Misplaced Pages

#410589

96-793: The paper is generally perceived by the Taiwanese general public to be supportive of the pan-Blue coalition , which consists of the Kuomintang and allied political groups—while also facing allegations that it supports the political priorities of the Chinese Communist Party . The China Times was founded in February 1950 under the name Credit News ( Chinese : 徵信新聞 ; pinyin : Zhēngxìn xīnwén ), and focused mainly on price indices. The name changed on January 1, 1960, to Credit Newspaper (Chinese: 徵信新聞報 ; pinyin: Zhēngxìn xīnwénbào ),

192-726: A Hadith ( 聖訓 ), a saying of the prophet Muhammad , which says "Loving the Motherland is equivalent to loving the Faith" ( “愛護祖國是屬於信仰的一部份” ). Hu Songshan harshly criticized those who were non-patriotic and those who taught anti-nationalist thinking, saying that they were fake Muslims. Ma Qixi was a Muslim reformer, leader of the Xidaotang , and he taught that Islam could only be understood by using Chinese culture such as Confucianism. He read classic Chinese texts and even took his cue from Laozi when he decided to go on Hajj to Mecca . Ma Fuxiang ,

288-625: A Chinese Muslim general and Kuomintang member, was another Chinese nationalist. Ma Fuxiang preached unity of all Chinese people, and even non-Han Chinese people such as Tibetans and Mongols to stay in China. He proclaimed that Mongolia and Tibet were part of the Republic of China, and not independent countries. Ma Fuxiang was loyal to the Chinese government, and crushed Muslim rebels when ordered to. Ma Fuxiang believed that modern education would help Hui Chinese build

384-487: A Chinese nationalist who fought against Western imperialism to the people of China in order to deflect criticism by opponents that his government was feudal and oppressed minorities like Tibetans and Buddhist Mongols. He presented himself as a Chinese nationalist to his advantage to keep himself in power as noted by the author Erden. In Xinjiang , the Chinese Muslim general Ma Hushan supported Chinese nationalism. He

480-564: A Chinese people with strong work ethic, "a strong sense of nationalism, and a militaristic mentality." In his writing "Revolutionary Army," Zou Rong , an active Chinese revolutionary at the turn of the twentieth century, demanded an educational revolution for the Han people who were suffering under the oppressive rule of the Manchus. He argued that China should be a nation of the orthodox Han Chinese and no alien race shall rule over them. According to Zou,

576-550: A Soviet puppet, and fought against him in 1937. The Tungans (Chinese Muslims, Hui people) had anti-Japanese sentiment. General Ma Hushan's brother Ma Zhongying denounced separatism in a speech at Id Kah Mosque and told the Uyghurs to be loyal to the Chinese government at Nanjing . The 36th division had crushed the Turkish Islamic Republic of East Turkestan , and the Chinese Muslim general Ma Zhancang beheaded

672-558: A Taiwan-based baseball team, the China Times Eagles , but a betting scandal dissolved the team seven years into its operation. The founder, Yu Chi-chung  [ zh ] , died in 2002, leaving the presidency of the paper to his second son, Yu Chien-hsin  [ zh ] . Yu Chi-chung's eldest daughter, Yu Fan-ing, is the vice president. The bureau chief is Lin Shengfen ( 林聖芬 ), the general manager Huang Chao-sung ( 黃肇松 ), and

768-494: A better society and help China resist foreign imperialism and help build the nation. He was praised for his "guojia yizhi"(national consciousness) by non-Muslims. Ma Fuxiang also published many books, and wrote on Confucianism and Islam, having studied both the Quran and the Spring and Autumn Annals . Ma Fuxiang had served under the Chinese Muslim general Dong Fuxiang , and fought against

864-623: A daily with comprehensive news coverage. Color printing was introduced on March 29, 1968, the first newspaper in Asia to make the move. On September 1, 1968, the name changed once again to China Times , presently based in the Wanhua District , Taipei . By the 1970s, the China Times became one of the two largest traditional news groups in Taiwan, alongside United Daily News . China Times once managed

960-433: A mixture of the descendants of foreign Muslims like Arabs and Persians, mixed with Han Chinese who converted to Islam. Chinese Muslims are sinophones, speaking Chinese and practicing Confucianism. Hu Songshan , a Muslim Imam from Ningxia , was a Chinese nationalist and preached Chinese nationalism and unity of all Chinese people, and also against foreign imperialism and other threats to China's sovereignty. He even ordered

1056-599: A neo-nationalistic movement used to elevate Chiang's control of everyday lives. Frederic Wakeman suggested that the New Life Movement was "Confucian fascism". In response to the Cultural Revolution , Chiang Kai-shek launched a Chinese Cultural Renaissance movement which followed in the steps of the New Life Movement, the movement promoted Confucian values. In addition to anti-Manchurism and anti-imperialism, political scientist Chalmers Johnson has argued that

SECTION 10

#1732847479411

1152-570: A people of China. The Chinese nation has also been referred to as the descendants of Yan and Yellow Emperors , legendary rulers who are considered the historical ancestors of the Huaxia people, an ethnic group whose members were the ancestors of the Han Chinese . The complexity of the relationship between ethnicity and Chinese identity was best exemplified during the Taiping Rebellion in which

1248-646: A result, nationalistic rhetoric was largely subsumed into internationalist rhetoric. On the other hand, the primary focus of Chinese nationalism in Taiwan was the preservation of the ideals and lineage of Sun Yat-sen, the party which he founded, the Kuomintang (KMT), and anti-Communism . While the definition of Chinese nationalism differed in the Republic of China (ROC) and the PRC, the KMT and

1344-623: A role in Chinese nationalism, declaring that China should regain its "lost territories" and form a Greater China . To this day, the Republic of China maintains its territorial claims since its inception in 1912. Its territorial claims were inherited from the Great Qing government as part of the Imperial Edict of the Abdication of the Qing Emperor . Defining the relationship between ethnicity and

1440-429: A situation in which Chinese nationalism has in practice meant Han dominance of minority areas and peoples and assimilation of those groups. Since Xi Jinping took power, assimilation of non-Han ethnic groups has been overt and intensified while preferential policies for ethnic minorities have shrunk. During the 1960s and 1970s, Chinese nationalism within mainland China became mixed with the rhetoric of Marxism , and as

1536-583: A stronger Taiwanese identity and distinction from Chinese nationalism. Lee won the party control after the indirect election in 1990 . This led to a split in the early 1990s, when the New Party was formed by the anti-Lee dissidents in the KMT. After the dissidents of KMT members left, the KMT remained loyal and with control by President Lee Teng-hui throughout his presidency. During the 2000 presidential election , Lee Teng-hui arranged for Lien Chan to be nominated as Kuomintang candidate for president rather than

1632-622: A surge of Chinese nationalism. Large-scale military campaigns led by the Kuomintang (KMT) during the Warlord Era that overpowered provincial warlords and sharply reduced special privileges for foreigners helped further strengthen and aggrandize a sense of Chinese national identity. After the Empire of Japan was defeated by Allies in World War II , Chinese nationalism again gained traction as China recovered lost territories previously lost to Japan before

1728-467: A traditional Chinese order but instead the construction of a strong state and society that could stand in a hostile international arena. Unlike many nationalist projects in other countries, the trend among Chinese intellectuals was to regard tradition as unsuitable for China's survival and instead to view tradition as a source of China's problems. For the Qing dynasty, ethnicity was a troublesome issue. Some of

1824-527: A vague spiritual focus for unified opposition against the Soviet Union. The Uyghur warlord Yulbars Khan was pro-China and supported the Republic of China. The Uyghur politician Masud Sabri served as the governor of Xinjiang Province from 1947 to 1949. Pandatsang Rapga , a Tibetan politician, founded the Tibet Improvement Party with the goal of modernisation and integration of Tibet into

1920-464: Is a political coalition in the Republic of China (Taiwan) consisting of the Kuomintang (KMT), People First Party (PFP), New Party (CNP), Non-Partisan Solidarity Union (NPSU), and Young China Party (YCP). The name comes from the party color of the Kuomintang. Regarding the political status of Taiwan , this coalition maintains that the Republic of China instead of the People's Republic of China

2016-563: Is a Chinese at his death; 3) his/her mother is a Chinese while his/her father's nationality is unclear or stateless. In 1919, the May Fourth Movement grew out of student protests against the Treaty of Versailles , especially its terms allowing Japan to keep territories surrendered by Germany after the Siege of Tsingtao , and spurned upsurges of Chinese nationalism amongst the protests. In

SECTION 20

#1732847479411

2112-571: Is a multi-ethnic state, with the majority Han as one of many ethnic groups of China, each of whose culture and language should be respected (akin to Soviet patriotism ). The government also instituted policies of affirmative action , in general, the ethnic policy of the People's Republic of China at the time was strongly influenced by the nature of its Marxist-Leninist state . Despite this official view, assimilationist attitudes remain deeply entrenched, and popular views and actual power relationships create

2208-514: Is not monolithic but exists in various forms, including political, liberal, ethnical, and state nationalism. Over the first half of the twentieth century, Chinese nationalism has constituted a crucial part of many political ideologies, including the anti-Manchuism during the 1911 Revolution , the anti-imperialist sentiment of the May Fourth Movement in 1919, and the Maoist thoughts that guided

2304-460: Is the legitimate government of China, favors a Chinese and Taiwanese dual identity over an exclusive Taiwanese identity, and favors greater friendly exchange with Mainland China , as opposed to the Pan-Green Coalition . The Pan-Blue Coalition's political stance can be characterized as centre-right , conservative and being of Republic of China-centered Chinese nationalism . Originally,

2400-454: The 2004 legislative election the three parties from the pan-blue coalition organized themselves to properly divide up the votes ( 配票 ) to prevent splitting the vote. The New Party ran all but one of its candidates under the KMT banner. The result was that the KMT gained 11 more seats and the PFP lost 12 seats. Right after the election, PFP chairman James Soong began criticizing the KMT for sacrificing

2496-585: The 2004 presidential elections with Lien Chan running for president and James Soong running for vice president. The campaign emblem for the Lien-Soong campaign was a two-seat bicycle with a blue (the color of the KMT) figure in the first seat and an orange (the color of the PFP) figure in the second. There were talks in late 2004 that the KMT and the PFP would merge into one party in 2005, but these talks have been put on hold. In

2592-503: The APEC summit . Although Taiwan People’s Party (TPP) (known as the "white camp") positions itself as a centrist party , its cooperative relationship with the KMT has prompted belief that it aligns more closely with the Pan-Blue camp. Prior to the 2024 presidential election , prospects for ‘blue-white cooperation’ had been met with optimism from both parties, as they sought to jointly minimise

2688-509: The Chinese Civil War . This would also allow the body of Chiang Kai-shek to be returned to his ancestral home in Xikou . Throughout the 1990s, the Kuomintang (KMT) consisted of an uneasy relationship between those party members who had mainland China backgrounds (came from mainland China in 1949) and Taiwanese political elites, Taiwanese factions led by President Lee Teng-hui , who supported

2784-778: The Chinese Flag to be saluted during prayer, and that all Imams in Ningxia preach Chinese nationalism. Hu Songshan led the Ikhwan , the Chinese Muslim Brotherhood, which became a Chinese nationalist, patriotic organization, stressing education and independence of the individual. Hu Songhan also wrote a prayer in Arabic and Chinese, praying for Allah to support the Chinese Kuomintang government and defeat Japan. Hu Songshan also cited

2880-481: The Communist Revolution in 1949. The origin of modern Chinese nationalism can be traced back to the intellectual debate about the subjects of race and nation which occurred during the late nineteenth century. Shaped by the global discourse about Social Darwinism , reformers and intellectuals both held debates about how they should build a new Chinese national subject based on a proper racial order, particularly

2976-469: The Financial Times and announced the intent to file defamation claims against any news organization that cited the Financial Times report. Reporters Without Borders called the lawsuit a "an abusive libel suit" and accused Want Want of harassing an experienced journalist. The lawsuit was dropped by Want Want on March 11, 2021. The China Times was historically aligned with the liberal wing (自由派) of

China Times - Misplaced Pages Continue

3072-457: The First and Second Opium Wars , based on modern technology that was lacking in China. It was a matter of humiliation one after another, the loss of faith in the Qing dynasty. By the 1890s, disaffected Chinese intellectuals began to develop "a new nationalist commitment to China as a nation-state in a world dominated by predatory imperialist nation states." Overall, their concern was not in preserving

3168-551: The Han Kitab . They asserted that there was no contradiction between Confucianism and Islam, and no contradiction between being a Chinese national and a Muslim. Chinese Muslim students returning from study abroad, from places such as Al-Azhar University in Egypt, learned about nationalism and advocated Chinese nationalism at home. One Imam, Wang Jingzhai , who studied at Mecca, translated a Hadith, or saying of Muhammad, "Aiguo Aijiao"- loving

3264-514: The Kuomintang . Since China Times was bought by the pro-China Taiwanese businessman tycoon Tsai Eng-Meng , head of Want Want Holdings Limited , in 2008, the Times has veered into an editorial stance more sympathetic to the positions of the Chinese Communist Party . It has since been criticized of being "very biased" in favor of positive news about the Chinese government. In a 2020 interview with Stand News , an anonymous Times journalist described

3360-615: The Three Principles of the People , Chinese nationalism is evaluated as multi-ethnic nationalism , which should be distinguished from Han nationalism or local ethnic nationalism . Modern Chinese nationalism emerged in the late Qing dynasty (1644–1912) in response to the humiliating defeat in the First Sino-Japanese War and the invasion and pillaging of Beijing by the Eight-Nation Alliance . In both cases,

3456-463: The close Sino-German relations at the time promoted close ties between the Nationalist Government and Nazi Germany . The New Life Movement was a government-led civic movement in 1930s China initiated by Chiang Kai-shek to promote cultural reform and Neo-Confucian social morality and to ultimately unite China under a centralized ideology following the emergence of ideological challenges to

3552-511: The ideology of the Chinese Communist Party in the discussion of Chinese nationalism, which he labels "peasant nationalism." In some revolutionary circles in the 19th century, the significance of the development of a Chinese national identity was the result of an attempt to negatively identify the Han people by turning them against the Qing dynasty, which was non-Chinese in their view. Under this initial view of Chinese nationalism,

3648-460: The imperial examination . If accepted, they would be rotated around the country, so the bureaucrats did not identify with the locality. The depth of two-way understanding and trust developed by European political leaders and their followers did not exist. China's defeat by Japan in the First Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895) was fundamental to the development of the first generation of Chinese nationalists. The most dramatic watershed came in 1900, in

3744-406: The 1911 Revolution, Sun Yat-sen established the Republic of China, the national flag of which contained five colors with each symbolizing a major racial ethnicity of China. This marked a shift from the earlier discourse of radical racism and assimilation of the non-Han groups to the political autonomy of the five races. The rhetorical move, as China historian Joseph Esherick points out, was based on

3840-414: The 1920s and 1930s, the official Chinese nationalistic view was heavily influenced by modernism and Social Darwinism , and it included advocacy of the cultural assimilation of ethnic groups in the western and central provinces into the "culturally advanced" Han state, a policy which would enable them to become members of the Chinese nation in name as well as in fact. Furthermore, it was also influenced by

3936-640: The Boxers were supported by some members of the Imperial Army . Their slogan was "Support the Qing, destroy the foreigners!". In 1909, the Law of Nationality of Great Qing ( Chinese : 大清國籍條例 ; pinyin : Dà qīng guójí tiáolì ) was published by the Manchu government, which defined Chinese with the following rules: 1) born in China while his/her father is a Chinese; 2) born after his/her father's death while his/her father

China Times - Misplaced Pages Continue

4032-590: The CCP mobilized the peasantry to fight against the Japanese invaders. Johnson contends that early nationalism of the Kuomintang was quite similar to the late nineteenth-century nationalism in Europe, as both referred to the search for their national identities and positions in the modern world by the intelligentsia. He argues that nationalism constructed by the intellectuals is not identical to nationalism based on mass mobilization, as

4128-440: The CCP were both adamant in their claims on Chinese territories such as Senkaku (Diaoyutai) Islands . In the 1990s, the dissolution of the Soviet Union , rising economic standards and the lack of any other legitimizing ideology, has led to what most observers see as a resurgence of nationalism within mainland China. Chinese Muslims have played an important role in Chinese nationalism. Chinese Muslims, known as Hui people, are

4224-583: The Chinese identity has been a very complex issue throughout Chinese history . In the 17th century, with the help of Ming Chinese rebels, the Manchus conquered China proper and set up the Qing dynasty. Over the next centuries, they would incorporate groups such as the Tibetans , the Mongols, and the Uyghurs into territories which they controlled. The Manchus were faced with the simultaneous task of maintaining loyalty among

4320-575: The Chinese identity was primarily associated with the majority Han ethnic group. After Qing's defeat in the Sino-Japanese War of 1895 , reformers and intellectuals debated about how to strengthen the nation, the discussion of which centered on the issue of race. Liang Qichao , a late Qing reformist who participated in the Hundred Days' Reform of 1898, contended that the boundary between Han and Manchu must be erased ( ping Man-Han zhi jie ). Liang

4416-616: The DPP over the investigation into the KMT's finances. On 24 February 2005, James Soong met with President Chen for the first time in four years and issued a 10-point declaration supporting the name "Republic of China", the status quo in cross-strait relations , and the opening of the Three Links . Unlike Soong, Lien did not respond to the offer from Chen to meet. However, after the 2005 Pan-Blue visits to mainland China , Soong and Chen stopped their partnership. The popular Taipei mayor Ma Ying-jeou

4512-781: The DPP’s chances of procuring a third consecutive term of presidency. The two opposition parties then engaged in negotiations to form a joint presidential ticket in November 2023, with the proposal that either the KMT’s Hou Yu-ih or the TPP’s Ko Wen-je would be selected as the presidential candidate and the other the vice-presidential candidate. During this period, polls from Mirror Media indicated that support rates for both Ko-Hou ticket and Hou-Ko ticket would outperform their Lai-Hsiao counterpart, standing at 46.6% and 46.5% respectively. However,

4608-721: The DPP’s minority government. The two parties have since cooperated in numerous bill amendments, including the Act Governing the Legislative Yuan’s Power , Act Governing the Allocation of Government Revenues and Expenditures , and others. Chinese nationalism Chinese nationalism is a form of nationalism in which asserts that the Chinese people are a nation and promotes the cultural and national unity of all Chinese people. According to Sun Yat-sen 's philosophy in

4704-609: The Han Chinese, as the descendants of the Yellow Emperor , must overthrow the Manchu rule to restore their legitimacy and rights. Wang Jingwei , a Chinese revolutionary who later became an important figure in the Kuomintang , also believed that the Manchus were an inferior race. Wang contended that a state consisting of a single race would be superior to those multiracial ones. Most of the Republican revolutionaries agreed that preserving

4800-431: The Japanese. Translations from Egyptian writings and the Quran were used to support propaganda in favour of a Jihad against Japan. Ma Bufang , a Chinese Muslim general who was part of the Kuomintang, supported Chinese nationalism and tolerance between the different Chinese ethnic groups. The Japanese attempted to approach him however, their attempts at gaining his support were unsuccessful. Ma Bufang presented himself as

4896-400: The KMT banner, with some placed under the KMT party list. While having all its district candidates run under the KMT banner, the New Party ran its own party list but failed to gain the 5% threshold for representation. The Kuomintang controlled the Legislative Yuan during the Ma Ying-jeou presidency from 2008 to 2016. In 2016 general election , the KMT lost the presidential election and, for

SECTION 50

#1732847479411

4992-407: The KMT made large gains and held 14 seats, the DPP suffered defeat and held only six, the PFP retained only one, and the TSU was completely shut out. Ma Ying-jeou was now virtually assured of leading the KMT and pan-blues for the 2008 presidential election . In the 2008 legislative election , the coalition won 86 of 113 seats in the Legislative Yuan , giving it the supermajority needed to recall

5088-423: The Manchu-Han relations laid the foundation for anti-Manchuism, an ideology that early Republican and nationalist revolutionaries advocated in their efforts to overthrow the Qing dynasty and found a new Republic in China. More broadly, Liang's view was that modernity was "an age of struggle among nations for the survival of the fittest" and that therefore the Qing government should support industrialization and develop

5184-577: The Manchu-Han relations. After the collapse of the Qing regime and the founding of the Republic of China in 1912, concerns of both domestic and international threat made the role of racism decline, while anti-imperialism became the new dominant ideology of Chinese nationalism over the 1910s. While intellectuals and elites advocated their distinctive thoughts on Chinese nationalism, political scientist Chalmers Johnson has pointed out that most of these ideas had very little to do with China's majority population—the Chinese peasantry. He thus proposes to supplement

5280-415: The PFP for its own gains and stated that he would not participate in any negotiations regarding to the two parties' merge. Soong's remarks have been strongly criticized by the KMT, a majority of PFP members, and the New Party, whose rank and file were largely absorbed by the PFP following the 2001 elections. Nonetheless, shortly after the legislative election, the PFP legislative caucus agreed to cooperate with

5376-495: The Pan-Blue Coalition was associated with Chinese unification , but has moved towards a more conservative position supporting the present status quo , while rejecting immediate unification with mainland China. It now argues that reunification is possible only after the communist regime in mainland China collapses or transitions to a democracy either as a new democratic government or with the re-establishment of Sun Yat-sen 's Republic of China government which fled to Taiwan after

5472-414: The People First Party and the New Party . This coalition became informally known as the Pan-Blue Coalition. Although the members of the Pan-Blue Coalition maintain separate party structures, they closely cooperate in large part to ensure that electoral strategies are coordinated, so that votes are not split among them leading to a victory by the Pan-Green Coalition. The KMT and PFP ran a combined ticket in

5568-420: The People's Republic of China in Chinese Mainland and the Republic of China retreated to Taiwan. While it was initially rejected by Mao Zedong and his Chinese Communist Party, it later became accepted, the concept of "Chinese" created in Mao's period was "huge Chinese family" or a political union including the Han Chinese and 55 other ethnic groups . Following the establishment of the People's Republic of China,

5664-433: The Uyghur emirs Abdullah Bughra and Nur Ahmad Jan Bughra . Ma Zhancang abolished the Islamic Sharia law which was set up by the Uyghurs, and set up military rule instead, retaining the former Chinese officials and keeping them in power. The Uyghurs had been promoting Islamism in their separatist government, but Ma Hushan eliminated religion from politics. Islam was barely mentioned or used in politics or life except as

5760-421: The aftermath forced China to pay financial reparations and grant special privileges to foreigners. The nationwide image of China as a superior Celestial Empire at the center of the universe was shattered, and last-minute efforts to modernize the old system were unsuccessful. These last-minute efforts were best exemplified by Liang Qichao , a late Qing reformer who failed to reform the Qing government in 1896 and

5856-441: The alliance subsequently collapsed on 18 November following the disagreement over the selection method for the presidential and vice-presidential candidates, resulting in both Hou and Ko entering the race as separate presidential candidates. The division among Hou and Ko’s overlapping support bases eventually led to vote-splitting , culminating in their defeat and the victory of DPP’s Lai Ching-te , who holds dissimilar ideology with

SECTION 60

#1732847479411

5952-407: The borders of the Qing Empire to keep its territories intact. With the increasing threat from the imperialist powers in the 1910s, anti-imperialist sentiments started to grow and spread in China. An ideal of "a morally just universe," anti-imperialism made racism appear shameful and thus took over its dominant role in the conceptualization of Chinese nationalism. Yet racism never perished. Instead, it

6048-453: The chief editor Huang Ch'ing-lung ( 黃清龍 ). In 2008, the China Times Group was sold to the Want Want Holdings Limited, the largest rice cake manufacturer in Taiwan. In 2019, the Financial Times published a report alleging that the China Times as well as Chung T'ien Television , also owned by Want Want , took daily orders from the Taiwan Affairs Office . The Want Want China Times Media Group subsequently filed defamation claims against

6144-559: The country is equivalent to loving the faith. Chinese Muslims believed that their "Watan" Arabic : وطن , lit.   'country; homeland' was the whole of the Republic of China, non-Muslims included. General Bai Chongxi , the warlord of Guangxi , and a member of the Kuomintang, presented himself as the protector of Islam in China and harbored Muslim intellectuals fleeing from the Japanese invasion in Guangxi. General Bai preached Chinese nationalism and anti-imperialism. Chinese Muslims were sent to Saudi Arabia and Egypt to denounce

6240-401: The current People's Republic of China (PRC) – a concentration of power at a central point of authority – share an essential similarity with the Ming and Qing Empires . Chinese nationalism as it emerged in the early 20th century was based on the experience of Japanese nationalism , especially as viewed and interpreted by Sun Yat-sen . In 1894, Sun founded the Revive China Society , which

6336-1351: The editorial stance of the paper as having changed completely after Tsai's acquisition. The interviewed journalist said the newspaper mandated the use of vocabulary that supports the PRC's positions on Taiwan, and prevented its reporters from covering topics that may be seen as against the Chinese government, such as issues involving the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre . Tsai himself has openly admitted to airing commercials from PRC authorities. Pan-Blue coalition All Pan-Blue [REDACTED] Chiangist factions (Pan-Blue) [REDACTED] Pro-Beijing [REDACTED] Taiwanese nationalists (limited to conservative factions) Pan-Blue [REDACTED] Pro-Beijing [REDACTED] Taiwanese nationalists (limited to conservative factions) Pan-Blue [REDACTED] Pro-Beijing [REDACTED] Taiwanese nationalists (limited to conservative factions) Other Pan-Blue [REDACTED] Taiwanese nationalists (limited to conservative factions) Other Taiwan under Japanese rule Pan-Blue [REDACTED] Pro-Beijing [REDACTED] Taiwanese nationalists (limited to conservative factions) Nationalism (Mínzú) Democracy (Mínquán) Socialism (Mínshēng) The Pan-Blue coalition , Pan-Blue force or Pan-Blue groups

6432-400: The ethnic groups within the empire were identified according to language and culture, including the Manchus who originated in a non-Han Chinese population and ruled the dynasty. Most citizens had multiple identities, of which the locality was more important than the nation as a whole. Anyone who wanted to rise in government non-military service had to be immersed in Confucian classics, and pass

6528-441: The fate of multi-ethnic states such as Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire . It also became a very powerful force during the Japanese occupation of Coastal China during the 1930s and 1940s and the atrocities committed then. With the 1911 Revolution and the appearance of modern nationalist theories, " Zhonghua minzu " in the early Republic of China , referred to the Five Races Under One Union concept. This principle held that

6624-406: The first chapters of the textbooks, which were convenient for guiding students to develop a love for their motherland when they first came into contact with China's geography. Chinese nationalists drew inspiration from Japan's victory in the Russo-Japanese War , which they broadly viewed as demonstrating the fallacy of a European-centric racial hierarchy. The Second Sino-Japanese war was one of

6720-429: The first time in the history of the Republic of China, the control in the Legislative Yuan. The Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) took control of the legislature for the first time, winning the presidency. The KMT became the largest opposition party. The PFP's leader James Soong , despite being a member of the coalition, cooperated with Tsai Ing-wen 's administration, becoming the representative of Chinese Taipei in

6816-410: The five major ethnicities in China, the Han Chinese, Manchus , Mongols , Hui , and Tibetans , all belonged to a single Chinese identity. The government promoted Chinese nationalism for these five ethnic groups but with the Han Chinese are main ethnic group of "Zhonghua minzu" or China, this continued by Nationalist rule under Chiang Kai-shek and his Kuomintang in all China until the proclamation of

6912-705: The foreigners during the Boxer Rebellion. The Muslim unit he served in was noted for being anti-foreign, being involved in shooting a Westerner and a Japanese to death before the Boxer Rebellion broke out. It was reported that the Muslim troops were going to wipe out the foreigners to return a golden age for China, and the Muslims repeatedly attacked foreign churches, railways, and legations, before hostilities even started. The Muslim troops were armed with modern repeater rifles and artillery, and reportedly enthusiastic about going on

7008-573: The government extended the number of ethnicities comprising the Chinese nation to these 56. Before Xi Jinping took power in 2012, Chinese nationalism of the People's Republic of China was influenced strongly by the Soviet Korenizatsiya policy. The Chinese Communist Party also criticized that the Kuomintang-led Republic of China for supporting Han chauvinism. The official ideology of the People's Republic of China asserts that China

7104-484: The more popular James Soong , who left the party and formed his own People First Party after both he and Lien were defeated by Chen Shui-bian in the presidential elections. Though Chen and the DPP won the presidency, pro-KMT lawmakers held 140 out of 225 seats in the Legislative Yuan . Soong and Lien later formed a coalition in opposition to the DPP minority government . In the 2000 presidential election itself,

7200-467: The most important events in the modern construction of Chinese nationalism. The Chinese experience in the war helped create an ideology based on the concept of “the people” as a political body in its own right, “a modern nation as opposed to a feudal empire.” The discussion of modern Chinese nationalism has dominated many political and intellectual debates since the late nineteenth century. Political scientist Suisheng Zhao argues that nationalism in China

7296-510: The nationalist movements led by the Kuomintang, as well as the May Fourth Movement in 1919, were not mass movements because their participants were only a small proportion of the society where the peasants were simply absent. When the Second Sino-Japanese War broke out in 1937, the CCP began to mobilize the Chinese peasantry through mass propaganda of national salvation ( Chinese : 救國 ; pinyin : Jiùguó ) Johnson observed that

7392-621: The offensive and killing foreigners. Ma Fuxiang led an ambush against the foreigners at Langfang and inflicted many casualties, using a train to escape. Dong Fuxiang was a xenophobe and hated foreigners, wanting to drive them out of China. Various Muslim organizations in China like the Islamic Association of China and the Chinese Muslim Association were sponsored by the Kuomintang and the Chinese Communist Party. Chinese Muslim imams had synthesized Islam and Confucianism in

7488-546: The other two candidates in major issues such as national defence and the view on the Cross-Strait Service Trade Agreement . But since Ko and Hou together secured 60% of the votes, Lai would likely not have won had the deal succeeded. Despite this setback, an opposition coalition has still been established between the two parties in the Legislative Yuan since February 2024, forming a majority against

7584-419: The people who they ruled and maintaining their distinct identity. The main method by which they accomplished control of the Chinese heartland was by portraying themselves as enlightened Confucian sages part of whose goal was to preserve and advance Chinese civilization. Over the course of centuries, the Manchus were gradually assimilated into Chinese culture and eventually, many Manchus identified themselves as

7680-549: The practical concerns of both imperial threats from the international environment and conflicts on the Chinese frontiers. While both Japan and Russia were encroaching China, the newly born republic also faced ethnic movements in Mongolia and Tibet which claimed themselves to be part of the Qing Empire rather than the Republic of China. Pressured by both domestic and international problems, the fragile Republican regime decided to maintain

7776-522: The president and pass constitutional amendments for a referendum. The KMT, PFP, and NP coordinated their candidate lists in the new single-member constituency system. Candidates of the Non-Partisan Solidarity Union , who despite their party's official stance of non-affiliation, were deemed sympathetic to the coalition and ran unopposed by other blue candidates in almost all the seats it contested. The PFP ran almost all of their candidates under

7872-462: The primary shift of the CCP's post-1937 propaganda was its focus on the discourse of national salvation and the temporary retreat of its Communist agenda on class struggle and land redistribution. The wartime alliance of the Chinese peasantry and the CCP manifests how the nationalist ideology of the CCP, or the peasant nationalism, reinforced the desire of the Chinese to save and build a strong nation. Irredentism and expansionism have also played

7968-465: The race was vital to the survival of the nation. Since the Han had asserted its dominant role in Chinese nationalism, the Manchus had to be either absorbed or eradicated. Historian Prasenjit Duara summarized this by stating that the Republican revolutionaries primarily drew on the international discourse of "racist evolutionism" to envision a "racially purified China." Nationalism (Mínzú) Democracy (Mínquán) Socialism (Mínshēng) After

8064-587: The rebels fiercely fought against the Manchus on the ground that they were barbarians and foreigners while at the same time, others fought just as fiercely on behalf of the Manchus on the ground that they were the preservers of traditional Chinese values. The Yihetuan , also known as the Boxers, were a Chinese nationalist and pro-Qing monarchist secret society which instigated and led the Boxer Rebellion from 1899 to 1901. Their motivations were Anti-Christianism and resistance to Westernisation . At their peak,

8160-426: The rise of power of the CCP through its alliance with the peasantry should also be understood as "a species of nationalism." Johnson observes that social mobilization, a force that unites people to form a political community together, is the "primary tool" for conceptualizing nationalism. In the context of social mobilization, Chinese nationalism only fully emerged during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945), when

8256-492: The split in Kuomintang votes between Soong and Lien led in part to the election of Chen Shui-bian. After the election, there was widespread anger within the Kuomintang against Lee Teng-hui, who was expelled for forming his own pro- Taiwan independence party, the Taiwan Solidarity Union . After Lee's expulsion, the Kuomintang moved its policies back to a more conservative one and began informal but close cooperation with

8352-576: The status quo. The Movement attempted to counter threats of Western and Japanese imperialism through a resurrection of traditional Chinese morality, which it held to be superior to modern Western values. As such the Movement was based upon Confucianism , mixed with Christianity , nationalism and authoritarianism that have some similarities to fascism. It rejected individualism and liberalism , while also opposing socialism and communism . Some historians regard this movement as imitating Nazism and being

8448-528: The wake of the invasion, capture, and pillaging of the national capital by the Eight-Nation Alliance that punished China for the Boxer Rebellion . During the Late Qing reforms , the rise of the national education trend emphasizes instilling national values in education and inspiring patriotic sentiments. For example, the Chinese geography textbooks published during the period usually praised China's superior geographical conditions, and such texts generally came from

8544-592: The war, including Northeast area and the island of Taiwan . However, the Chinese Civil War , (which had paused due to the Second Sino-Japanese War ) had resumed, damaging the image of a unified Chinese identity. The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) was victorious in 1949, as the KMT government retreated to Taiwan. Under Mao Zedong , the CCP began to employ Chinese nationalism as a political tool. Chinese nationalism has become more Han -centric since Xi Jinping assumed power in 2012. The first state of China

8640-449: Was also elected the new head of the Kuomintang , and was considered the leading contender for the KMT nomination in the 2008 presidential election . However, it was uncertain whether the KMT and PFP could agree to field a common ticket. On the 2005 chairmanship election , Soong had made a televised endorsement of Ma's opponent Wang Jin-pyng . In the December 2005 3-in-1 local elections ,

8736-406: Was among the most prominent nationalists who viewed earlier conceptions of a Han-focused national identity as too restrictive. Liang attributed the decline of China to the Qing dynasty ruled by the Manchus, who treated the Han as an "alien race" and imposed a racial hierarchy between the Han and the Manchus while ignoring the threat of imperial powers. However Liang's critique of the Qing court and

8832-637: Was chief of the 36th Division of the National Revolutionary Army . He spread anti-Soviet , and anti-Japanese propaganda , and instituted a colonial regime over the Uyghurs . Uyghur street names and signs were changed to Chinese, and the Chinese Muslim troops imported Chinese cooks and baths, rather than using Uyghur ones. The Chinese Muslims even forced the Uyghur carpet industry at Khotan to change its design to Chinese versions. Ma Hushan proclaimed his loyalty to Nanjing, denounced Sheng Shicai as

8928-472: Was confirmed as the Shang dynasty (c. 1570 BC-c. 1045 BC). The Chinese concept of the world was largely a division between the civilized world and the barbarian world and there was little concept of the belief that Chinese interests were served by a powerful Chinese state. Commenter Lucian Pye has argued that the modern " nation state " is fundamentally different from a traditional empire, and argues that dynamics of

9024-696: Was embedded by other social realms, including the discourse of eugenics and racial hygiene . The Blue Shirts Society , a fascist paramilitary organization within the Kuomintang that modelled itself after Mussolini 's blackshirts of the National Fascist Party , was anti-foreign and anti-communist , and it stated that its agenda was to expel foreign (Japanese and Western) imperialists from China, crush Communism, and eliminate feudalism. In addition to being anticommunist, some KMT members, like Chiang Kai-shek's right-hand man Dai Li were anti-American , and wanted to expel American influence. In addition,

9120-614: Was later expelled to Japan, where he began work on his ideas of Chinese nationalism. The effects of World War I continually shaped Chinese nationalism. Despite joining the Allied Powers, China was again severely humiliated by the Versailles Treaty of 1919 which transferred the special privileges given to Germany to the Empire of Japan . This resulted in the May Fourth Movement of 1919, which developed into nationwide protests that saw

9216-510: Was the first Chinese nationalist revolutionary society. Chinese nationalism was rooted in the long historic tradition of China as the center of the world, in which all other states were offshoots and owed some sort of deference. That sense of superiority underwent a series of terrible shocks in the 19th century, including large-scale internal revolts, and more grievously the systematic gaining and removal of special rights and privileges by foreign nations who proved their military superiority during

#410589