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62-473: The Amur is an important river for the aquatic fauna of Northeast Asia. The river basin is home to a variety of large predatory fish such as northern snakehead , Amur pike , taimen , Amur catfish , predatory carp and yellowcheek , as well as several species of trout and anadromous salmonids . The largest fish species in the Amur is the kaluga , a sturgeon that is one of the largest freshwater fish in

124-558: A Yuan-era temple have been excavated near the village of Tyr . During the reigns of the Yongle and Xuande Emperors (early-15th century), the Ming dynasty reached the Amur in their drive to establish control over the lands adjacent to the Ming Empire to the northeast, which would later become known as Manchuria. Expeditions headed by the eunuch Yishiha reached Tyr several times between 1411 and

186-519: A half from 2000 to 2008 when compared with prior decades. In years with high precipitation, the normally exitless Hulun Lake may overflow at its northern shore, and the water will meet the Ergune River after about 30 kilometres or 19 miles. The Ergune marks the border between Russia and China for about 944 kilometres or 587 miles, until it meets the Amur River . The system Kherlen-Ergune-Amur has

248-629: A short military campaign in 1685. The Treaty of Nerchinsk , concluded in 1689, marked the end of the hostilities: it left the entire Amur valley, from the convergence of the Shilka and the Ergune downstream, in Chinese hands. Fedor Soimonov was sent to map the then little explored area of the Amur in 1757. He mapped the Shilka, which was partly in Chinese territory, but was turned back when he reached its confluence with

310-415: A source of food (i.e. seafood ) and as raw material for fodders (e.g. feeder fish and fish meal ), pharmaceuticals (e.g. fish oil , krill oil , cytarabine and bryostatin ) and various industrial chemicals (e.g. chitin and bioplastics , formerly also whale oil ). The harvesting of aquatic animals, especially finfish , shellfish and inkfish , provides direct and indirect employment to

372-610: A total length of 5,052 kilometres or 3,139 miles. Near the city of Choibalsan in the Dornod province (far Northeast Mongolia), the Kherlen river feeds several soda lakes , located (geologically) in the north Kerulen Block of the Central Mongolian Fold System. They are closed lakes fed by groundwater, with hardly any surface inflow or outflow, in basins formed in basalt , pyroclastic material and rhyolite erupted from

434-738: Is a 1,254 km river in Mongolia and China . It is also one of the two longest rivers in Mongolia, along with the Orkhon River . The river originates in the south slopes of the Khentii mountains , near the Burkhan Khaldun mountain in the Khan Khentii Strictly Protected Area , about 180 kilometres or 112 miles northeast of Ulaanbaatar . This area constitutes the divide between

496-509: Is a popular pastime in both developed and developing countries , and the manufacturing , retail and service sectors associated with recreational fishing have together conglomerated into a multibillion-dollar industry. In 2014 alone, around 11 million saltwater sportfishing participants the United States generated USD$ 58 billion of retail revenue (comparatively, commercial fishing generated USD$ 141 billion that same year). In 2021,

558-423: Is a potential source of uranium in the region's groundwater and soda lakes. Contamination may also result from large dust storms, which are frequent during the spring when the soda lakes are driest. It has been noted that Shar Burdiin lake shows the maximum concentration in uranium (with, only a short distance away, Gurvany-2 lake not far behind in uranium concentration); and that said concentration decreases while

620-712: Is also applied to riparian mammals like the river otter ( Lontra canadensis ) and beavers (family Castoridae ), although they are technically semiaquatic or amphibious. Unlike the more common gill -bearing aquatic animals, these air-breathing animals have lungs (which are homologous to the swim bladders in bony fish ) and need to surface periodically to change breaths, but their ranges are not restricted by oxygen saturation in water, although salinity changes can still affect their physiology to an extent. There are also reptilian animals that are highly evolved for life in water, although most extant aquatic reptiles, including crocodilians , turtles , water snakes and

682-614: Is believed there are at least 123 species of fish from 23 families inhabiting the Amur. The majority are of the Gobioninae subfamily of Cypriniformes , followed in number by Salmonidae . Several of the species are endemic . Pseudaspius and Mesocottus are monotypic genera found only in the Amur and some nearby coastal rivers. Other animals inhabiting this region include the Amur falcon , Amur leopard and Amur tiger ; while some notable local flora include Amur cork tree , Amur maple and

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744-756: Is still recorded in some countries, particularly in Africa and Asia . Overfishing and destructive fishing practices fuelled by commercial incentives have reduced fish stocks beyond sustainable levels in many world regions, causing the fishery industry to maladaptively fishing down the food web . It was estimated in 2014 that global fisheries were adding US$ 270 billion a year to global GDP , but by full implementation of sustainable fishing , that figure could rise by as much as US$ 50 billion. UN Food and Agriculture Organization projects world production of aquatic animals to reach 205 million tonnes by 2032. Where sex-disaggregated data are available, approximately 24 percent of

806-570: The Amur honeysuckle . Four species of the Acipenseridae family can be found: the kaluga , Amur sturgeon , Sakhalin sturgeon and sterlet . The Kaluga and Amur sturgeon are endemic. The sterlet was introduced from the Ob in the 1950s. This region is home to the Kaluga fish ( Acipenseriformes ). Flowing across northeast Asia for over 4,444 kilometres (2,761 mi) (including its two tributaries), from

868-611: The Argun . The Russian proselytization of Orthodox Christianity to the indigenous peoples along the Amur was viewed as a threat by the Qing. The Amur region remained a relative backwater of the Qing Empire for the next century and a half, with Aigun being practically the only major town on the river. Russians re-appeared on the river in the mid-19th century, forcing the Manchus to yield all lands north of

930-479: The Cenozoic ) remain fully aquatic in saltwater ecosystems . Amphibians , while still requiring access to water to inhabit, are separated into their own ecological classification. The majority of amphibians — except the order Gymnophiona ( caecilians ), which are mainly terrestrial burrowers — have a fully aquatic larval form known as tadpoles , but those from the order Anura ( frogs and toads ) and some of

992-655: The Choibalsan – Onon volcanic chain during the late Cretaceous ; among these lakes are the Tsaidam lakes, the Gurvany lakes and the Shar Burdiin lake. The groundwater that feeds the soda lakes comes from a shallow unconfined aquifer recharged by rainfall and snowmelt, and from precipitation in the highlands north of the lakes. But the local climate is semi-arid, with only 207 mm mean annual precipitation distributed unequally throughout

1054-666: The Han Chinese , who sometimes collectively described them as the Wild Jurchens . The Chinese-language term Yúpí Dázi 魚皮韃子 ("Fish-skin Tatars") came to apply to the Nanais and related groups as well, owing to their traditional clothes made of fish skins. The Mongols, ruling the region as the Yuan dynasty , established a tenuous military presence on the lower Amur in the 13th and 14th centuries; ruins of

1116-604: The Kangxi era of 1661–1722, they turned their attention to their north-Manchurian backyard. Aigun was re-established near the supposed Ming site in about 1683–84, and a military expeditions went upstream to dislodge the Russians, whose Albazin establishment deprived the Manchu rulers of the tribute of sable pelts that the Solons and Daurs of the area would supply otherwise. Albazin fell during

1178-655: The Sino–Soviet political split of 1956–1966. For many centuries, inhabitants of the Amur Valley comprised the Tungusic ( Evenki , Solon , Ducher , Jurchen , Nanai , Ulch ), Mongol ( Daur ) people, some Ainu and, near its mouth, the Nivkhs . For many of these groups, fishing in the Amur and its tributaries was the main source of their livelihood. Until the 17th century these peoples were not known to Europeans, and little known to

1240-597: The algae octopus (whose larvae are completely planktonic , but adults are highly terrestrial). Aquatic animals are a diverse polyphyletic group based purely on the natural environments they inhabit, and many morphological and behavioral similarities among them are the result of convergent evolution . They are distinct from terrestrial and semi-aquatic animals, who can survive away from water bodies, while aquatic animals often die of dehydration or hypoxia after prolonged removal out of water due to either gill failure or compressive asphyxia by their own body weight (as in

1302-559: The arroyo of Mutnaya Protoka, and the water will meet the Argun River (Ergune) after about 30 kilometres (19 mi). The Amur Basin of the Kherlen − Argun −Amur River system has a total length of 5,052 km (3,139 mi) to its river mouth on the Sea of Okhotsk . The largest tributaries of the Amur are, from source to mouth: There are also numerous lakes in the floodplain of the Amur. Some of

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1364-541: The hormone prolactin , while in salmon ( Salmo salar ) the hormone cortisol plays a key role during this process. Freshwater molluscs include freshwater snails and freshwater bivalves . Freshwater crustaceans include freshwater shrimps , crabs , crayfish , freshwater pirahnas and copepods . In addition to water-breathing animals (e.g. fish , most molluscs , etc.), the term "aquatic animal" can be applied to air-breathing tetrapods who have evolved for aquatic life. The most proliferative extant group are

1426-449: The kidney . Although most aquatic organisms have a limited ability to regulate their osmotic balance and therefore can only live within a narrow range of salinity, diadromous fish have the ability to migrate between fresh and saline water bodies. During these migrations they undergo changes to adapt to the surroundings of the changed salinities; these processes are hormonally controlled. The European eel ( Anguilla anguilla ) uses

1488-479: The labyrinth organ and even primitive lungs (lungfish and bichirs). Most molluscs have gills , while some freshwater gastropods (e.g. Planorbidae ) have evolved pallial lungs and some amphibious species (e.g. Ampullariidae ) have both. Many species of octopus have cutaneous respiration that allows them to survive out of water at the intertidal zones , with at least one species ( Abdopus aculeatus ) being routinely terrestrial hunting crabs among

1550-411: The livelihood of over 500 million people in developing countries , and both the fishing industry and aquaculture make up a major component of the primary sector of the economy . The UN Food and Agriculture Organization estimates that global consumption of aquatic animals in 2022 was 185 million tonnes (live weight equivalent), an increase of 4 percent from 2020. The value of the 2022 global trade

1612-635: The marine iguana , are technically semi-aquatic rather than fully aquatic, and most of them only inhabit freshwater ecosystems . Marine reptiles were once a dominant group of ocean predators that altered the marine fauna during the Mesozoic , although most of them died out during the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event and now only the sea turtles (the only remaining descendants of the Mesozoic marine reptiles) and sea snakes (which only evolved during

1674-422: The marine mammals , such as those in the orders Cetacea ( whales , dolphins and porpoises , with some freshwater species ) and Sirenia ( dugongs and manatees ), who are too evolved for aquatic life to survive on land at all (where they will die of beaching ), as well as the highly aquatically adapted but land-dwelling pinnipeds ( true seals , eared seals and the walrus ). The term " aquatic mammal "

1736-514: The mountains of northeastern China to the Sea of Okhotsk (near Nikolayevsk-na-Amure ), it drains a remarkable watershed that includes diverse landscapes of desert , steppe , tundra , and taiga , eventually emptying into the Pacific Ocean through the Strait of Tartary, where the mouth of the river faces the northern end of the island of Sakhalin . The Amur has always been closely associated with

1798-725: The tidal pools of rocky shores . Aquatic animals play an important role for the environment as indicator species , as they are particularly sensitive to deterioration in water quality and climate change . Biodiversity of aquatic animals is also an important factor for the sustainability of aquatic ecosystems as it reflects the food web status and the carrying capacity of the local habitats . Many migratory aquatic animals, predominantly forage fish (such as sardines ) and euryhaline fish (such as salmon ), are keystone species that accumulate and transfer biomass between marine , freshwater and even to terrestrial ecosystems . Aquatic animals are important to humans as

1860-522: The water column . Aquatic animals (especially freshwater animals) are often of special concern to conservationists because of the fragility of their environments. Aquatic animals are subject to pressure from overfishing / hunting , destructive fishing , water pollution , acidification , climate change and competition from invasive species . Many aquatic ecosystems are at risk of habitat destruction / fragmentation , which puts aquatic animals at risk as well. Aquatic animals play an important role in

1922-597: The Amur in writings about his journey to Sakhalin Island in 1890. The average annual discharge varies from 6,000 cubic metres per second (210,000 cu ft/s) (1980) to 12,000 cubic metres per second (420,000 cu ft/s) (1957), leading to an average 9,819 cubic metres per second (346,800 cu ft/s) or 310 cubic kilometres (74 cu mi) per year. The maximum runoff measured occurred in Oct 1951 with 30,700 cubic metres per second (1,080,000 cu ft/s) whereas

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1984-732: The Amur will connect Tongjiang with Nizhneleninskoye , a village in the Jewish Autonomous Oblast . The Chinese portion of the bridge was finished in July 2016. In December 2016, work began on the Russian portion of the bridge. Completion of structural link between the two sides of the bridge was completed in March 2019. Opening to rail traffic has been repeatedly delayed, with the December 2019 estimate being "the end of 2020", and then 3rd quarter of 2021. It

2046-609: The Arctic ( Tuul River ) and Pacific (Kherlen, Onon ) basins and is consequently named "Three River Basins". From there the Kherlen flows in a mostly eastern direction through the Khentii aimag . Further downriver, it crosses the eastern Mongolian steppe past Ulaan Ereg and Choibalsan , entering China at 48°3′N 115°36′E  /  48.050°N 115.600°E  / 48.050; 115.600 and emptying into Hulun Nuur after another 164 kilometres or 102 miles. The mean streamflow of Kherlen River has decreased by more than

2108-512: The Shar Burdiin lake, uranium concentration has been measured at 62.5 μM, which may be the highest reported naturally occurring U concentration in a surface water body. Shar Burdiin is also the most highly evaporated lake. No uranium deposits have been identified within their catchment area. However, approximately 100 km north of the lakes, there are several deposits of uraninite (pitchblende) / coffinite assemblages within conglomerates and sandstones . Devitrification of volcanic glass

2170-510: The Udeghes, Ulchis, and Nanais. Russian Cossack expeditions led by Vassili Poyarkov and Yerofey Khabarov explored the Amur and its tributaries in 1643–44 and 1649–51, respectively. The Cossacks established the fort of Albazin on the upper Amur, at the site of the former capital of the Solons . At the time, the Manchus were busy with conquering China ; but a few decades later, during

2232-552: The case of whale beaching ). Along with aquatic plants , algae and microbes , aquatic animals form the food webs of various marine , brackish and freshwater aquatic ecosystems . The term aquatic can be applied to animals that live in either fresh water or salt water . However, the adjective marine is most commonly used for animals that live in saltwater or sometimes brackish water , i.e. in oceans , shallow seas , estuaries , etc. Aquatic animals can be separated into four main groups according to their positions within

2294-663: The cities of Blagoveshchensk in Russia and Heihe in China, it widens significantly as it is joined by one of its most important tributaries the Zeya . The Amur arcs to the east and turns southeast again at the confluence with the Bureya , then does not receive another significant tributary for nearly 250 kilometres (160 mi) before its confluence with its largest tributary, the Songhua , at Tongjiang . At

2356-492: The confluence of its two major affluents, the Shilka and the Argun (or Ergune) , at an elevation of 303 metres (994 ft). It flows east forming the border between China and Russia, and slowly makes a great arc to the southeast for about 400 kilometres (250 mi), receiving many tributaries and passing many small towns. At Huma, it is joined by a major tributary, the Huma He . Afterwards it continues to flow south until, between

2418-558: The confluence with the Songhua the river turns northeast, now flowing towards Khabarovsk , where it joins the Ussuri and ceases to define the Russia–China border. Now the river spreads out dramatically into a braided character, flowing north-northeast through a wide valley in eastern Russia, passing Amursk and Komsomolsk-on-Amur . The valley narrows after about 200 kilometres (120 mi) and

2480-502: The distance from that area increases, as seen from Tsaidam-2 lake and Gurvany-1 lake which are over 15 km from Shar Burdiin Lake. So another possibility for the contamination is that of wind-blown salts from Shar Burdiin lake and Gurvany-2 lake, reaching the lakes and groundwaters in other parts of the area. The Khuduu Aral, a 30 kilometre long and 20 km wide plain on the Kherlen river, is home to Genghis Khan's Ikh Aurag (palace). Nearby it there

2542-632: The early 1430s, re-building (twice) the Yongning Temple and obtaining at least the nominal allegiance of the lower Amur's tribes to the Ming government. Some sources report also a Chinese presence during the same period on the middle Amur – a fort existed at Aigun for about 20 years during the Yongle era on the left (northwestern) shore of the Amur downstream from the mouth of the Zeya River. This Ming Dynasty Aigun

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2604-432: The economic sum of 17 U.S. states . [REDACTED]  This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC BY 4.0 ( license statement/permission ). Text taken from The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2024​ , FAO. Kherlen Kherlen River (also known as Kern or Kerülen ; Mongolian : Хэрлэн гол ; Chinese : 克鲁伦河 ; pinyin : Kèlǔlún hé )

2666-492: The island of Sakhalin at its mouth, and most names for the island, even in the languages of the indigenous peoples of the region, are derived from the name of the river: "Sakhalin" derives from a Tungusic dialectal form cognate with Manchu sahaliyan ("black", as in sahaliyan ula , "Black River"), while Ainu and Japanese "Karaputo" or " Karafuto " is derived from the Ainu name of the Amur or its mouth. Anton Chekhov vividly described

2728-500: The largest ones are Bolon , Khummi and Udyl . The main tributaries from the mouth: tributary tributary (km) (km) (m/s) Amur– Shilka – Onon : 4,354 km; Amur– Argun – Hailar –Dayan: 4,444 km; Amur–Argun– Dalan Orom – Kherlen : 5,052 km; Many historical references distinguish two geopolitical entities in the area of the Amur: Manchuria ( Northeast China ) and Outer Manchuria . The Chinese province of Heilongjiang on

2790-511: The latter name, meaning "black water", being the basis of the modern Chinese name Heilongjiang or " Black Dragon River", while the Manchurian name Sahaliyan Ula , the Mongolian names "Amar mörön" (Cyrillic: Амар мөрөн) originates from the name "Amar" meaning to rest and Khar mörön (Cyrillic: Хар мөрөн) mean Black River. The river rises in the hills in the western part of Northeast China at

2852-524: The major producer (36% of the total), followed by India (8%), Indonesia (7%), Vietnam (5%) and Peru (3%). Total fish production in 2016 reached an all-time high of 171 million tonnes, of which 88% was utilized for direct human consumption, resulting in a record-high per capita consumption of 20.3 kg (45 lb). Since 1961 the annual global growth in fish consumption has been twice as high as population growth. While annual growth of aquaculture has declined in recent years, significant double-digit growth

2914-444: The minimum discharge was recorded in March 1946 with a mere 514 cubic metres per second (18,200 cu ft/s). Aquatic animal An aquatic animal is any animal , whether vertebrate or invertebrate , that lives in bodies of water for all or most of its lifetime. Aquatic animals generally conduct gas exchange in water by extracting dissolved oxygen via specialised respiratory organs called gills , through

2976-659: The name Amur is unknown. One theory dictates that it comes to Russian through either the Evenki word amur or the Even word amar , both meaning "river" in their respective Tungusic languages. However, it is unclear whether Russian borrowed the name Amur from either Tungusic language rather than the other way around. An alternative theory suggests that Amur comes from the Mongolic language Dagur's , word for "big river," mur . Its ancient Chinese names were Yushui , Wanshui and Heishui , with

3038-696: The order Urodela ( salamanders ) will metamorphosize into lung -bearing and sometimes skin-breathing terrestrial adults, and most of them may return to the water to breed . Axolotl , a Mexican salamander that retains its larval external gills into adulthood, is the only extant amphibian that remains fully aquatic throughout the entire life cycle . Certain amphibious fish also evolved to breathe air to survive oxygen-deprived waters , such as lungfishes , mudskippers , labyrinth fishes , bichirs , arapaima and walking catfish . Their abilities to breathe atmospheric oxygen are achieved via skin-breathing, enteral respiration , or specialized gill organs such as

3100-581: The river again flows north onto plains at the confluence with the Amgun . Shortly after, the Amur turns sharply east and into an estuary at Nikolayevsk-on-Amur , about 20 kilometres (12 mi) downstream of which it flows into the Strait of Tartary . During years with heavy precipitation, the Amur river system is connected with the Kherlen river. The normally exit−less endorheic lake Hulun Lake , into which Kherlen flows, will overflow at its northern shore through

3162-472: The river ice. In 1941 a railway tunnel was added as well. Later, a combined road and rail bridge over the Amur at Komsomolsk-on-Amur (1975; 1400 m) and the road and rail Khabarovsk Bridge (1999; 3890 m) were constructed. The Tongjiang-Nizhneleninskoye railway bridge was proposed in 2007 by Valery Solomonovich Gurevich , the vice-chairman of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast in Russia . The railway bridge over

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3224-740: The river to the Russian Empire by the Treaty of Aigun (1858). Lands east of the Ussuri and the lower Amur were acquired by Russia as well, by the Convention of Peking (1860). The first permanent bridge across the Amur, the Khabarovsk Bridge with an overall length of 2,590 metres (8,500 ft), was completed in 1916, allowing the trains on the Trans-Siberian Railway to cross the river year-round without using ferries or rail tracks on top of

3286-1071: The skin or across enteral mucosae , although some are evolved from terrestrial ancestors that re- adapted to aquatic environments (e.g. marine reptiles and marine mammals ), in which case they actually use lungs to breathe air and are essentially holding their breath when living in water. Some species of gastropod mollusc , such as the eastern emerald sea slug , are even capable of kleptoplastic photosynthesis via endosymbiosis with ingested yellow-green algae . Almost all aquatic animals reproduce in water, either oviparously or viviparously , and many species routinely migrate between different water bodies during their life cycle . Some animals have fully aquatic life stages (typically as eggs and larvae ), while as adults they become terrestrial or semi-aquatic after undergoing metamorphosis . Such examples include amphibians such as frogs , many flying insects such as mosquitoes , mayflies , dragonflies , damselflies and caddisflies , as well as some species of cephalopod molluscs such as

3348-462: The south bank of the river takes its name from the river, as does the Russian Amur Oblast on the north bank. The native Manchu people and their Qing Empire of China, who regarded this river as sacred, use the name Sahaliyan Ula (Black River). The Amur is an important symbol of, and geopolitical factor in, Chinese–Russian relations . The Amur became especially prominent in the period of

3410-544: The supply chain. These practices are based on temperature reduction ( chilling and freezing ), heat treatment ( canning , boiling and smoking ), reduction of available water ( drying , salting and smoking) and changing of the storage environment ( vacuum packaging , modified atmosphere packaging and refrigeration). Aquatic animal products also require special facilities such as cold storage and refrigerated transport, and rapid delivery to consumers. In addition to commercial and subsistence fishing , recreational fishing

3472-521: The total revenue of recreational fishing industry in the United States overtook those of Lockheed Martin , Intel , Chrysler and Google ; and together with personnel salary (about USD$ 39.5 billion) and various tolls and fees collected by fisheries management agencies (about USD$ 17 billion), contributed almost USD$ 129 billion to the GDP of the United States , roughly 1% of the national GDP and more than

3534-434: The total workforce were women; of these, 53 percent were employed in the sector on a full-time basis, a great improvement since 1995, when only 32 percent of women were employed full time. Aquatic animal are highly perishable and several chemical and biological changes take place immediately after death; this can result in spoilage and food safety risks if good handling and preservation practices are not applied all along

3596-430: The world, attaining a length as great as 5.6 m (18 ft). It is also home to the northernmost populations of the Amur softshell turtle and Indian lotus . The Russian name Amur may come from the Tungusic term for “river”. Tungusic peoples are an ethno-linguistic group formed by the speakers of Tungusic languages (or Manchu–Tungus languages). They are native to Siberia and Northeast Asia . The etymology of

3658-403: The world. The biodiversity of aquatic animals provide food, energy, and even jobs. Fresh water creates a hypotonic environment for aquatic organisms. This is problematic for organisms with pervious skins and gills , whose cell membranes may rupture if excess water is not excreted. Some protists accomplish this using contractile vacuoles , while freshwater fish excrete excess water via

3720-507: The year. This means that groundwater recharge is relatively rare: only the largest precipitation events and snowmelt periods result in significant recharge. The Kherlen River is the regional discharge point and also represents a hydrogeological divide for the shallow unconfined aquifer, as groundwater flows south along the topographic gradient. The lakes in their shallow closed basins act as evaporative discharge points. Several of these lakes are exceedingly rich in uranium; in one location of

3782-437: Was estimated at USD 452 billion, comprising USD 157 billion for capture fisheries and USD 296 billion for aquaculture. Of the total 185 million tonnes of aquatic animals produced in 2022, about 164.6 million tonnes (89%) were destined for human consumption, equivalent to an estimated 20.7 kg per capita. The remaining 20.8 million tonnes were destined for non-food uses, to produce mainly fishmeal and fish oil. In 2022, China remained

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3844-605: Was located on the opposite bank to the later Aigun that was later relocated during the Qing Dynasty . In any event, the Ming presence on the Amur was as short-lived as it was tenuous; soon after the end of the Yongle era, the Ming dynasty's frontiers retreated to southern Manchuria. Chinese cultural and religious influence such as Chinese New Year, the "Chinese god", Chinese motifs like the dragon, spirals, scrolls, and material goods like agriculture, husbandry, heating, iron cooking-pots, silk, and cotton spread among Amur natives such as

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