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32-638: The Burkhan Khaldun ( Cyrillic : Бурхан Халдун) is one of the Khentii Mountains in the Khentii Province of northeastern Mongolia . The mountain or its locality is believed to be the birthplace of Genghis Khan as well as his tomb . It is also the birthplace of one of his most successful generals, Subutai . The mountain is part of the 12,000 square kilometres (4,600 sq mi) Khan Khentii Strictly Protected Area established in 1992. It had strong religious significance before Genghis Khan made it

64-479: A powerful landmark and is considered the most sacred mountain in Mongolia since it was designated as sacred by Genghis Khan. It was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site on 4 July 2015 under the title "Great Burkhan Khaldun Mountain and its surrounding sacred landscape." Under a Presidential Decree of 1995 the worship of this mountain has been formalised and the mountain declared a national monument. Its ecosystem

96-429: A spiritual significance unmatched by any other mountain in Mongolia and is given the symbolic status of the "cradle" of Mongolia's nationhood fully representing the "heritage and traditional ways of life of nomadic people of Mongolia". The (unconfirmed) Mongolian belief that Genghis Khan was born here and is buried somewhere in this mountain has added to its sanctity, particularly since Khan offered worship here and declared

128-582: Is as follows (with borrowed sounds in parentheses): Үү and Өө are sometimes also written as the Ukrainian letters Її (or Vv) and Єє respectively, when using Russian software or keyboards that do not support them. Initial long vowels and non-initial full vowels are written with double vowel letters, while initial short vowels and non-initial epenthetic vowels are written with single vowel letters. Conversely, every vowel letter except у and ү can also represent schwa and zero in non-first syllables. Palatalisation

160-604: Is complex with unique biodiversity with flora of the Central Asian steppe. It has 50 species of fauna and 253 species of birds. Burkhan Khaldun is in the northeast of Mongolia in the middle of the Khentii mountain range . The mountain is integral to the Khan Khentii Strictly Protected Area established in 1992, which extends over an area of 12,000 square kilometres (4,600 sq mi). Burkhan Khaldun means

192-759: Is done in other languages written using Russian-based Cyrillic), дз for modern з, дж for modern ж, ии for modern ий and йө for modern е (to represent the "yö" sound at the beginning of words), but the alphabet was changed to its final form on 13 November. The standard Mongolian Cyrillic keyboard layout for personal computers is as follows: Ovoo Ovoo , oboo , or obo ( Mongolian : овоо , pronunciation , Buryat : обоо , Khakas : обаа , romanized:  obâ , Traditional Mongol : ᠣᠪᠤᠭ᠎ᠠ , "heap"; Chinese : 敖包 áobāo , lit. "magnificent bundle [i.e. shrine]") are cairns used as border markers or shrines in Mongolian folk religious practice and in

224-648: Is indicated by и (i), the soft sign ь (') or е (ye), ё (yo), я (ya) and ю (yu) after the palatalised consonant. These latter letters are pronounced without [j] in that position. Щ is never used in Mongolian and only used in Russian words containing the letter. It is pronounced identically to Ш, and is often omitted when teaching the Cyrillic alphabet. Sometimes, Russian loanwords with Щ will be spelled with Ш instead: борш, Хрушев. The difference between [e~i] might be dialectal, while

256-454: Is the custom to stop and circle an ovoo three times, moving clockwise, in order to have a safer journey. Usually, rocks are picked up from the ground and added to the pile. Also, one may leave offerings in the form of sweets, money, milk, or vodka. If one is in a hurry while traveling and does not have time to stop at an ovoo, honking of the horn while passing by the ovoo will suffice. Many ovoo also have animal skulls on top of them. Ovoos are

288-535: Is the most recent of the many writing systems that have been used for Mongolian . It uses the same characters as the Russian alphabet except for the two additional characters Өө ⟨ö⟩ and Үү ⟨ü⟩ . It was introduced in the 1940s in the Mongolian People's Republic under Soviet influence , after two months in 1941 where Latin was used as the official script , while Latinisation in

320-546: The "God Mountain" and is also called Khentii Khan (The King of the Khentii Mountain range). It is one of the Khentii Mountains in the Khentii Province of northeastern Mongolia . It is the highest mountain of the region, rising to an elevation of 2,362 metres (7,749 ft), and is crescent-shaped. It is the source of several rivers: the Kherlen river flows into Hulun Lake , which in years of high precipitation overflows into

352-724: The Amur Basin; the Onon River flows through other tributaries into the Amur , which has its outfall in the Pacific Ocean ; and the rivers Tuul, Kharaa and Yeruu flow northwards to join the Selenge , which empties into Lake Baikal . It is in a complex ecosystem with unique biodiversity which is defined as a "transition zone from Siberian permafrost land forms to great steppe". In the Secret History of

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384-496: The Cyrillic script continues to be used in everyday life. In March 2020, the Mongolian government announced plans to use both Cyrillic and the traditional Mongolian script in official documents by 2025. In China, the Cyrillic alphabet is also used by Chinese for learning the modern Mongolian language, as well as by some Mongols in Inner Mongolia to demonstrate their ethnic identity. The Cyrillic alphabet used for Mongolian

416-885: The Mongolian Red Book, 15 very rare species, and 28 species listed as rare species. The species listed in the IUCN Red List are found here: two critically endangered species, four endangered species, and eight vulnerable species. In the faunal geographical province of the Burkhan Khaldun Mountain in the Khentii district the fauna reported are more than "50 species of 27 genera of six orders including five species of mammals / insectivores , 4 species of hymenoptera , four species of lagomorpha , 19 species of rodents , 13 species of predators, five species of ungulate , one species of reptile , and 253 species of birds". According to

448-610: The Mongolian Red Data Book the very rare mammal species are musk deer ( Moshus moshiferus ) and moose ( Alces alces ); the very rare bird species are the Siberian white crane ( Grus luecogeranus ), Greater spotted eagle ( Aquila clanga ), Pallas’s fish eagle ( Haliaeetus leucoryphus ), white-naped crane ( Grus vipio ) and hooded crane ( Grus monacha ); the fish species is the Amur sturgeon ( Acipenser schrenckii). Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet Mongolian Cyrillic

480-479: The Mongols , Genghis Khan, who later became the "World Conqueror" believing in his own destiny, said: I went up Mount Burkhan, Though I was frightened and ran like an insect, I was shielded by Mount Burkhan Khaldun, I will honor Burkhan Khaldun with sacrifices every morning and pray to it every day: my children and my children’s children shall be mindful of this... Genghis Khan then started his campaign to unify

512-509: The Southern side of Burkahn Khaldun (SHM §107). A Presidential Decree of 1955 formalised the worship of the Burkhan Khaldun Mountain as a national monument. Special worship is offered to the mountain according to a prescribed procedure at the main "Ovoo of the Heaven"; it is reserved for a few officials of the state and local administration, shamans and a few Buddhist lamas (monks). Burkhan Khaldun

544-524: The Soviet Union was in vogue. On 1 January 1946, the Mongolian language officially adopted the Cyrillic alphabet. The Cyrillic script had many advantages over the traditional Mongolian script known as Hudum Mongol Bichig. In the traditional Mongolian script, certain letters such as "t" and "d," "o" and "u" were frequently confused, and there were inconsistencies in letter formation at the beginning, middle, and end of words. The low legibility between letters and

576-640: The authenticity of the site, stating: The origin of Chingis Khan is Burte-Chino predestined by the propitious Heaven. His spouse was Gua-Maral. They crossed the Tenggis and settled in the Mount Burkhan Khaldun upstream of the Onon River where Batachigan was born to them (SHM §1)” ...When Toguril Khan set out, as he was approaching in the direction of the Burgi Escarpment of the Kerulen River on

608-441: The difference between ɵ~o is positional. /ɡ/ and /ɢ/ are both indicated by the letter г ⟨g⟩ , but the phonetic value of that letter is mostly predictable. In words with "front" (+ATR) vowels (see Mongolian phonology for details), it always means /ɡ/ , because only /ɡ/ occurs in such words. In words with "back" (−ATR) vowels, it always means /ɢ/ , except syllable-finally, where it means /ɡ/ ; to acquire

640-628: The land and people of Mongolia as a strong force. He gave the Burkhan Khaldun the status of a royal sacred mountain. The history is chronicled in the Secret History of the Mongols , which UNESCO recognised in 1990 as a "literary creation of outstanding universal significance". In this document Burkhan Khaldun is described in detail and mentioned 27 times, which signifies the unique position of the mountain in Mongolia‘s heritage. This document establishes

672-523: The most prominent aspects of revived religious practice. Ovoos may have influenced or given birth to the Korean seonangdang . While Mongolia was under communist rule, ovoo worship was legally barred. In the modern era, mining operations pose a threat to ovoos. Ovoo are most often located on higher ground, like mountain passes and mountain tops. Ovoo can also sometimes be found near rivers or springs or at important crossroads. When travelling, it

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704-447: The mountain as the most sacred in the country. It has given authenticity to the spiritual nature of the mountain. As a result, regular pilgrimage is undertaken by the people to the three sacred major ovoos or stone cairns at the sacred sites along a specified route where Mongolian shamanic worship is offered. The specified route is unique and covers: Main Ovoo of Heaven at the pinnacle of

736-713: The mountain via Gurvan Khoriud ("Three Forbidden Precincts"); the Uud Mod ("Two Trees of Entrance"); the Bosgo Tengeriin Davaa ("Threshold Pass of Heaven"); the catchment of the Kherlen River and the Sacred Bogd Rivers; and finally to the Beliin ("Lowest") ovoo. The flora found in the mountain belongs to the Central Asian steppe and consists of coniferous forests of the taiga . The plant species reported are 28 listed in

768-416: The need to memorize the shapes of all the syllables in the language individually increased the learning burden of traditional Mongolian script. Additionally, the structural characteristics of the traditional Mongolian script resulted in wider line spacing, occupying more space and increasing paper usage. Moreover, vertical alignment of text was not well-suited to the needs of modern society. Therefore, following

800-489: The plan was canceled in the end. However, the Mongolian script has become a compulsory subject in primary and secondary schooling and is slowly gaining in popularity. The Mongolian script is a highly uncommon vertical script, and unlike other historically vertical-only scripts such as the Chinese script it cannot easily be adapted for horizontal use, which puts it at a disadvantage compared to Cyrillic for many modern purposes. Thus,

832-483: The religion of other Mongolic peoples. While some ovoos simply consist of a mound of stones, most have branches and khadag stuck into them. In the absence of stones, ovoos can be made entirely of branches, or even soil or sand. Ovoos are often found at the top of mountains and in high places like mountain passes. In modern times, some of them have developed into large and elaborate structures, becoming more like temples than simple altars. They serve mainly as sites for

864-429: The script reform, the movement to replace the old Mongolian script continued for over 10 years. It took 21 years for Mongolia to achieve nationwide literacy, with the literacy rate increasing from around 2% to over 97%. This greatly facilitated the development of modern Mongolian culture. After the Mongolian democratic revolution in 1990 , the traditional Mongolian script was briefly considered to replace Cyrillic, but

896-408: The site for Heaven worship ceremonies that typically take place at the end of summer. Worshippers place a tree branch or stick in the ovoo and tie a blue khadag , a ceremonial silk scarf symbolic of the open sky and the sky spirit Tengri , or Tengger, to the branch. They then light a fire and make food offerings, followed by a ceremonial dance and prayers (worshippers sitting at the northwest side of

928-428: The value of /ɢ/ , it is written followed by a single mute syllable-final vowel letter. Similarly, a mute vowel is added to final н ⟨n⟩ to make it denote /n/ and not /ŋ/ . ф (f) and к (k) are loan consonants and will often be adapted into the Mongolian sound system as [pʰ] and [x] . The original plan as at 10 October 1945 was to use э only at the beginning of words and in long vowel combinations (as

960-503: The view that ovoos were remnants of Mongolian shamanism within Mongolian Buddhism was expounded by Buryat scholar Dorzhi Banzarov , ovoos have been found to only been used as markers instead of sacred sites prior to the rise of Tibetan Buddhism in Mongolia. Ovoo worship was officially prohibited along with other forms of religion during Mongolia's communist period , but a major revival since 1990 has seen it become one of

992-409: The worship of Heaven and lesser gods led by shamans and kins' elders, but also for Buddhist ceremonies. Buddhist ritual surrounding ovoo has been dated back as far as the 16th century, but some scholars believe that the origin of ovoo dates back to prehistory. Texts used by Mongolian lamas to set up and perform offerings to ovoos were written by the third Mergen Gegeen in the 19th century. While

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1024-627: Was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site at the 39th session of the World Heritage Committee on 4 July 2015 under the title "Great Burkhan Khaldun Mountain and its surrounding sacred landscape", covering an area of 443,739 hectares (1,096,500 acres) and an additional buffer zone of 271,651 hectares (671,260 acres), categorised under Criterion (iv) for its unique cultural tradition of mountain and nature worship of past several millennium, and (vi) for its universally known historical and literary epic of immense importance. Burkhan Khaldun has

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