88-641: Ningxia , officially the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region , is an autonomous region in Northwestern China . Formerly a province , Ningxia was incorporated into Gansu in 1954 but was later separated from Gansu in 1958 and reconstituted as an autonomous region for the Hui people , one of the 56 officially recognised nationalities of China . Twenty percent of China's Hui population lives in Ningxia. Ningxia
176-655: A revolt in 1646 , aiming to drive the Qing out and restore as emperor the Ming Prince of Yanchang, Zhu Shichuan. The Muslim Ming loyalists were supported by Sa'id Baba, the Sultan of Hami, and the Sultan's son Prince Turumtay. Additionally, Han Chinese and Tibetans joined the Muslim Ming loyalists in the revolt. After fierce fighting and negotiations, a peace agreement was formulated in 1649. Milayin and Ding nominally pledged allegiance to
264-1722: A 50 km (19 sq mi) area. Other famous sites in Ningxia include the Helan Mountains , the mysterious 108 stupas , the twin pagodas of Baisikou and the desert research outpost at Shapotou . A less visited tourist spot in Ningxia is the Mount Sumeru Grottoes ( 须弥山 ), which is among the ten most famous grottoes in China. Autonomous regions of China Provinces Autonomous regions Sub-provincial autonomous prefectures Autonomous prefectures Leagues (Aimag) (abolishing) Prefectures Provincial-controlled cities Provincial-controlled counties Autonomous counties County-level cities Districts Ethnic districts Banners (Hoxu) Autonomous banners Shennongjia Forestry District Liuzhi Special District Wolong Special Administrative Region Workers and peasants districts Ethnic townships Towns Subdistricts Subdistrict bureaux Sum Ethnic sum County-controlled districts County-controlled district bureaux (obsolete) Management committees Town-level city Areas Villages · Gaqa · Ranches Village Committees Communities Capital cities New areas Autonomous administrative divisions National Central Cities History: before 1912 , 1912–49 , 1949–present The autonomous regions ( Chinese : 自治区 ; pinyin : Zìzhìqū ) are one of four types of province-level divisions of China . Like Chinese provinces , an autonomous region has its own local government, but under
352-737: A Mandarinate. He acquired estates which were large. Reinforced by the Dungan people of Hezhou, Zuo Zongtang planned to advance westward along the Hexi Corridor toward Xinjiang. However, he felt it necessary to first secure his left flank by taking Xining , which not only had a large Muslim community of its own, but also sheltered many of the refugees from Shaanxi. In the eleventh year of the Tongzhi reign (August 1872), Liu Jintang led his army deep into enemy territory, adopting strategies of steady advancement and dividing forces to encircle and suppress, to confront
440-417: A cattle breeding plan was implemented in 2002, the province has become one of China's main dairy production areas. Ningxia is the principal region of China where wolfberries are grown. Other specialties of Ningxia are licorice , products made from Helan stone, fiddlehead and products made from sheepskin . Ningxia wines are a promising area of development. The Chinese authorities have given approval to
528-486: A combination of massacres, migration, famine, and corpse-transmitted plague. Due to the conflict, Gansu lost 74.5% (14.55 million) of its population, Shaanxi lost 44.6% (6.2 million) of its population, and Northern Xinjiang lost 72.6% (0.34 million) of its population. The population reduction of Hui in Shaanxi was particularly severe. According to research by modern historians, at least 4 million Hui were in Shaanxi before
616-431: A few thousand surviving. Large numbers of Han people were also relocated to Inner Mongolia after the war. Modern Ningxia and eastern Qinghai regions such as Xining, Hualong and Xunhua used to be a part of Gansu province before the 20th century. Harsh punishments were meted out against Hui in Shaanxi by Manchus over communal disputes at this time since they regarded Hui as the aggressors. The Qing governor of Shaanxi put all
704-854: A grape plantation near the Helan Mountains. The household appliance company Midea has also begun participating in Ningxia's wine industry. Vineyards have been set up in the region. Ningxia was a major recipient of China's investment in industrial capacity during the Third Front campaign. Yinchuan Economic and Technological Development Zone was established in 1992. Spanning 32 km (12 sq mi), it has an annual economic output Rmb23.7 billion (25.1% up) (US$ 3.5 billion). Major investors are mainly local enterprises such as Kocel Steel Foundry, FAG Railway Bearing (Ningxia), Ningxia Little Giant Machine Tools, etc. Major industries include machinery and equipment manufacturing, new materials, fine chemicals and
792-452: A predominantly Muslim, Chinese -speaking ethnic group in China. They are sometimes called "Chinese Muslims" and should not be confused with the "Turkestanis" or " Turkic " people mentioned, who are Uyghurs , Kazakhs , Kyrgyzes , Tatars and Uzbeks amongst others. The ethnic group now known as Uyghur people was not known by that name before the 20th century. In prior times, the Uyghurs of
880-594: A special clay stone. The politics of Ningxia is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in mainland China . The Chairman of the Autonomous Region is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Ningxia. In its dual-party government system, the chairman has less power than the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) Ningxia Committee Secretary, colloquially termed
968-480: A total length of approximately 1397 kilometers) has been built from Qin dynasty . Extensive land reclamation and irrigation projects have made increased cultivation possible. The arid region of Xihaigu , which covers large parts of the province, suffers from severe water shortage , which the canals were intended to alleviate. Ningxia was the core area of the Western Xia in the 11th–13th centuries, established by
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#17328412379791056-417: Is an inseparable part of the People's Republic of China," and that "any form of ... separatism ... is absolutely prohibited." In general, China's minority regions have some of the highest per capita government spending on education, among other public goods and services. Providing public goods and services in these areas is part of a government effort to reduce regional inequalities, reduce
1144-615: Is bounded by Shaanxi to the east, Gansu to the south and west and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region to the north and has an area of around 66,400 square kilometres (25,600 sq mi). This sparsely settled, mostly desert region lies partially on the Loess Plateau and in the vast plain of the Yellow River and features the Great Wall of China along its northeastern boundary. Over about 2000 years, an extensive system of canals (with
1232-551: Is that the revolt was directed against the Qing dynasty , but evidence does not show that the rebels intended to overthrow the Qing government or attack the capital of Beijing. Instead it indicates that the rebels wished to exact revenge on personal enemies for injustices. In the aftermath of the conflict, mass emigration of the Dungan people from Ili to Imperial Russia ensued. In this article " Dungan people " refers to Hui people , who are
1320-571: The Chinese government merged Ningxia with Gansu, but in 1958 Ningxia formally became an autonomous region of China . In 1969, Ningxia received a part of the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region, but this area was returned in 1979. A number of Chinese artifacts dating from the Tang dynasty and Song dynasty , some of which had been owned by Emperor Zhenzong , were excavated and then came into
1408-486: The Hui ethnic group, relied largely on animal grazing , subsistence agriculture and the cultivation of wolfberries used in traditional Chinese medicine . Since then, winemaking has become the premier specialty of Ningxia, and the province devotes almost 40,000 hectares to vineyards and producing 120 million bottles of wine in 2017 – a quarter of the entire nation's production. The earliest human activity in Ningxia can be traced back to 30,000 years ago, with remains of
1496-554: The Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region became the first autonomous region in the Chinese liberated zone . Xinjiang was made autonomous in 1955 after the PRC's founding, and Guangxi and Ningxia were made autonomous in 1958. Tibet was annexed by the People's Republic of China in 1951, and was declared an autonomous region in 1965. The designation of Guangxi and Ningxia as Zhuang and Hui autonomous areas, respectively,
1584-668: The Shuidonggou Culture found in Lingwu . As a frontier zone between nomadic pastoralists and sedentary farmers, Ningxia was a frequent seat of war and incursions by non-Chinese tribes. Ningxia and its surrounding areas were incorporated into the Qin as the Beidi Commandery as early as the 3rd century BC. To pacify the region, the imperial government established military colonies to reclaim land. In addition, horse pasturages were founded under
1672-670: The Tarim Basin were known as "Turki". Uyghur immigrants from the Tarim Basin to Ili were called "Taranchi". The modern name "Uyghur" was assigned to this ethnic group by the Soviet Union in 1921 at a conference in Tashkent, with the name "Uyghur" being derived from the old Uyghur Khaganate . As a result, sources from the period of the Dungan Revolt make no mention of Uyghurs. Although " Hui "
1760-574: The Yellow River . The Ningxia ecosystem is one of the least studied regions in the world. Significant irrigation supports the growing of wolfberries , a commonly consumed fruit throughout the region. Ningxia's deserts include the Tengger desert in Shapotou . The northern section, through which the Yellow River flows, supports the best agricultural land. A railroad, linking Lanzhou with Baotou , crosses
1848-588: The law of the People's Republic of China , an autonomous region has more legislative rights, such as the right to "formulate self-government regulations and other separate regulations." An autonomous region is the highest level of minority autonomous entity in China , which has a comparably higher population of a particular minority ethnic group. There are five autonomous regions in China: Guangxi , Inner Mongolia (Nei Menggu) , Ningxia , Tibet (Xizang) , and Xinjiang ( Chinese Turkestan ). Established in 1947,
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#17328412379791936-671: The "Eighteen Great Battalions" in eastern Gansu, intending to fight their way back to their homes in Shaanxi. While the Hui rebels were preparing to attack Gansu and Shaanxi, Yaqub Beg , who had fled from Kokand Khanate in 1865 or 1866 after losing Tashkent to the Russians, declared himself ruler of Kashgar and soon managed to take complete control of Tarim Basin in Xinjiang . In 1867 the Qing government sent one of its most capable commanders, General Zuo Zongtang —who had been instrumental in putting down
2024-464: The "New Teaching" ( 新教 ; xīn jiào ). Disagreements between adherents of Khufiyya and Jahriya, as well as perceived mismanagement, corruption and the anti-Sufi attitudes of Qing officials, resulted in uprisings by Hui and Salar followers of the New Teaching in 1781 and 1783, but these were promptly suppressed. Hostilities between different groups of Sufis contributed to the violent atmosphere before
2112-442: The "Ningxia CCP Party Chief ". Ningxia has a friendship agreement with Sogn og Fjordane county of Norway. Ningxia is divided into five prefecture-level divisions : all prefecture-level cities : The five prefecture-level cities of Ningxia are subdivided into 22 county-level divisions (9 districts , 2 county-level cities , and 11 counties ). Rural Ningxia was for long an officially designated poverty area, and remains on
2200-801: The Autonomous Region's People's Government. The region is 1,200 kilometres (750 mi) from the sea and has an arid continental climate on the north to humid continental climate to the south, with average summer temperatures rising to 17 to 24 °C (63 to 75 °F) in July and average winter temperatures dropping to between −7 and −15 °C (19 and 5 °F) in January. Seasonal extreme temperatures can reach 39 °C (102 °F) in summer and −30 °C (−22 °F) in winter. The diurnal temperature variation can reach above 17 °C (31 °F), especially in spring. Annual rainfall averages from 190 to 700 millimetres (7.5 to 27.6 in), with more rain falling in
2288-617: The Battalion leaders surrendered and defected to the Qing dynasty, six were killed, and one, Bai Yanhu, fled to Russia) Jahriyya order under Ma Hualong in Gansu The Dungan Revolt (1862–1877) , also known as the Tongzhi Hui Revolt ( simplified Chinese : 同治回乱 ; traditional Chinese : 同治回亂 ; pinyin : Tóngzhì Huí Luàn , Xiao'erjing : تُجِ خُوِ لُوًا, Dungan : Тунҗы Хуэй Луан ) or Hui (Muslim) Minorities War ,
2376-570: The Chinese character 堡 ') in what was then north-eastern Gansu in September 1870, bringing Krupp siege guns with him. Zuo and Lai Ch'ang themselves directed the artillery fire against the city. Mines were also utilized. After a sixteen-month siege, Ma Hualong was forced to surrender in January 1871. Zuo sentenced Ma and over eighty of his officials to death by slicing . Thousands of Muslims were exiled to other parts of China. Zuo's next target
2464-665: The Confucian Hui Muslim scholar Ma Zhu (1640–1710) served with the southern Ming loyalists against the Qing. During the Qianlong era (1735–1796), scholar Wei Shu ( 魏塾 ) commented on Jiang Tong's ( 江统 ) essay Xironglun ( 徙戎论 ), stating that if the Muslims did not migrate, they would end up like the Five Hu , who overthrew the Western Jin and caused an ethnic conflict to break out between
2552-646: The Dungan Revolt between 1862 and 1877. In the Jahriyya revolt sectarian violence between two suborders of the Naqshbandi Sufis, the Jahriyya Sufi Muslims and their rivals, the Khafiyya Sufi Muslims, led to a Jahriyya Sufi Muslim revolt which the Qing dynasty in China crushed with the help of the Khafiyya Sufi Muslims. As Taiping troops approached southeastern Shaanxi in the spring of 1862,
2640-975: The Five Hu and the Han Chinese . During the Qianlong Emperor's reign, there were clashes between the Qing authorities and the Jahriyya Sufi sect, but not with the majority non-Sufi Sunnis or the Khafiyya Sufis . Chinese Muslims had traveled to West Asia for many years prior to the Hui Minorities' War. In the 18th century several prominent Muslim clerics from Gansu studied in Mecca and Yemen under Naqshbandi Sufi teachers. Two different forms of Sufism were brought back to northwest China by two charismatic Hui sheikhs : Khufiyya, associated with Ma Laichi (1681–1766), and
2728-530: The Han and other Hui people who had not joined them in revolt. It was this seemingly trivial and unimportant dispute over bamboo poles that set off the full-scale revolt. However, according to historical records from the era, bamboo poles were bought in large quantities by the Hui to make spears as weaponry. Moreover, there had already been attacks on Han counties prior to the Shengshan bamboo incident. Historical records from
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2816-524: The Hui Muslim forces, killing large numbers of enemy soldiers, and several times lured the enemy deep to encircle and annihilate them. During the battles, Liu Jintang skillfully maneuvered and utilized the terrain to counterattack the rebels' sieges. Coordinating with artillery superiority, he continuously broke through the Hui Muslim defensive lines, ultimately forcing the main enemy forces to retreat and burning their strongholds. Through several days of combat,
2904-763: The Hui Muslims were aiding the Taiping Rebels. It was also said that the Hui Ma Hsiao-shih claimed that the Shaanxi Muslim revolt was connected to the Taiping. Many Green Standard Army troops of the Imperial army were Hui. According to some historians, one of the incidents which led to the revolt was caused by a fight over the price of bamboo poles that a Han merchant was selling to a Hui. After this fight, Hui mobs attacked
2992-412: The Hui forces abandoned their positions and fled. The next day, the government troops set up ambushes, lured the Hui forces down from the mountain, and routed them. On August 28, the government troops continued to set up ambushes, and the Hui forces did not dare to come out. Liu Jintang dispatched troops at night to Yancaigou. On the 29th, the government troops feigned defeat to lure the Hui forces deeper;
3080-468: The Hunan, Sichuan, Anhui and Henan Armies, along with thousands of cavalry. The Hunan soldiers were expert marksmen and excelled in battlefield maneuvers under the command of Gen. Liu Songshan. Western military drill was experimented with, but Zuo decided to abandon it. The troops practiced "twice a day for ten days" with their western made guns. The Lanzhou Arsenal was established in 1872 by Zuo Zongtang during
3168-665: The Imperial Stud to safeguard the supply of army horses, as early as the Western Han dynasty (206 BC – AD 9). Throughout the Han dynasty and the Tang dynasty there were several large cities established in the region. The Liang Province rebellion at the end of the Han Dynasty affected Ningxia. By the 11th century the Tangut people had established the Western Xia dynasty on the outskirts of
3256-543: The Muslims" ( 洗回 ; Xǐ Huí ) approach that had been long advocated by some officials), in Hezhou, the non-Muslim Han were the ones Zuo chose to relocate as a reward for Ma Zhan'ao and his Muslim troops helping the Qing crush Muslim rebels. Hezhou (Linxia) remains heavily Muslim to this day, achieving the status of Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture under the PRC . Other Dungan generals including Ma Qianling and Ma Haiyan also defected to
3344-541: The Qing military in Xinjiang during the Dungan Revolt (1895–1896) and allegedly planned to help the Hui rebels before the Hui rebels were crushed. The conflict initially erupted on the western bank of the Yellow River in Shaanxi, Gansu and Ningxia, excluding Xinjiang Province. A chaotic affair, it often involved diverse warring bands and military leaders with no common cause or a single specific goal. A common misconception
3432-412: The Qing side along with Ma Zhan'ao. Ma's son Ma Anliang also defected, and their Dungan forces assisted Zuo Zongtang's Qing forces in crushing the rebel dungans. Dong Fuxiang also defected to the Qing. He was in no sense a fanatical Muslim or even interested in revolt, he merely gained support during the chaos and fought, just as many others did. He joined the Qing army of Zuo Zongtang in exchange for
3520-424: The Qing, and they were given ranks as members of the Qing military. However, when the Qing withdrew their forces from Gansu to fight resurgent Ming loyalists in southern China, Milayin and Ding once again took up arms and rebelled with the support of Turumtay against the Qing. They were ultimately crushed by the Qing and 100,000 of them—including Milayin, Ding Guodong, and Turumtay—were killed in battle. Additionally,
3608-550: The Shaanxi Han populace fled the Hui or hid underground in cellars. Given the low prestige of the Qing dynasty and its armies being occupied elsewhere, the revolt that began in the spring of 1862 in the Wei River valley spread rapidly throughout southeastern Shaanxi. By late June 1862, organized Muslim bands laid siege to Xi'an , which was not relieved by Qing general Dorongga [ zh ] (sometimes written To-lung-a) until
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3696-689: The Shaanxi Hui rebels until general Zuo Zongtang defeated the Nian in the province by 1868 and the Hui rebels in Shaanxi fled to Gansu in 1869. The Hunan Army was extensively infiltrated by the anti Qing, Han Gelaohui secret society, who started several mutinies during the Dungan Revolt, delaying crucial offensives. Zuo put down the mutinies and executed those involved. Hubei Gelaohui soldiers mutinied in Suide in Zuo Zongtang's army in 1867. The Han Gelaohui had infiltrated
3784-477: The Taiping Rebellion—to Shaanxi. Zuo's approach was to pacify the region by promoting agriculture, especially the growing of cotton and grain, as well as supporting orthodox Confucian education. Due to the region's extreme poverty, Zuo had to rely on financial support from outside Northwestern China. Zuo Zongtang called on the government to "support the armies in the northwest with the resources of
3872-540: The Tangut people; its name, "Peaceful Xia", derived from the Mongol conquest of the state . The Tanguts made significant achievements in literature, art, music, and architecture, particularly invented Tangut script . Long one of the country's poorest areas, a small winemaking industry has become economically important since the 1980s. Before the arrival of viticulture , Ningxia's 6.8 million people, 36 per cent of whom are Muslims from
3960-509: The animation industry. Desheng Industrial Park (in Helan County ) is a base for about 400 enterprises. The industrial park has industrial chains from Muslim food and commodities to trade and logistics, new materials and bio-pharmaceuticals that has 80 billion yuan in fixed assets. Desheng is looking to be the most promising industrial park in the city. It achieved a total output value of 4.85 billion in 2008, up 40 percent year-on-year. The local government plans to cut taxes and other fees to reduce
4048-401: The area and used his wealth to purchase guns. Zuo Zongtang became suspicious of Ma's intentions, thinking that he wanted to seize control over the whole of Mongolia. Liu Songshan died in combat during an offensive against the hundreds of rebel forts protected by difficult terrain. Liu Jintang, his nephew, took over his command whereupon a temporary lull in the offensive set in. After suppressing
4136-474: The blame of the rebellion on the Shaanxi Hui and said the Gansu Hui were not to blame and were forced to join the rebellion and that they had good relations with Han unlike Shaanxi Hui who he accused of committing massacres so he told Gansu officials Shaanxi would not let deported Shaanxi Hui in Gansu back in. Officials in Shaanxi wanted military force to be used against Hui rebels while officials in Gansu wanted leniency for Hui rebels. Han Nian rebels worked with
4224-430: The burden on local enterprises. The industrial output value reached 2.68 billion yuan in 2008, an increase of 48 percent from a year earlier. Religion in Ningxia (around 2010) Islam is the single biggest religious tradition in Ningxia, adhered to by 34% of the population according to a 2010 survey. Many of the Han Chinese practise Chinese folk religions , Taoism , Confucianism and Chinese Buddhism . Christianity
4312-445: The development of the eastern base of the Helan Mountains as an area suitable for wine production. Several large Chinese wine companies including Changyu and Dynasty Wine have begun development in the western region of the province. Together they now own 20,000 acres of land for wine plantations and Dynasty has ploughed 100 million yuan into Ningxia. In addition, the major oil company China Petroleum and Chemical Corporation has founded
4400-401: The enemy multiple times, defeating and killing several hundred Hui Muslim soldiers and capturing enemy leaders. The Hui forces under Bai Yanhu and Yu Deyan divided their troops to attack, relying on dangerous terrain to set up fortifications and stubbornly resist. Liu Jintang ordered ambushes along different routes and bombarded the enemy fortifications, successfully capturing Shika. Subsequently,
4488-465: The era show that prior to the conflict over the price of bamboo poles, there had already been plans among the Hui community to set up an Islamic State in the west of China . Organized through mosques and mullahs, the Hui people in Shaanxi started purchasing bamboo poles in large volumes. These poles were then used to make spears. Before the Shengshan bamboo incident, there had already been attacks on Han in Dali county and Weinan county. Fearing persecution,
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#17328412379794576-564: The extent to which this degradation occurs over space and time. Historical research has also found limited evidence of expanding grassland degradation and desertification in Ningxia. A major component of land management in Ningxia is a ban on open grazing, which has been in place since 2003. The ecological and socio-economic effects of this Grazing Ban in relation to the grasslands and pastoralists' livelihood are contested. The ban stipulates that animal husbandry be limited to enclosed pens and no open grazing be permitted in certain time periods set by
4664-455: The fall of 1863. Dorongga was a Manchu bannerman in command of the army in Hunan . His forces defeated the Muslim rebels and completely destroyed their position in Shaanxi province, driving them out of the province to Gansu. Dorangga was later killed in action in March 1864 by Taiping rebels in Shaanxi. The Governor-general of the region, En-lin, advised the Imperial government not to alienate Muslims. He officially made it clear that there
4752-416: The first wave, and then in Xinjiang in the second wave, between 1862 and 1877. The uprising was eventually suppressed by Qing forces led by Zuo Zongtang . The conflict began with riots by the Hui and massacres of the Han Chinese , followed by the revenge massacres of the Hui by the Han. It resulted in massive demographic shifts in Northwest China , and led to a population loss of 21 million people from
4840-507: The government troops heavily damaged the Hui forces at Gaojianggou, annihilating a large number of enemies. The government troops fortified their camps, repelled multiple joint attacks by Hui Muslim infantry and cavalry, and intercepted and killed fleeing enemies at river crossings. By late August, they had killed or captured over two thousand Hui Muslim soldiers. At this time, Hui Muslim leader Ma Guiyuan conspired with his associates to mobilize Hui Muslims, planning to unite in resistance against
4928-427: The government troops set up ambushes, but the Hui forces did not come out again. On August 25, over a thousand Hui Muslim troops from Yangjiaowan attacked Tan Shanglian's camp. He Zuolin and others assisted in repelling the Hui forces. Liu Jintang ordered the construction of fortifications and artillery positions for defense. On August 26, the Hui forces did not come out. The government troops bombarded their camp, and
5016-418: The government troops won successive victories in various locations, severely damaging the backbone of the Hui Muslim forces. They gradually drove the enemy away from important strongholds and ultimately secured control of the war zone. In early August, Liu Jintang led his troops to launch encirclement and suppression of the Hui Muslim forces in places like Guanyintanggou and Xiakou. Yu Huen and He Zuolin engaged
5104-552: The government troops. Han Chinese in Xining city took the opportunity when he led the Hui troops out of the city to seal the city and defend it, appointing Guo Xiangzhi and others to take charge of defense. Upon learning this, Liu Jintang was determined to resolutely eliminate the rebels to prevent them from taking advantage of the autumn harvest to expand the rebellion and to stabilize the situation in Xining. On August 24, several thousand Hui Muslim infantry divided into two groups: one directly attacked Li Shuangliang's defensive camp, and
5192-403: The hands of Ma Hongkui, who refused to publicize the findings. Among the artifacts were a white marble tablet from the Tang dynasty, gold nails, and bands made out of metal. It was not until after Ma Hongkui died that his wife went to Taiwan in 1971 from America to bring the artifacts to Chiang Kai-shek , who turned them over to the Taipei National Palace Museum . Present-day Ningxia is one of
5280-444: The local Han Chinese, encouraged by the Qing government, formed Yong Ying militias to defend the region against the attackers. Afraid of the now-armed Han, the Muslims formed their own militia units as a response. According to some historians, the Dungan Revolt began in 1862, not as a planned uprising but as a succession of local brawls and riots triggered by trivial causes. There were also rumors—false, as it turned out—spread that
5368-408: The lower rungs of the developmental ladder. Its nominal GDP in 2023 was 531.50 billion yuan (US$ 75.43 billion) and its per capita GDP 72,957 yuan (US$ 10,353). It comprises 0.42% of the national economy . Similar to other areas, Ningxia has seen a gradual decline of its peasant population due to rural–urban migration. Despite this, the great majority (62.8 percent) was still agricultural at the time of
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#17328412379795456-418: The more radical Jahriyya, founded by Ma Mingxin (1719?–1781). These coexisted with the more traditional, non-Sufi Sunni practices, centered around local mosques and known as gedimu (qadim, 格底目 or 格迪目 ). The Khufiyya school and non-Sufi gedimu tradition—both tolerated by Qing authorities—were referred to as "Old Teaching" ( 老教 ; lǎo jiào ), while Jahriyya, viewed by authorities as suspect, became known as
5544-426: The nation's smallest provincial-level units and borders the provinces of Shaanxi and Gansu and the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region . At 3556 meters above sea level, Aobaogeda ( 敖包疙瘩 ) in the Helan Mountains is the highest point in Ningxia. Ningxia is a relatively dry, desert-like region and features a diverse geography of forested mountains and hills, table lands, deserts, flood plains and basins cut through by
5632-408: The old Hunan Army troops commanded by General Zeng Guofan , were dispatched by him under Gen. Liu Songshan to Shaanxi to help General Zuo, who had already raised a 55,000-man army in Hunan before he began the final push to reconquer Gansu from the Dungan rebels. They participated along with other regional armies (the Sichuan, Anhui and Henan Armies also joined the battle). Zuo's forces consisted of
5720-402: The other moved out from Yancaigou to block the government troops. Liu Jintang led Xiong Longming and others to meet the enemy, defeating the Hui forces outside the camp. Tan Heyi and other units arrived; realizing they were outmatched, the Hui forces withdrew back into the valley. The government troops took the opportunity to press the pursuit, causing a major rout among the Hui forces. That night,
5808-401: The province. The Muslim conflict in Gansu , which lasted from 1927 to 1930, spilt over into Ningxia. In 1934, warlord and National Revolutionary Army general Sun Dianying attempted to conquer the province, but was defeated by an alliance led by the Ma clique . From 1950 to 1958, a Kuomintang Islamic insurgency resulted in fighting throughout Northwest China, including Ningxia. In 1954,
5896-400: The rarely found, top-grade gypsum accounts for half of the total deposits. The Hejiakouzi deposit in Tongxin County features a reserve of 20 million tons of gypsum with a total thickness of 100 meters. There is a considerable deposit of quartz sandstone, of which 17 million tons have been ascertained. In addition, there are phosphorus, flint, copper, iron, barite, other minerals and Helan stone –
5984-492: The rebel forces commanded by Bai Yanhu and Bi Dacai. Facing harassment and defenses from the Hui Muslim armed forces, he split his troops to set up camps, strengthened defenses, continuously adjusted deployments, and commanded multiple units to successively attack hills, fortresses, and mountain passes. The government troops engaged in several fierce firefights with the enemy, relying on artillery and coordinated infantry and cavalry to suppress enemy positions. They repeatedly defeated
6072-432: The region's total surface consisted of grassland . This figure is down from approximately 40 percent in the 1990s. The grasslands are spread over the dry desert-steppe area in the northeast (which forms a part of the Inner Mongolian steppe region), and the hilly pastures located on the semi-arid Loess Plateau in the south. It is ascertained that the grasslands of Ningxia have been degraded to various degrees. Scientists debate
6160-465: The region. A highway has been built across the Yellow River at Yinchuan. On 16 December 1920, the Haiyuan earthquake , 8.6 magnitude, at 36°36′N 105°19′E / 36.6°N 105.32°E / 36.6; 105.32 , initiated a series of landslides that killed an estimated 200,000 people. Over 600 large loess landslides created more than 40 new lakes. It was reported that approximately 34 percent (33.85 million mu ; 22,600 km ) of
6248-452: The revolt and staffed by Cantonese. The Cantonese officer in charge of the arsenal was Lai Ch'ang, who was skilled at artillery. The facility manufactured "steel rifle-barreled breechloaders" and provided munitions for artillery and guns. The Muslim Jahriyya leader Ma Hualong controlled a massive Muslim trading network with many traders, having control over trade routes to multiple cities over various kinds of terrain. He monopolized trade in
6336-450: The revolt in Shaanxi and building up enough grain reserves to feed his army, Zuo attacked Ma Hualong. General Liu Jintang led the siege, bombarding the town over its walls with shells. The people of the town had to cannibalize dead bodies and eat grass roots to survive. Zuo's troops reached Ma's stronghold, Jinjibao ( 金积堡 ; Jinji Bao ; 'Jinji Fortress', 'sometimes romanised as Jinjipu', 'using an alternative reading of
6424-399: The revolt, but only 20,000 remained in the province afterwards, with most of the Hui either killed in massacres and reprisals by government and militia forces, or deported out of the province. For example, on one occasion where 700,000 to 800,000 Hui from Shaanxi were deported to Gansu, most were killed along the way from thirst, starvation, and massacres by the militia escorting them, with only
6512-426: The revolt. After successfully repulsing Zuo Zongtang's initial assault in 1872 and inflicting heavy losses on Zuo's army, Ma Zhan'ao offered to surrender his stronghold to the Qing, and provide assistance to the dynasty for the duration of the war. He managed to preserve his Dungan community with his diplomatic skill. While Zuo Zongtang pacified other areas by exiling the local Muslims (with the policy of " washing off
6600-706: The risk of separatism, and stimulate economic development. Dungan Revolt (1862%E2%80%9377) [REDACTED] Qing dynasty Supported by : Hui Muslim loyalists Khufiyya order under Ma Zhan'ao in Gansu (1872–1877) Eleven Gedimu Battalions of Shaanxi (1872–1877) [REDACTED] Kashgaria (Kokandi Uzbek Andijanis under Yaqub Beg) Supported by : Taranchi Sultanate of Ili Dungan rebels in Yarkand Kingdom of Islam Khotanese rebels Dungan rebels of Kashgar Kyrgyz rebels Hui Muslim rebels Gedimu Eighteen Shaanxi Battalions (Eleven of
6688-473: The south of the region. Ningxia is rich in mineral resources with proven deposits of 34 kinds of minerals, much of which located in grassland areas. In 2011 it was estimated that the potential value per capita of these resources accounted for 163.5 percent of the nation's average. Ningxia boasts verified coal reserves of over 30 billion tons, with an estimated reserve of more than 202 billion tons, ranking sixth nationwide. Coal deposits are spread over one-third of
6776-430: The southeast", and arranged the finances of his planned expedition to conquer Gansu by obtaining loans worth millions of taels from foreign banks in the southeastern provinces. The loans from the banks would be paid back by fees and taxes levied by Chinese authorities on goods imported through their ports. Zuo also arranged for massive amounts of supplies to be available before he would go on the offensive. Ten thousand of
6864-426: The survey. Animal husbandry is important for the regional economy. In the main pastoral county, Yanchi, it is even the leading industry when specified for the primary sector. The dominant grazing animals are sheep and goat. In the (semi-)pastoral regions, herders engage in a mixed sedentary farming operation of dryland agriculture and extensive animal husbandry, while full nomadic pastoralism is no longer practiced. Since
6952-573: The then- Song dynasty . Jews also lived in Ningxia, as evidenced by the fact that in 1489, after a major flood destroyed Torah scrolls in Kaifeng , a replacement set was sent to the Kaifeng Jews by the Ningbo and Ningxia Jewish communities . It then came under Mongol domination after Genghis Khan conquered Yinchuan in the early 13th century. Muslims from Central Asia also began moving into Ningxia from
7040-506: The total surface of Ningxia, and mined in four major fields in the Helan and Xiangshan mountains, Ningdong and Yuanzhou (or Guyuan). The region's reserves of oil and natural gas can be found in Yanchi and Lingwu County, and are ideal for large-scale development of oil, natural gas and chemical industries. Ningxia leads China in gypsum deposits, with a proven reserve of more than 4.5 billion tons, of which
7128-501: The west. By the late 17th century, Ningxia had become a weaving centre, producing many early Chinese carpets. The Muslim Dungan Revolt of the 19th century affected Ningxia. In 1914, Ningxia was merged with the province of Gansu . In 1928, it became a separate province. Between 1914 and 1928, the Ma clique ruled the provinces of Qinghai , Ningxia and Gansu; General Ma Hongkui was the military governor of Ningxia and had absolute authority in
7216-555: Was (and can still be) a Chinese name broadly referring to Muslim people, the term refers specifically to the community of Chinese-speaking Muslims in China, who share many cultural similarities with the Han . Europeans commonly referred to these people as "Dungan" or "Tungan" during the Dungan Revolt. The people referred to as " Andijanis " or " Kokandis " include the subjects of the Kokand Khanate — Uzbeks , Sarts , Southern Kyrgyzes , Ferghana Kipchaks and Tajiks . The Kokand army
7304-573: Was Hezhou (now known as Linxia ), the main center of the Hui people west of Lanzhou and a key point on the trade route between Gansu and Tibet . Hezhou was defended by the Hui forces of Ma Zhan'ao . As a pragmatic member of the Khafiya (Old Teaching) sect, he was ready to explore avenues for peaceful coexistence with the Qing government. When the revolt broke out, Ma Zhan'ao escorted Han Chinese to safety in Yixin, and did not attempt to conquer more territory during
7392-622: Was a war fought in 19th-century western China , mostly during the reign of the Tongzhi Emperor (r. 1861–1875) of the Qing dynasty . The term sometimes includes the Panthay Rebellion in Yunnan , which occurred during the same period. However, this article refers specifically to two waves of uprising by various Chinese Muslims , mostly Hui people, in Shaanxi , Gansu and Ningxia provinces in
7480-552: Was bitterly protested by the local Han Chinese , who made up two-thirds of the population of each region. Although Mongols made up an even smaller percentage of Inner Mongolia than either of these, the ensuing Chinese Civil War gave little opportunity for protest. Autonomous regions in China have no legal right to secede, unlike in the Soviet Union – the Law of the People's Republic of China on Regional Ethnic Autonomy , written in 1984, states that "each and every ethnic autonomous region
7568-498: Was predominantly formed from Uzbeks and the nomadic Kyrgyz and Kipchaks. The Dungan Revolt occurred partly because of ethnic antagonism and class warfare , not only because of religious strife (as is sometimes mistakenly assumed). Chinese Muslims played a major role in resisting the early Qing dynasty in the wake of its victory over the Ming . For example, in 1646, Muslim Ming loyalists in Gansu led by Milayin and Ding Guodong organized
7656-500: Was the religion of 1.17% of the province's population according to the Chinese General Social Survey of 2004. In 2008, there were 3,760 mosques in Ningxia, which is about one per 1730 residents. One of Ningxia's main tourist spots is the internationally renowned Xixia Tombs site located 30 km (19 mi) west of Yinchuan . The remnants of nine Western Xia emperors' tombs and two hundred other tombs lie within
7744-407: Was to be no mistreatment of or discrimination against Muslims, resulting in the implementation of a "policy of reconciliation". Muslim rebels tried to seize Lingzhou (present-day Lingwu ) and Guyuan in several attacks as a result of false rumors spread by some Muslims that the government was going to kill all Muslims. A vast number of Muslim refugees from Shaanxi fled to Gansu. Some of them formed
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