121-562: Hangal , formerly known as 'Viratanagara', is a historic town in Karnataka . It is 80 km (50 mi) away from Hubli through NH 766E . Hangal lies about 75 kilometres (47 mi) south of the city of Hubli-Dharwad , about 30 kilometres (19 mi) west of the Tungabhadra river and east of the Arabian Sea . It is located on state road one, running north to south. A nearby body of water
242-766: A biodiversity hotspot , includes the western region of Karnataka. The Bandipur and Nagarahole National Parks were included in the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve in 1986, a UNESCO designation. The Indian roller and the Indian elephant are recognised as the state bird and animal while sandalwood and the lotus are recognised as the state tree and flower respectively. Karnataka has five national parks: Anshi , Bandipur , Bannerghatta , Kudremukh and Nagarhole . It also has 27 wildlife sanctuaries of which seven are bird sanctuaries. Wild animals that are found in Karnataka include
363-540: A paleolithic hand-axe culture evidenced by discoveries of, among other things, hand axes and cleavers in the region. Evidence of neolithic and megalithic cultures have also been found in the state. Gold discovered in Harappa was found to be imported from mines in Karnataka, prompting scholars to hypothesise about contacts between ancient Karnataka and the Indus Valley civilisation c. 3300 BCE . Prior to
484-431: A brownish coat. Lotus seeds can remain viable after long periods of dormancy. In 1994, a seed from a sacred lotus, dated at roughly 1,300 years old ± 270 years, was successfully germinated . The traditional sacred lotus is only distantly related to Nymphaea caerulea , but possesses similar chemistry. Both Nymphaea caerulea and Nelumbo nucifera contain the alkaloids nuciferine and aporphine . The genome of
605-566: A chieftain of the Vijayanagara Empire, widely held as the founder of modern Bangalore, built a fort and established the area around it as Bengaluru Pete . In 1565, Karnataka and the rest of South India experienced a major geopolitical shift when the Vijayanagara empire fell to a confederation of Islamic sultanates in the Battle of Talikota . The Bijapur Sultanate , which had risen after
726-589: A dry lakebed in northeastern China. Therefore, the Chinese regard the plant as a symbol of longevity . It has a very wide native distribution, ranging from central and northern India (at altitudes up to 1,400 m or 4,600 ft in the southern Himalayas ), through northern Indochina and East Asia (north to the Amur region ; the Russian populations have sometimes been referred to as Nelumbo komarovii , with isolated locations at
847-751: A fast browning rate. Lotus root tea is consumed in Korea. Lotus root is a popular vegetable in Sri Lanka, where it is often cooked in coconut milk gravy. In India, lotus root (also known as kamala kakaṛī in Hindi ) is cooked as a dry curry or Sabzî . Japan is one of the primary users of the rhizomes, representing about 1% of all vegetables consumed. Japan grows its own lotus but still must import 18,000 tons of lotus rhizome each year, of which China provides 15,000 tons yearly. Rhizomes contain high amounts of starch (31.2%) without characteristic taste or odor. The texture
968-660: A former vassal of the Vijayanagara Empire, was briefly independent. With the death of Krishnaraja Wodeyar II , Haidar Ali , the commander-in-chief of the Mysore army, gained control of the region. After his death, the kingdom was inherited by his son Tipu Sultan . To contain European expansion in South India, Haidar Ali and later Tipu Sultan fought four significant Anglo-Mysore Wars , the last of which resulted in Tippu Sultan's death and
1089-665: A higher yield and higher quality rhizomes than seed or flower lotus cultivars. Furthermore, this group grows tall and produces few to no flowers. Cultivars can be classified by harvest time or by the depth of rhizomes into these types: The main popular Nelumbo nucifera cultivars in China are Elian 1, Elian 4, Elian 5, 9217, Xin 1, and 00–01. The average yield of these cultivars is 7.5–15 t/ha (3.3–6.7 tons/acre) of harvest in July and 30–45 t/ha (13–20 tons/acre) of harvest in September. In Australia,
1210-469: A horizontal spread of 1 m (3 ft 3 in). The leaves may be as large as 80 cm (31 in) in diameter. The flowers are usually found on thick stems rising several centimeters above the leaves. They are showy and grow up to 35 cm (14 in) in diameter. Some cultivated varieties have extraordinary numbers of petals. For example, the Chinese variety qian ban lian ("thousand petals lotus") can have between 3000 and 4000 petals in
1331-401: A number of mixed and distinct dialects such as Are Bhashe , Beary Bhashe , and Nawayathi are found. Kodava Takk is the language of Kodagu. Kannada played a crucial role in the creation of Karnataka: linguistic demographics played a major role in defining the new state in 1956. Tulu , Konkani and Kodava are other minor native languages that share a long history in the state. Urdu
SECTION 10
#17328557483661452-598: A part of branding strategy and to make it easier for voters, BJP started using lotus logo in black-and-white in most settings as Electronic Voting Machines (EVM) in India only allow black-and-white logos. The rhizomes of lotus ( Chinese : 蓮藕 ; pinyin : lián-ǒu , Japanese : 蓮根 , romanized : renkon , Korean : 연근 or 蓮根 , romanized : yeongun , Hindi : कमल ककड़ी , romanized : kamala kakaṛī , Sindhi Beeh, Telugu : అల్లిదుంప , romanized : alli'dumpa ) are consumed as
1573-460: A per capita GSDP of ₹ 332,926 (US$ 4,000) for the financial year 2023-24. The state experience a GSDP growth of 10.2% for the same fiscal year. After Bangalore Urban , Dakshina Kannada , Hubli-Dharwad, and Belagavi districts contribute the highest revenue to the state respectively. The capital of the state, Bangalore, is known as the Silicon Valley of India , for its immense contributions to
1694-526: A permanent body of 75 members with one-third (25 members) retiring every two years. The government of Karnataka is headed by the Chief Minister who is chosen by the ruling party members of the Legislative Assembly . The Chief Minister, along with the council of ministers, executes the legislative agenda and exercises most of the executive powers. However, the constitutional and formal head of
1815-514: A population of 25,011. Males constituted 51% of the population and females 49%. Hangal had an average literacy rate of 64%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy was 67%, and female literacy was 60%. 14% of the population is under six years of age. Srinivas Mane of Indian National Congress party is the MLA representing the Hangal (Vidhana Sabha constituency) since 2 November 2021. Hangal
1936-467: A single blossom and the Japanese variety ohmi myoren ("strange lotus") can have between 2000 and 5000 petals, the greatest number recorded for any species of plant. Researchers report that the lotus has the remarkable ability to regulate the temperature of its flowers within a narrow range, just as humans and other warm-blooded animals do. Roger S. Seymour and Paul Schultze-Motel, physiologists at
2057-407: A space between their trunks and the pillars. The band motifs vary in detail. The temple main hall has a large domed ceiling. It consists of concentric circles of cusped mouldings . At the apex, the ceiling falls rosette or pendant design. The overlying roof is a stepped pyramid shape. Nearby is the ramal , an octagonal piece of stone in a corbelled lotus shape. It is 30 feet (9.1 m) and
2178-417: A suitable stage for eating in approximately six to nine months. Early varieties are harvested in July until September and late varieties from October until March, after the ponds or fields are drained. The large, starch -rich rhizomes are easy to dig out of the drained soil. In small-scale production, they are harvested by hand using fork-like tools. In Japan and on bigger farms, manual labour harvesting
2299-495: A tender to generate a further 1.2 gigawatts in the coming years: Karnataka Renewable Energy Development suggests that this will be based on 24 separate systems (or 'blocks') generating 50 megawatts each. Since the 1980s, Karnataka has emerged as the pan-Indian leader in the field of IT ( information technology ). In 2007, there were nearly 2,000 firms operating in Karnataka. Many of them, including two of India's biggest software firms, Infosys and Wipro , are also headquartered in
2420-582: A vegetable in Asian countries, extensively in China, Japan, India, Pakistan ( Sindh ), sold whole or in cut pieces, fresh, frozen, or canned. They are fried or cooked mostly in soups, soaked in syrup or pickled in vinegar (with sugar, chili and garlic). Lotus rhizomes have a crunchy texture and are a classic dish at many banquets, where they are deep-fried, stir-fried, or stuffed with meats or preserved fruits. Salads with prawns , sesame oil or coriander leaves are also popular. Fresh lotus root slices are limited by
2541-504: Is 1.05–1.9 t/ha (0.5–0.8 tons/acre) of dry seeds and weight of thousand seeds between 1,020 and 1,800 g (36 and 63 oz). Green Jade and Vietnam-Red are recommended cultivars for seed production in Australia. Flower lotus cultivars are used exclusively for ornamental purpose , producing many flowers and the lowest plant height. The seed production of flower lotus is typically poor regarding yield and quality. Flower types differ in
SECTION 20
#17328557483662662-556: Is Wanlian. Also known as bowl lotus, wanlians are any miniature cultivars of N. nucifera sized between 5 and 8 centimetres (2.0 and 3.1 in). Bowl lotuses come in various colours and numbers of petals , and they bloom longer than other species of lotus. But together with the rhizome , their seeds are often too small or too hard to be edible. The sacred lotus may be crossed with the yellow lotus to produce interspecific hybrids . A few varieties have been produced with differing appearances. About 70% of lotus for human consumption
2783-534: Is a state in the southwestern region of India . It was formed as Mysore State on 1 November 1956, with the passage of the States Reorganisation Act , and renamed Karnataka in 1973. The state is bordered by the Lakshadweep Sea to the west, Goa to the northwest, Maharashtra to the north, Telangana to the northeast, Andhra Pradesh to the east, Tamil Nadu to the southeast, and Kerala to
2904-687: Is a large structure decorated with images and pillars dating to the Chalukya era in the mid-12th century and dedicated to the Hindu god Shiva in his form as Tarakeshwara. The images include scenes from the Ramayana . The outer walls are designed with miniature shikaras of both Dravidian and Nagara style. The pillars of the open main hall are lathe turned wood. They have a bell shaped section and other decorations including elephants and diamond shaped motifs in bands. The elephants are carved so there appears to be
3025-560: Is a major language of Bangalore and in the Kolar district. Marathi (3.29%) is concentrated in areas of Uttara Kannada, Belgaum and Bidar districts bordering Maharashtra. Lambadi is spoken by the Lambadis scattered throughout North Karnataka, while Hindi is spoken in Bangalore. Tulu (2.61%), Konkani (1.29%), and Malayalam (1.27%) are all found in linguistically diverse Coastal Karnataka, where
3146-499: Is approximately 370 kilometres (230 mi) from Bengaluru and 40 kilometres (25 mi) from Haveri . The town can be reached from Bengaluru via Chitradurga and Haveri and from Dharwad via Hubli and Shiggaavi . The nearest rail head is at Haveri (railway station code HVR). Hangal has many historic temples related to the Chalukyas and the Hoysalas . The Tarakeshwara Temple
3267-679: Is comparable to a raw potato. The binding and disintegration properties of isolated Nelumbo starch have been compared with maize and potato starch; Nelumbo starch is shown to be superior as an adjuvant in the preparation of tablets . When dried, N. nucifera is also made into flour , another popular use of this vegetable. Lotus pip tea is consumed in Korea. Fresh lotus seeds ( simplified Chinese : 莲子 ; traditional Chinese : 蓮子 ; pinyin : liánzǐ ; Cantonese Yale : lìhnjí ) are nutritious but also vulnerable to microbial contamination , especially fungal infections. Therefore, mostly dry lotus seed-based products are found on
3388-507: Is consumed in China and Vietnam. Young lotus stems are used as a salad ingredient in Vietnamese cuisine and as a vegetable ingredient for some soup and curry in Thailand, such as keang som sai bua ( Thai : แกงส้มสายบัว , lotus stem sour soup) and keang kati sai bua ( แกงกะทิสายบัว , lotus stem in coconut milk curry). In northern and eastern regions of India, the stalk of the flower
3509-464: Is fully replaced by machines. Lotus varieties have been classified according to their use into three types: rhizome lotus, seed lotus, and flower lotus. Varieties that show more than one of these characteristics are classified by the strongest feature. Regarding production area in China, rhizome lotus has the largest area with 200,000 ha (490,000 acres), followed by seed lotus with 20,000 ha (49,000 acres). Rhizome lotus cultivars produce
3630-675: Is headed by a Deputy Commissioner who belongs to the Indian Administrative Service and is assisted by a number of officers belonging to Karnataka state services. The Superintendent of Police , an officer belonging to the Indian Police Service and assisted by the officers of the Karnataka Police Service, is entrusted with the responsibility of maintaining law and order and related issues in each district. The Deputy Conservator of Forests, an officer belonging to
3751-449: Is marked by major festivities at Mysore. Bangalore Karaga , celebrated in the heart of Bangalore, is the second most important festival celebrated in Karnataka. Ugadi (Kannada New Year), Makara Sankranti (the harvest festival), Ganesh Chaturthi , Gowri Habba , Ram Navami , Nagapanchami , Basava Jayanthi , Deepavali , and Balipadyami are the other major festivals of Karnataka. Languages of Karnataka ( 2011 census ) Kannada
Hangal - Misplaced Pages Continue
3872-584: Is now Karnataka in 1830, nearly three decades before the Indian Rebellion of 1857 . However, Kitturu was taken over by the British East India Company even before the doctrine was officially articulated by Lord Dalhousie in 1848. Other uprisings followed, such as the ones at Supa , Bagalkot , Shorapur , Nargund and Dandeli . These rebellions—which coincided with the Indian Rebellion of 1857 —were led by Mundargi Bhimarao, Bhaskar Rao Bhave ,
3993-505: Is often confused with the true water lilies of the genus Nymphaea , in particular N. caerulea , the "blue lotus." In fact, several older systems, such as the Bentham & Hooker system (which is widely used in the Indian subcontinent), refer to the lotus by its old synonym, Nymphaea nelumbo . While all modern plant taxonomy systems agree that this species belongs in the genus Nelumbo ,
4114-450: Is one of two extant species of aquatic plant in the family Nelumbonaceae . It is sometimes colloquially called a water lily, though this more often refers to members of the family Nymphaeaceae . Lotus plants are adapted to grow in the flood plains of slow-moving rivers and delta areas. Stands of lotus drop hundreds of thousands of seeds every year to the bottom of the pond. While some sprout immediately and most are eaten by wildlife,
4235-475: Is produced in China. In 2005, the cultivation area in China was estimated at 300,000 hectares (740,000 acres). A majority of lotus production takes place in managed farming systems in ponds or flooded fields like rice . The most widely used system is crop rotation with rice and vegetables . This system is applicable if the propagule (small piece of rhizome) can be planted early in the year. The rhizomes are harvested in July, after which rice can be planted in
4356-572: Is spoken widely by the Muslim population. Less widely spoken languages include Beary bashe and certain languages such as Sankethi . Some of the regional languages in Karnataka are Tulu , Kodava , Konkani and Beary . Kannada features a rich and ancient body of literature including religious and secular genre, covering topics as diverse as Jainism (such as Puranas ), Lingayatism (such as Vachanas ), Vaishnavism (such as Haridasa Sahitya ) and modern literature . Evidence from edicts during
4477-489: Is supported on eight pillars. There are memorial stones carved with religious ( Mastigallu ) and military ( Veeragallu ) scenes. Eight of them are guardians of eight cardinal points. There is a sanctuary adjoining the main hall. The Nandi pavilion rests on twelve pillars and contains balcony seating. There is also a Ganesha temple of the Nagara style (northern curvilinear) shikhara (miniature temple decorations.) The Jain temple in
4598-556: Is the Anakere lake. The town is on level terrain in an agricultural district. Hungal is recorded as Panungal in early documents. It was once the capital of a feudatory of the Kadambas . The Kadambas was an ancient dynasty of south India which ruled the region of the present-day state of Goa and nearby Konkan region from around AD 485 until the 11th century. They built temples in Hangal in
4719-426: Is the official language of the state of Karnataka, as the native language of 66.46% of its population as of 2011 and is one of the classical languages of India . Urdu is the second largest language, spoken by 10.83% of the population, and is the language of Muslims outside the coastal region. Telugu (5.84%) is a major language in areas bordering Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka as well as Bangalore, while Tamil (3.45%)
4840-969: Is the second-largest arid region in India. The highest point in Karnataka is the Mullayanagiri hills in Chikmagalur district which has an altitude of 1,925 m (6,316 ft). The two main river systems of the state are the Krishna and its tributaries, the Bhima , Ghataprabha , Vedavathi , Malaprabha and Tungabhadra in North Karnataka, and the Kaveri and its tributaries, the Hemavati , Shimsha , Arkavati , Lakshmana Thirtha and Kabini , in South Karnataka. Most of these rivers flow out of Karnataka eastward, reaching
4961-651: Is threatened by poaching , habitat destruction , human-wildlife conflict and pollution . There are 31 districts in Karnataka. Each district ( zila ) is governed by a district commissioner ( ziladar ). The districts are further divided into sub-districts ( talukas ), which are governed by sub-commissioners ( talukdars ); sub-divisions comprise blocks ( tehsils / hobli ), which are governed by block development officers ( tehsildars ), which contain village councils ( panchayats ), town municipal councils ( purasabhe ), city municipal councils ( nagarasabhe ), and city municipal corporations ( mahanagara palike ). According to
Hangal - Misplaced Pages Continue
5082-695: Is used as the main ingredient in dishes with coconut milk. The stems and petals can be bought in markets when in season. In China and Korea, lotus leaf tea ( Korean : 연잎차 , romanized : yeon'ip-cha ) is made from the leaves of the lotus. It is also used as a wrap for steaming rice and sticky rice and other steamed dishes in Southeast Asian cuisine, such as lo mai gai in Chinese cuisine or kao hor bai bua ( Thai : ข้าวห่อใบบัว ), fried rice wrapped in lotus leaf in Thai cuisine. Vietnamese also use lotus leaves to wrap green young rice, cốm , which
5203-500: Is used to prepare a soup, kamala gaṭṭē kī sabzī ( Hindi : कमल गट्टे की सब्ज़ी ) and an appetizer, kamala kakaṛī pakauṛē ( Hindi : कमल ककड़ी पकौड़े ). In South Indian states, the lotus stem is sliced, marinated with salt to dry, and the dried slices are fried and used as a side dish. In Kerala ( Malayalam : താമര ) and Tamil Nadu , this end product is called thamara vathal . In the Philippines , an indigenous variety called tukal
5324-671: The Archean complex made up of Dharwad schists and granitic gneisses , the Proterozoic non-fossiliferous sedimentary formations of the Kaladgi and Bhima series, the Deccan trappean and intertrappean deposits and the tertiary and recent laterites and alluvial deposits. Laterite cappings that are found in many districts over the Deccan Traps were formed after the cessation of volcanic activity in
5445-474: The Caspian Sea . Today, the species also occurs in southern India, Sri Lanka, virtually all of Southeast Asia, New Guinea, and northern and eastern Australia, but this is probably the result of human translocations. It has a very long history ( c. 3,000 years) of being cultivated for its edible seeds and is commonly cultivated in water gardens . It is the national flower of India and Vietnam. The lotus
5566-659: The Central Food Technological Research Institute , are also headquartered in Karnataka. Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals Limited is an oil refinery , located in Mangalore. The state has also begun to invest heavily in solar power centred on the Pavagada Solar Park . As of December 2017, the state has installed an estimated 2.2 gigawatts of block solar panelling and in January 2018 announced
5687-588: The Cheluvanarayana Swamy Temple and a well-organised matha were built. He was patronised by the Hoysala king, Vishnuvardhana . In the twelfth century, Lingayatism emerged in northern Karnataka as a protest against the rigidity of the prevailing social and caste system. Leading figures of this movement were Basava , Akka Mahadevi and Allama Prabhu , who established the Anubhava Mantapa which
5808-625: The Deccan and had their capitals in what is now Karnataka. The Western Chalukyas patronised a unique style of architecture and Kannada literature which became a precursor to the Hoysala art of the 12th century. Parts of modern-day Southern Karnataka (Gangavadi) were occupied by the Chola Empire at the turn of the 11th century. The Cholas and the Hoysalas fought over the region in the early 12th century before it eventually came under Hoysala rule. At
5929-606: The Government of Karnataka . Contemporary Kannada literature has received considerable acknowledgement in the arena of Indian literature, with eight Kannada writers winning India's highest literary honour, the Jnanpith award . Tulu is the majority language in the coastal district of Dakshina Kannada and is the second most spoken in the Udupi district . This region is also known as Tulu Nadu . Tulu Mahabharato , written by Arunabja in
6050-606: The Hoysalas took and held Hangal. In 1060, Mallikarjuna of the Shilahara laid siege to Hangal. In the 12th century, Hangal was held by the Kalalyani Chalukyas, rulers of the Deccan . The Chalukyas built temples in the Gadag architectural style, from grey-green coloured chloritic schist . On 14 July 1800, English forces took Hangal from Dhoondia Punt Gocklah , a Marhatta rebel deserter. As of 2001 India census , Hangal had
6171-540: The Indian Forest Service , is entrusted with the responsibility of managing forests, environment and wildlife of the district, he will be assisted by the officers belonging to Karnataka Forest Service and officers belonging to Karnataka Forest Subordinate Service. Sectoral development in the districts is looked after by the district head of each development department such as Public Works Department, Health, Education, Agriculture, Animal Husbandry, etc. The judiciary in
SECTION 50
#17328557483666292-542: The Jain tradition. In medieval epigraphs, it is known as Viratakote and Viratanagari, that is the fort and the city of Virata. According to local legends, it is believed to be the place where the Pandavas spent the thirteenth year of their exile. Hanagal is also known for Agnihotra (three Kunda shroutagni) which was practised by Shrotriya Samrat Brahmashri Chayanayaji—Girishastri Kashikar—for seven generations till 1973. Around 1031,
6413-727: The Karnataka Konkani Sahitya Akademi , the Tulu Sahitya Akademi and the Kodava Sahitya Akademi promote their respective languages. Karnataka has a parliamentary system of government with two democratically elected houses, the Legislative Assembly and the Legislative Council. The Legislative Assembly consists of 224 members who are elected for five-year terms. The Legislative Council is
6534-633: The State Bank of Mysore originated in this state. The coastal districts of Udupi and Dakshina Kannada have a branch for every 500 persons—the best distribution of banks in India. In March 2002, Karnataka had 4767 branches of different banks with each branch serving 11,000 persons, which is lower than the national average of 16,000. Nelumbo nucifera Nelumbo nucifera , also known as Padma ( Sanskrit : पद्म, romanized : Padmā , lit. 'Lotus') or Kamala ( Sanskrit : कमल, lit. 'Lotus'), sacred lotus , Indian lotus , or simply lotus ,
6655-619: The Tigalari script, is the oldest surviving Tulu text. Tigalari script was used by Brahmins to write Sanskrit language. The use of the Kannada script for writing Tulu and non-availability of print in Tigalari script contributed to the marginalisation of Tigalari script. In Karnataka Konkani is mostly spoken in the Uttara Kannada and Dakshina Kannada districts and in parts of Udupi , Konkani use
6776-478: The University of Adelaide in Australia, found that lotus flowers blooming in the Adelaide Botanic Gardens maintained a temperature of 30–35 °C (86–95 °F), even when the air temperature dropped to 10 °C (50 °F). They suspect the flowers may be doing this to attract cold-blooded insect pollinators . Studies published in the journals Nature and Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences in 1996 and 1998 were important contributions in
6897-446: The Western Ganga Dynasty was formed with Talakad as its capital. These were also the first kingdoms to use Kannada in administration, as evidenced by the Halmidi inscription and a fifth-century copper coin discovered at Banavasi. These dynasties were followed by imperial Kannada empires such as the Badami Chalukyas , the Rashtrakuta Empire of Manyakheta and the Western Chalukya Empire , which ruled over large parts of
7018-1041: The elephant , the tiger , the leopard , the gaur , the sambar deer , the chital or spotted deer , the muntjac , the bonnet macaque , the slender loris , the common palm civet , the small Indian civet , the sloth bear , the dhole , the striped hyena , the Bengal fox and the golden jackal . Some of the birds found here are the great hornbill , the Malabar pied hornbill , the Ceylon frogmouth , herons, ducks, kites, eagles, falcons , quails , partridges , lapwings , sandpipers , pigeons, doves, parakeets , cuckoos, owls, nightjars , swifts , kingfishers , bee-eaters and munias . Some species of trees found in Karnataka are Calophyllum tomentosum , Calophyllum apetalum , Garcinia cambogia , Garcinia morella , Alstonia scholaris , Flacourtia montana , Artocarpus hirsutus , Artocarpus lacucha , Cinnamomum zeylanicum , Grewia tiliifolia , Santalum album , Shorea talura , Emblica officinalis , Vitex altissima and Wrightia tinctoria . Wildlife in Karnataka
7139-737: The monsoon season between June and September and the post-monsoon season from October till December. Meteorologically , Karnataka is divided into three zones – coastal, north interior and south interior. Of these, the coastal zone receives the heaviest rainfall with an average rainfall of about 3,638.5 mm (143 in) per annum, far in excess of the state average of 1,139 mm (45 in). Amagaon in Khanapura taluka of Belgaum district received 10,068 mm (396 in) of rainfall in 2010. In 2014 Kokalli in Sirsi taluka of Uttara Kannada district received 8,746 mm (344 in) of rainfall. Agumbe in Thirthahalli taluka and Hulikal of Hosanagara taluka in Shimoga district were
7260-558: The mud 10–15 cm ( 3 + 7 ⁄ 8 – 5 + 7 ⁄ 8 in) below the soil surface . The stolon is ready to harvest two to three months after planting. It must be harvested before flowering. Harvesting the stolon is done by manual labor. For this step, the field is not drained. The stolon is pulled out of the water by pulling and shaking the young leaves in the shallow water. The first leaves and flowers can be harvested three months after planting. Flowers can be picked every two days during summer and every three days during
7381-445: The sixth-largest Indian state by area . Kannada , one of the classical languages of India , is the most widely spoken and official language of the state. Other minority languages spoken include Urdu , Konkani , Marathi , Tulu , Tamil , Telugu , Malayalam , Kodava and Beary . Karnataka also contains some of the only villages in India where Sanskrit is primarily spoken . Though several etymologies have been suggested for
SECTION 60
#17328557483667502-434: The 2011 census of India, the total population of Karnataka was 61,095,297 of which 30,966,657 (50.7%) were male and 30,128,640 (49.3%) were female, or 1000 males for every 973 females. This represents a 15.60% increase over the population in 2001. The population density was 319 per km and 38.67% of the people lived in urban areas. The literacy rate was 75.36% with 82.47% of males and 68.08% of females being literate. In 2007
7623-462: The 6th position among all states and union territories. In an employment survey conducted for the year 2013–2014, the unemployment rate in Karnataka was 1.8% compared to the national rate of 4.9%. In 2011–2012, Karnataka had an estimated poverty ratio of 20.91% compared to the national ratio of 21.92%. Nearly 56% of the workforce in Karnataka is engaged in agriculture and related activities. A total of 12.31 million hectares of land, or 64.6% of
7744-409: The APG IV classification, the closest relatives of Nelumbo include the sycamores ( Platanaceae ). The lotus roots are planted in pond or river bottom soil, while the leaves float on the water's surface or are held well above it. The leaf stalks (petioles) can be up to 200 cm (6 ft 7 in) long, allowing the plant to grow in water to that depth. The peltate leaf blade or lamina can have
7865-438: The Buddha in most Buddhist temples. Lotus is also widely used in Varamala (hindu wedding garland). Lotus is the national flower of the Republic of India . Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) , the largest political party in the world with around 200 million active members, uses lotus as its party symbol. BJP, in the past, have used lotuses in multiple colors - pink,white,blue,red and saffron, in their party flag. In recent times, as
7986-528: The Devanagari Script (which is official)/ Kannada script ( Optional ) for writing as identified by government of Karnataka. The Kodavas who mainly reside in the Kodagu district , speak Kodava Takk. Kodagu was a separate State with its own Chief Minister and Council of Ministers till 1956. Two regional variations of the language exist, the northern Mendale Takka and the southern Kiggaati Takka . Kodava Takk has its own script, Karnataka Kodava Sahitya Academy has accepted I. M. Muthanna 's script which
8107-452: The Halagali Bedas, Raja Venkatappa Nayaka and others. By the late 19th century, the independence movement had gained momentum; Karnad Sadashiva Rao, Aluru Venkata Raya , S. Nijalingappa , Kengal Hanumanthaiah , Nittoor Srinivasa Rau and others carried on the struggle into the early 20th century. After the independence of British India , the Maharaja, Jayachamarajendra Wodeyar , signed an instrument of accession to accede his state to
8228-418: The Hangal fort is located on the premises of the department of horticulture. It dates to 1150 AD. The temple in the Hoysala style is beautifully decorated but there is need of conservation and restoration. The temple was built on a stepped plan. It had an open hall and sanctuary, now in ruins. The sculptural decoration included flowers, garlands, torana, animals, birds and deities. It was especially elaborate in
8349-473: The Krishna . With an antiquity that dates to the paleolithic , Karnataka has been home to some of the most powerful empires of ancient and medieval India . The philosophers and musical bards patronised by these empires launched socio-religious and literary movements which have endured to the present day. Karnataka has contributed significantly to both forms of Indian classical music, the Carnatic and Hindustani traditions. Karnataka's pre-history goes back to
8470-444: The air; when kept underwater in soil, the energy-rich tubers can overwinter temperatures below 0 °C (32 °F). If the plants are taken out of the water for wintertime storage (mostly in exceptionally cold climates), the tubers and roots must be stored in a stable, frost-free location, such as a garage, preferably in a cardboard box or container filled completely with vermiculite or perlite . Care must be taken to fully insulate
8591-403: The colder season. Four months after planting, the production of flowers has its climax. The harvest of flowers is usually done by hand for three to four months. Seeds and seed pods can be harvested when they turn black four to eight months after planting. After sun drying for two to three days, they are processed by mechanical tools to separate seed coats and embryos. The rhizomes mature to
8712-446: The country's information technology sector. A total of 1,973 companies in the state were found to have been involved in the IT sector as of 2007. Karnataka is the only southern state to have land borders with all of the other four southern Indian sister states. The state covers an area of 191,791 km (74,051 sq mi), or 5.83 per cent of the total geographical area of India. It is
8833-584: The cultivar grown for the fresh rhizome market in Guangdong and Japan , the common rhizome cultivars are Tenno and Bitchu. The characteristics of seed lotus cultivars are a large number of carpels and seed sets as well as large seeds with better nutritional properties. Roots of these varieties are thin, fibrous, and do not form good rhizomes. The main popular cultivars for seed production in China are Cunsanlian, Xianglian 1, Zilian 2, Jianlian, Ganlian 62, and Taikong 36. The average yield of these cultivars in China
8954-466: The culture, philosophy, and art of South India and Karnataka in particular by exerting considerable spiritual influence over the masses and kingdoms that ruled South India. This movement was ushered in by the Haridasas (literally "servants of Hari") and took shape in the 13th century – 14th century CE, period, prior to and during the early rule of the Vijayanagara empire. The main objective of this movement
9075-640: The demise of the Bahmani Sultanate of Bidar, soon took control of much of the Deccan; it was defeated by the Mughals in the late 17th century. The Bahmani and Bijapur rulers encouraged Urdu and Persian literature and Indo-Saracenic architecture, the Gol Gumbaz being one of the high points of this style. During the sixteenth century, Konkani Hindus migrated to Karnataka, mostly from Salcette , Goa , while during
9196-659: The doorframe of the garbhagudi . At the bottom of each side, there are five carved figures. Manmatha is in the central projection. Rati is at his side. Daksha (the goat headed deity) is also present and all are flanked by attendants. The temple has a sanctuary face which is incomplete. The temple outer walls are decorated with designs of temple towers and carved diamond shaped depressions. The square panels show carved serpents with intertwined tails, animals, musicians, and foliage. Karnataka Karnataka ( / k ər ˈ n ɑː t ə k ə / kər- NAH -tə-kə ; ISO : Karnāṭaka , Kannada: [kɐɾˈnaːʈɐkɐ] )
9317-589: The early 14th century, Harihara and Bukka Raya established the Vijayanagara empire with its capital, Hosapattana (later named Vijayanagara ), on the banks of the Tungabhadra River in the modern Bellary district. Under the rule of Krishnadevaraya , a distinct form of literature and architecture evolved. The empire rose as a bulwark against Muslim advances into South India, which it completely controlled for over two centuries. In 1537, Kempe Gowda I ,
9438-482: The early tertiary period. Eleven groups of soil orders are found in Karnataka, viz. Entisols , Inceptisols , Mollisols , Spodosols , Alfisols , Ultisols , Oxisols , Aridisols , Vertisols , Andisols and Histosols . Depending on the agricultural capability of the soil, the soil types are divided into six types, viz. red, lateritic , black , alluvio-colluvial, forest and coastal soils. About 38,284 km (14,782 sq mi) of Karnataka (i.e. 16% of
9559-433: The field of thermoregulation in plants. Two other species known to be able to regulate their temperature include Symplocarpus foetidus and Thaumatophyllum bipinnatifidum . The red tiger lotus is native to West Africa, including Nigeria and Cameroon, and thrives in slow-moving water. A fertilized lotus flower bears fruit that contains a cluster of 10 to 30 seeds. Each seed is ovoid 1–2.5 cm wide by 1–1.5 cm long with
9680-398: The forms of paste , fermented milk, rice wine, ice cream, popcorn ( phool makhana ), and others, with lotus seeds as the main raw material. Traditional Chinese medicine claims that fresh lotus seed wine has thirst-quenching, spleen-healing, and anti-diarrheal advantages after drinking, attributed to unspecified bioactive compounds. Lotus seed tea is consumed in Korea, and lotus embryo tea
9801-514: The future to produce high volumes of uniform, true-to-type , disease-free materials. The first step of the cultivation is to plough the dry field. One round of manure is applied after ten days, before flooding the field. To support a quick initial growth, the water level is relatively low and increases when plants grow. Then a maximum of approximately 4,000 per hectare (1,600/acre) with grid spacing of 1.2 by 2 metres (3 ft 11 in × 6 ft 7 in) are used to plant directly into
9922-400: The head of an elephant and the body of a lion . Karnataka had an estimated GSDP (Gross State Domestic Product) of about US$ 115.86 billion in the 2014–15 fiscal year. The state registered a GSDP growth rate of 7% for the year 2014–2015. Karnataka's contribution to India's GDP in the year 2014–15 was 7.54%. With GDP growth of 17.59% and per capita GDP growth of 16.04%, Karnataka is on
10043-573: The high positions of Prime Minister and Vice-President. Border disputes involving Karnataka's claim on the Kasaragod and Solapur districts and Maharashtra 's claim on Belagavi are ongoing since the states reorganisation. The official emblem of Karnataka has a Ganda Berunda in the centre. Surmounting this are four lions facing the four directions, taken from the Lion Capital of Ashoka at Sarnath . The emblem also carries two Sharabhas with
10164-399: The higher the zone's number, the greater the adaptability of the plants. In the growing season , from April to September (in the northern hemisphere ), the average daytime temperature needed is 23 to 27 °C (73 to 81 °F). In regions with low light levels in winter, the sacred lotus has a period of dormancy . The tubers are not cold-resistant, if removed from water, and exposed to
10285-548: The incorporation of Mysore into British India in 1799. Mysore was restored to the Wodeyars, and the Kingdom of Mysore became a princely state outside but in a subsidiary alliance with British India . As the " doctrine of lapse " gave way to dissent and resistance from princely states across the country, Kittur Chennamma , Queen of Kittur , her military leader Sangolli Rayanna , and others, spearheaded rebellions in part of what
10406-578: The market. Traditional sun baking combined with charcoal processing dries the seeds but results in a loss of nutrients. Freeze-dried lotus seeds have a longer shelf life and maintain original nutrients, while no differences in flavour are found after rehydration compared to fresh lotus seeds. Dry stored lotus seeds are sensitive to moisture and mold infestation ; researchers continue to explore new ways to preserve fresh lotus seeds, such as radiation processing . Lotus seeds can be processed into fillings for moon cake , lotus seed noodles and food in
10527-540: The name Karnataka, the generally accepted one is that Karnataka is derived from the Kannada words karu and nādu , meaning "elevated land". Karu Nadu may also be read as karu , meaning "black" and nadu , meaning "region", as a reference to the black cotton soil found in the Bayalu Seeme region of the state. The British used the word Carnatic , sometimes Karnatak , to describe both sides of peninsular India, south of
10648-461: The native composition metres such as Chattana , Beddande and Melvadu during earlier centuries. The classic refers to several earlier greats ( purvacharyar ) of Kannada poetry and prose. Kuvempu , the renowned Kannada poet and writer who wrote Jaya Bharata Jananiya Tanujate , the state anthem of Karnataka was the first recipient of the Karnataka Ratna , the highest civilian award bestowed by
10769-477: The new India. In 1950, Mysore became an Indian state of the same name; the former Maharaja served as its Rajpramukh (head of state) until 1975. Following the long-standing demand of the Ekikarana Movement , Kodagu- and Kannada-speaking regions from the adjoining states of Madras, Hyderabad and Bombay were incorporated into the Mysore state, under the States Reorganisation Act of 1956. The thus expanded state
10890-404: The number of petals (single petals, double petals, or multi-petals) and their colours range from single colour in white, yellow, pink, and red to bi-colour, most often of white petals with pink tips or highlights. The flowers are capable of producing ink used by artists such as Morrison Polkinghorne to produce abstract images of the landscapes of southern Asia. One example of a flower lotus
11011-515: The rainiest cities in Karnataka, situated in one of the wettest regions in the world. The state is projected to warm about 2.0 °C (4 °F ) by 2030. The monsoon is set to provide less rainfall. Agriculture in Karnataka is mostly rainfed as opposed to irrigated, making it highly vulnerable to expected changes in the monsoon. The highest recorded temperature was 45.6 °C (114 °F ) in Raichuru district . The lowest recorded temperature
11132-509: The religious and cultural landscape of Karnataka. Islam , which had an early presence on the west coast of India as early as the tenth century, gained a foothold in Karnataka with the rise of the Bahamani and Bijapur sultanates that ruled parts of Karnataka. Christianity reached Karnataka in the sixteenth century with the arrival of the Portuguese and St. Francis Xavier in 1545. Buddhism
11253-444: The remaining seeds can remain dormant for an extensive period of time as the pond silts in and dries out. During flood conditions, sediments containing these seeds are broken open, and the dormant seeds rehydrate and begin a new lotus colony. Under favorable circumstances, the seeds of this aquatic perennial may remain viable for many years, with the oldest recorded lotus germination being from seeds 1,300 years old recovered from
11374-769: The rhizomes into the drained field . The rhizomes are then harvested next March. A third way is to plant lotus in ponds or fields and raise aquatic animals such as fish , shrimp , or crab in the same field. A more efficient use of the water for both, the aquatic animals and lotus production has been identified with this planting pattern. Lotus flowers are widely used as offerings to most female deities, especially Lakshmi , in Hindu temples. Among male deities, lotuses are offered to Vishnu for prosperity and to Shiva for salvation. Garlands made of lotuses are used for adorning deities and lotus petals are used in puja . Lotus seeds are also used in prayer beads. Lotuses are also offered to
11495-771: The sacred lotus was sequenced in May 2013. A dedicated genome database lists additional genome assemblies sequenced since then. The sacred lotus grows in water up to 2.5 m (8 ft) deep. The minimum water depth is about 30 cm (12 in). In colder climates, having a deeper water level protects the tubers more effectively, and overall is helpful for better growth and flowering . The sacred lotus germinates at temperatures above 13 °C (55 °F). Most varieties are not naturally cold-hardy, but may readily adapt to living outdoors year-round in USDA hardiness zones 6 through 11 (with some growers having success in zones as low as 4 or 5);
11616-455: The same field. Rice is then harvested in October. From November until March, the field stays either free or terricolous vegetables, such as cabbage or spinach , are planted. Alternatively, the vegetable can also be planted after the harvest of the lotus. Another alternative way is not to harvest the lotus rhizome , even though it is already ripe. A terricolous vegetable is planted between
11737-620: The sea at the Bay of Bengal . Other prominent rivers such as the Sharavati in Shimoga and Netravati in Dakshina Kannada flow westward to the Lakshadweep Sea . A large number of dams and reservoirs are constructed across these rivers which richly add to the irrigation and hydroelectricity power generation capacities of the state. Karnataka consists of four main types of geological formations –
11858-623: The seventeenth and eighteenth century, Goan Catholics migrated to North Canara and South Canara , especially from Bardes , Goa, as a result of food shortages, epidemics and heavy taxation imposed by the Portuguese . In the period that followed, parts of northern Karnataka were ruled by the Nizam of Hyderabad , the Maratha Empire , the British , and other powers. In the south, the Mysore Kingdom ,
11979-453: The sharp hierarchical divisions that existed and sought to remove all distinctions between the hierarchically superior master class and the subordinate, servile class. He also supported inter-caste marriages and Kaay Ta tTatva of Basavanna. This was the basis of the Lingayat faith which today counts millions among its followers. The Jain philosophy and literature have contributed immensely to
12100-403: The southwest. With 61,130,704 inhabitants at the 2011 census, Karnataka is the eighth-largest state by population , comprising 31 districts . With 15,257,000 residents, the state capital Bangalore is the largest city of Karnataka. The economy of Karnataka is amongst the most productive in the country with a gross state domestic product (GSDP) of ₹ 25.01 trillion (US$ 300 billion) and
12221-516: The state capital, Bangalore, the sobriquet Silicon Valley of India . Karnataka also leads the nation in biotechnology . It is home to India's largest biocluster, with 60% of the country's biotechnology firms being based here. The state has 18,000 hectares of land under flower cultivation , an upcoming industry which supplies flowers and ornamental plants worldwide. Seven of India's banks, Canara Bank , Syndicate Bank , Corporation Bank , Vijaya Bank , Karnataka Bank , ING Vysya Bank and
12342-740: The state consists of the Karnataka High Court ( Attara Kacheri ) in Bangalore, Hubballi-Dharwad, and Kalaburagi, district and session courts in each district and lower courts and judges at the taluk level. Politics in Karnataka has been dominated by three political parties, the Indian National Congress , the Janata Dal (Secular) and the Bharatiya Janata Party . Politicians from Karnataka have played prominent roles in federal government of India with some of them having held
12463-452: The state had a birth rate of 2.2%, a death rate of 0.7%, an infant mortality rate of 5.5% and a maternal mortality rate of 0.2%. The total fertility rate was 2.2. Karnataka's private sector speciality health care competes with the best in the world. Karnataka has also established a modicum of public health services having a better record of health care and child care than most other states of India. In spite of these advances, some parts of
12584-953: The state is the Governor who is appointed for a five-year term by the President of India on the advice of the Union government. The people of Karnataka also elect 28 members to the Lok Sabha , the lower house of the Indian Parliament. The members of the state Legislative Assembly elect 12 members to the Rajya Sabha , the upper house of the Indian Parliament . For administrative purposes, Karnataka has been divided into four revenue divisions, 49 sub-divisions, 31 districts, 175 taluks and 745 hoblies / revenue circles. The administration in each district
12705-450: The state still suffer from the lack of primary health care. Religion in Karnataka (2011) Adi Shankara (788–820 CE) chose Sringeri in Karnataka to establish the first of his four mathas (monastery). Madhvacharya (1238–1317) was the chief proponent of Tattvavada (philosophy of reality), popularly known as Dvaita or Dualistic school of Hindu philosophy – one of the three most influential Vedanta philosophies. Madhvacharya
12826-497: The state's geographic area) is covered by forests. The forests are classified as reserved, protected, unclosed, village and private forests. The percentage of forested area is slightly less than the all-India average of about 23%, and significantly less than the 33% prescribed in the National Forest Policy. Karnataka experiences four seasons. The winter in January and February is followed by summer between March and May,
12947-655: The state's total area, is cultivated. Much of the agricultural output is dependent on the southwest monsoon as only 26.5% of the sown area is irrigated. Karnataka is the manufacturing hub for some of the largest public sector industries in India, including Hindustan Aeronautics Limited , National Aerospace Laboratories , Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited , Bharat Earth Movers Limited and HMT (formerly Hindustan Machine Tools), which are based in Bangalore. Many of India's premier science and technology research centres, such as Indian Space Research Organisation , Central Power Research Institute , Bharat Electronics Limited and
13068-442: The state. Exports from these firms exceeded ₹ 500 billion (equivalent to ₹ 1.6 trillion or US$ 19 billion in 2023) in 2006–07, accounting for nearly 38% of all IT exports from India. The Nandi Hills area in the outskirts of Devanahalli is the site of the upcoming $ 22 billion, 50 km BIAL IT Investment Region , one of the largest infrastructure projects in the history of Karnataka. All this has earned
13189-614: The systems disagree as to which family Nelumbo should be placed in or whether the genus should belong in its own unique family and order. According to the APG IV system, N. nucifera , N. lutea , and their extinct relatives belong in Proteales with the protea flowers due to genetic comparisons. Older systems, such as the Cronquist system , place N. nucifera and its relatives in the order Nymphaeles based on anatomical similarities. According to
13310-662: The third century BCE, most of Karnataka formed part of the Nanda Empire before coming under the Mauryan empire of Emperor Ashoka . Four centuries of Satavahana rule followed, allowing them to control large areas of Karnataka. The decline of Satavahana power led to the rise of the earliest native kingdoms, the Kadambas and the Western Gangas , marking the region's emergence as an independent political entity. The Kadamba Dynasty , founded by Mayurasharma , had its capital at Banavasi ;
13431-550: The time of Ashoka (reigned 274–232 BCE) suggest that Buddhist literature influenced the Kannada script and its literature. The Halmidi inscription , the earliest attested full-length inscription in the Kannada language and script, dates from 450 CE, while the earliest available literary work, the Kavirajamarga , has been dated to 850 CE. References made in the Kavirajamarga , however, prove that Kannada literature flourished in
13552-411: The tubers. The sacred lotus requires a nutrient -rich and loamy soil. In the beginning of the summer period (from March until May in the northern hemisphere), a small part of rhizome with at least one eye is either planted in ponds or directly into a flooded field. There are several other propagation ways via seeds or buds . Furthermore, tissue culture is a promising propagation method for
13673-510: The turn of the first millennium, the Hoysalas gained power in the region. Literature flourished during this time, which led to the emergence of distinctive Kannada literary metres , and the construction of temples and sculptures adhering to the Vesara style of architecture. The expansion of the Hoysala Empire brought minor parts of modern Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu under its rule. In
13794-463: The upper portion of the walls. The temple walls are also decorated with thin pilasters . The open hall has lathe turned pillars. Lord Sarahunaath temple in the Suraleshwara near Hangal. The Veerabhadra temple is also located at the Hangal fort. Although highly decorated, it is in need of restoration work. The Billeshwara temple is in the Hoysala style. This temple has elaborately carved jambs on
13915-456: Was 2.8 °C (37 °F) at Bidar district . Karnataka is home to a variety of wildlife. It has a recorded forest area of 38,720 km (14,950 sq mi) which constitutes 12.3% of the total geographical area of the state. These forests support 25% of the elephant and 10% of the tiger population of India. Many regions of Karnataka are as yet unexplored, so new species of flora and fauna are found periodically. The Western Ghats ,
14036-470: Was developed in 1970 as the official script of Kodava Thakk. English is the medium of education in many schools and widely used for business communication in most private companies. All of the state's languages are patronised and promoted by governmental and quasi-governmental bodies. The Kannada Sahitya Parishat and the Kannada Sahitya Akademi are responsible for the promotion of Kannada while
14157-509: Was one of the important philosophers during the Bhakti movement . He was a pioneer in many ways, going against standard conventions and norms. According to tradition, Madhvacharya is believed to be the third incarnation of Vayu (Mukhyaprana), after Hanuman and Bhima . The Haridasa devotional movement is considered one of the turning points in the cultural history of India. Over a span of nearly six centuries, several saints and mystics helped shape
14278-581: Was popular in Karnataka during the first millennium in places such as Gulbarga and Banavasi . A chance discovery of edicts and several Mauryan relics at Sannati in Kalaburagi district in 1986 has proven that the Krishna River basin was once home to both Mahayana and Hinayana Buddhism. There are Tibetan refugee camps in Karnataka. Mysore Dasara is celebrated as the Nada habba (state festival) and this
14399-476: Was renamed Karnataka, seventeen years later, on 1 November 1973. In the early 1900s through the post-independence era, industrial visionaries such as Sir Mokshagundam Visvesvarayya , played an important role in the development of Karnataka's strong manufacturing and industrial base. The state has three principal geographical zones: The bulk of the state is in the Bayaluseeme region, the northern part of which
14520-404: Was the centre of all religious and philosophical thoughts and discussions pertaining to Lingayats. These three social reformers did so by the literary means of "Vachana Sahitya" which is very famous for its simple, straight forward and easily understandable Kannada language. Lingayatism preached women equality by letting women wear Ishtalinga i.e. Symbol of god around their neck. Basava shunned
14641-606: Was to propagate the Dvaita philosophy of Madhvacharya (Madhva Siddhanta) to the masses through a literary medium known as Dasa Sahitya . Purandara dasa is widely recognised as the "Pithamaha" of Carnatic Music for his immense contribution. Ramanuja , the leading expounder of Vishishtadvaita , spent many years in Melkote . He came to Karnataka in 1098 CE and lived here until 1122 CE. He first lived in Tondanur and then moved to Melkote where
#365634