114-553: The national flag of the People's Republic of China , also known as the Five-star Red Flag , is a Chinese red field with five golden stars charged at the canton . The design features one large star, with four smaller stars in an arc set off towards the fly. It has been the national flag of China since the foundation of the People's Republic of China on 1 October 1949 . The flag was designed by Zeng Liansong . The red represents
228-459: A retort , producing vapors condensing as a bright, red mercury sulfide. To remove the sulfur, these crystals were treated with a strong alkali, washed, and finally ground under water to yield the commercial powder form of the pigment. The pigment is still made today using essentially the same process. Vermilion has one important defect; it is liable to darken, or develop a purplish-gray surface sheen. Cennino Cennini wrote, "Bear in mind ... that it
342-613: A 1992 order, the flags of the three branches were defined. The top 5 ⁄ 8 of the flags is the same as the PLA flag; the bottom 3 ⁄ 8 are occupied by the colors of the branches. The flag of the Ground Forces has a forest green bar at the bottom, the naval ensign has stripes of blue and white at the bottom, the Air Force uses a sky blue bar and the Rocket Force uses a yellow bar at
456-549: A Japanese withdrawal. Japan refused, and war broke out. Yuan, having been put in an ineffective position, was recalled to Tianjin in July 1894, before the official outbreak of the First Sino-Japanese War . Yuan Shikai had three Korean concubines, one of whom was Korean Princess Li's relative, concubine Kim. 15 of Yuan's children came from these three Korean women. Yuan's rise to fame began with his nominal participation in
570-453: A career in the civil service, he failed the imperial examinations twice, leading him to decide on an entry into politics through the Huai Army , where many of his relatives served. His career began with the purchase of a minor official title in 1880, which was a common method of official promotion in the late Qing. Using his father's connections, Yuan travelled to Tengzhou , Shandong, and sought
684-542: A ceremony proclaiming the establishment of the People's Republic of China. The previous flag of China was the " Yellow Dragon Flag " used by the Qing dynasty — the last imperial dynasty in Chinese history — from 1862 until the overthrow of the monarchy during the 1911 Revolution . The flag that was adopted in 1862 was triangular, but the dynasty adopted a rectangular version of the dragon flag in 1889. --The canton (upper corner on
798-588: A constitution to be issued by 1916 and an elected parliament by 1917. In the hunting-park, three miles to the south of Peking, is quartered the Sixth Division, which supplies the Guards for the Imperial Palace, consisting of a battalion of infantry and a squadron of cavalry. With this Division Yuan Shi Kai retains twenty-six modified Krupp guns, which are the best of his artillery arm, and excel any guns possessed by
912-430: A flag design to express his patriotic enthusiasm for the new country. In the middle of July, he sat down in his attic over the course of several nights to come up with designs. His inspiration for the current design came from observing how stars shine in the night sky. He thusly thought of a Chinese proverb, "longing for the stars, longing for the moon" ( 盼星星盼月亮 , pàn xīngxīng pàn yuèliàng ), which shows yearning. He viewed
1026-471: A large source of his revenue. Yuan played an active role in late-Qing political reforms, including the creation of the Ministry of Education ( 學部 ) and Ministry of Police ( 巡警部 ). He further advocated ethnic equality between Manchus and Han Chinese . In 1905, acting on Yuan's advice, Dowager-Empress Cixi issued a decree ending the traditional Confucian examination system that was formalized in 1906. She ordered
1140-603: A post in the Qing Brigade. Yuan's first marriage was in 1876 to a woman of the Yu family who bore him a first son, Keding , in 1878. Yuan Shikai married nine more concubines throughout the course of his life. In the early 1870s, Korea under the Joseon dynasty was in the midst of a struggle between isolationists under King Gojong 's father Heungseon Daewongun , and progressives, led by Empress Myeongseong , who wanted to open trade. After
1254-507: A procession with another flag or flags, shall be in front of the other flag or flags." However, incidents violating the aforementioned provisions, such as the CCP flag leading the national flag, have occurred. Flag desecration is prohibited in China. The penal code provides for imprisonment up to three years, criminal detention, public surveillance, or deprivation of political rights for "whoever desecrates
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#17328481358841368-459: A provincial junior college (Shandong College, the forerunner of Shandong University ) in Jinan , which adopted western ideas of education. In June 1902 he was promoted to Viceroy of Zhili , the lucrative commissioner for North China Trade, and Minister of Beiyang ( 北洋通商大臣 ), comprising the modern regions of Liaoning , Hebei, and Shandong . Having gained the regard of foreigners after helping crush
1482-459: A ring of gold, charged on a red field. The construction of the flag consists of making the top hoist portion of the flag into twelve by eighteen units, placing the emblem in the middle of that rectangle. The radius of the emblem is four units. The Young Pioneers of China currently uses two flags. The first flag is for pioneer battalions. The length of this flag is 90 centimeters (35 in); its width,120 centimeters (47 in). A golden badge of
1596-549: A similar color to the natural red dye made from an insect, Kermes vermilio , which was widely used in Europe. The first recorded use of "vermilion" as a color name in English was in 1289. The term cinnabar is used in mineralogy and crystallography for the red crystalline form of mercury sulfide HgS. Thus, the natural mineral pigment is called "cinnabar", and its synthetic form is called "vermilion" from red lead . Vermilion
1710-815: A subsequent apology from the Olympic organizers. The Law on the National Flag [ zh ] mentions five possible sizes that could be made for the national flag: According to Article 4 of the Law On the National Flag, people's governments of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government are directed to authorize companies to make any copy of the national flag. Besides five official sizes for flying on flagpoles, there are another four smaller sizes for other purposes, such as decoration on cars or display in meeting rooms. The colors of
1824-408: A synthetic vermilion by combining sulfur and mercury was in use in Europe in the 9th century, but the pigment was still expensive. Since it was almost as expensive as gold leaf, it was used only in the most important decoration of illuminated manuscripts, while the less expensive minium , made with red lead , was used for the red letters and symbols in the text. Vermilion was also used by painters in
1938-464: A year. The sales price is fixed by law to keep it from becoming impossibly expensive, and the price fixed is seventy sesterces a pound. In Rome, the precious pigment was used to paint frescoes, decorate statues, and even as a cosmetic . In Roman triumphs , the victors had their faces covered with vermilion powder, and the face of Jupiter on the Capitoline Hill was also colored vermilion. Cinnabar
2052-500: Is a dense, opaque pigment with a clear, brilliant hue. The pigment was originally made by grinding a powder of cinnabar ( mercury sulfide ). Like most mercury compounds, it is toxic . Vermilion is not one specific hue; mercuric sulfides make a range of warm hues, from bright orange-red to a duller reddish-purple that resembles fresh liver. Differences in hue are caused by the size of the ground particles of pigment. Larger crystals produce duller and less orange hues. Cinnabar pigment
2166-570: Is certain that by the evening, Yuan talked to Ronglu, but what was revealed to him remains ambiguous. Most historians suggest that Yuan told Ronglu all details of the Reformers' plans and asked him to take immediate action. The plot having been exposed, Ronglu's troops entered the Forbidden City at dawn on 21 September, forcing the Emperor into seclusion in a lake palace. Making a political alliance with
2280-712: Is known as sindoor . Sindoor is commonly used by married women in Hindu religion. Vermilion was also used by the native peoples of America, to paint ceramics, figurines, and murals, and for the decoration of burials. It was used in the Chavin civilization (400 BC – 200 AD), and in the Maya , Sican, Moche, and Inca empires. The major source was the Huancavelica mine in the Andes mountains in central Peru. The most dramatic example of vermilion use in
2394-429: Is not in its character to be exposed to air, but it is more resistant on panel than on walls since, when it is used and laid on a wall, over a period of time, standing in the air, it turns black." Newer research indicates that chlorine ions and light may aid in decomposing vermilion into elemental mercury, which is black when in finely dispersed form. Vermilion was the primary red pigment used by European painters, from
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#17328481358842508-665: Is of higher quality than vermilion made from ground cinnabar, which has many impurities. The pigment is very toxic, and should be used with great care. The colors are widely used in the art and decoration of Ancient Rome and the Byzantine Empire , then in the illuminated manuscripts of the Middle Ages , in the paintings of the Renaissance , and in the art and lacquerware of China . The first documented use of vermilion pigment, made with ground cinnabar, dates to 8000–7000 BC, and
2622-682: The "Five Races Under One Union" flag , used 1912–28 by the Beiyang Government of Republic of China, whose different-colored stripes represented the Han Chinese, Hui people, Manchus, Mongols and Tibetans . The construction sheet for the national flag was published on 28 September 1949 by an order from the Presidium of the First Plenary Session of the CPPCC. The information can also be found in
2736-582: The Chinese Communist Revolution . The five stars and their relationships to each other represent the unity of four social classes of Chinese people , symbolized by four smaller stars, under the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), symbolized by the large star. The flag was first hoisted by the People's Liberation Army (PLA) on a pole overlooking Beijing's Tiananmen Square on 1 October 1949, at
2850-470: The Chinese lacquer tree , or Toxicodendron vernicifluum , a relative of the sumac tree, which grew in regions of China, Korea , and Japan. The sap or resin of the tree, called urushiol , was caustic and toxic (it contained the same chemical compound as poison ivy ), but painted onto wood or metal, it hardened into a fine natural plastic, or lacquer surface. The pure sap was dark brown, but beginning in about
2964-735: The Coat of Arms of the Republic of China . The "red Earth" portion was added by Sun Yat-sen in the winter of 1906, bringing the flag to its modern form. According to George Yeo , the then Foreign Minister of Singapore in 2011, in those days, the Blue Sky with a White Sun flag was sewn in the Sun Yat Sen Nanyang Memorial Hall (formerly known as the "Sun Yat Sen Villa") in Singapore by Teo Eng Hock and his wife. The drafted design had ten stripes with
3078-475: The First Sino-Japanese War as commander of the Chinese garrison forces in Korea. Unlike other officers, however, he avoided the humiliation of Chinese defeat by having been recalled to Beijing several days before the outbreak of conflict. As an ally of Li Hongzhang , Yuan was appointed the commander of the first New Army in 1895. Yuan's training program modernized the army, creating enormous pride, and earning him
3192-616: The Kuomintang (KMT), provoking a second revolution which was decisively crushed. He then outlawed the KMT and dissolved the National Assembly. In December 1915, in an attempt to further secure his rule, Yuan restored the monarchy and proclaimed himself as the Hongxian Emperor ( 洪憲 ). The move was met with widespread opposition from the general populace, many of his closest supporters in
3306-641: The Late Qing reforms , which included the abolition of the imperial examination . Yuan fell from power upon the death of Cixi in 1908 and was forced into exile, but he retained the loyalty of the Beiyang Army and as such remained an influential figure. On the outbreak of the Wuchang Uprising in 1911, Yuan was recalled to court, appointed Prime Minister of the Imperial Cabinet and tasked with suppressing
3420-685: The Meiji Restoration , Japan had adopted an aggressive foreign policy, contesting Chinese domination of the peninsula. Under the Treaty of Ganghwa , which the Koreans signed with reluctance in 1876, Japan was allowed to send diplomatic missions to Hanseong , and opened trading posts in Incheon and Wonsan . Amidst an internal power struggle which resulted in the queen's exile, the Viceroy of Zhili , Li Hongzhang , sent
3534-627: The National Assembly and outlawing the KMT, Sun Yat-sen established a government-in-exile in Tokyo and employed the modern flag as the national ROC flag. He continued using this design when the KMT established a rival government in Guangzhou in 1917. The modern flag was made the official national flag on 17 December 1928 after the successful Northern Expedition that overthrew the Beijing government, though
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3648-566: The People's Liberation Army (PLA). The main feature of these flags is a golden star at the top left corner and two Chinese characters " 八一 " to the right of the star, all placed on a red background. The characters " 八一 " (literally "eight one") pay homage to the events on 1 August 1927 (8th month, 1st day); this was when the PLA was created by the CCP to start their rebellion against the Kuomintang Government in Nanchang . The main flag of
3762-554: The Republic of China was established on 1 January 1912, the "Five-Colored Flag" was selected by the provisional Senate as the national flag. The " 18-Star Flag " was adopted by the army and the modern flag was adopted as a naval ensign. Sun Yat-sen, however, did not consider the five-colored flag appropriate, reasoning that horizontal order implied a hierarchy or class like that which existed during dynastic times. After President Yuan Shikai assumed dictatorial powers in 1913 by dissolving
3876-533: The Summer Palace as a place of "retirement". After the Guangxu Emperor's Hundred Days' Reform in 1898, however, Cixi decided that the reforms were too drastic, and plotted to restore her own regency through a coup d'état. Plans of the coup spread early, and the Emperor was very aware of the plot. He asked reform advocates Kang Youwei , Tan Sitong and others to develop a plan to save him. Yuan's involvement in
3990-574: The Yellow River . Two days later, Mao had a meeting in his office about the flag. He persuaded everyone to adopt Zeng's design, with some slight modifications. According to earlier discussions at the Beijing Hotel, the hammer and sickle from Zeng's original design was removed since it was similar to the flag of the Soviet Union . On 27 September 1949, Zeng's modified design was selected unanimously by
4104-595: The handover ceremony marking the transfer of sovereignty from the United Kingdom to China. The Regional flag of the Macau Special Administrative Region is "Macau green" with a lotus flower above a stylized image of the Governor Nobre de Carvalho Bridge and water in white, beneath an arc of five gold, five-pointed stars: one large star in the center of the arc and four smaller ones. The lotus
4218-623: The sRGB space of the PNG file, are: The Flag of China is represented as the Unicode emoji sequence U+1F1E8 🇨 REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER C and U+1F1F3 🇳 REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER N . The current law about the national flag was passed by 14th Meeting of the Standing Committee of the Seventh National People's Congress on 28 June 1990 and
4332-519: The suzerain , Yuan had become the supreme adviser on all Korean government policies. Perceiving China's increasing influence on the Korean government, Japan sought more influence through co-suzerainty with China. A series of documents were released to Yuan Shikai, claiming the Korean government had changed its stance towards Chinese protection and would rather turn to the Russian Empire for protection. Yuan
4446-578: The " One country, two systems " political principle applied to the region. The flag of Hong Kong was adopted on 16 February 1990. On 10 August 1996, it received formal approval from the Preparatory Committee , a group which advised the People's Republic of China (PRC) on Hong Kong's transfer of sovereignty from the United Kingdom to the PRC in 1997. The flag was first officially hoisted on 1 July 1997, in
4560-613: The 19th century from the powdered mineral cinnabar (a form of mercury sulfide ). It is synonymous with red orange , which often takes a modern form, but is 11% brighter (at full brightness). Used first in English in the 13th century, the word vermilion came from the Old French word vermeillon , which was derived from vermeil , from the Latin vermiculus – the diminutive of the Latin word vermis for worm. The name originated because it had
4674-428: The 20th century, the cost and toxicity of vermilion led to its gradually being replaced by synthetic pigments, particularly cadmium red, which had a comparable color and opacity. In China, the color vermilion was also playing an important role in national culture. The color was mostly used in creating Chinese lacquerware , which was exported around the world, giving rise to the term "Chinese red". The lacquer came from
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4788-510: The 3,000 strong Qing Brigade into Korea. The Korean king proposed training 500 troops in the art of modern warfare, and Yuan Shikai was appointed to lead this task in Korea. Li Hongzhang also recommended Yuan's promotion, with Yuan given the rank of sub-prefect . Following the suppression of Gapsin Coup . In 1885, Yuan was appointed Imperial Resident of Seoul. On the surface the position equalled that of ambassador but in practice, as head official from
4902-1167: The 8th century it was made more commonly by a chemical process combining mercury and sulfur. Vermilion has significance in Taoist culture, and is regarded as the color of life and eternity. "Chinese red" appears in English in 1924. Yuan Shikai Imperial China Republic of China (before 1949) People's Republic of China (Mainland) Hong Kong (pro-Beijing) Macau (pro-Beijing) Republic of China (Taiwan, pan-Blue) Hong Kong (pro-Beijing) Hong Kong (centrist) Hong Kong (pro-ROC) Macau (pro-Beijing) Republic of China (Taiwan, pan-Blue) Republic of China (Taiwan, pro-Beijing) Republic of China (Taiwan, other) Hong Kong (pro-Beijing) Hong Kong (pro-ROC) Republic of China (Taiwan, pan-Blue) Republic of China (Taiwan, other) People's Republic of China (Mainland) Hong Kong Republic of China (Taiwan) Overseas Former Yuan Shikai ( traditional Chinese : 袁世凱 ; simplified Chinese : 袁世凯 ; pinyin : Yuán Shìkǎi ; Wade–Giles : Yüan Shih -k'ai ; 16 September 1859 – 6 June 1916)
5016-659: The Americas was the so-called Tomb of the Red Queen , located in Temple XIII, in the ruins of the Mayan city of Palenque in Chiapas, Mexico. The temple is dated to between 600 and 700 AD. It was discovered in 1994 by Mexican archeologist Fanny López Jiménez . The body and all objects in the sarcophagus were covered with bright red vermilion powder made from cinnabar. The technique for making
5130-456: The Beiyang Army, as well as foreign governments. Several military governors and provinces rose in open rebellion . In March 1916, Yuan formally abdicated and restored the Republic, having been emperor for only 83 days. He died of uraemia in June at the age of 56, leaving behind a significantly weakened Beiyang government and a fragmented political landscape, which soon plunged China into a period of warlordism . On 16 September 1859, Yuan Shikai
5244-455: The Boxer Rebellion, he successfully obtained numerous loans to expand his Beiyang Army into the most powerful force in China. He created a 2,000-strong police force to keep order in Tianjin, the first of its kind in Chinese history, as a result of the Boxer Protocol forbidding any troops to be staged close to Tianjin. Yuan was also involved in the transfer of railway control from Sheng Xuanhuai , leading railways and their construction to become
5358-411: The Boxers and attack the Eight-Nation Alliance forces, joining with other Chinese governors who commanded substantial modernized armies like Zhang Zhidong not participating in the Boxer Rebellion. He and Zhang ignored Cixi's declaration of war against the foreign powers and continued to suppress the Boxers. This clique was known as The Mutual Protection of Southeast China . In addition to not fighting
5472-513: The CCP as the great savior ( 大救星 , dà jiùxīng "great saving star") of the Chinese people, symbolized by the flag's largest star. The idea for four small stars came from " On the People's Democratic Dictatorship ", a speech by Mao Zedong, which defined the Chinese people as consisting of four social classes , also traditionally referred to in Asian cultures as the four occupations ( 士農工商 , shì nóng gōng shāng ) ("Scholars, Peasants, Workers, Merchants"). The color yellow implies that China belongs to
5586-515: The Chinese people, a " yellow race ". After working out the details of the placement of the stars and their sizes (he had tried to put all of the stars in the center, but thought this too dull), he sent his "Five Stars on a Field of Red" ( 紅地五星旗 , hóng dì wǔxīng qí ) design to the committee in the middle of August. By 20 August, between 2,992 and 3,012 designs had been sent to the flag committee, including input from committee members themselves such as Guo Moruo and Tan Kah Kee . From 16 to 20 August,
5700-406: The Eight-Nation Alliance and suppressing the Boxers in Shandong, Yuan and his army (the Right Division) also helped the Eight-Nation Alliance suppress the Boxers after the Alliance captured Peking in August 1900. Yuan Shikai's forces massacred tens of thousands of people in their anti-Boxer campaign in Zhili. Yuan operated out of Baoding during the campaign, which ended in 1902. He also founded
5814-494: The Empress Dowager, and becoming a lasting enemy of the Guangxu Emperor, Yuan left the capital in 1899 for his new appointment as Governor of Shandong . During his three-year tenure the Boxer Rebellion (1899–1901) erupted; Yuan ensured the suppression of Boxers in the province, though his troops took no active part outside Shandong itself. Yuan took the side of the pro-foreign faction in the Imperial Court, along with Prince Qing , Li Hongzhang , and Ronglu . He refused to side with
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#17328481358845928-456: The First Plenary Session of CPPCC, which changed the flag's name to "Five-star Red Flag". On 29 September, the new flag was published in the People's Daily , so the design could be copied by other local authorities. The flag was officially unveiled and raised for the first time by Mao Zedong in Beijing's Tiananmen Square on 1 October 1949, at the formal announcement of the People's Republic of China . The first flag flown over Tiananmen Square
6042-522: The Five-Colored Flag still continued to be used by locals in an unofficial capacity. One reason for this discrepancy in use was lingering regional biases held by officials and citizens of northern China, who favored the Five-Colored Flag, against southerners such as the Cantonese /Hakka Sun Yat-sen. During the Second Sino-Japanese War , the invading Japanese established a variety of puppet governments using several flag designs. The " Reform Government ", established in March 1938 in Nanjing to consolidate
6156-418: The Five-Colored flag. As a compromise, the Japanese suggested adding a triangular yellow pennant on top with the slogan "Peace, Anticommunism, National Construction" ( 和平反共建國 ; Hépíng fǎngòng jiàn guó ) in black, but this was rejected by Wang. In the end, Wang and the Japanese agreed that the yellow banner was to be used outdoors only until 1943, when the banner was abandoned, leaving two rival governments with
6270-400: The Imperial palaces and with the various barracks of his troops. In a field a couple of hundred yards away is the long pole of a wireless telegraph station, from which he can send the message that any day may set all China ablaze. To-morrow in the East , Douglas Story, pp. 224–226. Yuan Shikai's Han-dominated New Army was primarily responsible for the defence of Beijing, as most of
6384-432: The Ministry of Education to implement a system of primary and secondary schools and universities with state-mandated curriculum, modelled after the educational system of Meiji-era Japan. On 27 August 1908, the Qing court promulgated "Principles for a Constitution", which Yuan helped to draft. This document called for a constitutional government with a strong monarchy (modelled after Meiji Japan and Bismarck's Germany), with
6498-471: The National Flag or the National Emblem of the People's Republic of China by intentionally burning, mutilating, scrawling on, defiling or trampling upon it in a public place". Some Taiwanese groups have burned the Chinese flag in protest of the PRC government. On 29 September 2017, Hong Kong elected legislator Cheng Chung-tai was convicted of desecrating the flag under the National Flag and National Emblem Ordinance. He had been seen turning representations of
6612-439: The PLA was created on 15 June 1949 by a decree issued from Mao. The flag has a ratio of 5 by 4, which has a white sleeve measuring 1 ⁄ 16 of the flag's length. For ceremonies, a PLA flag with golden fringe is placed on a pole with gold and red spiral stripes and topped with a golden finial and red tassel. Each branch of the PLA, the Ground Forces , Navy , Air Force and Rocket Force , also have their own flags to use. In
6726-412: The Plochere color list, which was formulated in 1948 and is used widely by interior designers. Chinese red or China red is the name used for the vermilion shade used in Chinese lacquerware . The shade of the color can vary from dark to light depending upon how the pigment is made and how the lacquer was applied. Chinese red was originally made from the powdered mineral cinnabar, but beginning in about
6840-404: The Renaissance as a very vivid and bright red, though it did have the weakness of sometimes turning dark with time. Florentine artist Cennino Cennini described it in his handbook for artists: This pigment is made by alchemy , prepared in a retort , which subject I will leave be since to put every method and recipe into my discussion would be too longwinded. The reason? Because if you care to take
6954-479: The Renaissance until the 20th century. Because of its cost and toxicity, though, it was almost entirely replaced by a new synthetic pigment, cadmium red , in the 20th century. As cadmium can also be toxic, some scientists propose replacing this with solid solutions of the perovskites CaTaO2N and LaTaON2. Genuine vermilion pigment today comes mostly from China; it is a synthetic mercuric sulfide, labeled on paint tubes as PR-106 (Red Pigment 106). The synthetic pigment
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#17328481358847068-426: The Republic of China Act ( 中華民國 國徽 國旗法 ; Zhōnghuá Mínguó guóhuī guóqífǎ ) was promulgated by the Legislative Yuan to specify the size, measure, ratio, production, and management of the flag. On 4 July 1949, the sixth working group of the Preparatory Committee of the New Political Consultative Conference ( 新政治協商會議籌備會 , PCNPCC) created a notice to submit designs for the national flag. After subsequent revisions,
7182-433: The SAR flags are regulated by laws passed by the National People's Congress. The Flag of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region features a stylized, white, five-petal Bauhinia blakeana flower in the center of a red field. On each petal is a red star; they symbolise Hong Kong's status under China, while the overall flag design signifies the reestablished link between postcolonial Hong Kong and China while demonstrating
7296-458: The State Council, the standing committees of local people's congresses at all levels, courts, and local committees of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference or property belonging to said places or institutions on working days. National flags should be raised in full-time schools except on vacations and Sundays. According to Article 15 of the Law on the National Flag [ zh ] , "the national flag, when raised or carried in
7410-400: The Young Pioneers is placed in the center of the flag. However, for a company, a second, modified flag is used. The flag has a length of 60 centimeters (24 in) and a width of 80 centimeters (31 in). A 20 centimeters (7.9 in) triangle is cut out of the fly edge of the flag and the golden emblem is shifted closer towards the hoist. The customs flag is the Chinese national flag with
7524-404: The abdication of the Xuantong Emperor in 1912, which marked the collapse of the Qing monarchy and the end of imperial rule in China. Born to an affluent family in Henan , Yuan began his career in the Huai Army . He was sent to Joseon to head a Qing garrison in Seoul and was appointed imperial resident and supreme adviser to the Korean government after thwarting the Gapsin Coup in 1885. He
7638-399: The bottom. The forest green represents the earth, the blue and white stripes represent the seas, the sky blue represents the air and the yellow represents the flare of missile launching. On 10 January 2018, the People's Armed Police received a new flag following the design of the PLA branch flags with three olive stripes at the bottom. After the CCP was founded in 1920, various sections of
7752-504: The coup remains a matter of debate among historians. Tan Sitong reportedly spoke with Yuan several days before the coup, asking Yuan to assist the Emperor against Cixi. Yuan refused a direct answer, but insisted he was loyal to the Emperor. Meanwhile, the Manchu General Ronglu was planning manoeuvres for his army to stage the coup. According to sources, including the diary of Liang Qichao and contemporary Chinese news sources, Yuan Shikai arrived in Tianjin on 20 September 1898 by train. It
7866-400: The designs were viewed at the Beijing Hotel and culled down to a list of 38. These designs are collected into a book named A Reference of National Flag Designs ( 國旗圖案參考資料 ). This book was then submitted to the newly established Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) for further discussion. However, Zeng's design was not included until Tian Han nominated it again. On
7980-423: The document " GB 12982-2004: National flag" that was released by the Standardization Administration of China . During the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro , flags that failed to adhere to the regulations were used in connection with China. The flags, used during the opening ceremony and two medal ceremonies, featured the four small stars incorrectly angled in the same direction, eliciting both fury at and
8094-407: The emblem of customs at the lower right corner, which consists of a golden key and the Caduceus of Hermes , crossing each other. The current customs flag was officially adopted on 1 October 1953. The customs flag should be hung at the bow of the customs vessel. Vermilion#Chinese red Vermilion (sometimes vermillion ) is a color family and pigment most often used between antiquity and
8208-464: The emblem of the CCP in gold at the top left corner. The flag ratio is defined as two by three (24×36 units); the size of the emblem is eight units square, placed four units away from the hoist and three units away from the top of the flag. The flag of the Communist Youth League of China was adopted on 4 May 1950. The design of the flag consists of the group emblem, a gold star surrounded by
8322-539: The fate of the legations will depend upon the success of the first assault which will be necessary to take it. The foreign legations are as much in the power of Yuan Shi Kai's troops in 1907 as they were at the mercy of the Chinese rabble in 1900. The ultimate purpose of the equipped and disciplined troops is locked in the breast of the Viceroy of Chihli. Yuan Shi Kai's yamen in Tientsin is connected by telegraph and telephone with
8436-512: The flag of the Kuomintang in the canton that resembled the flags of the United States , Malaysia , and Liberia . During the Wuchang Uprising in 1911 that heralded the Republic, the various revolutionary armies had different flags. Lu Hao-tung's "Blue Sky with a White Sun" flag was used in the provinces of Guangdong , Guangxi , Yunnan , and Guizhou . In Wuhan , a flag with 18 yellow stars
8550-662: The flags (not of standard dimensions) upside down in the legislative chamber in October of the previous year. Due to an order passed by the CCP Central Committee General Office and General Office of the State Council, cities and provinces are no longer allowed to adopt their own symbols. However, both of the Hong Kong and Macau Special Administrative Regions of China have their own special flags. The precise use of
8664-513: The foreign legations in Peking. The Manchu Division moves with the Court and is the pride of the modern army. By his strategic disposition Yuan Shi Kai completely controls all the approaches to the capital, and holds a force which he may utilize either to protect the Court from threatened attack or to crush the Emperor should he himself desire to assume Imperial power. Contrary to treaty stipulations made at
8778-481: The four social classes of China's New Democracy mentioned in Mao's "On the People's Democratic Dictatorship": the working class , the peasantry , the urban petite bourgeoisie , and the national bourgeoisie . It is sometimes stated that the five stars of the flag represent the five largest ethnic groups: Han Chinese , Zhuangs , Hui people , Manchus and Uyghurs . This is generally regarded as an erroneous conflation with
8892-406: The fourth century BC. Greek alchemist Zosimus of Panopolis (third–fourth century AD) wrote that such a method existed. In the early 9th century, the process was accurately described by Persian alchemist Jabir ibn Hayyan (722–804) in his book of recipes of colors, and the process began to be widely used in Europe. The process described by Jabir ibn Hayyan was fairly simple: When first created,
9006-422: The golden bar as symbolizing China being divided into two. That night, Peng Guanghan ( 彭光涵 ) recommended Zeng's design to Zhou Enlai. Zhou was satisfied with it and asked for the creation of a larger copy of the design. Tan Kah Kee also gave his advice to Mao and Zhou that the power characteristics take precedence over Chinese geography characteristics, so there was no need to insist on the golden bar that symbolized
9120-436: The government. Yuan and Li Hongzhang sent troops into Korea to protect Seoul and Qing's interests, and Japan did the same under the pretext of protecting Japanese trading posts. Tensions boiled over between Japan and China when Japan refused to withdraw its forces and placed a blockade at the 38th parallel north . Li Hongzhang wanted at all costs to avoid a war with Japan and attempted this by asking for international pressure for
9234-554: The hoist side) originated from the " Blue Sky with a White Sun flag " ( 青天 白日 旗 ; qīngtiān báirì qí ) designed by Lu Haodong , a martyr of the 1911 Revolution . He presented his design to represent the revolutionary army at the inauguration of the Society for Regenerating China , an anti-Qing society in Hong Kong , on 21 February 1895. This design was later adopted as the KMT party flag and
9348-516: The lacquerware has changed over the centuries. During the Eastern Han dynasty (25–220 AD) the Chinese word for red referred to a light red. However, during the Tang dynasty (618–907), when the synthetic vermilion was introduced, that color became darker and richer. The poet Bai Juyi (772–846) wrote in a song poem praising Jiangnan , "the flowers by the river when the sun rises are redder than flames", and
9462-541: The loyalty of capable senior officers. Shortly before the Treaty of Shimonoseki ended the Sino-Japanese war in 1895, United States of America Secretary of State John W. Foster attempted to convince Yuan to lead a military coup against the Qing dynasty. By 1901, five of China's seven divisional commanders and most other senior military officers in China were his protégés. The Qing court relied heavily on his army due to
9576-525: The material is almost black. As it is ground, the red color appears. The longer the compound is ground, the finer the color becomes. Italian Renaissance artist Cennino Cennini wrote: "If you were to grind it every day, even for 20 years, it would keep getting better and more perfect." In the 17th century, a new method of making the pigment was introduced, known as the Dutch method. Mercury and melted sulfur were mashed to make black mercury sulfide , then heated in
9690-564: The modernized Eight Banner divisions were destroyed in the Boxer Rebellion and the new modernized Banner forces were token in nature. The Empress Dowager and the Guangxu Emperor died within a day of each other in November 1908. Sources indicate that the will of the emperor ordered Yuan's execution. Nonetheless, he avoided death. In January 1909, he was relieved of all his posts by the regent, Prince Chun . The public reason for Yuan's resignation
9804-438: The morning of 23 September, the representatives of the CPPCC discussed the national flags, but came to no conclusion. Some disliked the symbolism which Zeng attached to the four smaller stars, and said it should not include the bourgeoisie. The design Mao and others liked had a giant golden star in the corner on a red flag that was charged with a golden horizontal bar. But this design was strongly opposed by Zhang Zhizhong , who saw
9918-667: The national flag are stipulated in the document "GB 12983-2004: Standard Color Sample of the National Flag", and promulgated by the Standardization Administration of China. The colors are in specified in CIE 1964 xyY 10 color space under standard illuminant D65. For computer display, the National Flag Law defers to "standard" PNG images posted on the National People's Congress website. The specific colors used, in
10032-793: The national flag. Specifically, it stipulates the flag must be hung daily at Tiananmen Square, the Gate of New China [ zh ] , the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress , the State Council , the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, the Supreme People's Procuratorate , immigration agencies, ports, railway stations and other ports of entry , among other places. The flag should be hung at various departments of
10146-560: The notice was published in the papers People's Daily , Beiping Liberation News , Xinmin News , Dazhong Daily , Guangming Daily , Jinbu Daily and Tianjin Daily during the period 15–26 July. The list of requirements for the national flag were also posted in the notice: Zeng Liansong , a citizen from Wenzhou , Zhejiang , was working in Shanghai when the announcement came out; he wanted to create
10260-409: The official government interpretation of the flag, the red background symbolizes the Chinese Communist Revolution . The five stars and their relationship represents the unity of Chinese people under the leadership of the CCP. The orientation of the stars shows that the unity should revolve around a center. The larger star symbolizes the CCP, and the four smaller stars that surround the big star symbolize
10374-596: The party made flags based on what the Bolsheviks used, producing various designs and patterns. The current flag of the CCP was not created until 28 April 1942. On that date, the CCP Central Committee Political Bureau issued a decree announcing the flag and the pattern it should follow. The design was further defined in the CCP Constitution in 1996. The flag has a red background that is charged with
10488-599: The proximity of its garrison to the capital and their effectiveness. Of the new armies that formed part of the Self-Strengthening Movement , Yuan's was the best trained and most effective. His success opened the way for his rise to the top in both military and political sectors. The Qing Court at the time was divided between progressives under the leadership of the Guangxu Emperor , and conservatives under Empress Dowager Cixi , who had temporarily retreated to
10602-409: The rebels. After brief fighting, he entered into negotiations with Sun Yat-sen 's revolutionaries and arranged for the abdication of the child emperor Puyi , leading to the fall of the Qing dynasty. In return, Yuan was elected president of the new republican government in 1912 after Sun resigned in his favour. Yuan's desire for dictatorial power brought him into conflict with the National Assembly and
10716-607: The relationship Macau has with its mother country. The design was chosen on 15 January 1993 by a committee that was drafting the Basic Law for the Macau SAR and was formally adopted by the Macau SAR Preparatory Committee on 16 January 1999. The flag was first officially hoisted on 20 December 1999, in the handover ceremony marking the transfer of sovereignty from Portugal to China. There are six flags that are used by
10830-593: The same flag, each claiming to be the legitimate national government of China. After the Chinese Civil War in 1949, the ROC government led by Chiang Kai-shek relocated its government and its institutions to the island of Taiwan . On the mainland , CCP forces of Mao Zedong established the People's Republic of China (PRC) and adopted their own national flag. On 23 October 1954, the National Emblem and National Flag of
10944-562: The settlement of the Boxer trouble, the Chinese have been permitted to build a great tower over the Chien Men, or central southern gate, which commands the foreign legations and governs the Forbidden City. In the threatening condition of Chinese affairs it might be assumed that this structure had been undermined by the foreign community, but this has not been done, and if trouble again arise in Peking
11058-455: The third century BC, during the Han dynasty , Chinese artisans colored it with powdered cinnabar or with red ochre ( ferric oxide ), giving it an orange-red color. Beginning in about the 8th century, Chinese chemists began making synthetic vermilion from mercury and sulfur, which reduced the price of the pigment and allowed the production of Chinese lacquerware on a larger scale. The shade of red of
11172-496: The trouble, you will find a lot of recipes for it, and particularly if you cultivate friendships with monks. But, so that you do not waste your time with the many different techniques, I advise you, just take what you can find at the apothecary's for your money. And I want to teach you how to buy it and how to recognise the good vermilion. Always buy solid vermilion and not crushed or ground. The reason? Because more often than not you are cheated either with red lead or crushed brick. By
11286-738: The various puppet governments, employed the Five-Colored Flag. When Wang Jingwei was slated to take over the Japanese-installed government in Nanjing in 1940, he demanded to use the modern flag as a means to challenge the authority of the Nationalist Government in Chongqing under Chiang Kai-shek and position himself as the rightful successor to Sun Yat-sen. However, the Japanese preferred
11400-713: The word he used for red was the word for vermilion, or Chinese red. When Chinese lacquerware and the ground cinnabar used to color it were exported to Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries, European collectors considered it to be finer than the European vermilion. In 1835, "Chinese vermilion" was described as a cinnabar so pure that it only had to be ground into powder to become a perfect vermilion. Historically, European vermilion often included adulterants including brick, orpiment , iron oxide , Persian red , iodine scarlet —and minium (red lead), an inexpensive and bright, but fugitive lead-oxide pigment. Since ancient times, vermilion
11514-542: The word vermillion was used for one of the song titles called "Vermillion Dreams" and also the album was called vermillion. The Crayola color red-orange has been a Crayola color since 1930. The web color orange-red was formulated in 1987 as one of the X11 colors , which became known as the X11 web colors after the invention of the World Wide Web in 1991. This color is the medium tone of vermilion called vermilion on
11628-460: Was a Chinese general and statesman who served as Prime Minister of the Imperial Cabinet , the second provisional president of the Republic of China , head of the Beiyang government from 1912 to 1916 and Emperor of China from 1915 to 1916. A major political figure during the late Qing dynasty , he spearheaded a number of major modernisation programs and reforms and played a decisive role in securing
11742-473: Was a side product of the mining of mercury, and mining cinnabar was difficult, expensive, and dangerous, because of the toxicity of mercury. Greek philosopher Theophrastus of Eresus (371–286 BC) described the process in De Lapidibus , the first scientific book on minerals. Efforts began early to find a better way to make the pigment. The Chinese were probably the first to make a synthetic vermilion as early as
11856-569: Was born in the village of Zhangying ( 張營村 ) to the Yuan Clan which later moved 16 kilometres southeast of Xiangcheng to a hilly area that was easier to defend against bandits. There, the Yuan family had built the fortified village of Yuanzhaicun ( 袁寨村 ). Yuan's family was affluent enough to provide Yuan with a traditional Confucian education. As a young man he enjoyed riding, hunting with dogs, boxing, and entertainment with friends. Though hoping to pursue
11970-472: Was chosen as the floral emblem of Macau. The Governor Nobre de Carvalho Bridge is a bridge linking the Macau Peninsula and the island of Taipa . The bridge is one of the most recognizable landmarks of the territory. The water beneath the lotus and the bridge symbolize Macau's position as a port and its role played in the territory. The five five-pointed stars echo the design of the national flag, symbolizing
12084-491: Was enforced starting 1 October 1990. The main point of the law was to set down regulations on how to make the Chinese flag, what it looks like, where it can be flown and how it can be flown. The law also stresses that the national flag is "the symbol and hallmark of the People's Republic of China" and that everyone "shall respect and care for the National Flag". The National Flag Law of the People's Republic of China has made detailed regulations on places or institutions for raising
12198-498: Was found at the neolithic village of Çatalhöyük , in modern-day Turkey. Cinnabar was mined in Spain beginning in about 5300 BC. In China, the first documented use of cinnabar as a pigment was by the Yangshao culture (5000–4000 BC), where it was used to paint ceramics, to cover the walls and floors of rooms, and for ritual ceremonies. The principal source of cinnabar for the ancient Romans
12312-544: Was outraged yet skeptical and asked Li Hongzhang for advice. In a treaty signed between Japan and Qing, the two parties agreed that either would send troops into Korea only after notifying the other. Although the Korean government was stable, it was still a protectorate of Qing. Koreans emerged advocating modernization. Another more radicalised group, the Donghak Society , promoting an early nationalist doctrine based partly upon Confucian principles, rose in rebellion against
12426-483: Was recalled to China shortly before the outbreak of the First Sino-Japanese War , and received command of the first New Army , which paved the way for his rise to power. In 1898, Yuan formed an alliance with Empress Dowager Cixi and helped bring an end to the Guangxu Emperor 's Hundred Days' Reform . Promoted to Viceroy of Zhili in 1902, Yuan quickly expanded the Beiyang Army into the best trained and most effective military force in China. He played an active role in
12540-406: Was regarded as the color of blood, thus the color of life. It was used to paint temples and the carriages of the emperor, and as the printing paste for personal seals . It was also used for unique red calligraphic ink reserved for emperors. Chinese Taoists associated vermilion with eternity. The Dutch singer Simone Simons , released her debut solo album called Vermillion in 2024. On this album,
12654-527: Was sewn together by Zhao Wenrui ( 赵文瑞 ), a seamstress who finished the task around 1 pm on 30 September. Zeng had a hard time believing that his design was picked, due to the missing hammer and sickle from the giant star. However, he was officially congratulated by the General Office of the Central People's Government as the designer of the flag and received 5 million yuan for his work. According to
12768-550: Was the Almaden mine in northwest Spain, which was worked by prisoners. Since the ore of mercury was highly toxic, a term in the mines was a near-guaranteed death sentence. Pliny the Elder described the mines this way: Nothing is more carefully guarded. It is forbidden to break up or refine the cinnabar on the spot. They send it to Rome in its natural condition, under seal, to the extent of some ten thousand librae ( Roman pounds thus 3289 kg)
12882-672: Was used to paint the walls of some of the most luxurious villas in Pompeii , including the Villa of the Mysteries (Italian: Villa dei Misteri ). Pliny reported its painters stole a large portion of the expensive pigment by frequently washing their brushes and saving the wash water. In the Byzantine Empire , the use of cinnabar/the vermilion color was reserved for the use of the imperial family and administrators; official letters and imperial decrees were written in vermilion ink, made with cinnabar. It
12996-596: Was used to represent the 18 administrative divisions at the time. In Shanghai and northern China, a "Five-Colored Flag" ( 五色 旗 ; wǔ sè qí ) ( Five Races Under One Union flag) was used of five horizontal stripes representing the five major nationalities of China : the Han (red), the Manchu (yellow), the Mongol (blue), the Hui (white), and the Tibetan (black). When the government of
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