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54-431: A gate or gateway is a point of entry to or from a space enclosed by walls . The word derived from old Norse "gat" meaning road or path ; But other terms include yett and port . The concept originally referred to the gap or hole in the wall or fence, rather than a barrier which closed it. Gates may prevent or control the entry or exit of individuals, or they may be merely decorative. The moving part or parts of

108-422: A gatehouse . Today, many gate doors are equipped with self-closing devices that can improve safety, security, and convenience. It is important to choose a controlled gate closer to ensure a consistent closing speed, as well as safety and security. A self-closing gate can help prevent accidents by children or pets, particularly around swimming pools, spas, beaches and hot tubs. A self-closing gate can also improve

162-428: A moisture barrier such as housewrap or felt paper inside the cladding provides a second line of defense and sometimes a drainage plane or air gap allows a path for the moisture to drain down through and exit the wall. Sometimes ventilation is provided in addition to the drainage plane such as in rainscreen construction. Face-sealed also called barrier wall or perfect barrier cladding relies on maintaining

216-420: A pipe , or there can be a wooden frame made similar to a window or door to house the pipe. Tin can walls are not considered load-bearing using this building method, although two-story circular dome structures have been built. The basic rule is that it can support considerable weight but should not be used to hold up much more than its own form and shape. It would not be wise to attach a heavy timber roof to

270-713: A barrier (to cattle, for example). Before the invention of artillery , many of the world's cities and towns, particularly in Europe and Asia, had defensive or protective walls (also called town walls or city walls). In fact, the English word "wall" derives from Latin vallum —a type of fortification wall. These walls are no longer relevant for defense, so such cities have grown beyond their walls, and many fortification walls, or portions of them, have been torn down—for example in Rome , Italy and Beijing , China . Examples of protective walls on

324-455: A building facade that is not load-bearing but provides decoration, finish, front, face, or historical preservation. Precast walls are walls which have been manufactured in a factory and then shipped to where it is needed, ready to install. It is faster to install compared to brick and other walls and may have a lower cost compared to other types of wall. Precast walls are cost effective compare to Brick Wall compound wall. Mullion walls are

378-550: A building. The minimum fire resistance and sound resistance required for the party wall is determined by a building code and may be modified to suit a variety of situations. Ownership of such walls can become a legal issue. It is not a load-bearing wall and may be owned by different people. An infill wall is the supported wall that closes the perimeter of a building constructed with a three-dimensional framework structure. Fire walls resist spread of fire within or sometimes between structures to provide passive fire protection. A delay in

432-402: A colossal fortification, made of ice and fortified with magic spells; as a cultural barrier; and as a codification of assumptions. Breaches of the wall, who is allowed to cross it and who is not, and its destruction have important symbolic, logistical, and socio-political implications in the storyline. Reportedly over 700 feet high and 100 leagues (300 miles) wide, it divides the northern border of

486-411: A concrete “lump” below it. This continues until completed, or the weight of the wall and the hardness of the cement seem questionable in terms of solidity. At that point it would be wise to wait for the wall to harden, but the laying time for cans and concrete is such that by the time a builder makes it back to an area that was recently laid it has had time to set. It is a judgment call as to whether or not

540-502: A gateway may be considered " doors ", as they are fixed at one side whilst opening and closing like one. A gate may have a latch that can be raised and lowered to both open a gate or prevent it from swinging. Gate operation can be either automated or manual. Locks are also used on gates to increase security. Larger gates can be used for a whole building, such as a castle or fortified town . Actual doors can also be considered gates when they are used to block entry as prevalent within

594-481: A leak-free surface of the cladding. Examples of face sealed cladding are the early exterior insulation finishing systems , structural glazing, metal clad panels, and corrugated metal. Building walls frequently become works of art, externally and internally, such as when featuring mosaic work or when murals are painted on them; or as design foci when they exhibit textures or painted finishes for effect. In architecture and civil engineering , curtain wall refers to

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648-716: A metaphorical wall to represent the isolation felt by the protagonist of their 1979 concept album The Wall . The American poet laureate Robert Frost describes a pointless rock wall as a metaphor for the myopia of the culture-bound in his poem " Mending Wall ", published in 1914. Walls are a recurring symbol in Ursula K. Le Guin 's 1974 novel The Dispossessed '. In some cases, a wall may refer to an individual's debilitating mental or physical condition, seen as an impassable barrier. In George R. R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire series and its television adaptation, Game of Thrones , The Wall plays multiple important roles: as

702-454: A much larger scale include the Great Wall of China and Hadrian's Wall . Some walls formally mark the border between one population and another. A border wall is constructed to limit the movement of people across a certain line or border . These structures vary in placement with regard to international borders and topography . The most famous example of border barrier in history is probably

756-404: A reinforced partition wall. Partition walls constructed from fibre cement backer board are popular as bases for tiling in kitchens or in wet areas like bathrooms. Galvanized sheet fixed to wooden or steel members are mostly adopted in works of temporary character. Plain or reinforced partition walls may also be constructed from concrete, including pre-cast concrete blocks. Metal framed partitioning

810-431: A second layer is added. More layers may be added, but it is up to the builder’s judgment and dependent upon the material being applied. In the case of adobe mud, once the initial layer is applied and allowed to harden it will crack and will need additional coats. With cement fewer layers are needed. The basic rule is: the more coats/layers, the stronger and better-looking the wall will be. This can be overdone however. When

864-411: A series of individual toughened glass panels mounted in wood or metal framing. They may be suspended from or slide along a robust aluminium ceiling track. The system does not require the use of a floor guide, which allows easy operation and an uninterrupted threshold. A timber partition consists of a wooden framework, supported on the floor or by side walls. Metal lath and plaster, properly laid, forms

918-410: A ship, a wall that separates major compartments is called a bulkhead . A thinner wall between cabins is called a partition . Boundary walls include privacy walls, boundary-marking walls on property, and town walls. These intergrade into fences . The conventional differentiation is that a fence is of minimal thickness and often open in nature, while a wall is usually more than a nominal thickness and

972-463: A space as part of the building envelope along with a roof to give buildings form; and to provide shelter and security. In addition, the wall may house various types of utilities such as electrical wiring or plumbing . Wall construction falls into two basic categories: framed walls or mass-walls . In framed walls the load is transferred to the foundation through posts, columns or studs. Framed walls most often have three or more separate components:

1026-517: A structural system that carries the load of the floor slab on prefabricated panels around the perimeter. A partition wall is a usually thin wall that is used to separate or divide a room , primarily a pre-existing one. Partition walls are usually not load-bearing , and can be constructed out of many materials, including steel panels, bricks, cloth, plastic , plasterboard , wood , blocks of clay, terracotta , concrete , and glass. Some partition walls are made of sheet glass. Glass partition walls are

1080-437: A surface for the metal lath to be nailed to while leaving the inside frame untouched. However, this is not necessarily a necessity. Electrical wiring is simple, with the wires attached to the cans or fastened to the concrete before the initial coat. If a wire needs to go to the other side of a wall it can be punched directly through a can. Plumbing and pipework can use similar methods. The can wall can always be built around

1134-439: A tin can wall has been sufficiently coated it will then be “finished” with a fine plaster ( lime -based or other), stucco (if the wall is outside), or linseed oil (in the case of adobe). It can also be finished with a clay “slip”, or aliz, which is an earth-based coat that can have natural pigment and fine grains of mica mixed in to produce a beautiful shimmering and organic-looking surface. An outside tin can insulating wall

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1188-448: A tin can wall without support beams or frames. The basic function for can walls is in-fill (filling in the space between support beams or the main structure) and the division of space. They work well to separate a living room from a bedroom, and are also used as insulating walls from the outside. An earthship tin can wall is both an efficient and economical building method. They are mainly composed of aluminum and cement , and can withstand

1242-439: A wall on one side will break the wall on the other side. Portable walls, such as room dividers or portable partitions divide a larger open space into smaller rooms. Portable walls can be static, such as cubicle walls, or can be wall panels mounted on casters to provide an easy way to reconfigure assembly space. They are often found inside schools, churches, convention centers, hotels, and corporate facilities. A temporary wall

1296-473: Is a structure and a surface that defines an area; carries a load; provides security , shelter , or soundproofing ; or, is decorative. There are many kinds of walls, including: The term wall comes from the Latin vallum meaning "an earthen wall or rampart set with palisades , a row or line of stakes, a wall, a rampart, fortification", while the Latin word murus means a defensive stone wall. English uses

1350-421: Is a simple design. It is made out of two tin can walls with a layer of solid insulation in the middle. The insulation can vary in thickness, depending on climate and budget. It can be made out of various “green” or sustainable materials or average run-of-the-mill solid insulation. The exposed sides of the tin can walls (those not facing the insulation) are finished using methods aforementioned. The inside part of

1404-529: Is also available. This partition consists of track (used primarily at the base and head of the partition) and studs (vertical sections fixed into the track typically spaced at 24", 16", or at 12"). Internal wall partitions, also known as office partitioning, are usually made of plasterboard (drywall) or varieties of glass. Toughened glass is a common option, as low-iron glass (better known as opti-white glass ) increases light and solar heat transmission. Wall partitions are constructed using beads and tracking that

1458-460: Is completely closed, or opaque. More to the point, an exterior structure of wood or wire is generally called a fence —but one of masonry is a wall. A common term for both is barrier , which is convenient for structures that are partly wall and partly fence—for example the Berlin Wall . Another kind of wall-fence ambiguity is the ha-ha —which is set below ground level to protect a view, yet acts as

1512-620: Is constructed for easy removal or demolition. A typical temporary wall can be constructed with 1⁄2" (6 mm) to 5⁄8" (16 mm) sheet rock (plasterboard), metal 2 × 3s (approx. 5 × 7 cm), or 2 × 4s, or taped, plastered and compounded. Most installation companies use lattice (strips of wood) to cover the joints of the temporary wall with the ceiling. These are sometimes known as pressurized walls or temporary pressurized walls. Walls are often seen in popular culture, oftentimes representing barriers preventing progress or entry. For example: The progressive/psychedelic rock band Pink Floyd used

1566-463: Is either hung from the ceiling or fixed into the ground. The panels are inserted into the tracking and fixed. Some wall partition variations specify their fire resistance and acoustic performance rating. Movable partitions are walls that open to join two or more rooms into one large floor area. These include: Party walls are walls that separate buildings or units within a building. They provide fire resistance and sound resistance between occupants in

1620-427: Is fastened to the tin can wall by hammering nails partially into the side of the frame that will touch the tin can wall and allowing the concrete to harden around the nails. Short strips of metal lath are also attached to the frame and folded out (perpendicular to the frame) and allowed to set in the can/concrete matrix. The same method is applied to windows . The only difference is all sides of window are fastened to

1674-571: The Great Wall of China , a series of walls that separated the Empire of China from nomadic powers to the north. The most prominent recent example is the Berlin Wall , which surrounded the enclave of West Berlin and separated it from East Germany for most of the Cold War era. The US-Mexico border wall, separating the United States and Mexico, is another recent example. In areas of rocky soils around

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1728-418: The earthship tin can wall. The main person behind these efforts was Mike Reynolds , also creator of the earthship building method. A “traditional” earthship tin can wall is made by horizontally stacking tin cans in a concrete matrix. The cans are laid side by side and in alternating rows, similar to bricks . This is done simply and efficiently, using batches of concrete between the cans. The consistency of

1782-555: The Lesotho storms . A site for the first village in Maseru has been secured and the funding has been sourced. What is lacking is building permits (as of July 2004). The TCV organization, headed by Hönes, has been prefabricating tin can walls so that when the permits pass about one building a week can be constructed. So far the TCV organization’s efforts have been concentrated on storehouses, offices,

1836-587: The Seven Kingdoms realm from the domain of the wildlings and several categories of undead who live beyond it. In a real-life example, the Berlin Wall , constructed by the Soviet Union to divide Berlin into NATO and Warsaw Pact zones of occupation, became a worldwide symbol of oppression and isolation. Another common usage is as a communal surface to write upon. For instance the social networking site Facebook previously used an electronic "wall" to log

1890-438: The TCV (a.k.a. Tin-Can Villages) project, Hönes has created buildings using tin cans, masonite , paint, and wire. The roof is made out of corrugated metal shingles. In this method the cans are stacked vertically, one on top of the other in rows that are placed side by side and secured with wire. They are left exposed and are arranged in a decorative manner. The structures require no foundation, and are said to be able to withstand

1944-403: The builder should continue, but by the next day or even later in the same day building can resume. The materials that go into a tin can wall are simple: mainly tin cans and concrete. Tin cans (now aluminum cans as real tin cans are not as readily available) can be acquired from any recycling center or a local bar. Brick mortar may also be used instead of cement. Once the wall is completed,

1998-437: The cans and the concrete are covered with a layer of cement or adobe mud mixture. What is applied depends on the location of the wall; if it is located in an area where it will be exposed to water (such as in a bathroom or utility room) it will need to be coated with a concrete layer. If it is located in a living room or bedroom, it can be covered with adobe plaster . A tin can wall that has half of its structure outside (such as

2052-408: The concrete must be relatively thick, so as to hold its form and the tin cans in place. A surprisingly large number of cans are required. The method for stacking the cans involves creating a row of cans separated by hand-formed “lumps” of concrete. The layout of a row is can, concrete, can, etc. This is then repeated, except that the alternating pattern is reversed, so that every can is laid on top of

2106-529: The early 1980s as a response to the massive amounts of trash being discarded and the wasteful nature of common building practices. Tin can construction was an attempt to utilize a readily available resource that was normally sent to landfills or recycling centers. This led to various experiments in tin can building, including space-filler between wooden frames in traditional house styles and creating domes and archways using cans and cement. Within time, more simplified and practical methods were developed, such as

2160-413: The local building and/or fire codes. There are three basic methods walls control water intrusion: moisture storage, drained cladding, or face-sealed cladding. Moisture storage is typical of stone and brick mass-wall buildings where moisture is absorbed and released by the walls of the structure itself. Drained cladding also known as screened walls acknowledges moisture will penetrate the cladding so

2214-412: The other side. A dike is a retaining wall, as is a levee , a load-bearing foundation wall, and a sea wall . Special laws often govern walls that neighbouring properties share. Typically, one neighbour cannot alter the common wall if it is likely to affect the building or property on the other side. A wall may also separate apartment or hotel rooms from each other. Each wall has two sides and breaking

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2268-476: The same word to mean an external wall and the internal sides of a room, but this is not universal. Many languages distinguish between the two. In German, some of this distinction can be seen between Wand and Mauer , in Spanish between pared and muro . The word wall originally referred to defensive walls and ramparts . The purposes of walls in buildings are to support roofs , floors and ceilings ; to enclose

2322-531: The scrawls of friends until it was replaced by the "timeline" feature. Tin can wall Tin cans can form the actual fill-in structure (or walls) of a building, as is done with earthships . Tin cans have not been around for a long time, and neither have their building methods. The two main structural methods for building with tin cans are by laying them horizontally in a concrete matrix and by stacking them vertically. Tin can building in New Mexico originated in

2376-416: The security of the property by ensuring that the gate is closed and latched properly. There are various types of gate closers available, including exposed spring devices, gate closers, spring hinges, and self-closing hinges. The appropriate type of closer will depend on the weight and size of the gate, as well as other factors like speed control, weather resistance, and ADA compliance . Wall A wall

2430-422: The spread of fire gives occupants more time to escape and fire fighters more time to extinguish the fire. Some fire walls allow fire resistive window assemblies, and are made of non-combustible material such as concrete, cement block, brick, or fire rated drywall. Wall penetrations are sealed with fire resistive materials. A doorway in a firewall must have a rated fire door . Fire walls provide varying resistance to

2484-474: The spread of fire, (e.g., one, two, three or four hours). Firewalls can also act as smoke barriers when constructed vertically from slab to roof deck and horizontally from an exterior wall to exterior wall subdividing a building into sections. Shear walls resist lateral forces such as in an earthquake or severe wind. There are different kinds of shear walls such as the steel plate shear wall . Knee walls are short walls that either support rafters or add height in

2538-473: The structural elements (such as 2×4 studs in a house wall), insulation , and finish elements or surfaces (such as drywall or panelling ). Mass-walls are of a solid material including masonry , concrete including slipform stonemasonry , log building , cordwood construction , adobe , rammed earth , cob , earthbag construction , bottles , tin cans , straw-bale construction , and ice . Walls may or may not be leadbearing. Walls are required to conform to

2592-527: The test of time. They are made from few materials (the coating method can be more complex than building the wall itself). They use recycled materials and require little or no skill to build. The other tin can wall method that will be briefly described is a system developed by a German artist named Michael Hönes. He has led community rebuilding efforts in Lesotho , Africa using tin cans to create housing and opportunities for Aids orphans and foster mothers. Known as

2646-421: The tin can wall, while the door frame is fastened to the foundation on one side (bottom) and the can wall on three sides. Metal lath and nails are all that is needed, along with a bubble level or similar device. Once the desired height is reached to install a window frame, the wall is leveled. If any cans stick above the level plane they can be flattened to the desired height. Nails and lath sticking out from under

2700-404: The top floor rooms of houses. In a 1 + 1 ⁄ 2 -story house, the knee wall supports the half story . Cavity walls are walls made with a space between two "skins" to inhibit heat transfer. Pony wall (or dwarf wall) is a general term for short walls, such as: Demountable walls fall into 3 different main types: A trombe wall in passive solar building design acts as a heat sink . On

2754-401: The wall can be coated with adobe while the outside is finished with concrete and stucco. A door frame can be built into the can wall, or rather the can wall is built around the frame. The process involves initially having a door frame set in place (on the foundation ) and stacking cans to either side of the frame until they reach the other walls of the building and the ceiling. The door frame

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2808-401: The wall of an entrance to a building) will be coated with cement on the outside and adobe on the inside. The shape of the cans (their pull-tabs , etc.) and the roughness of the cement will provide a lath -like surface for the cement or adobe to stick to. This initial layer is “screeded” (scratched with a tool that creates a ridge-like pattern thereby making it easier to apply another coat) and

2862-405: The window frame holds the bottom of it in place, and the sides and top of the frame are fastened in the same fashion as a door frame. To make a smooth transition from door (or window frame) to tin can wall with plaster , sheets of metal lath are attached to the rim of the frame and folded over the gap between the frame and the can wall. A double-layered wooden frame is therefore required, to give

2916-416: The world, farmers have often pulled large quantities of stone out of their fields to make farming easier and have stacked those stones to make walls that either mark the field boundary, or the property boundary, or both. Retaining walls resist movement of earth, stone, or water. They may be part of a building or external. The ground surface or water on one side of a retaining wall is typically higher than on

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