanese exports were costing too little in international markets, and imports from abroad were costing the Japanese too much. This undervaluation was reflected in the current account balance , which had risen from the deficits of the early 1960s, to a then-large surplus of US$ 5.8 billion in 1971. The belief that the yen, and several other major currencies, were undervalued motivated
7110-626: The yen was 15% undervalued against the dollar, and as much as 40% undervalued against the euro. However, this trend of depreciation reversed after the global economic crisis of 2008 . Other major currencies, except the Swiss franc , have been declining relative to the yen. On April 4, 2013, the Bank of Japan announced that they would expand their asset purchase program by $ 1.4 trillion in two years. The Bank of Japan hopes to bring Japan from deflation to inflation, aiming for 2% inflation. The number of purchases
7200-467: The yen weak relative to the dollar and fostered the rapid rise in the Japanese trade surplus that took place in the 1980s. In 1985, a dramatic change began. Finance officials from major nations signed an agreement (the Plaza Accord ) affirming that the dollar was overvalued (and, therefore, the yen undervalued). This agreement, and shifting supply and demand pressures in the markets, led to a rapid rise in
7290-483: The ¥5000 bill features Tsuda Umeko and Wisteria flowers, and the ¥10,000 bill features Shibusawa Eiichi and Tokyo Station . The Ministry decided to not redesign the ¥2000 note due to low circulation. The EURion constellation pattern is present in the Series D, E and F banknotes. Beginning in December 1931, Japan gradually shifted from the gold standard system to the managed currency system. The relative value of
7380-436: Was abandoned in 1971, the yen became undervalued and was allowed to float. The yen had appreciated to a peak of ¥271 per US$ in 1973, then underwent periods of depreciation and appreciation due to the 1973 oil crisis , arriving at a value of ¥227 per US$ by 1980. Since 1973, the government of Japan has maintained a policy of currency intervention, so the yen is under a managed float regime . The Japanese government focused on
7470-422: Was also cited. The Japan Mint has issued legal tender coins from 1871 to the present. The obverse side of all coins shows the coin's value in kanji characters as well as the country name (through 1945, Dai Nippon ( 大日本 , "Great Japan") ; after 1945, Nippon-koku ( 日本国 , "State of Japan") (except for the current 5-yen coin with the country name on the reverse). The reverse side of all coins shows
7560-560: Was effectively the world's first international currency, beginning to circulate widely in east and southeast Asia in the late 18th century due to Spanish presence in the region, principally the Philippines and Guam . The Chinese yuan was subdivided into 1,000 cash (Chinese: 文 ; pinyin: wén ), 100 cents or fen (Chinese: 分 ; pinyin: fēn ), and 10 jiao (Chinese: 角 ; pinyin: jiǎo , cf. dime ). It replaced copper cash and various silver ingots called sycees . The sycees were denominated in tael . The yuan
7650-528: Was given the shinjitai form 円 in reforms at the end of World War II. The spelling and pronunciation "yen" is standard in English , because when Japan was first encountered by Europeans around the 16th century, Japanese /e/ ( え ) and /we/ ( ゑ ) both had been pronounced [je] and Portuguese missionaries had spelled them "ye". By the middle of the 18th century, /e/ and /we/ came to be pronounced [e] as in modern Japanese, although some regions retain
7740-445: Was offset by other factors. A wide differential in interest rates, with United States interest rates much higher than those in Japan, and the continuing moves to deregulate the international flow of capital , led to a large net outflow of capital from Japan. This capital flow increased the supply of yen in foreign-exchange markets, as Japanese investors changed their yen for other currencies (mainly dollars) to invest overseas. This kept
7830-481: Was prohibited and private ownership of silver was banned. The banknotes issued in its place were known as fabi (Chinese: 法幣 ; pinyin: fǎbì ) or " Legal tender ". A new series of base metal coins began production in 1936 following the reforms. The Japanese established two collaborationist regimes during their occupation in China. In the north, the " Provisional Government of the Republic of China " (Chinese: 中華民國臨時政府 ) based in Peking (Beijing) established
7920-541: Was the first full-scale Japanese-English/English-Japanese dictionary, which had a strong influence on Westerners in Japan and probably prompted the spelling "yen". Hepburn revised most "ye"s to "e" in the 3rd edition (1886) to mirror the contemporary pronunciation, except "yen". Although the Edo Shogunate collapsed with the Meiji Restoration and a new government was born, the monetary system still took over that of
8010-563: Was valued at 0.72 tael, (or 7 mace and 2 candareens). Banknotes were issued in yuan denominations from the 1890s by several local and private banks, along with the Imperial Bank of China and the "Hu Pu Bank" (later the "Ta-Ch'ing Government Bank"), established by the Imperial government. During the Imperial period, banknotes were issued in denominations of 1, 2 and 5 jiao , 1, 2, 5, 10, 50 and 100 yuan, although notes below 1 yuan were uncommon. The earliest issues were silver coins produced at
8100-402: Was worth 20 of the yuan which circulated in the rest of the country. It was replaced in 1948 by the gold yuan at a rate of 150,000 north-eastern yuan to 1 gold yuan. In 1945, notes were introduced in denominations of 1, 5, 10, 50 and 100 yuan. 500 yuan notes were added in 1946, followed by 1,000 and 2,000 yuan in 1947 and 5000 and 10,000 yuan in 1948. Various, mostly crude, coins were produced by
#471528