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23-458: Its religious practices broadly resemble those of the Qadim (Gedimu) , with some Jahriyya elements. Great emphasis is placed on shari'a ( jiaocheng 教乘 ), and tariqa ( daocheng 道乘 ), "which gradually leads to depersonalization and mystical union with God." Its members organize collectively and work together. One important focus is education. The group observes such holidays as the birthday of

46-421: A conservative tradition. It is against unorthodox innovations and sticks to the old rules, without interference in the affairs of other denominations. Another important feature of the school is that it puts a focus on culture and education. Organised by the mosques, they send the children from their neighborhood to receive religious instruction. Usually Arabic and Persian writings are studied. Qadim has spread

69-734: A modernist, Chinese nationalist sect which was supported by the Chinese Nationalist Kuomintang party, promoting modern secular education and nationalism. The Yihewani was then backed by the Ma Clique Muslim warlords, who were members of the Chinese National People's Party (Kuomintang) , which espoused Chinese nationalism , and the Three Principles of the People . It was favored over the major Sufi menhuans such as

92-536: A trade network which extended into the Tibetan border regions. In 1914, Hui general Ma Anliang , affiliated with the rival Khufiyya order, slew Ma Qixi, and was nearly successful in exterminating the sect, but a portion evaded capture. Hui warlord Ma Zhongying raided Hui and Tibetan encampments in the 1920s, causing another exodus. The Xidaotang pledged allegiance to the Kuomintang after their rise to power, and in 1941,

115-538: Is an Islamic sect in China. Its adherents are called Sunnaiti. It is of the Hanafi school, one of the four major schools of Sunni Islam . It is also referred to as "new teaching" ( Chinese : 新教派 ; pinyin : Xinjiao pai ) or "latest teaching" ( Chinese : 新新教 ; pinyin : Xinxinjiao ). Ikhwan (Yihewani), together with Qadim ( Gedimu ) and Xidaotang , are the three major sects of Islam in China. The Yihewani sect

138-669: Is numerically the largest Hui school of thought in China. Since the introduction of Islam in China, during the Tang dynasty , it continued to the Ming dynasty with no schisms. At the end of the Ming and early Qing dynasty , Sufism was introduced to China. Muslims in what are now Xinjiang , Gansu and Qinghai, began to convert to the Sufi sects, and the new sects were referred to as old teaching / New Faith / New Religion (Chinese xinpai or Xinjiao). Those who clung to

161-752: The Ash'ari and Maturidi creeds. In the Dungan Revolt (1895) the Yihewani backed the rebels against the Qing dynasty . However, the Muslim rebels were crushed by loyalist Muslims. The Khafiya Sufi General Ma Anliang , especially hated the Yihewani leader Ma Wanfu , so much that when the Han general Yang Zengxin captured Ma Wanfu, Ma Anliang arranged to have him shipped to Gansu so he could execute him. As Qing authority broke down in China,

184-611: The Gedimu Sunnis and Khafiya Sufis went on a vicious campaign to murder Ma Wanfu and stamp out his Wahhabi inspired teachings. The leaders of menhuans attacked Ma Wanfu, and the Gedimu requested that the Qing governor in Lanzhou inflict punishment upon Ma Wanfu. Eventually, under Imams like Hu Songshan , the Yihewani was transformed from an anti assimilationist, fundamentalist brotherhood, into

207-559: The Chinese "Muslim Brotherhood" (the Yihewani) of being responsible for the moderation of Hui Muslims and the lack of Hui joining jihadist groups in addition to blaming other things for the lack of Hui Jihadists, such as the fact that for more than 300 years Hui and Uyghurs have been enemies of each other, no separatist Islamist organizations among the Hui, the fact that the Hui view China as their home, and

230-520: The Gedimu Muslims pride themselves in learning. Jingtang Jiaoyu does not closely approximate Arabic due to the limitations of the vernacular spoken Chinese, in particular, its vowels and final consonants, it produces a sinicized pronunciation of the Arabic language. Many Hui who used it said Salaam Aleikun instead of Salaam Alaikum. The Hanafi Sunni Gedimu has been somewhat influenced by Chinese customs and

253-1646: The Gedimu, "blindly followed the traditions of their ancestors". Gedimu adherents use Mosques which are built like Chinese style temples with Minarets resembling pagodas , in contrast to Yihewani members, who build their Mosques and Minarets to resemble Middle Eastern style architecture. Still, Gedimu has been much less influenced by Chinese culture than some Islamic other school s, such as Qadiriyya and Xidaotang. Yihewani Lai Ching-te ( DPP ) Hsiao Bi-khim ( DPP ) Cho Jung-tai ( DPP ) 11th Legislative Yuan Han Kuo-yu ( KMT ) Shieh Ming-yan acting Vacant Vacant Vacant Control Yuan Chen Chu Lee Hung-chun Local government Central Election Commission Kuomintang Democratic Progressive Party Taiwan People's Party Others New Power Party Taiwan Statebuilding Party People First Party Taiwan Solidarity Union New Party Non-Partisan Solidarity Union Newspapers United Daily News Liberty Times China Times Taipei Times Propaganda Censorship Film censorship Lin Chia-lung Cross-Strait relations Special state-to-state relations One Country on Each Side 1992 Consensus Taiwan consensus Chinese Taipei Australia–Taiwan relations Canada–Taiwan relations France–Taiwan relations Russia–Taiwan relations Taiwan–United Kingdom relations Taiwan–United States relations Republic of China (1912–1949) Chinese Civil War One-China policy China and

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276-618: The Hui General Bai Chongxi introduced Chiang Kai-shek to Xidaotang leader Ma Mingren in Chongqing. Other leaders in the movement were: Gedimu Gedimu ( Chinese : 格迪目 ; pinyin : Gédímù ) or Qadim ( Arabic : قديم ) is the earliest school of Islam in China. It is a Hanafi , non- Sufi school of the Sunni tradition. Its supporters are centered on local mosques, which function as relatively independent units. It

299-575: The Islamic prophet Muhammad ( Mawlid an-Nabi ), the anniversary of his death, and the anniversary of the death of Ma Qixi. However, no mausoleum was built for Ma Qixi. Founded in 1901 by Ma Qixi (1857–1914), a Chinese Muslim from Lintan (formerly Taozhou), it fuses traditional Sunni Hanafi Islam with study of the Confucian classics and the Han Kitab . The group lived communally, supporting itself through

322-570: The Jingtang Jiaoyu method of education, refusing to pronounce Arabic in the Arab manner even when learning of the standard pronunciation. Hanfi Sunni Sunnaiti's ( Yihewani adherents) criticize the Gedimu for practicing Islamic customs influenced by Chinese culture, including Jingtang Jiaoyu, Sunnaiti's pride themselves on speaking correct Arabic, accusing the Gedimu Muslims of practicing Han and Buddhist customs and "Chinese Arabic". One Sunnaiti Imam said of

345-547: The Sufi Jahriyya , Sufi Khafiya . The Salafis were crushed by the Yihewani during this period. The Yihewani was patronized and backed by Ma Lin (warlord) and Ma Bufang to help modernize society, education, and reform old traditions. Menhuan members such as Ma Hongbin , Ma Hongkui , and Ma Fuxiang supported the Yihewani after they saw it being patronized by Ma Qi. Yihewani Imams reacted with hostility to Ma Debao and Ma Zhengqing, who attempted to introduce Salafism as

368-553: The United Nations Chinese unification Taiwan independence movement Taiwanese nationalism Tangwai movement Yihewani ( Chinese : 伊赫瓦尼 ; pinyin : Yīhèwǎní ), or Ikhwan ([الإخوان] Error: {{Langx}}: invalid parameter: |d= ( help ) ), (also known as al-Ikhwan al-Muslimun , which means Muslim Brotherhood , not to be confused with the Middle Eastern Muslim Brotherhood )

391-719: The Yihewani, persecuted the Salafi. The Yihewani forced the Salafis into hiding. They were not allowed to move or worship openly. The Yihewani had become modernist and Chinese nationalist, and they considered the Salafiyya to be "Heterodox" (xie jiao), and people who followed foreigner's teachings (waidao). Only after the Communists took over were the Salafis allowed to come out and worship openly. The Uyghur militant organization East Turkestan Islamic Movement 's magazine Islamic Turkistan has accused

414-483: The longest history in China. In its development, the school has been somewhat influenced by Chinese culture and has many Han Chinese customs and traditions included in its rites. [5] The mosque architecture is different from that of other Muslim areas. Qadim was the result of the Sunni faith in a particular environment in the China proper. Jingtang Jiaoyu is a form of Islamic education, influenced by Chinese culture, which

437-563: The main form of Islam. They were branded as traitors, and Wahhabi teachings were deemed as heresy by the Yihewani leaders. Ma Debao established a Salafi order, called the Sailaifengye (Salafi) menhuan in Lanzhou and Linxia , and it is a completely separate sect than other Muslim sects in China. Sunni Muslim Hui avoid Salafis, even if they are family members, and constantly fight them. The Kuomintang Sufi Muslim General Ma Bufang , who backed

460-504: The movement with the "ten major Ahong " ( Chinese : 十大阿訇 ; pinyin : shi da ahong ). He claimed that rites and ceremonies not standing in line with the Quran and the Hadith should be abolished. He campaigned against grave and Murshid (leader / teacher) worship and advocated against preaching and dawah in Chinese. The follower of the sect radically opposed Qadeem's tradition which

483-473: The old beliefs were called members of the Gedimu (from Arabic قديم "qadim", meaning 'ancient'), or in Chinese Laojiao (the old doctrine). In the religious ideas of this school the basic Islamic principles of Tawheed are maintained. In religious practice, this requires of the faithful a strict observance of the principle of Rukun, the five basic duties of Islam. In the long period of development formed

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506-463: Was influenced by Chinese culture. They put emphasis on the principle of "following the book and eliminating customs". Though the founder of the movement was inspired by the salafi movement , this reform movement, unlike that of the Wahhabis , did not oppose Sufism , but rather rejected the excessive veneration to Sufi masters and to their graves. They strictly follow Hanafi school of fiqh and emphasize

529-762: Was labeled as the new teaching (xinjiao). In 1937 it divided into two groups. It was the end of the 19th century when the Dongxiang imam Ma Wanfu (1849–1934) from the village of Guoyuan in Hezhou (now the Dongxiang Autonomous County was founded in Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture , Gansu Province) - who had studied in Mecca and was influenced by the Salafi movement. After his return to Gansu, he founded

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