65-403: Reform refers to the improvement or amendment of what is wrong, corrupt, unsatisfactory, etc. The modern usage of the word emerged in the late 18th century and is believed to have originated from Christopher Wyvill 's Association movement , which identified “Parliamentary Reform” as its primary aim. Reform is generally considered antithetical to revolution . Developing countries may implement
130-486: A Constitution—it may be a brief one, and couched in one Law, "Thou shalt reverse every Precept of Morality and Justice, and do all the Wrong thou canst to all Mankind". He was not impressed with Thomas Paine 's reply to Burke, Rights of Man , writing that it was "so coarse, that you would think he means to degrade the language as much as the government". His father was created Earl of Orford in 1742. Horace's elder brother,
195-677: A Reformation of the Parliament of Great Britain. Collected by the Rev. Christopher Wyvill, Chairman of the late Committee of Association (York). The preface is dated Burton Hall, 26 May 1794; in June 1802 Wyvill wrote the preface to a fourth volume, and the papers were eventually concluded in six. They show the proceedings of the Yorkshire Association, and the sympathy of others interested in the reform of Parliament. The correspondence includes letters between
260-511: A connection to the Walpole family. The new Lord Walpole, therefore, wrote to his cousin requesting that he stand for the seat, saying his friends "were all unanimously of opinion that you were the only person who from your near affinity to my grandfather, whose name is still in the greatest veneration, and your own known personal abilities and qualifications, could stand in the gap on this occasion and prevent opposition and expense and perhaps disgrace to
325-732: A friendship with Horace Mann , an assistant to the British Minister at the Court of Tuscany. In Florence he also wrote Epistle from Florence to Thomas Ashton, Esq., Tutor to the Earl of Plymouth , a mixture of Whig history and Middleton's teachings. In February 1740, Walpole and Gray left for Rome with the intention of witnessing the papal conclave upon the death of Pope Clement XII but never saw it. Walpole wanted to attend fashionable parties and Gray wanted to visit antiquities. At social occasions in Rome, he saw
390-408: A furious argument, although it is unknown what it was about. Gray went to Venice, leaving Walpole at Reggio. In later life Walpole admitted that the fault lay primarily with himself: I was too young, too fond of my own diversions, nay, I do not doubt, too much intoxicated by indulgence, vanity, and the insolence of my situation, as a Prime Minister's son, not to have been inattentive and insensible to
455-471: A further brochure, and both had a large sale. Wyvill attached himself to the extreme Whig opposition, and he defended in a short pamphlet (early 1799) the secession of 1798. After Fox's death he gave his support to Samuel Whitbread and the peace-at-any-price party. Wyvill returned in later life to his early enthusiasm in the cause of universal toleration ; in particular he published on Catholic emancipation . He died at his seat, Burton Hall, near Bedale in
520-1253: A letter to Conway that these offices gave him nearly £2,000 per annum; after 1745 when he was appointed Collectorship of Customs, his total income from these offices was around £3,400 per annum. Walpole went on the Grand Tour with Gray, but as Walpole recalled in later life: "We had not got to Calais before Gray was dissatisfied, for I was a boy, and he, though infinitely more a man, was not enough to make allowances". They left Dover on 29 March and arrived at Calais later that day. They then travelled through Boulogne , Amiens and Saint-Denis , arriving at Paris on 4 April. Here they met many aristocratic Englishmen. In early June they left Paris for Reims , then in September going to Dijon , Lyon , Dauphiné , Savoy, Aix-les-Bains , Geneva, and then back to Lyons. In October they left for Italy, arriving in Turin in November, then going to Genoa , Piacenza , Parma , Reggio , Modena , Bologna , and in December arriving at Florence . Here he struck up
585-461: A manifesto for the modern Gothic romance, stating that his work, now subtitled 'A Gothic Story', sought to restore the qualities of imagination and invention to contemporary fiction". However, there is a playfulness in the prefaces to both editions and in the narration within the text itself. The novel opens with the son of Manfred (the Prince of Otranto) being crushed under a massive helmet that appears as
650-506: A naval officer; and Edward, rector of Fingal, Yorkshire , who died on 15 September 1869. Attribution Horace Walpole Horatio Walpole, 4th Earl of Orford ( / ˈ w ɔː l p oʊ l / ; 24 September 1717 – 2 March 1797), better known as Horace Walpole , was an English writer, art historian , man of letters , antiquarian , and Whig politician. He had Strawberry Hill House built in Twickenham , southwest London, reviving
715-469: A number of sources as lesbian. Many contemporaries described him as effeminate (one political opponent called him "a hermaphrodite horse"). Biographers, such as W. S. Lewis , Brian Fothergill, and Robert Wyndham Ketton-Cremer , interpreted Walpole as asexual . Walpole's father secured for him three sinecures which afforded him an income: in 1737 he was appointed Inspector of the Imports and Exports in
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#1732829604629780-542: A political pamphlet—All other party writers act zeal for the public, but it never seems to flow from the heart". He admired the purple passage in the book on Marie Antoinette : "I know the tirade on the Queen of France is condemned and yet I must avow I admire it much. It paints her exactly as she appeared to me the first time I saw her when Dauphiness. She...shot through the room like an aerial being, all brightness and grace and without seeming to touch earth". After he heard of
845-512: A range of reforms to improve living standards, often with support from international financial institutions and aid agencies . This can involve reforms to macroeconomic policy , the civil service , and public financial management . In the United States, rotation in office or term limits would, in contrast, be more revolutionary, by altering basic political connections between incumbents and constituents. Reform capacity might be limited by
910-473: A result of supernatural causes. However, that moment, along with the rest of the unfolding plot, includes a mixture of both ridiculous and sublime supernatural elements. The plot finally reveals how Manfred's family is tainted in a way that served as a model for successive Gothic plots. From 1762 on, Walpole published his Anecdotes of Painting in England , based on George Vertue 's manuscript notes. His memoirs of
975-593: A rigid temperance failed to remove". Strawberry Hill had its own printing press , the Strawberry Hill Press , which supported Horace Walpole's intensive literary activity. In 1764, not using his own press, he anonymously published his Gothic novel , The Castle of Otranto , claiming on its title page that it was a translation "from the Original Italian of Onuphrio Muralto". The second edition's preface, according to James Watt, "has often been regarded as
1040-451: A schoolboy confederacy, the "Triumvirate", with Charles Lyttelton (later an antiquary and bishop) and George Montagu (later a member of parliament and Private Secretary to Lord North). More important were another group of friends dubbed the "Quadruple Alliance": Walpole, Thomas Gray , Richard West , and Thomas Ashton . At Cambridge, Walpole came under the influence of Conyers Middleton , an unorthodox theologian. Walpole came to accept
1105-658: A small group including Sir George Savile , and Sir Charles Turner, who spoke of the House of Commons as resembling a parcel of thieves that had stolen an estate and were afraid of letting any person look into their title-deeds for fear of losing it. Wyvill strongly disapproved of the subsequent war with France, to which he attributed industrial distress in Yorkshire, and this completed his alienation from Pitt. In 1793 Wyvill published in pamphlet form correspondence that had passed between them. Some supplementary letters appeared at Newcastle in
1170-509: A wet floor. His summer dress of ceremony was usually a lavender suit, the waistcoat embroidered with a little silver, or of white silk worked in the tambour , partridge silk stockings, gold buckles, ruffles and lace frill. In the winter he wore powder ... His appearance at the breakfast table was proclaimed, and attended, by a fat and favourite little dog, the legacy of Madame du Deffand ; the dog and favourite squirrel partook of his breakfast. He generally dined at four ... His dinner when at home
1235-591: The MP for Norwich in 1735. At the 1741 general election Walpole was elected Whig Member of Parliament for the rotten borough of Callington, Cornwall . He held this seat for thirteen years although he never visited Callington. Walpole entered Parliament shortly before his father's fall from power. In December 1741 the Opposition won its first majority vote in the Commons for twenty years. In January 1742 Walpole's government
1300-470: The Yorkshire Association movement in 1779. The American Revolutionary War had forced the government of Lord North to increase taxation. Frustrated with government profligacy, Wyvill and the gentry of Yorkshire called for a package of 'economical reforms': cuts in government spending and patronage , annual parliaments and an increase in the number of county seats in parliament. Wyvill's cause
1365-438: The 2nd Earl of Orford ( c. 1701–1751 ), passed the title on to his son, the 3rd Earl of Orford (1730–1791). When the 3rd Earl died unmarried, Horace Walpole became, at the age of 74, the 4th Earl of Orford, and the title died with him in 1797. The massive amount of correspondence he left behind has been published in many volumes, starting in 1798. Likewise, a large collection of his works, including historical writings,
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#17328296046291430-527: The French Revolution , Wyvill's platform came to be seen as moderate. Its influence can be detected in the later Great Reform Act and Chartist movement in the nineteenth century. He was born in Edinburgh in 1740, the son of Edward Wyvill (died 1791), supervisor of excise there, by Christian Catherine, daughter of William Clifton of Edinburgh. Sir Christopher Wyvill, 3rd Baronet , of Constable Burton ,
1495-523: The Gothic style some decades before his Victorian successors. His literary reputation rests on the first Gothic novel , The Castle of Otranto (1764), and his Letters , which are of significant social and political interest. They have been published by Yale University Press in 48 volumes. In 2017, a volume of Walpole's selected letters was published. The youngest son of the first British Prime Minister, Sir Robert Walpole , 1st Earl of Orford, he became
1560-628: The North Riding , on 8 March 1822, at the age of 82, and was buried at Spennithorne . A portrait was in the possession of his great-grandson, Marmaduke D'Arcy Wyvill M.P., of Constable Burton. Wyvill's correspondence with Pitt, and the political correspondence, are known as the "Wyvill Papers". Three volumes appeared in 1794–5 as Political Papers, chiefly respecting the Attempt of the County of York and other considerable Districts, commenced in 1779 … to effect
1625-496: The 14th. By 1735, Walpole was a student at King's College, Cambridge . He had long periods of absence from the college, often returning to Norwich to live at Houghton Hall , in Norfolk . Interested in local politics, he and the "wealthy" Mayor of Norwich , Philip Meadows, encouraged local merchant Thomas Vere to run for a seat in Parliament "in the Whig interest" with Vere becoming
1690-620: The 4th and last Earl of Orford of the second creation on his nephew's death in 1791. Walpole was born in London, the youngest son of British Prime Minister Sir Robert Walpole and his wife, Catherine. Like his father, he received early education in Bexley ; in part under Edward Weston . He was also educated at Eton College and King's College, Cambridge . Walpole's first friends were probably his cousins Francis and Henry Conway , to whom he became strongly attached, especially Henry. At Eton he formed
1755-458: The Association had ever considered the practicability of the annual parliaments which they recommended. Wyvill's contention was that the long American war was due primarily, not to the wish of the people, but to the votes of the members of the close boroughs . The Association had the sympathy of politicians including Pitt and Charles James Fox . A committee under Wyvill was appointed to continue
1820-606: The Custom House, which he resigned to become Usher of the Exchequer, which gave him at first £3900 per annum but this increased over the years. Upon coming of age he became Comptroller of the Pipe and Clerk of the Estreats which gave him an income of £300 per annum. Walpole decided to go travelling with Thomas Gray and wrote a will in which he left Gray all his belongings. In 1744, he wrote in
1885-576: The Customs (worth £1,000 per annum). However, he had died in debt, the total of which was in between £40,000 and £50,000. In late 1745 Walpole and Gray resumed their friendship. Also that year the Jacobite Rising began. The position of Walpole was the fruit of his father's support for the Hanoverian dynasty and he knew that he was in danger: Walpole's lasting architectural creation is Strawberry Hill ,
1950-553: The Hervey family, encouraged these rumours. Peter Cunningham , in his introduction to the letters of Horace Walpole (1857), vol. 1, p. x, wrote: "[Lady Louisa Stuart] has related it in print in the Introductory Anecdotes to Lady Mary's Works ; and there is too much reason to believe that what she tells is true. Horace was born eleven years after the birth of any other child that Sir Robert had by his wife; in every respect he
2015-423: The House of Commons, Walpole represented one of the many rotten boroughs , Castle Rising , which consisted of underlying freeholds in four villages near Kings Lynn , Norfolk, from 1754 until 1757. At his home, he hung a copy of the warrant for the execution of King Charles I with the inscription "Major Charta" and wrote of "the least bad of all murders, that of a King". In 1756 he wrote: I am sensible that from
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2080-531: The Old Pretender, James Francis Edward Stuart , and his two sons, Charles Edward Stuart and Henry Stuart , although there is no record of them conversing. Walpole and Gray returned to Florence in July. However, Gray disliked the idleness of Florence as compared to the educational pursuits in Rome, and animosity grew between them, eventually leading to an end to their friendship. On their way back to England they had
2145-529: The Yorkshire Association was a quasi-revolutionary organisation and that "our " French Revolution " is in fact that of 1780—the revolution that we escaped". This interpretation was adopted by Robert Roswell Palmer but criticised by other historians such as Richard Pares and I. R. Christie . With the end of the American Revolutionary War in 1783, however, and the fall of Lord North, the Association disintegrated. Wyvill's supporters dwindled, to
2210-544: The activities of the East India Company on 13 July 1773: What is England now? – A sink of Indian wealth, filled by nabobs and emptied by Maccaronis! A senate sold and despised! A country overrun by horse-races! A gaming, robbing, wrangling, railing nation without principles, genius, character or allies. He opposed the recent Catholic accommodative measures , writing to Mann in 1784: "You know I have ever been averse to toleration of an intolerant religion". He wrote to
2275-471: The aggrandizement of the Crown to the dignity of presiding over a great and puissant free kingdom, threw away one predominant source of our potency by aspiring to enslave America —and would now compensate for that blunder and its consequence by assuming a despotic tone at home. It has found a tool in the light and juvenile son of the great minister who carried our glory to its highest pitch—but it shall never have
2340-477: The ambitious, the murderer, the tyrant, may not aspire to it; in short, who approves the name of a King, when it excludes the essence. Walpole worried that while his fellow Whigs fought amongst themselves, the Tories were gaining power, the result of which would be England delivered to an unlimited, absolute monarchy, "that authority, that torrent which I should in vain extend a feeble arm to stem". In 1757, he wrote
2405-429: The anonymous pamphlet A Letter from Xo Ho, a Chinese Philosopher at London, to his Friend Lien Chi at Peking , the first of his works to be widely reviewed. In early 1757, old Horace Walpole of Wolterton died and was succeeded in the peerage by his son, who was then an MP for King's Lynn , thereby creating a vacancy. The electors of King's Lynn did not wish to be represented by a stranger and instead wanted someone with
2470-441: The association. Wyvill drew up a circular letter enunciating its political sentiments, and took a leading part in drawing up the Yorkshire petition presented to parliament on 8 February 1780. A number of moderate Whigs, including Horace Walpole , regarded Wyvill's manifesto as chimerical, Walpole writing that it was full of "obscurity, bombast, and futility". Sir Cecil Wray wrote in a similar vein, and Rockingham wanted to know if
2535-981: The chairman of the association and, among others, the Duke of Grafton , Lord Holland , Lansdowne , Lord Stanhope, Charles James Fox, Major John Cartwright , Capel Lofft , William Mason , William Strickland, Joseph Priestley , Richard Price , Bishop Richard Watson , Tom Paine , Granville Sharp , John Jebb , Sir George Savile, and Benjamin Franklin . Wyvill's writings were mostly shilling tracts, advocating radical reform. They include: On 1 October 1773 Wyvill married his cousin Elizabeth, an heiress. She died in London on 22 July 1783, aged 68. He married, secondly, on 9 August 1787, Sarah, daughter of J. Codling, and by her had issue, with several daughters, three sons, all educated at Eton College : Marmaduke Wyvill (1791–1872), M.P. for York city from March 1820 to July 1830; Christopher Wyvill,
2600-417: The circle of the palace; and though fluctuating ministers by turns exercise the deposit, yet there it is; and whenever a prince of design and spirit shall sit in the regal chair, he will find a bank, a hoard of power, which he may lay off most fatally against this constitution. [I am] a quiet republican, who does not dislike to see the shadow of monarchy, like Banquo 's ghost, fill the empty chair of state, that
2665-427: The enlightened eighteenth century to baffle language and invent horrors that can be found in no vocabulary. What tongue could be prepared to paint a Nation that should avow Atheism, profess Assassination, and practice Massacres on Massacres for four years together: and who, as if they had destroyed God as well as their King, and established Incredulity by law, give no symptoms of repentance! These Monsters talk of settling
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2730-489: The execution of King Louis XVI he wrote to Lady Ossory on 29 January 1793: Indeed, Madam, I write unwillingly; there is not a word left in my Dictionary that can express what I feel. Savages , barbarians , &c., were terms for poor ignorant Indians and Blacks and Hyaenas, or, with some superlative epithets, for Spaniards in Peru and Mexico, for Inquisitors, or for Enthusiasts of every breed in religious wars. It remained for
2795-421: The family". In early 1757, Walpole was out of Parliament after vacating Castle Rising until his election that year to King's Lynn, a seat he would hold until his retirement from the Commons in 1768. Walpole became a prominent opponent of the 1757 decision to execute Admiral John Byng . Without a seat in Parliament, Walpole recognised his limitations as to political influence. He wrote to Mann critical of
2860-434: The feelings of one I thought below me; of one, I blush to say it, that I knew was obliged to me; of one whom presumption and folly perhaps made me deem not my superior then in parts, though I have since felt my infinite inferiority to him. Walpole then visited Venice , Genoa , Antibes , Toulon , Marseille , Aix, Montpellier , Toulouse , Orléans and Paris. He returned to England on 12 September 1741, reaching London on
2925-664: The home he built from 1749 onward in Twickenham , southwest of London, which at the time overlooked the Thames . Here he revived the Gothic style many decades before his Victorian successors. Derided thereafter by his friends as "The Abbot of Strawberry", this fanciful neo-Gothic concoction began a new architectural trend. Long-connected with the Blue Stockings Society , Walpole played host to its members and associates at Strawberry Hill, including Anna Laetitia Barbauld in 1774. In
2990-501: The insignificant approbation of an old and worn out son of another minister, who though less brilliant, maintained this country in the enjoyment of the twenty happiest years that England ever enjoyed. Walpole was horrified by the French Revolution and commended Edmund Burke 's Reflections on the Revolution in France : "Every page shows how sincerely he is in earnest — a wondrous merit in
3055-443: The mind of Horace Walpole. His writings, from youth to age, breathe the most affectionate love for his mother, and the most unbounded filial regard for Sir Robert Walpole." Walpole had formed a number of lifelong friendships with a number of men and women notable for their looks, wit or social standing. Principal amongst those in his inner circle was arguably Conway, who he had looked up to since his Eton days and corresponded with for
3120-459: The more famous John Hervey . T. H. White writes: "Catherine Shorter, Sir Robert Walpole's first wife, had five children. Four of them were born in a sequence after the marriage; the fifth, Horace, was born eleven years later, at a time when she was known to be on bad terms with Sir Robert, and known to be on romantic terms with Carr, Lord Hervey." The lack of physical resemblance between Horace and Sir Robert, and his close resemblance to members of
3185-407: The political system or state capacity . When used to describe something which is physically formed again, such as re- casting ( moulding ) or a band that gets back together, the proper term is re-form (with a hyphen ), not "reform". Christopher Wyvill (reformer) Christopher Wyvill (1740–1822) was an English cleric and landowner, a political reformer who inspired the formation of
3250-511: The pressure by correspondence, and the example of Yorkshire was followed by other counties, 25 in all. In the period 1779 to 1781, when there was a delegate conference, the movement gained a broad base. Supporters included John Baynes , Newcome Cappe , John Fountayne , Sir James Grant , Thomas Brand Hollis , Sir James Innes-Ker , John Lee , Gamaliel Lloyd , George Montagu, 4th Duke of Manchester , John Smyth , Charles Stanhope , and William Johnson Temple . Herbert Butterfield argued that
3315-590: The principles of the constitution as it was settled at the Revolution , the best form of government that I know of in the world, and which made us a free people, a rich people, and a victorious people, by diffusing liberty, protecting property and encouraging commerce; and by the combination of all, empowering us to resist the ambition of the House of Bourbon , and to place ourselves on a level with that formidable neighbour. The narrow plan of royalty , which had so often preferred
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#17328296046293380-466: The prostitution of patriotism, from the art of ministers who have had the address to exalt the semblance while they depressed the reality of royalty, and from the bent of the education of the young nobility, which verges to French maxims and to a military spirit, nay, from the ascendant which the nobility itself acquires each day in this country, from all these reflections, I am sensible, that prerogative and power have been exceedingly fortified of late within
3445-493: The rectory of Black Notley in Essex , which he continued to hold and administer by means of a curate , down to 22 September 1806. Debarred from entering the House of Commons, Wyvill began to take a prominent part in county politics. In 1779 Wyvill was appointed secretary of the Yorkshire Association, which had for its main objects to shorten the duration of parliaments, and to equalise the representation. He shortly became chairman of
3510-566: The rest of his life. He entertained himself with others who were like himself, and who possessed notoriety and wit, such as such as Etheldreda Townshend , and George Selwyn with whom he jousted and derided with streams of invective. The " Abbot of Strawberry " immortalised himself in his own words but also inspired the characters of Sir Benjamin Backbite in Richard Brinsley Sheridan 's The School for Scandal and Monsieur Le Sage in
3575-698: The same correspondent in 1785 that "as there are continually allusions to parliamentary speeches and events, they are often obscure to me till I get them explained; and besides, I do not know several of the satirized heroes even by sight". His political sympathies were with the Foxite Whigs, the successors of the Rockingham Whigs, who were themselves the successors of the Whig Party as revived by Walpole's father. He wrote to William Mason , expounding his political philosophy: I have for five and forty years acted upon
3640-429: The satire Ranelagh House: a Satire in prose after the manner of Monsieur Le Sage . The novelist Laetitia Matilda Hawkins , a younger contemporary of Walpole, wrote of him as follows: His entrance into a room was in that style of affected delicacy, which fashion had made almost natural, chapeau bras between his hands as if he wished to compress it, or under his arm; knees bent, and feet on tip-toe, as if afraid of
3705-425: The sceptical nature of Middleton's attitude to some essential Christian doctrines for the rest of his life, including a hatred of superstition and bigotry even though he was a nominal Anglican. Ceasing to reside at Cambridge at the end of 1738, Walpole left without taking a degree. In 1737, Walpole's mother died. According to one biographer, his love for his mother "was the most powerful emotion of his entire life ...
3770-515: The successful motion that a Secret Committee be set up to enquire into Sir Robert Walpole's last ten years as prime minister. For the next three years, Walpole spent most of his time with his father at his country house Houghton Hall in Norfolk. His father died in 1745 and left Walpole the remainder of the lease of his house in Arlington Street, London; £5,000 in cash; and the office of Collector of
3835-434: The whole of his psychological history was dominated by it". Walpole did not have any serious relationships with women; he has been called "a natural celibate". His sexual orientation has been the subject of speculation. He never married, engaging in a succession of unconsummated flirtations with unmarriageable women, and counted among his close friends a number of women such as Anne Seymour Damer and Mary Berry named by
3900-497: Was his great-great-grandfather. Wyvill matriculated at Queens' College, Cambridge in 1756, obtaining an honorary degree of LL.B. in 1764. In 1774 he came in for the large landed estates of the family in Yorkshire and elsewhere, and the mansion at Constable Burton, the building of which he completed from his cousin, Sir Marmaduke's, designs. He had some years previously taken orders and been presented through his cousin's influence to
3965-516: Was of chicken, pheasant, or any light food, of which he ate sparingly. Pastry he disliked, as difficult of digestion, though he would taste a morsel of venison pie. Iced water, then a London dislike, was his favourite drink. The scent of dinner was removed by a censer or pot of frankincense . The wine that was drunk during dinner. After his coffee he would take pinch of snuff, and nothing more that night. In his old age, according to G. G. Cunningham, he "was afflicted with fits of an hereditary gout which
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#17328296046294030-570: Was published immediately after his death. Horace Walpole was buried in the same location as his father Sir Robert Walpole, at the Church of St Martin at Tours on the Houghton Hall estate. After Walpole's death, Lady Louisa Stuart , in the introduction to the letters of her grandmother, Lady Mary Wortley Montagu (1837), wrote of rumours that Horace's biological father was not Sir Robert Walpole but Carr, Lord Hervey (1691–1723), elder half-brother of
4095-540: Was still struggling in Parliament although by the end of the month Horace and other family members had successfully urged the Prime Minister to resign after a parliamentary defeat. Walpole's philosophy mirrored that of Edmund Burke , who was his contemporary. He was a classical liberal on issues such as abolitionism and the agitations of the American colonists . Walpole delivered his maiden speech on 19 March against
4160-630: Was taken up by the Rockingham Whig opposition, culminating in the carrying of Dunning's motion in 1780. Some moderate reforms were implemented by the Rockingham-led administration of 1782. William Pitt the Younger raised a number of issues surrounding parliamentary reform in opposition to the Fox-North Coalition in 1783, but his proposal failed to gain the necessary support. In the wake of
4225-440: Was unlike a Walpole, and in every respect, figure and formation of mind, very like a Hervey. Lady Mary Wortley divided mankind into men, women, and Herveys, and the division has been generally accepted. Walpole was certainly of the Hervey class. Lord Hervey's Memoirs and Horace Walpole's Memoires are most remarkably alike, yet Walpole never saw them. [Yet] we have no evidence whatever that a suspicion of spurious parentage ever crossed
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