An ethnoreligious group (or an ethno-religious group ) is a grouping of people who are unified by a common religious and ethnic background.
112-588: The Hui people are an East Asian ethnoreligious group predominantly composed of Chinese-speaking adherents of Islam . They are distributed throughout China, mainly in the northwestern provinces and in the Zhongyuan region. According to the 2010 census, China is home to approximately 10.5 million Hui people. Outside China, the 170,000 Dungan people of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan , the Panthays in Myanmar , and many of
224-649: A Chamic -speaking ethnic group which lives southernmost tip of the island near the city of Sanya . They are thought to be descendants of Cham refugees who fled their homeland of Champa in what is now modern Central Vietnam to escape the Vietnamese invasion . Although they are culturally, ethnically and linguistically distinct from the Hui, the Chinese government nevertheless classifies them as Hui due to their Islamic faith. Many Hui are direct descendants of Silk Road travelers. On
336-668: A Muslim , converse in the Malay language , and adhere to Malay customs . According to this legal framework , a Malay man or woman who undergoes conversion from Islam to another religion ceases to be recognized as Malay. Consequently, the privileges accorded to so-called Bumiputra , specifically the entitlements outlined in Article 153 of the Constitution, the New Economic Policy (NEP) , and other related provisions, are forfeited in
448-657: A Hui population of more than one million. In Ningxia, 33.95% of the population are of Hui ethnicity. Hui are the major minority in Qinghai (15.62%), Gansu and Shaanxi and is the overall major minority in Henan and Anhui . Dungan ( simplified Chinese : 东干族 ; traditional Chinese : 東干族 ; pinyin : Dōnggānzú ; Russian : Дунгане ) is a term used in Central Asia and in Xinjiang to refer to Chinese-speaking Muslim people. In
560-576: A Muslim and wanting to be a Zhongyuan ren (Chinese). Some Uyghurs barely see any difference between Hui and Han. A Uyghur social scientist, Dilshat, regarded Hui as the same people as Han, deliberately calling Hui people Han and dismissing the Hui as having only a few hundred years of history. Pusuman : Pusuman was a name used by Chinese during the Yuan dynasty . It could have been a corruption of Musalman or another name for Persians. It means either Muslim or Persian. Pusuman Kuo (Pusuman Guo) referred to
672-467: A common Sino-Tibetan protolanguage, and most linguists place the homeland of the Sino-Tibetan language family somewhere in northern China. The Hmong–Mien languages and cultures, for various archaeological and ethnohistorical reasons, are also generally believed to have derived from a source somewhere north of their current distribution, perhaps in northern or central China. The Tibetans , however, despite
784-726: A common culture and ancestry . In a narrower sense, they refer to groups whose religious and ethnic traditions are historically linked. The elements that are defined as characteristics of an ethnoreligious group are " social character , historical experience, and theological beliefs". A closing of the community takes place through a strict endogamy , which is specifically for the community and that distinguishes an ethno-religious community, that is, as distinct from any other group. In general, ethnoreligious communities define their ethnic identity by both ancestral heritage and religious affiliation. An ethnoreligious group usually has shared history and cultural traditions of their own, which
896-449: A distinct minority . Ethnoreligious groups can be tied to ethnic nationalism if the ethnoreligious group possesses a historical base in a specific region. In many ethnoreligious groups emphasis is placed upon religious endogamy, and the concurrent discouragement of interfaith marriages or intercourse, as a means of preserving the stability and historical longevity of the community and culture. The term ethnoreligious has been applied by
1008-504: A pool of samples of Han Chinese from various provinces and cities of China. Haplogroup O2a1b-IMS-JST002611 is the second most common Y-DNA haplogroup among Han Chinese (and among Chinese in general) after haplogroup O2a2b1a1-M117. O2a2-JST021354/P201 has been divided into primary subclades O2a2a-M188 (TMRCA 18,830 ybp, accounts for approximately 4.74% of all males in present-day China ) and O2a2b-P164 (TMRCA 20,410 ybp, accounts for approximately 30.4% of all males in present-day China ). Among
1120-586: A popular term for Muslim culture since the Yuan or Ming dynasty. Gladney suggested that a good translation for it would be the Arabic tahára . i.e. "ritual or moral purity" The usual term for a mosque is qīngzhēn sì ( 清真寺 ), i.e. "true and pure temple", and qīngzhēn is commonly used to refer to halal eating establishments and bathhouses. In contrast, the Uyghurs were called "Chan Tou Hui" ("Turban Headed Muslim"), and
1232-714: A reliable source to the following groups: Prior to the Babylonian exile in the late 7th century BC and early 6th century BC, the Israelites had already emerged as an ethnoreligious group, probably before the time of Hosea in 8th century BC. The ethno-religious character of the Jewish people in antiquity has been expounded upon by scholars such as Salo W. Baron , who spoke of "the ethnoreligious unity of [the Israelite] people", and Shaye J. D. Cohen , when describing Jewish identity during
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#17328477411781344-478: A report on what he saw among Hui in 1910. He reported that due to religion, Hui were classed as a different nationality from Han as if they were one of the other minority groups. Huizu is now the standard term for the "Hui nationality" (ethnic group), and Huimin , for "Hui people" or "a Hui person". The traditional expression Huihui , its use now largely restricted to rural areas, would sound quaint, if not outright demeaning, to modern urban Chinese Muslims. Islam
1456-688: A result of Zionism . In Israel, Jewish religious courts have authority over personal status matters, which has led to friction with secular Jews who sometimes find they must leave the country in order to marry or divorce, particularly in relation to the inherited status of mamzer , the marriage of males from the priestly line, persons not recognized as Jewish by the rabbinate, and in cases of agunot . The Israeli rabbinate only recognizes certain approved Orthodox rabbis as legitimate, which has led to friction with Diaspora Jews who for centuries never had an overarching authority. Other classical examples for ethnoreligious groups are traditional Anabaptist groups like
1568-674: A sample collected in Seoul and 8.3% (11/133) of a sample collected in Daejeon, South Korea. According to 23魔方, haplogroup O-IMS-JST002611 currently accounts for approximately 14.72% of the entire male population of China , and its TMRCA is estimated to be 13,590 years. Yan et al. (2011) have found O-IMS-JST002611 in 16.9% (61/361) of a pool of samples of Han Chinese from East China ( n =167), North China ( n =129), and South China ( n =65). According to Table S4 of He Guanglin et al. 2023, haplogroup O2a1b-IMS-JST002611 has been found in 17.50% (366/2091) of
1680-498: A sample from Cambodia and Laos. In a large study of 2,332 unrelated male samples collected from 40 populations in East Asia (and especially Southwest China), O2a1b-M164 Y-DNA was detected only in 7.1% (1/14) of a sample of Cambodians . According to 23魔方, O-M164 is a recent branch (TMRCA 2120 years) downstream of O2a1c-JST002611 rather than parallel to it. Out of fourteen members total, six are from Guangdong, five are from Fujian, one
1792-565: A sample from Seoul; however, no individual belonging to O-M122(xM324) was observed in a sample of 133 individuals from Daejeon. In 2011, Chinese researchers published a paper reporting their finding of O2*-M122(xO2a-M324) Y-DNA in 3.0% (5/167) of a sample of Han Chinese with origins in East China (defined as consisting of Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanghai, and Anhui) and in 1.5% (1/65) of a sample of Han Chinese with origins in Southern China. O2* Y-DNA
1904-479: A sample of Hindus from New Delhi, India (1/49 = 2.0% O-M122(xM134)). Among all the populations of East and Southeast Asia, Haplogroup O-M122 is most closely associated with those that speak a Sinitic , Tibeto-Burman , or Hmong–Mien language. Haplogroup O-M122 comprises about 50% or more of the total Y-chromosome variation among the populations of each of these language families. The Sinitic and Tibeto-Burman language families are generally believed to be derived from
2016-537: A sample of Tharus from another village in Chitwan District, and 18.9% (7/37, all O-M117) of a sample of Tharus from a village in Morang District of southeastern Nepal. In contrast, the same study found O-M122 in only one individual in a sample of non-Tharu Hindus collected in Chitwan District (1/26 = 3.8% O-M134(xM117)), one tribal individual from Andhra Pradesh, India (1/29 = 3.4% O-M117), and one individual in
2128-401: A sample of the general population of Thailand . Brunelli et al. (2017) found O2-M122(xO2a-M324) in 5/66 (7.6%) Tai Yuan , 1/91 (1.1%) Tai Lue , and 1/205 (0.5%) Khon Mueang in samples of the people of Northern Thailand . O2a1a1a1a1-M121 is a subclade of O2a1-L127.1, parallel to O2a1b-M164 and O2a1c-JST002611. In an early survey of Y-DNA variation in present-day human populations of
2240-693: A singleton (1/156 = 0.6%) in a sample from Tibet . It also has been found as a singleton in a sample of nineteen members of the Chin people in Chin State , Myanmar. In a paper published in 2011, Korean researchers have reported finding O2*-M122(xO2a-M324) Y-DNA in the following samples: 5.9% (3/51) Beijing Han , 3.1% (2/64) Filipino , 2.1% (1/48) Vietnamese , 1.7% (1/60) Yunnan Han , 0.4% (2/506) Korean , including 1/87 from Jeju and 1/110 from Seoul - Gyeonggi . In another study published in 2012, Korean researchers have found O-M122(xM324) Y-DNA in 0.35% (2/573) of
2352-847: A singleton from the Philippines (1/48 = 2.1%), but it has not been detected in samples from Malaysia (0/32), Taiwanese Aboriginals (0/48), She from China (0/51), Yao from China (0/60), Oceania (0/182), eastern Indonesia (0/957), or western Indonesia (0/960). Haplogroup O2a1c‐JST002611 is prevalent in different ethnic groups in China and Southeast Asia, including Vietnam (14.29%), Sichuan of southwestern China (Han, 14.60%; Tibetan in Xinlong County, 15.22%), Jilin of northeastern China (Korean, 9.36%), Inner Mongolia (Mongolian, 6.58%), and Gansu of northwestern China (Baima, 7.35%; Han, 11.30%). Y-DNA belonging to haplogroup O-JST002611 has been observed in 10.6% (61/573) of
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#17328477411782464-880: A small set of samples of highlanders of northern Luzon (including 1/1 Ifugao , 1/2 Ibaloi , 4/12 Kalangoya , and 2/6 Kankanaey ). In the northern fringes of its distribution, O-M7 has been found in samples of Oroqen (2/31 = 6.5%), Tujia from Hunan (3/49 = 6.1%), Qiang (2/33 = 6.1%), Han Chinese (2/32 = 6.3% Han from Yili, Xinjiang, 4/66 = 6.1% Han from Huize , Yunnan, 2/35 = 5.7% Han from Meixian, Guangdong, 1/18 = 5.6% Han from Wuhan, Hubei, 6/148 = 4.1% Han from Changting, Fujian, 20/530 = 3.8% Han Chinese from Chongming Island , 2/63 = 3.2% Han from Weicheng, Sichuan, 18/689 = 2.6% Han Chinese from Pudong , 2/100 = 2.0% Han from Nanjing, Jiangsu, 3/165 = 1.8% Han Chinese, 1/55 = 1.8% Han from Shanghai), Manchus (1/50 = 2.0% Manchu from Liaoning ), and Koreans (2/133 = 1.5% Daejeon, 1/300 = 0.3% unrelated Korean males obtained from
2576-531: A study published in 2011, O-M121 Y-DNA was found in 1.2% (2/167) of a sample of Han Chinese with origins in East China, defined as consisting of Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, and Shanghai, and in 0.8% (1/129) of a sample of Han Chinese with origins in Northern China. O-M121 was not detected in this study's sample of Han Chinese with origins in Southern China (n=65). O-L599 (considered to be phylogenetically equivalent to O-M121 ) also has been found in one individual in
2688-628: A subgroup of the Yao people of southern China (16/32 = 50.0% Mountain Kimmun from southern Yunnan, 11/28 = 39.3% Blue Kimmun from western Guangxi). However, this paragroup has been detected in only 3/41 = 7.3% of a sample of Lowland Kimmun from eastern Guangxi. This paragroup also has been found with high frequency in some Kazakh samples, especially the Naiman tribe (102/155 = 65.81%). Dulik hypothesizes that O-M134 in Kazakhs
2800-483: A very high frequency of O-M122 (39/45 = 86.7%), while much lower percentages of Newar (14/66 = 21.2%) and the general population of Kathmandu (16/77 = 20.8%) belong to this haplogroup. A study published in 2009 found O-M122 in 52.6% (30/57, including 28 members of O-M117 and two members of O-M134(xM117)) of a sample of Tharus from a village in Chitwan District of south-central Nepal, 28.6% (22/77, all O-M117) of
2912-2225: A widespread but uneven distribution among populations that speak Hmong-Mien languages , such as She (29/51 = 56.9% She, 10/34 = 29.4% She, 14/56 = 25.0% Northern She from Zhejiang), Miao (21/58 = 36.2% Miao from China, 17/51 = 33.3% Hmong Daw from northern Laos, 6/49 = 12.2% Yunnan Miao, 2/49 = 4.1% Guizhou Miao, 4/100 = 4.0% Hunan Miao), and Yao (18/35 = 51.4% Yao from Liannan, Guangdong, 29/60 = 48.3% Yao from Guangxi, 12/35 = 34.3% Yao from Bama, Guangxi, 12/37 = 32.4% Zaomin from Guangdong, 5/36 = 13.9% Bunu from Guangxi, 1/11 = 9.1% Top-Board Mien, 3/41 = 7.3% Native Mien, 2/31 = 6.5% Southern Mien from Guangxi, 1/19 = 5.3% Flowery-Headed Mien from Guangxi, 1/20 = 5.0% Mountain Straggler Mien from Hunan, 1/28 = 3.6% Blue Kimmun from Guangxi, 1/31 = 3.2% Pahng from Guangxi, 1/47 = 2.1% Western Mien from Yunnan, 0/11 Thin Board Mien, 0/31 Lowland Yao from Guangxi, 0/32 Mountain Kimmun from Yunnan, 0/33 Northern Mien, and 0/41 Lowland Kimmun from Guangxi). Cai et al. (2011) have reported finding high frequencies of O-M7 in their samples of Katuic (17/35 = 48.6% Ngeq , 10/45 = 22.2% Katu , 6/37 = 16.2% Kataang , 3/34 = 8.8% Inh (Ir) , 4/50 = 8.0% So , 1/39 = 2.6% Suy ) and Bahnaric (15/32 = 46.9% Jeh , 17/50 = 34.0% Oy , 8/32 = 25.0% Brau , 8/35 = 22.9% Talieng , 4/30 = 13.3% Alak , 6/50 = 12.0% Laven ) peoples from southern Laos. However, O-M7 has been found only with low frequency in samples of linguistically related Khmuic populations from northern Laos (1/50 = 2.0% Mal, 1/51 = 2.0% Khmu, 0/28 Bit, 0/29 Xinhmul ), Vietic peoples from Vietnam and central Laos (8/76 = 10.5% Kinh from Hanoi, Vietnam, 4/50 = 8.0% Kinh from northern Vietnam, 2/28 = 7.1% Bo , 4/70 = 5.7% Vietnamese, 0/12 Muong, 0/15 Kinh, 0/38 Aheu ), Palaungic peoples from northwestern Laos and southwestern Yunnan (2/35 = 5.7% Lamet, 0/29 Ava, 0/52 Blang ), and Pakanic peoples from southeastern Yunnan and northwestern Guangxi (0/30 Palyu, 0/32 Bugan ). Haplogroup O-M7 has been found with notable frequency in some samples of Austronesian populations from
3024-485: Is a descendant haplogroup of haplogroup O-M175 . Researchers believe that O-M122 first appeared in Southeast Asia approximately 25,000-30,000 years ago, or roughly between 30,000 and 35,000 years ago according to more recent studies. In a systematic sampling and genetic screening of an East Asian–specific Y-chromosome haplogroup (O-M122) in 2,332 individuals from diverse East Asian populations, results indicate that
3136-403: Is a famous Han Chinese who practices Islam and Hui Liangyu is a notable atheist Hui. In addition, most Uyghurs, Kazakhs, Kirghiz and Dongxiang in China are Muslims, but are not Hui. John Stuart Thomson , who traveled in China, called them "Mohammedan Chinese". They have also been called "Chinese Mussulmans", when Europeans wanted to distinguish them from Han Chinese . Throughout history,
3248-530: Is a subclade of O2a2-P201 and O2a2a1a1-CTS201. In an early survey of Y-DNA variation in present-day human populations of the world, O-M159 was detected only in 5.0% (1/20) of a sample from China. According to 23魔方, the TMRCA of haplogroup O-M159 is estimated to be 8,870 years. It is currently distributed mainly in southern China, and it is estimated to account for about 0.79% of the total male population of China. Unlike its phylogenetic siblings, O-M7 and O-M134, O-M159
3360-466: Is concentrated in Fujian, Taiwan, Jiangxi, Anhui, Hubei, Zhejiang and other provinces and cities; it appears to have undergone explosive population growth between about 2600 and 2300 years ago. O2a1b-M164 is a subclade of O2a1-L127.1, parallel to O2a1a1a1a1-M121 and O2a1c-JST002611. In an early survey of Y-DNA variation in present-day human populations of the world, O-M164 was detected only in 5.6% (1/18) of
3472-402: Is from Nantong , one is from Wenzhou , and one is from Taiwan . Haplogroup O2a1c-JST002611 is derived from O2-M122 via O2a-M324/P93/P197/P199/P200 and O2a1-L127.1/L465/L467. O2a1c-JST002611 is the most commonly observed type of O2a1 Y-DNA, and, more generally, represents the majority of extant O2-M122 Y-DNA that does not belong to the expansive subclade O2a2-P201. Haplogroup O2a1c-JST002611
Hui people - Misplaced Pages Continue
3584-462: Is no longer accurate, strictly speaking, just as with Bosniaks in former Yugoslavia. The Hui nationality is the most widely distributed ethnic minority in China, and it is also the main ethnic minority in many provinces. There are 10,586,087 Hui people in China (2010 census), accounting for 0.79% of the total population, making them the third largest ethnic group after Han Chinese and Zhuang . Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region and Gansu Province have
3696-433: Is non-existent among most Mon-Khmer population of Laos, who exhibit much higher frequencies of O-M117. In Han Chinese, the paragroup is found in approximately the same percentage as O-M117, but has a higher distribution in northern Han Chinese than Southern Han Chinese. According to 23魔方, the TMRCA of O-M134 is estimated to be 17,450 years, and O-M134(xM117) can be divided into two subsets: O-F122 (TMRCA 17,420 years), which
3808-433: Is not associated with a non- Sinitic language . The Hui have a distinct connection with Islamic culture . For example, they follow Islamic dietary laws and reject the consumption of pork , the most commonly consumed meat in China, and have therefore developed their own variation of Chinese cuisine . They also have a traditional dress code, with some men wearing white caps ( taqiyah ) and some women wearing headscarves , as
3920-513: Is primarily found among the males of Tibeto-Burmese ancestry in the Himalayas and Northeast India. In Arunachal Pradesh , it is found at 89% among Adi , 82% among Apatani , and 94% among Nishi , while the Naga people show it at 100%. In Meghalaya , 59.2% (42/71) of a sample of Garos and 31.7% (112/353) of a sample of Khasis have been found to belong to O-M122. In Nepal , Tamang people present
4032-424: Is quite rare, having been detected only in 2/165 = 1.2% of a sample of Han Chinese in a pool of samples from mainland China, Taiwan, the Philippines, Vietnam, and Malaysia (n=581), 8/641 = 1.2% of a sample of Balinese in a pool of samples from western Indonesia (n=960), and 7/350 = 2.0% of a sample of males from Sumba in a pool of samples from eastern Indonesia (n=957). In the same study, O2*-M122(xO2a-P197) Y-DNA
4144-413: Is sometimes referred to as a form of religion. In many cases, ethnoreligious groups are also ethno-cultural groups with traditional ethnic religion ; in other cases ethnoreligious groups begin as communities united by a common faith which through endogamy developed cultural and ancestral ties. Some ethnoreligious groups' identities are reinforced by the experience of living within a larger community as
4256-465: Is subsumed alongside O-M117 in an O-F450 clade (TMRCA 17,430 years), and O-MF59333 (TMRCA 13,900 years, currently distributed mainly in southern China and accounting for the Y-DNA of approximately 0.03% of the total male population of China), which is derived from O-M134 but basal to O-F450. O-F122 in turn is divided into O-MF38 (TMRCA 4,680 years, currently distributed mainly in northern China and accounting for
4368-664: Is the case in many Islamic cultures . Hui Muslims descend from Europeans, Arabs , Indo-Iranian Persians, Mongols, Turkic Uyghurs and other Central Asian immigrants. Their ancestors were of Middle Eastern , Central Asian and East Asian origin, who spread Islam in the area. Several medieval Chinese dynasties, particularly the Tang , Song and Mongol , witnessed foreign immigration from predominantly Muslim Persia and Central Asia , with both dynasties welcoming foreign Muslim traders from these regions and appointing Central Asian officials. In subsequent centuries,
4480-556: Is to clarify that ethno-religious groups, such as Jews, Muslims, and Sikhs, have access to the racial vilification and discrimination provisions of the Act.... extensions of the Anti-Discrimination Act to ethno-religious groups will not extend to discrimination on the ground of religion". The definition of "race" in Anti-Discrimination Act 1998 (Tasmania) likewise includes "ethnic, ethno-religious, or national origin". However, unlike
4592-1250: Is very rare, having been found only in 2.9% (1/35) of a sample of Han males from Meixian , Guangdong in a study of 988 males from East Asia. In a study published in 2011, O-M159 was detected in 1.5% (1/65) of a sample of Han Chinese with origins in Southern China. O-M159 was not detected in the same study's samples of Han Chinese with origins in East China (n=167) or Northern China (n=129). Trejaut et al. (2014) found O-M159 in 5.0% (3/60) Minnan in Taiwan, 4.2% (1/24) Hanoi, Vietnam, 3.88% (10/258) miscellaneous Han volunteers in Taiwan, 3.6% (2/55) Han in Fujian, 3.24% (12/370) Plains Aborigines in Taiwan (mostly assimilated to Han Chinese), 1.04% (2/192) Western Indonesia (1/25 Kalimantan, 1/26 Sumatra), and 0.68% (1/146) Philippines (1/55 South Luzon). Kutanan et al. (2019) found O-M159 in 1.6% (2/129) of their samples of Thai people from Central Thailand . Haplogroup O2a2a1a2-M7 Y-DNA has been detected with high frequency in some samples of populations who speak Hmong-Mien languages , Katuic languages , or Bahnaric languages , scattered through some mostly mountainous areas of southern China , Laos , and Vietnam . O-M7 has been noted for having
Hui people - Misplaced Pages Continue
4704-789: The Chin Haws in Thailand are also considered part of the Hui ethnicity. The Hui were referred to as Hanhui during the Qing dynasty to be distinguished from the Turkic-speaking Muslims, which were referred to as Chanhui. The Republic of China government also recognised the Hui as a branch of the Han Chinese rather than a separate ethnic group. In the National Assembly of the Republic of China ,
4816-549: The 1000 Genomes Project sample of Han Chinese from Hunan , China ( n =37), one individual in the 1000 Genomes Project sample of Kinh from Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, one individual in the Human Genome Diversity Project sample of Tujia , an individual from Singapore, and an individual from the Jakarta metropolitan area . According to 23魔方, O-L599 currently accounts for about 0.79% of the male population in China and
4928-621: The Ming and Qing dynasties . It is thought to have had its origin in the earlier Huihe ( 回紇 ) or Huihu ( 回鶻 ), which was the name for the Uyghur State of the 8th and 9th centuries. Although the ancient Uyghurs were not Muslims the name Huihui came to refer to foreigners, regardless of language or origin, by the time of the Yuan (1271–1368) and Ming dynasties (1368–1644). The use of Hui to denote all foreigners—Muslims, Nestorian Christians, or Jews—reflects bureaucratic terminology developed over
5040-712: The Old Order Amish , the Hutterites , the Old Order Mennonites and traditional groups of Plautdietsch -speaking Russian Mennonites , like the Old Colony Mennonites . All these groups have a shared cultural background, a shared dialect as their everyday language ( Pennsylvania German , Hutterisch , Plautdietsch ), a shared version of their Anabaptist faith, a shared history of several hundred years and they have accepted very few outsiders into their communities in
5152-521: The People's Republic of China government in 1954. The government defines the Hui people to include all historically Muslim communities not included in China's other ethnic groups; they are therefore distinct from other Muslim groups such as the Uyghurs . The Hui predominantly speak Chinese , while using some Arabic and Persian phrases. The Hui ethnic group is unique among Chinese ethnic minorities in that it
5264-738: The Philippines , Malaysia , and Indonesia . Its distribution in Oceania is mostly limited to the traditionally Austronesian culture zones, chiefly Polynesia (approx. 25% to 32.5% ). O-M122 is found at generally lower frequencies in coastal and island Melanesia , Micronesia , and Taiwanese aboriginal tribes (18% to 27.4% of Micronesians ), and 5% of Melanesians , albeit with reduced frequencies of most subclades. Haplogroup O-M122 * Y-chromosomes, which are not defined by any identified downstream markers, are actually more common among certain non- Han Chinese populations than among Han Chinese ones, and
5376-486: The Tang period on. Before the " Yihewani " movement, a Chinese Muslim sect inspired by the Middle Eastern reform movement, northern Hui Sufis blended Taoist teachings and martial arts practices with Sufi philosophy. Ethnoreligious group Furthermore, the term ethno-religious group , along with ethno-regional and ethno-linguistic groups , is a sub-category of ethnicity and is used as evidence of belief in
5488-532: The ethnonym Dungan . Joseph Fletcher cited Turkic and Persian manuscripts related to the preaching of the 17th century Kashgarian Sufi master Muhammad Yūsuf (or, possibly, his son Afaq Khoja ) inside the Ming Empire (in today's Gansu and/or Qinghai ), where the preacher allegedly converted ulamā-yi Tunganiyyāh (i.e., "Dungan ulema ") into Sufism . As early as the 1830s, Dungan , in various spellings appeared in both English and German, referring to
5600-470: The (presumably Chinese-speaking) Muslims more assimilated into the Chinese mainstream society. In the 1930s, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) defined the term Hui as indicating only Sinophone Muslims. In 1941, this was clarified by a CCP committee comprising ethnic policy researchers in a treatise entitled "On the question of Huihui Ethnicity" (回回民族问题, Huíhui mínzú wèntí). This treatise defined
5712-950: The 12th-century founder of the Kara-Khitan Khanate , defeating the Huihui Dashibu ( 回回大食部 ) people near Samarkand —apparently, referring to his defeat of the Khwarazm ruler Ahmed Sanjar in 1141. Khwarazm is referred to as Huihuiguo in the Secret History of the Mongols as well. While Huihui or Hui remained a generic name for all Muslims in Imperial China, specific terms were sometimes used to refer to particular groups, e.g. Chantou Hui (" turbaned Hui") for Uyghurs, Dongxiang Hui and Sala Hui for Dongxiang and Salar people , and sometimes even Han Hui ( 漢回 ) ("Chinese Hui") for
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#17328477411785824-562: The 6,781,500 Sunni Hui in China followed 58.2% Gedimu , 21% Yihewani , 10.9% Jahriyya , 7.2% Khuffiya, 1.4% Qadariyya and 0.7% Kubrawiyya Sufi schools. Among the northern Hui, Central Asian Sufi schools such as Kubrawiyya , Qadiriyya , and Naqshbandiyya ( Khufiyya and Jahriyya ) were strong influences, mostly of the Hanafi Madhhab . Hui Muslims have a long tradition of synthesizing Confucian teachings with Qur'anic teachings and reportedly have contributed to Confucianism from
5936-539: The Anti-Discrimination (Amendment) Act 1994 (see above). The Anti-Discrimination (Amendment) Act 1994 made reference to Mandla v Dowell-Lee , which defined ethnic groups as: The significance of the case was that groups like Sikhs and Jews could now be protected under the Race Relations Act 1976 . In Malaysian law, as per Article 160(2) , it is stipulated that an individual classified as Malay must be
6048-589: The Chinese government to one of China's ten historically Islamic minorities. Today, the Chinese government defines the Hui people as an ethnicity without regard to religion, and includes those with Hui ancestry who do not practice Islam. Chinese census statistics count among the Hui (and not as officially recognized separate ethnic groups) the Muslim members of a few small non-Chinese-speaking communities. These include several thousand Utsuls in southern Hainan Province , who speak an Austronesian language ( Tsat ) related to
6160-906: The Dutch settlers no longer observe Islam and their descendants embrace the Chinese folk religion . The Taiwanese branch of the Guo (Kuo in Taiwan) clan with Hui ancestry does not practice Islam, yet does not offer pork at their ancestral shrines. The Chinese Muslim Association counts these people as Muslims. Also on Taiwan , one branch of the Ding (Ting) clan that descended from Sayyid Ajjal Shams al-Din Omar resides in Taisi Township in Yunlin County . They trace their descent through him via
6272-471: The Guizhou Hui's Y chromosomes showed a high degree of paternal North or Central Asian heritage, indicating the population formed through male-dominated migration, potentially via a northern route, followed by massive assimilation of Guizhou aborigines into Han Chinese and Hui Muslims. The East Asian Y-chromosome haplogroup O-M122 is found in large quantities, about 24–30%, in other Muslims groups close to
6384-703: The Hui disliked the term Dungan, calling themselves either Huihui or Huizi. In the Soviet Union and its successor countries, the term "Dungans" (дунгане) became the standard name for the descendants of Chinese-speaking Muslims who emigrated in the 1870s and 1880s to the Russian Empire , mostly to today's Kyrgyzstan and south-eastern Kazakhstan . The Panthay are a group of Chinese Muslims in Myanmar (Burma) and Yunnan Province . In Thailand , Chinese Muslims are referred to as Chin Ho ( จีนฮ่อ ). The Utsuls of Hainan are
6496-633: The Hui like the Dongxiangs , Bo'an , and Salar people . While the Y chromosome haplogroup R1a (found among Central Asians , South Asians and Europeans) are found among 17–28% of them. Western mtDNA makes up 6.6% to 8%. Other haplogroups include D-M174 , N1a1-Tat , and Q , commonly found among East Asians and Siberians. The majority of Tibeto-Burmans, Han Chinese, and Ningxia and Liaoning Hui share paternal Y chromosomes of East Asian origin which are unrelated to Middle Easterners and Europeans. In contrast to distant Middle Easterners and Europeans with whom
6608-615: The Hui people of Xinjiang. For example, James Prinsep in 1835 mentioned Muslim "Túngánis" in Chinese Tartary . The word (mostly in the form "Dungani" or "Tungani", sometimes "Dungens" or "Dungans") acquired currency in English and other western languages when books in the 1860–70s discussed the Dungan Revolt . Later authors continued to use variants of the term for Xinjiang Hui people. For example, Owen Lattimore , writing ca. 1940, maintained
6720-497: The Hui were referred to as Nationals in China proper with special convention . The Hui were referred to as Han people Muslims by Bai Chongxi, the Minister of National Defense of the Republic of China at the time and the founder of the Chinese Muslim Association . Some scholars refer to this group as Han Chinese Muslims or Han Muslims , while others call them Chinese Muslims , Chinese-speaking Muslims or Sino-Muslims . The Hui were officially recognised as an ethnic group by
6832-455: The Hui-hui say "we do not eat Mongol food". [Cinggis Qa’an replied:] "By the aid of heaven we have pacified you; you are our slaves. Yet you do not eat our food or drink. How can this be right?" He thereupon made them eat. "If you slaughter sheep, you will be considered guilty of a crime." He issued a regulation to that effect ... [In 1279/1280 under Qubilai] all the Muslims say: "if someone else slaughters [the animal] we do not eat". Because
SECTION 60
#17328477411786944-417: The Mongols, and descended from a mixture of Chinese, Iranian and Turkic peoples. They also reported that the T'ung-kan were Shafi'ites , as were the Khorezmians . The Hui people of Yunnan and Northwestern China resulted from the convergence of Mongol, Turkic, and Iranian peoples or other Central Asian settlers recruited by the Yuan dynasty, either as artisans or as officials (the semu ). The Hui formed
7056-437: The Muslims of China are not related to, East Asians, Han Chinese, and most of the Hui and Dongxiang of Linxia share more genes with each other. This indicates that native East Asian populations converted to Islam and were culturally assimilated to these ethnicities and that Chinese Muslim populations are mostly not descendants of foreigners as claimed by some accounts while only a small minority of them are. Haplogroup O2-M122
7168-399: The Muslims of China are not significantly related, East Asians, Han Chinese, and most of the Hui and Dongxiang of Linxia share more genes with each other. This indicates that native East Asian populations were culturally assimilated, and that the Hui population was formed through a process of cultural diffusion . An overview study in 2021 estimated that West Eurasian -related admixture among
7280-432: The NSW Act, it also prohibits discrimination on the grounds of "religious belief or affiliation" or "religious activity". In the United Kingdom the landmark legal case Mandla v Dowell-Lee placed a legal definition on ethnic groups with religious ties, which, in turn, has paved the way for the definition of an ethnoreligious group. Both Jews and Sikhs were determined to be considered ethnoreligious groups under
7392-505: The Naiman of Kazakhs 65.81%, 6.8% of Kalmyks (17.1% of Khoshuud , 6.1% of Dörwöd , 3.3% of Torguud , 0% of Buzawa ), 6.2% of Altaians , 5.3% of Kyrgyz , 4.1% of Uzbeks , and 4.0% of Buryats . Modern northern Han Chinese Y haplogroups and mtdna match those of ancient northern Han Chinese ancestors 3,000 years ago from the Hengbei archeological site. 89 ancient samples were taken. Y haplogroups O3a, O3a3, M, O2a, Q1a1, and O* were all found in Hengbei samples. Three men who lived in
7504-421: The National Biobank of Korea, 1/573 = 0.2% Seoul ). According to 23魔方, O-M7 has a TMRCA of approximately 14,530 years and is currently relatively common among many ethnic groups in Sichuan and Yunnan, as well as among the Zhuang, Austroasiatic, and Austronesian groups. O-M7 now accounts for about 2.15% of the total male population in China. The O-N5 subclade (TMRCA 4,230 ybp) by itself accounts for about 0.40% of
7616-595: The Neolithic era are the ancestors of 40% of Han Chinese, with their Y haplogroups being subclades of O3a-M324 and they are estimated to have lived 6,800 years ago, 6,500 years ago and 5,400 years ago. The East Asian O3-M122 Y chromosome Haplogroup is found in large quantities in other Muslims close to the Hui people like Dongxiang, Bo'an and Salar. The majority of Tibeto-Burmans, Han Chinese, and Ningxia and Liaoning Hui share paternal Y chromosomes of East Asian origin which are unrelated to Middle Easterners and Europeans. In contrast to distant Middle Eastern and Europeans whom
7728-1132: The O-CTS201 > O-FGC50590 > O-MF114497 subclade is fairly common among males in Korea and Japan. O2a2b-P164 has been divided cleanly into O2a2b1-M134 (TMRCA 17,450 ybp, accounts for approximately 27.58% of all males in present-day China ), which has been found with high frequency throughout East Asia and especially among speakers of Sino-Tibetan languages , and O2a2b2-AM01822 (TMRCA 16,000 ybp, accounts for approximately 2.80% of all males in present-day China ), which has been found with relatively low frequency but high diversity throughout East Asia and with high frequency in Austronesia . O2a2-P201(xO2a2a1a2-M7, O2a2b1-M134) Y-DNA has been detected with high frequency in many samples of Austronesian -speaking populations, in particular some samples of Batak Toba from Sumatra (21/38 = 55.3%), Tongans (5/12 = 41.7%), and Filipinos (12/48 = 25.0%). Outside of Austronesia, O2a2-P201(xO2a2a1a2-M7, O2a2b1-M134) Y-DNA has been observed in samples of Tujia (7/49 = 14.3%), Han Chinese (14/165 = 8.5%), Japanese (11/263 = 4.2%), Miao (1/58 = 1.7%), and Vietnam (1/70 = 1.4%). O2a2a1a1a-M159
7840-464: The O-M122 lineage is dominant in East Asian populations, with an average frequency of 44.3%. Microsatellite data show that the O-M122 haplotypes are more diverse in Southeast Asia than those in northern East Asia. This suggests a southern origin of the O-M122 mutation to be likely. It was part of the settlement of East Asia. However, the prehistoric peopling of East Asia by modern humans remains controversial with respect to early population migrations and
7952-405: The Quanzhou Ding family of Fujian. While pretending to be Han Chinese in Fujian, they initially practiced Islam when they came to Taiwan 200 years ago, but their descendants have embraced Buddhism or Taoism. An attempt was made by the Chinese Islamic Society to convert the Fujian Hui of Fujian back to Islam in 1983, by sending four Ningxia imams to Fujian. This futile endeavour ended in 1986, when
8064-474: The Reform movement only recognizes children of mixed marriages as Jewish if they "established through appropriate and timely public and formal acts of identification with the Jewish faith and people." In actual practice, most Reform Jews affirm patrilineal descent as a valid means of Jewish identification, particularly if the individual was "raised Jewish". Israeli national identity is linked with Jewish identity as
8176-667: The Republic of China. A traditional Chinese term for Islam is " 回教 " ( pinyin : Huíjiào , literally "the religion of the Hui"). However, since the early days of the PRC, thanks to the arguments of such Marxist Hui scholars as Bai Shouyi , the standard term for "Islam" within the PRC has become the transliteration " 伊斯蘭教 " (pinyin: Yīsīlán jiào , literally "Islam religion"). The more traditional term Huijiao remains in use in Singapore, Taiwan and other overseas Chinese communities. Qīngzhēn : ( 清真 , literally "pure and true") has also been
8288-574: The Turkic Salars called "Sala Hui" (Salar Muslim), while Turkic speakers often referred to Hui as "Dungan". Zhongyuan ren : During the Qing dynasty , the term Zhongyuan ren ( 中原人 ; 'people from the Central Plain ') was the term for all Chinese, encompassing Han Chinese and Hui in Xinjiang or Central Asia. While Hui are not Han, they consider themselves to be Chinese and include themselves in
8400-575: The Y-DNA of approximately 0.02% of the total male population of China) and O-F114 (TMRCA 15,320 years, accounts for the Y-DNA of approximately 11.29% of the total male population of China). The O-F46 (TMRCA 10,050 years) subclade of O-F114 by itself accounts for the Y-DNA of approximately 10.07% of the total male population of present-day China. In a study of Koreans from Seoul ( n =573) and Daejeon ( n =133), haplogroup O-M134(xM117), all members of which have been found to belong to O-F444 (phylogenetically equivalent to O-F114 ), has been found in 9.42% of
8512-480: The Yuan and Ming dynasties. Arab were white cap , Persians black cap and Jews blue cap Huihui. Islamic mosques and Jewish synagogues at the time were denoted by the same word, Qīngzhēnsì ( 清真寺 : Temple of Purity and Truth). Kublai Khan called both foreign Jews and Muslims in China Huihui when he forced them to stop halal and kosher methods of preparing food: "Among all the [subject] alien peoples only
8624-525: The average Northwestern Chinese minority groups was at ~9.1%, with the remainder being dominant East-Eurasian ancestry at ~90.9%. The study also showed that there is a close genetic affinity among these ethnic minorities in Northwest China (including Uyghurs , Huis, Dongxiangs , Bonans , Yugurs and Salars ) and that these cluster closely with other East Asian people , especially in Xinjiang , followed by Mongolic , and Tungusic speakers , indicating
8736-573: The censuses of Russia and Central Asian nations, the Hui are distinguished from Chinese, termed Dungans. However, in both China and Central Asia members of this ethnic group call themselves Lao Huihui or Zhongyuanren, rather than Dungan. Zhongyuan 中原, literally means "The Central Plain," and is the historical name of Shaanxi and Henan provinces. Most Dungans living in Central Asia are descendants of Hui people from Gansu and Shaanxi. Hui people are referred to by Central Asian Turkic speakers and Tajiks by
8848-700: The central part of the Malay Archipelago (17/86 = 19.8% Indonesians from Borneo, 4/32 = 12.5% Malaysia, 7/61 = 11.5% Java (mostly sampled in Dieng ), 6/56 = 10.7% Sumatra, 4/53 = 7.5% Java, 1/17 = 5.9% Malaysia ), but the frequency of this haplogroup appears to drop off very quickly toward the east (1/48 = 2.1% Philippines, 5/641 = 0.8% Balinese, 0/9 Timor , 0/28 Alor , 0/30 Moluccas, 0/31 Nusa Tenggaras, 0/33 Moluccas , 0/37 Philippines, 0/40 Borneo, 0/48 Taiwanese Aboriginals, 0/54 Mandar from Sulawesi, 0/92 Lembata , 0/350 Sumba , 0/394 Flores ) and toward
8960-629: The characteristics of the Hui nationality as an ethnic group associated with, but not defined by, Islam and descended primarily from Muslims who migrated to China during the Mongol-founded Yuan dynasty (1271–1368), as distinct from the Uyghur and other Turkic-speaking ethnic groups in Xinjiang. The Nationalist government by contrast recognised all Muslims as one of "the five peoples"—alongside the Manchus , Mongols , Tibetans and Han Chinese —that constituted
9072-650: The country where they came from. The name "Pusuman zi" (pusuman script), was used to refer to the script that the HuiHui (Muslims) were using. Muslim Chinese : The term Chinese Muslim is sometimes used to refer to Hui people, given that they speak Chinese, in contrast to, e.g., Turkic-speaking Salars. During the Qing dynasty, Chinese Muslim (Han Hui) was sometimes used to refer to Hui people, which differentiated them from non-Chinese-speaking Muslims. However, not all Hui are Muslims, nor are all Chinese Muslims, Hui. For example, Li Yong
9184-486: The event of such conversions. Haplogroup O-M122 Haplogroup O-M122 (also known as Haplogroup O2 (formerly Haplogroup O3 )) is an Eastern Eurasian Y-chromosome haplogroup . The lineage ranges across Southeast Asia and East Asia , where it dominates the paternal lineages with extremely high frequencies. It is also significantly present in Central Asia, especially among the Naiman tribe of Kazakhs. This lineage
9296-607: The fact that they speak a language of the Tibeto-Burman language family, have high percentages of the otherwise rare haplogroups D-M15 and D3 , which are also found at much lower frequencies among the members of some other ethnic groups in East Asia and Central Asia. Haplogroup O-M122 has been implicated as a diagnostic genetic marker of the Austronesian expansion when it is found in populations of insular Southeast Asia and Oceania . It appears at moderately high frequencies in
9408-404: The final Ningxia imam left. A similar endeavour in Taiwan also failed. Until 1982, a Han could "become" Hui by converting to Islam. Thereafter, a converted Han counts instead as a "Muslim Han". Symmetrically, Hui people consider other Hui who do not observe Islamic practices as still Hui, and that their Hui nationality cannot be lost. For both of these reasons, simply calling them "Chinese Muslims"
9520-524: The identity of Hui people has been fluid, often changing as was convenient. Some identified as Hui out of interest in their ancestry or because of government benefits. These Hui are concentrated on the southeast coast of China, especially Fujian province. Some Hui clans around Quanzhou in Fujian, such as the Ding and Guo families, identify themselves by ethnicity and no longer practice Islam. In recent years, more of these clans have identified as Hui, increasing
9632-514: The immigrants gradually spoke Chinese and settled down, eventually forming the Hui. A study in 2004 calculated that 6.7 percent of Hui peoples' matrilineal genetics have a West-Eurasian origin and 93.3% are East-Eurasian , reflecting historical records of the population's frequent intermarriage, especially with Mongol women. Studies of the Ningxia and Guizhou Hui also found only minor genetic contributions from West-Eurasian populations. Analysis of
9744-537: The language of the Vietnamese Champa Muslim minority . According to anthropologist Dru Gladney , they descend from Champa people who migrated to Hainan . A small Muslim minority among Yunnan 's Bai people are classified as Hui as well, although they speak Bai . Some groups of Tibetan Muslims are classified as Hui as well. Huihui ( 回回 ) was the usual generic term for China's Muslims (White Hui), Persian Christians (Black Hui) and Jews (Blue Hui) during
9856-563: The larger group of Zhongyuan ren . The Dungan people , descendants of Hui who fled to Central Asia, called themselves Zhongyuan ren in addition to the standard labels lao huihui and huizi . Zhongyuan ren was used by Turkic Muslims to refer to ethnic Chinese. When Central Asian invaders from Kokand invaded Kashgar , in a letter the Kokandi commander criticised the Kashgari Turkic Muslim Ishaq for allegedly not behaving like
9968-501: The last 250 years. They may also share common foods , dress, and other customs. Modern proselytizing Mennonite groups, such as the Evangelical Mennonite Conference whose members have lost their shared ancestry, their common ethnic language Plautdietsch, their traditional dress, and other typical ethnic traditions, are no longer seen as an ethnoreligious group, although members within these groups may still identify with
10080-417: The late Second Temple period . Since the 19th century, Reform Judaism has differed from Orthodox Judaism on matters of theology and practice; however, toward the end of the 20th century and into the 21st century, the Reform movement has reoriented itself back toward certain traditions and practices it had previously relinquished (for example, wearing the tallit and/or the kippah ; the use of Hebrew in
10192-529: The liturgy). In the United States, the increasing rate of mixed marriages has led to attempts to facilitate conversion of the spouse, although conversion to facilitate marriage is strongly discouraged by traditional Jewish law. If the spouse does not convert, the Reform movement will recognize patrilineal descent . Traditional interpretations of Jewish law only recognize descent along the maternal line. Many children of mixed marriages do not identify as Jews and
10304-457: The majority of whom were Muslims who came from western regions, were labelled as Semu people, but were also mistaken by Chinese for Uyghur, due to them coming from the west (Uyghur lands). The name "Hui Hui" was applied to them, and eventually became the name applied to Muslims. Another, probably unrelated, early use of the word Huihui comes from the History of Liao , which mentions Yelü Dashi ,
10416-411: The official population. They provided evidence of their ancestry and were recognized as Hui. Many clans across Fujian had genealogies that demonstrated Hui ancestry. These clans inhabited Fujian, Taiwan, Singapore, Indonesia and the Philippines. None of these clans were Muslims but they do not offer pork during their ancestral worship . In Taiwan, the Hui clans who followed Koxinga to Formosa to defeat
10528-1758: The place of the O-M122 lineage in these migrations is ambivalent. Although Haplogroup O-M122 appears to be primarily associated with ethnic Tibeto-Burman speaking groups inhabiting the Seven Sister States of north eastern India, it also forms a significant component of the Y-chromosome diversity of most modern populations of the East Asian region. Haplogroup O-M122 is found in approximately 53.27% of all modern Chinese males (with frequency ranging from 30/101=29.7% among Pinghua -speaking Hans in Guangxi to 110/148=74.3% among Hans in Changting , Fujian ), about 40% of Manchu , Chinese Mongolian , Korean , and Vietnamese males, about 33.3% to 62% of Filipino males, about 10.5% to 55.6% of Malaysian males, about 10% (4/39 Guide County , Qinghai ) to 45% (22/49 Zhongdian County , Yunnan ) of Tibetan males, about 20% (10/50 Shuangbai , northern Yunnan ) to 44% (8/18 Xishuangbanna , southern Yunnan ) of Yi males, about 25% of Zhuang and Indonesian males, and about 16% to 20% of Japanese males. The distribution of Haplogroup O-M122 stretches far into Asia (approx. 40% of Dungans , 30% of Salars , 28% of Bonan , 24% of Dongxiang , 18% to 22.8% of Mongolian citizens in Ulaanbaatar , 11%-15.4% of Khalkha Mongolians , but also as high as 31.1%, 12% of Uyghurs , 9% of Kazakhs , but in
10640-618: The poor people are upset by this, from now on, Musuluman [Muslim] Huihui and Zhuhu [Jewish] Huihui, no matter who kills [the animal] will eat [it] and must cease slaughtering sheep themselves, and cease the rite of circumcision." The widespread and rather generic application of the name Huihui in Ming China was attested to by foreign visitors as well. Matteo Ricci , the first Jesuit to reach Beijing (1598), noted that "Saracens are everywhere in evidence . . . their thousands of families are scattered about in nearly every province" Ricci noted that
10752-437: The presence of these O-M122* Y-chromosomes among various populations of Central Asia, East Asia, and Oceania is more likely to reflect a very ancient shared ancestry of these populations rather than the result of any historical events. It remains to be seen whether Haplogroup O-M122* Y-chromosomes can be parsed into distinct subclades that display significant geographical or ethnic correlations. Paragroup O2*-M122(xO2a-P197) Y-DNA
10864-453: The probability of a shared recent common ancestor of "Altaic speakers". A genome study, using the ancestry-informative SNP (AISNP) analysis, found only 3.66% West-Eurasian-like admixture among Hui people, while the Uyghurs harbored the relative highest amount of West-Eurasian-like admixture at 36.30%. After the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, the term "Hui" was applied by
10976-574: The second-highest stratum in the Yuan ethnic hierarchy (after the Mongols but above Chinese). A proportion of the ancestral nomad or military ethnic groups were originally Nestorian Christians , many of whom later converted to Islam under the Ming and Qing dynasties. However, Hui peoples from Gansu , along with their Dongxian neighbors, did not receive substantial gene flow from Western and Central Asia or European populations during their Islamization. Most Hui people are Sunni Muslims , and their Islamic sects can be divided into: Ma Tong recorded that
11088-539: The southeast coast (e.g., Guangdong , Fujian ) and in major trade centers elsewhere in China, some are of mixed local and foreign descent. The foreign element, although greatly diluted, came primarily from Iranian ( Bosi ) traders, who brought Islam to China. These foreigners settled and gradually intermarried, while assimilating into Chinese culture. Early European explorers speculated that T'ung-kan (Dungans, i.e. Hui, called "Chinese Mohammedans") in Xinjiang , originated from Khorezmians who were transported to China by
11200-696: The term Huihui or Hui was applied by Chinese not only to "Saracens" (Muslims) but also to Chinese Jews and supposedly even to Christians. In fact, when the reclusive Wanli Emperor first saw a picture of Ricci and Diego de Pantoja , he supposedly exclaimed, "Hoei, hoei. It is quite evident that they are Saracens", and had to be told by a eunuch that they actually weren't, "because they ate pork". The 1916 Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics , Volume 8 said that Chinese Muslims always called themselves Huihui or Huizi, and that neither themselves nor other people called themselves Han, and they disliked people calling them Dungan. French army Commandant Viscount D'Ollone wrote
11312-532: The term Mennonite as an ethnic identifier. In Australian law , the Anti-Discrimination Act 1977 of New South Wales defines "race" to include "ethnic, ethno-religious, or national origin". The reference to "ethno-religious" was added by the Anti-Discrimination (Amendment) Act 1994 (NSW). John Hannaford , the NSW Attorney-General at the time, explained, "The effect of the latter amendment
11424-548: The terminological distinction between these two related groups: the Donggan or "Tungkan" (the older Wade-Giles spelling for "Dungan"), described by him as the descendants of the Gansu Hui people resettled in Xinjiang in the 17–18th centuries, vs. e.g. the "Gansu Moslems" or generic "Chinese Moslems". The name "Dungan" sometimes referred to all Muslims coming from China proper , such as Dongxiang and Salar in addition to Hui. Reportedly,
11536-641: The total male population in China at present, with its proportion among Hmong-Mien-speaking populations in Southwest China being rather high; in regard to geography, it is found mainly in Guizhou (3.52% of the total provincial population), Hunan (1.63%), Chongqing (1.05%), Sichuan (0.83%), Guangxi (0.76%), Fujian (0.44%), Yunnan (0.35%), Guangdong (0.28%), Jiangxi (0.26%), Hubei (0.26%), Shaanxi (0.20%), and Ningxia (0.18%). Paragroup O-M134(xM117) has been found with very high frequency in some samples of Kim Mun people,
11648-705: The various branches of O2a2a-M188, O-M7 (TMRCA 14,510 ybp, accounts for approximately 2.15% of all males in present-day China ) is notable for its relatively high frequency over a wide swath of Southeast Asia and southern China, especially among certain populations that currently speak Hmong-Mien , Austroasiatic , or Austronesian languages. Other branches of O2a2a-M188, such as O-CTS201 (TMRCA 16,070 ybp, accounts for approximately 1.76% of all males in present-day China ), O-MF39662 i.e. O-F2588(xCTS445), and O-MF109044 i.e. O-M188(xF2588) (TMRCA 9,690 ybp, accounts for approximately 0.4% of all males in present-day China ) have been found with generally low frequency in China; however,
11760-521: The west (0/38 Batak Toba from Sumatra, 0/60 Nias, 0/74 Mentawai ). O-M7 has been found in 14.8% (4/27) of a sample of Giarai from southern Vietnam, 8.3% (2/24) of a sample of Ede from southern Vietnam, and 5.1% (3/59) of a sample of Cham from Binh Thuan, Vietnam. These Chamic -speaking peoples inhabit southern Vietnam and eastern Cambodia, but their languages are related to those of the Acehnese and Malays . O-M7 also has been found in 21.1% (8/38) of
11872-417: The world, O-M121 was detected only in 5.6% (1/18) of a sample from Cambodia and Laos and in 5.0% (1/20) of a sample from China. In a large study of 2,332 unrelated male samples collected from 40 populations in East Asia (and especially Southwest China ), O-M121/DYS257 Y-DNA was detected only in 7.1% (1/14) of a sample of Cambodians and in 1.0% (1/98) of a sample of Han Chinese from Zibo , Shandong. In
11984-560: Was detected in the following samples of ethnic minorities in China: 5.9% (1/17) Jingpo from Yunnan, 4.3% (2/47) Zhuang from Yunnan, 4.1% (2/49) Lisu from Yunnan, 3.2% (1/31) Wa from Yunnan, 2.6% (1/39) Zhuang from Guangxi, 2.5% (2/80) Bai from Yunnan, 2.4% (1/41) Hani from Yunnan, 2.3% (2/88) Lahu from Yunnan, 2.1% (1/47) Yi from Yunnan, 2.1% (1/48) Miao from Yunnan, 1.5% (2/132) Dai from Yunnan, 1.0% (1/105) Miao from Hunan, and 0.9% (2/225) Yao from Guangxi. O2*-M122(xO2a-M324) Y-DNA has been found as
12096-481: Was due to a later expansion due to its much more recent TMRCA time. The general outline of the distribution of O-M134(xM117) among modern populations is different as that of the related clade O-M117. In particular, O-M134(xM117) occurs with only low frequency or is nonexistent among most Tibeto-Burman -speaking populations of Southwest China, Northeast India, and Nepal, who exhibit extremely high frequencies of O-M117. This paragroup also occurs with very low frequency or
12208-665: Was first identified in 3.8% (10/263) of a sample of Japanese . It also has been found in 3.5% (2/57) of the JPT (Japanese in Tokyo, Japan) sample of the 1000 Genomes Project , including one member of the rare and deeply divergent paragroup O2a1c1-F18*(xO2a1c1a1-F117, O2a1c1a2-F449). Subsequently, this haplogroup has been found with higher frequency in some samples taken in and around China , including 12/58 = 20.7% Miao (China), 10/70 = 14.3% Vietnam , 18/165 = 10.9% Han (China & Taiwan), 4/49 = 8.2% Tujia (China). O-002611 also has been found in
12320-851: Was not detected in their sample of Han Chinese with origins in Northern China (n=129). In a paper published in 2012, O2*-M122(xO2a-P200) Y-DNA was found in 12% (3/25) of a sample of Lao males from Luang Prabang , Laos. O2* Y-DNA was not detected in this study's samples of Cham from Binh Thuan, Vietnam (n=59), Kinh from Hanoi, Vietnam (n=76), or Thai from northern Thailand (n=17). Trejaut et al. (2014) found O2-M122(xO2a-M324) in 6/40 (15.0%) Siraya in Kaohsiung , 1/17 (5.9%) Sulawesi , 1/25 (4.0%) Paiwan , 2/55 (3.6%) Fujian Han , 1/30 (3.3%) Ketagalan , 2/60 (3.3%) Taiwan Minnan , 1/34 (2.9%) Taiwan Hakka , 1/38 (2.6%) Siraya in Hwalien , 5/258 (1.9%) miscellaneous Han volunteers in Taiwan, and 1/75 (1.3%) in
12432-413: Was not observed in a pool of samples from Oceania (n=182). In 2005, Chinese researchers published a paper reporting the detection of O2*-M122(xO2a-M324) Y-DNA in 1.6% (8/488) of a pool of seven samples of Han Chinese (3/64 = 4.7% Sichuan, 2/98 = 2.0% Zibo , Shandong, 1/60 = 1.7% Inner Mongolia, 1/81 = 1.2% Yunnan, 1/86 = 1.2% Laizhou , Shandong, 0/39 Guangxi, 0/60 Gansu). O2*-M122(xO2a-M324) Y-DNA also
12544-524: Was originally called Dashi Jiao during the Tang dynasty , when Muslims first appeared in China. "Dashi Fa" literally means "Arab law" in Old Chinese . Since almost all Muslims in China were exclusively foreign Arabs or Persians at the time, it was rarely mentioned by the Chinese, unlike other religions like Zoroastrism or Mazdaism , and Nestorian Christianity , which gained followings in China. As an influx of foreigners, such as Persians, Jews and Christians,
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