109-539: William Harrison Clanton (1862 – October 26, 1881) was an outlaw Cowboy in Cochise County , Arizona Territory . He, along with his father Newman Clanton and brother Ike Clanton , worked a ranch near the boomtown of Tombstone , Arizona Territory and stole livestock from Mexico and later U.S. ranchers. He was a member of group of loosely organized outlaws who had ongoing conflicts with lawmen Wyatt , Virgil , and Morgan Earp . The Clantons repeatedly threatened
218-491: A "cowboy." Tombstone resident George Parsons wrote in his diary, "A cowboy is a rustler at times, and a rustler is a synonym for desperado— bandit , outlaw, and horse thief ." The San Francisco Examiner wrote in an editorial, "Cowboys [are] the most reckless class of outlaws in that wild country ... infinitely worse than the ordinary robber." Legal cowmen were usually landowners and generally called herders or ranchers . The term cow-boy, once applied to all those in
327-474: A band might be friends with one village and raid another. When war occurred, the Spanish would send troops; after a battle both sides would "sign a treaty" and go home. The traditional and sometimes treacherous relationships continued after the independence of Mexico in 1821. By 1835 Mexico had placed a bounty on Apache scalps (see scalping ), but certain villages still traded with some bands. When Juan José Compà ,
436-487: A band would leave without permission, to raid, return to their homeland to forage, or to simply get away. The U.S. military usually had forts nearby to keep the bands on the reservations by finding and returning those who left. The reservation policies of the U.S. caused conflict and war with the various Apache bands who left the reservations for almost another quarter century. War between the Apaches and Euro-Americans has led to
545-588: A plains route as well, perhaps concurrently, but to date the earliest evidence has been found in the mountainous Southwest. The Plains Apache have a significant Southern Plains cultural influence. When the Spanish arrived in the area, trade between the long-established Pueblo peoples and the Southern Athabaskan was well established. They reported the Pueblo exchanged maize and woven cotton goods for bison meat, and hides and materials for stone tools. Coronado observed
654-467: A ranch in a valley outside Tombstone that was likely used for selling stolen Mexican beef. He was assisted by his sons Ike , Billy , and Phin Clanton . Old Man Clanton was involved in the robbery, murder, and torture of a number of Mexican smugglers who were ambushed on their way to Tucson in the 1879 Skeleton Canyon Massacre . He was killed on August 13, 1881, by Mexican soldiers in a retaliatory raid along
763-512: A stereotypical focus on certain aspects of Apache cultures. These have often been distorted through misunderstanding of their cultures, as noted by anthropologist Keith Basso : Of the hundreds of peoples that lived and flourished in native North America, few have been so consistently misrepresented as the Apacheans of Arizona and New Mexico. Glorified by novelists, sensationalized by historians, and distorted beyond credulity by commercial film makers,
872-472: A tour of Arizona's eastern and southern counties, recommended suspension of the Posse Comitatus Act to allow the U.S. Army to aid in restoring order. On the basis of the recommendations of Sherman and Tritle, and following consultation with members of the U.S. Senate , President Arthur issued a decree on May 3, 1882, threatening to use military force if the criminal element did not disperse. The use of
981-586: Is about the only place left for them to operate in as an organization. With a complete breaking up of their company threatened in event of losing their hold where they are now, they resist official interference with the greatest desperation. He estimated that the Cowboys numbered nearly 200, and that during his time in Cochise Territory about 50 had been killed. A modern estimate puts the number of Cowboys at about 300. Many modern writers consider them to be one of
1090-515: Is hereby declared unlawful to carry in the hand or upon the person or otherwise any deadly weapon within the limits of said city of Tombstone, without first obtaining a permit in writing. Section 2: This prohibition does not extend to persons immediately leaving or entering the city, who, with good faith, and within reasonable time are proceeding to deposit, or take from the place of deposit such deadly weapon. Section 3: All fire-arms of every description, and bowie knives and dirks, are included within
1199-784: Is now Mexico to be Apache. In addition, an Apache individual has different ways of identification with a group, such as a band or clan, as well as the larger tribe or language grouping, which can add to the difficulties in an outsider comprehending the distinctions. In 1900, the US government classified the members of the Apache tribe in the United States as Pinal Coyotero , Jicarilla , Mescalero , San Carlos , Tonto , and White Mountain Apache. The different groups were located in Arizona, New Mexico, and Oklahoma. In
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#17328584714821308-412: Is politically autonomous. Historically, the Apache homelands have consisted of high mountains, sheltered and watered valleys, deep canyons, deserts, and the southern Great Plains , including areas in what is now Eastern Arizona, Northern Mexico ( Sonora and Chihuahua ) and New Mexico , West Texas , and Southern Colorado . These areas are collectively known as Apacheria . The Apache tribes fought
1417-499: Is the modern name for a loosely associated group of outlaws living in Pima and Cochise County , Arizona in the late 19th century. The term " cowboy ", as opposed to " cowhand ," had only begun to come into wider usage during the 1870s. In that place and time, "cowboy" was synonymous with " cattle rustler ". Such thieves frequently rode across the border into Mexico and stole cattle from Mexican ranches that they then drove back across
1526-657: Is the most divergent dialect, and that Dilzhe'e is a remnant, intermediate member of a dialect continuum that previously spanned from the Western Apache language to the Navajo. John Upton Terrell classifies the Apache into western and eastern groups. In the western group, he includes Toboso, Cholome, Jocome, Sibolo or Cibola, Pelone, Manso, and Kiva or Kofa. He includes Chicame (the earlier term for Hispanized Chicano or New Mexicans of Spanish/ Hispanic and Apache descent) among them as having definite Apache connections or names which
1635-749: The Apache Tribe of Oklahoma . The nine Apache tribes formed a nonprofit organization, the Apache Alliance. Tribal leaders convene at the Apache Alliance Summits, meetings hosted by a different Apache tribe each time. The member tribes are the Apache Tribe of Oklahoma, Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation, Fort Sill Apache Tribe, Jicarilla Apache Tribe, Mescalero Apache Tribe, San Carlos Apache Tribe, Tonto Apache Tribe, White Mountain Apache Tribe, Yavapai-Apache Nation, In 2021, "Lipan Apaches were present" at
1744-784: The Athabaskan language family. Other Athabaskan-speaking people in North America continue to reside in Alaska , western Canada , and the Northwest Pacific Coast . Anthropological evidence suggests that the Apache and Navajo peoples lived in these same northern locales before migrating to the Southwest sometime between AD 1200 and 1500. The Apaches' nomadic way of life complicates accurate dating, primarily because they constructed less substantial dwellings than other Southwestern groups. Since
1853-527: The Gunfight at the O.K. Corral . There remain today conflicting versions of what actually happened and who fired first. Ike Clanton and Billy Claiborne ran away in the opening moments. Billy Clanton emptied his gun during the fight and was killed along with both McLaurys. Doc Holliday, Virgil and Morgan Earp were wounded in the shootout. The town was divided, with many supporting the Clantons, and others supporting
1962-607: The Kiowa . Other names for them include Ná'įįsha, Ná'ęsha, Na'isha, Na'ishandine, Na-i-shan-dina, Na-ishi, Na-e-ca, Ną'ishą́, Nadeicha, Nardichia, Nadíisha-déna, Na'dí'į́shą́ʼ, Nądí'įįshąą, and Naisha. Western Apache include Northern Tonto, Southern Tonto, Cibecue, White Mountain, and San Carlos groups. While these subgroups spoke the same language and had kinship ties, Western Apaches considered themselves as separate from each other, according to Goodwin. Other writers have used this term to refer to all non-Navajo Apachean peoples living west of
2071-604: The Mescalero are headquartered in Mescalero, New Mexico . The Western Apache, located in Arizona, is divided into several reservations, which crosscut cultural divisions. The Western Apache reservations include the Fort Apache Indian Reservation , San Carlos Apache Indian Reservation , Camp Verde Indian Reservation , and Tonto-Apache Reservation . The Chiricahua were divided into two groups after they were released from being prisoners of war. The majority moved to
2180-719: The Nuggett said after the gunfight that the Cowboys' funeral "was the largest ever witnessed in Tombstone." At about 11:30 pm on December 28, 1881, Virgil Earp was ambushed on the streets of Tombstone by hidden assailants shooting from the second story of an unfinished building as he walked from the Oriental Saloon to his room. The Sacramento Daily Record-Union reported that "he was fired upon with double-barreled shotguns, loaded with buckshot, by three men concealed in an unfinished building diagonally across on Allen street." Virgil
2289-686: The Tonkawa tribe in Oklahoma. Historically, they moved from what is now the Southwest into the Southern Plains before 1650. In 1719, French explorer Jean Baptiste Bénard de La Harpe encountered the Lipan Apache near what is now Latimer County, Oklahoma . Some Lipan people were moved further east, into present day Louisiana, largely through enslavement of women & children by Caddo tribes and French Settlers. Upon gaining their freedom, they settled in
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#17328584714822398-604: The United States went to war against Mexico in 1846, many Apache bands promised U.S. soldiers safe passage through their lands. When the U.S. claimed former territories of Mexico in 1846, Mangas Coloradas signed a peace treaty with the nation, respecting them as conquerors of the Mexicans' land. An uneasy peace with U.S. citizens held until the 1850s. An influx of gold miners into the Santa Rita Mountains led to conflict with
2507-514: The invading Spanish and Mexican peoples for centuries. The first Apache raids on Sonora appear to have taken place during the late 17th century. In 19th-century confrontations during the American Indian Wars , the U.S. Army found the Apache to be fierce warriors and skillful strategists. Federally recognized Apache tribes are: The Jicarilla are headquartered in Dulce, New Mexico , while
2616-900: The strongboxes , and strong-armed passengers for their valuables. In some instances they killed drivers and passengers. Tombstone, Arizona , was one of the last frontier towns in the American Old West . Outlaws from all parts of the Western territories felt the pressures of encroaching civilization and the increased presence of lawmen and the courts, backed by growing populations of farmers and citizens desiring law and order. The town had boomed in less than 18 months from about 100 miners living in tents and shacks to more than 7,000 people by December 1, 1879 , when Virgil , Wyatt , and Morgan Earp arrived in Tombstone. Virgil Earp had been appointed Deputy U.S. Marshal for eastern Pima County in Prescott and
2725-538: The 1930s, the anthropologist Greenville Goodwin classified the Western Apache into five groups (based on his informants' views of dialect and cultural differences): White Mountain, Cibecue, San Carlos, North Tonto, and South Tonto. Since then, other anthropologists (e.g. Albert Schroeder ) consider Goodwin's classification inconsistent with pre-reservation cultural divisions. Willem de Reuse finds linguistic evidence supporting only three major groupings: White Mountain, San Carlos, and Dilzhe'e (Tonto). He believes San Carlos
2834-405: The Apache in general. Another theory suggests the term comes from Yavapai ʔpačə meaning "enemy". The Zuni and Yavapai sources are less certain because Oñate used the term before he had encountered any Zuni or Yavapai. A less likely origin may be from Spanish mapache , meaning "raccoon". Modern Apache people use the Spanish term to refer to themselves and tribal functions, and so does
2943-529: The Apache peoples with the Dismal River culture , an archaeological culture known primarily from ceramics and house remains, dated 1675–1725, which has been excavated in Nebraska , eastern Colorado, and western Kansas . Although the first documentary sources mention the Apache, and historians have suggested some passages indicate a 16th-century entry from the north, archaeological data indicate they were present on
3052-485: The Apache. This period is sometimes called the Apache Wars . The United States' concept of a reservation had not been used by the Spanish, Mexicans or other Apache neighbors before. Reservations were often badly managed, and bands that had no kinship relationships were forced to live together. No fences existed to keep people in or out. It was common for a band to be allowed to leave for a short period of time. Other times
3161-591: The Chama on the east to the San Juan on the west. The ultimate origin is uncertain and lost to Spanish history. The first known written record in Spanish is by Juan de Oñate in 1598. The most widely accepted origin theory suggests Apache was borrowed and transliterated from the Zuni word ʔa·paču meaning "Navajos" (the plural of paču "Navajo"). J. P. Harrington reports that čišše·kʷe can also be used to refer to
3270-576: The Cowboys and rural ranchers. He grew to intensely dislike the Earps. Behan tended to ignore the Earps' complaints about the McLaurys' and Clantons' horse thieving and cattle rustling. As officers of the law, the Earps were known to bend the law in their favor when it affected their gambling and saloon interests, which earned them further enmity from the Cowboy faction. Under the surface were other tensions aggravating
3379-408: The Cowboys spread from coast to coast. Well-known members of the group included Ike , Billy , and Phineas Clanton , Frank and Tom McLaury , Curly Bill Brocius , Billy Claiborne , Johnny Ringo , Frank Stilwell , Pony Diehl , Pete Spence , and Harry Head . Virgil Earp thought that some of the Cowboys had met at Charleston, Arizona , and taken "an oath over blood drawn from the arm of Ringo,
Billy Clanton - Misplaced Pages Continue
3488-460: The Cowboys under control. In a report to Washington, D.C., in September 1881, Gosper expressed his dismay with both lawmen: The cowboy element at times very fully predominates, and the officers of the law are either unable or unwilling to control this class of outlaws, sometimes being governed by fear, at other times by a hope of reward. At Tombstone, the county seat of Cochise County, I conferred with
3597-549: The Cowboys were "saddlers", men who lived in the saddle. Their primary occupation was raiding haciendas in Sonora , Mexico, for cattle. They sold the cattle in Tombstone to cooperative butchers. When they couldn't find cattle to steal, they robbed stages and engaged "in similar enterprises". He said that as soon as they had money to spend, they roared into Tombstone to spend it freely in the saloons, brothels, and " faro banks". The Cowboys' generous spending habits earned them friends among
3706-584: The Deputy US Marshal, Mr. Earp, I found precisely the same spirit of complaint existing against Mr. Behan (the Sheriff) and his deputies. Many of the very best law-abiding and peace-loving citizens have no confidence in the willingness of the civil officers to pursue and bring to justice that element of outlawry so largely disturbing the sense of security, and so often committing highway robbery and smaller thefts. The opinion in Tombstone and elsewhere in that part of
3815-425: The Earps because they interfered with the Cowboys' illegal activities. On October 26, 1881, Billy, Tom McLaury , and Frank McLaury were killed in the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral in the town of Tombstone. His brother Ike was unarmed and ran from the gunfight. The shootout was his only gunfight. Ike filed murder charges against the Earps, who were later exonerated as having acted within their duty as lawmen. Clanton
3924-671: The Earps. The funeral that followed was the largest in Tombstone's history, with more than 300 people following the hearse and 2,000 watching from the city's sidewalks. The three Cowboys were buried in the Boot Hill cemetery. William McLaury, Frank and Tom's brother, tried to indict the Earps for killing the Cowboys. He wrote in a letter during the preliminary hearing that the two brothers and Billy Clanton were preparing to come to Fort Worth, Texas to visit after selling their cattle. On screen Billy has been portrayed by James Ferrara in Tombstone,
4033-706: The Gulf of Mexico and Rio Grande. In the mid-18th century, some Lipan settled in and near Spanish missions in Texas . Clashes with Comanche forced them into southern Texas and northern Mexico. Briefly in the late 1830s, the Lipan allied with the Republic of Texas ; however, after Texas gained statehood in 1846, the Americans waged a brutal campaign against the Lipan, destroying Lipan villages and trying to force them from Texas. Most were forced onto
4142-476: The McLaurys and the Clantons to be outlaw cowboys. Billy Claiborne fled the Tombstone gunfight and later claimed he was unarmed. Frank McLaury was known as a good shot. Ike Clanton was not well liked because of his drunkenness. His brother Billy was considered level-headed and hard-working. Some townspeople were particularly fond of young Tom McLaury. Billy Clanton and the McLaurys were landowners and commanded some respect in town. The men were so popular that
4251-646: The Mescalero Reservation and formed, with the larger Mescalero political group, the Mescalero Apache Tribe of the Mescalero Reservation , along with the Lipan Apache . The other Chiricahua are enrolled in the Fort Sill Apache Tribe of Oklahoma , headquartered in Apache, Oklahoma . The Plains Apache are located in Oklahoma, headquartered around Anadarko , and are federally recognized as
4360-704: The Mescalero Reservation and some went to Oklahoma. Mescaleros primarily live in Eastern New Mexico. A full list of documented plant uses by the Mescalero tribe can be found at http://naeb.brit.org/uses/tribes/11/ (which also includes the Chiricahua; 198 documented plant uses) and http://naeb.brit.org/uses/tribes/12/ (83 documented uses). Plains Apache (Kiowa-Apache, Naisha, Naʼishandine) are headquartered in Southwest Oklahoma. Historically, they followed
4469-610: The Mexican border at Guadalupe Canyon . Ike Clanton repeatedly threatened the Earps and Doc Holliday in the days leading up to the shoot-out on October 26 at the OK Corral. Unarmed, he ran from the gunfight. Frank Stilwell had previously been accused and acquitted of two murders. He was named a deputy county sheriff by Cochise County Sheriff Johnny Behan in April 1881. He was dismissed four months later for "accounting irregularities" relating to
Billy Clanton - Misplaced Pages Continue
4578-471: The O.K. Corral. He was suspected of involvement in numerous robberies and cattle rustling and of involvement in the theft of US Army mules, along with Sherman McMaster . McMaster had been a Texas Ranger in 1878–79, during which time his unit captured and held Curly Bill Brocius as prisoner for five months. He was also accused of stealing U.S. Army mules and of robbing a stage with outlaw Pony Diehl. The Clanton family, led by Newman Haynes Clanton , had
4687-452: The Plains and in the mountainous Southwest indicate that the people took multiple early migration routes. In general, the recently arrived Spanish colonists, who settled in villages, and Apache bands developed a pattern of interaction over a few centuries. Both raided and traded with each other. Records of the period seem to indicate that relationships depended on the specific villages and bands:
4796-467: The Plains people wintering near the Pueblo in established camps. Later Spanish sovereignty over the area disrupted trade between the Pueblo and the diverging Apache and Navajo groups. The Apache quickly acquired horses, improving their mobility for quick raids on settlements. In addition, the Pueblo were forced to work Spanish mission lands and care for mission flocks; they had fewer surplus goods to trade with their neighbors. In 1540, Coronado reported that
4905-553: The Rio Grande (thus failing to distinguish the Chiricahua from the other Apacheans). Goodwin's formulation: "all those Apache peoples who have lived within the present boundaries of the state of Arizona during historic times with the exception of the Chiricahua, Warm Springs, and allied Apache, and a small band of Apaches known as the Apache Mansos, who lived in the vicinity of Tucson ." The Apache and Navajo speak related languages of
5014-518: The Sheriff upon the subject of breaking up these bands of outlaws, and I am sorry to say he gave me but little hope of being able in his department to cope with the power of the cowboys. He represented to me that the Deputy U.S. Marshal, resident of Tombstone, and the city Marshal for the same, seemed unwilling to heartily cooperate with him in capturing and bringing to justice these outlaws. In conversation with
5123-519: The Southern Athabaskan, adapted many of their neighbors' technology and practices into their own cultures. Thus sites where early Southern Athabaskans may have lived are difficult to locate and even more difficult to firmly identify as culturally Southern Athabaskan. Recent advances have been made in the regard in the far southern portion of the American Southwest. There are several hypotheses about Apache migrations. One posits that they moved into
5232-505: The Southwest from the Great Plains. In the mid-16th century, these mobile groups lived in tents, hunted bison and other game, and used dogs to pull travois loaded with their possessions. Substantial numbers of the people and a wide range were recorded by the Spanish in the 16th century. In April 1541, while traveling on the plains east of the Pueblo region, Francisco Coronado referred to
5341-518: The Spanish associated with the Apache. In a detailed study of New Mexico Catholic Church records, David M. Brugge identifies 15 tribal names that the Spanish used to refer to the Apache. These were drawn from records of about 1,000 baptisms from 1704 to 1862. The list below is based on Foster and McCollough (2001), Opler (1983b, 1983c, 2001), and de Reuse (1983). The term Apache refers to six major Apache-speaking groups: Chiricahua, Jicarilla, Lipan, Mescalero, Plains, and Western Apache. Historically,
5450-471: The Territory is quite prevalent that the civil officers are quite largely in league with the leaders of this disturbing and dangerous element. Something must be done, and that right early, or very grave results will follow. It is an open disgrace to American liberty and the peace and security of her citizens, that such a state of affairs should exist. To counter the ongoing problems with weapons in Tombstone,
5559-935: The Town Too Tough to Die (1942), John Ireland in My Darling Clementine (1946), Dennis Hopper in Gunfight at the O.K. Corral (1957), Ralph Reed and Gary Gray in The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp (1957–1960), David Cole in the Doctor Who episode The Gunfighters (1966), Bruce M. Fischer in Doc , Thomas Haden Church in Tombstone (1993), Gabriel Folse in Wyatt Earp (1994), and Billy Byrk in Wynonna Earp (2020). Cochise County Cowboys The Cochise County Cowboys
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#17328584714825668-521: The U.S. Army in a search. They found the animals on the McLaurys' ranch on the Babacomari River. They also found the branding iron used to change the "US" brand to "D8". Frank Patterson and other Cowboys promised to return the mules but showed up two days later without the animals and laughed at the lawmen. Pony Diehl was mentioned in the records of the events leading up to and after the Gunfight at
5777-573: The U.S. Army to enforce the law was not necessary, as the outlaw cowboy problem diminished over the next few months. Apache The Apache ( / ə ˈ p æ tʃ i / ə- PATCH -ee ) are several Southern Athabaskan language –speaking peoples of the Southwest , the Southern Plains and Northern Mexico . They are linguistically related to the Navajo . They migrated from the Athabascan homelands in
5886-419: The US government. However, Apache language speakers also refer to themselves and their people in the Apache term Indé meaning "person" or "people". A related Southern Athabascan–speaking tribe, the Navajo, refer to themselves as the Diné . The fame of the tribes' tenacity and fighting skills, probably bolstered by dime novels , was widely known among Europeans. In early 20th century Parisian society,
5995-456: The biggest city in the county and the county seat, its city council passed an ordinance on April 19, 1881, that prohibited carrying a deadly weapon in town. It required everyone to deposit weapons at a livery or saloon soon after entering town. As City Marshal, Virgil Earp was charged with enforcing this ordinance. Effective April 19, 1881, Tombstone City Ordinance Number 9 states: To Provide against Carrying of Deadly Weapons Section 1. It
6104-499: The border into Arizona and were ambushed. Johnny Ringo later said that Old Man Clanton and his sons Ike and Billy were among the murderers. On August 13, 1881, Billy's father was killed in an ambush Guadalupe Canyon by Mexican Rurales . The Clanton sons continued operating the ranch. On October 25, 1881, Ike, Billy, and the McLaury brothers headed to Tombstone after working to gather scattered cattle, lost during an earlier Apache raid. The events that transpired over that night and
6213-448: The border to sell in the United States . Some modern writers consider them to be an early form of organized crime in America. In response, the Mexican government eventually lowered tariffs and added forts along the border making cross-border rustling and smuggling less attractive. The Cowboys then began to steal cattle and horses from neighboring American ranches, reselling them to unscrupulous butchers. They held up stagecoaches , stole
6322-440: The businessmen in town, who welcomed them. There the Cowboys freely expressed their opinions publicly, loudly, and with little opposition. When the Cowboys broke the law, the businessmen feared alienating their customers and hesitated to support lawmen when they confronted cattle thieves or stage robbers. Virgil Earp said that a lawman "doing his duty must rely almost entirely upon his own conscience for encouragement. The sympathy of
6431-431: The cattle business indiscriminately, while still including some honest persons, has been narrowed down to be chiefly a term of reproach for a class of stealers of cattle, over the Mexican frontier, and elsewhere, who are a terror in their day and generation. There were said to be strongholds in the San Simon Valley where the bandits concealed stolen cattle until they were rebranded and sent to market, and where no officer of
6540-538: The cattle. They have dogs which they load to carry their tents, poles, and belongings. The Spanish described Plains dogs as very white, with black spots, and "not much larger than water spaniels." Plains dogs were slightly smaller than those used for hauling loads by modern Inuit and northern First Nations people in Canada. Recent experiments show these dogs may have pulled loads up to 50 pounds (20 kg) on long trips, at rates as high as two or three miles per hour (3 to 5 km/h). The Plains migration theory associates
6649-416: The collection of taxes. Law enforcement officers who came into conflict with the Cowboys included Fred White , who was killed by Curly Bill Brocius in what was ruled an accidental shooting. Virgil Earp was at times both U.S. Deputy Marshal for the Southeast Arizona Territory and Tombstone City Marshal. Wyatt Earp had been the Pima County deputy sheriff from June to November 1880 . On June 28, 1881, Virgil
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#17328584714826758-410: The corral. I told him that he could not take him out, that it was my horse. After the papers came, he gave the horse up without the papers being served, and asked me if I had any more horses to lose." In July 1879, several rustlers attacked a rancho in northern Sonora , Mexico, killing several of the inhabitants. Hunting the murderers, Mexican Rurales led by Commandant Francisco Neri illegally crossed
6867-550: The cowboy gang threatened the lives of Mayor Clum, Judge Spicer, Marshall Williams, agent of Wells, Fargo & Co., Earp and Holliday, and this is an attempt to carry the threats into execution." At 10:50 pm on Saturday, March 18, 1882, after returning from a musical at Schieffelin Hall , Morgan Earp was playing a late round of billiards at the Campbell & Hatch Billiard Parlor against owner Bob Hatch. Dan Tipton, Sherman McMaster, and Wyatt watched, having received threats that same day. An assailant shot Morgan through
6976-465: The cowboys before the Gunfight at the OK Corral. After the gunfight on October 26, 1881, in which three Cowboys died, the Earps and Holliday had to defend themselves against murder charges filed by Ike Clanton. The defendants cited the weapons ordinance during the preliminary hearing held by Justice Wells Spicer . In his ruling exonerating the lawmen of murder, Judge Spicer described Frank McLaury 's insistence that he would not give up his weapons unless
7085-416: The early 21st century, substantial progress has been made in dating and distinguishing their dwellings and other forms of material culture. They left behind a more austere set of tools and material goods than other Southwestern cultures. The Athabaskan-speaking group probably moved into areas that were concurrently occupied or recently abandoned by other cultures. Other Athabaskan speakers, perhaps including
7194-635: The end of the Civil War . Clanton's mother died in 1866. Clanton moved with his family in 1873 to Pima County , Arizona Territory , and then to Charleston . His father started the "Clanton Ranch" in 1877. In the same year prospector Ed Schieffelin discovered silver in the hills east of the San Pedro River on a plateau known as Goose Flats, less than 15 miles (24 km) from the Clanton ranch. The boom town of Tombstone grew within two years from less than 100 to more than 7,000 residents. Billy Clanton and his brother Ike often went into Tombstone on weekends, and he did business in Tombstone associated with
7303-471: The first and earliest forms of organized crime syndicates in American history. Many of the ranchers and cowboys who lived in the countryside were resentful of the growing power of industrialists from northern states, who increasingly influenced local politics and law in the county. The ranchers largely maintained control of the country around Tombstone, in large part because of the sympathetic support of Cochise County Sheriff Johnny Behan , who favored
7412-408: The first chief and Cuchillo Negro the second chief of the whole Tchihende or Mimbreño people) conducted a series of retaliatory raids against the Mexicans. By 1856, authorities in horse-rich Durango would claim that Indian raids (mostly Comanche and Apache) in their state had taken nearly 6,000 lives, abducted 748 people, and forced the abandonment of 358 settlements over the previous 20 years. When
7521-414: The horse being ridden down the street and placed in a corral. He stabled his horse at another corral and telegraphed James Earp in Tombstone to send up ownership papers for the horse to Charleston. Warren Earp brought the papers out that night. Earp testified in a later court hearing, "While I was waiting for the papers, Billy Clanton found out that I was in town and went and tried to take the horse out of
7630-544: The hotel. "One shot struck him above the groin, coming out near the spine." The humerus bone in his upper arm was longitudinally fractured. The Los Angeles Daily Herald reported that the "cow-boys are bent on vengeance for the slaughter of their compañeros a few weeks ago." "The doctor says there are four chances in five that he will die." Virgil upper left arm was shattered, and a doctor removed 5.5 inches (140 mm) of humerus bone and his elbow, leaving his arm useless. The Sacramento Daily Record-Union wrote that "Long ago
7739-421: The law dared to venture. They looked upon rustling cattle from Mexico only as a more dashing form of smuggling, though it was marked by frequent bloody conflicts on both sides. On September 16, 1881, thirty days before the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral , The Tombstone Epitaph wrote about the "Cow-boy Nuisance" in Arizona: It has come to pass in this county that life and personal property are unsafe; even in
7848-476: The law, while others, not inclined to work, daily join the band and they are increasing fast in numbers. Our town is filled with spies watching every move of the officers and imparting their information to their comrades... Men who come to examine different mines outside of town, when they learn how the cow-boys stand fellows up, do not wish to run such risks; they quietly take the road they came and get into civilization as soon as possible. The notoriety and power of
7957-603: The leader of the Copper Mines Mimbreño Apaches , was killed for bounty money in 1837, Mangas Coloradas (Red Sleeves) or Dasoda-hae (He just sits there) became the principal chief and war leader; also in 1837 Soldado Fiero (a.k.a. Fuerte), leader of the Warm Springs Mimbreño Apaches , was killed by Mexican soldiers near Janos, and his son Cuchillo Negro (Black Knife) became the principal chief and war leader. They (being now Mangas Coloradas
8066-508: The leader, that they would kill us." Three Cowboys were killed by lawmen in the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral on October 26, 1881. Others were later accused of trying to kill Virgil Earp and of assassinating Morgan Earp . Wyatt Earp's posse killed four more Cowboys when they ran down those identified as taking part in the attacks on his brothers. Virgil Earp told the Arizona Daily Star on May 30, 1882, that: They know that Arizona
8175-407: The marshal and his deputies also gave up their arms as a "proposition both monstrous and startling!" Virgil Earp had been appointed the Deputy U.S. Marshal for eastern Pima County on November 27 , 1880, before he arrived in Tombstone. Wyatt Earp was appointed assistant sheriff for Pima County from July 27 to November 9 , 1880. After Town Marshal Fred White was killed on October 30 , 1880, Virgil
8284-524: The modern Western Apache area was uninhabited, although some scholars have argued that he simply did not see the American Indians. Other Spanish explorers first mention "Querechos" living west of the Rio Grande in the 1580s. To some historians, this implies the Apaches moved into their current Southwestern homelands in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. Other historians note that Coronado reported that Pueblo women and children had often been evacuated by
8393-471: The next day have various versions. Ike had repeated confrontations with the Earps and Doc Holliday. On October 26, 1881, events came to a head when Billy and Ike got together with Billy Claiborne and brothers Tom and Frank McLaury at the Dexter Corral. When they were seen in town "heeled" (armed), anxious citizens warned the Earps. Upon attempting to disarm the Cowboys, a shootout broke out, later named
8502-659: The north into the Southwest between 1000 and 1500 CE. Apache bands include the Chiricahua , Jicarilla , Lipan , Mescalero , Mimbreño , Salinero , Plains , and Western Apache ( Aravaipa , Pinaleño , Coyotero , and Tonto ). Today, Apache tribes and reservations are headquartered in Arizona , New Mexico , Texas , and Oklahoma , while in Mexico the Apache are settled in Sonora, Chihuahua, Coahuila and areas of Tamaulipas . Each tribe
8611-412: The outlaw cowboys waned. Arizona Territory Governor Frederick Tritle visited Tombstone on April 3, 1882, and put a posse of 30 men under the command of Deputy U.S. Marshal J.H. Jackson. Because Arizona was still a territory, Congress approved all of its expenditures. Tritle telegraphed President Chester A. Arthur and asked for an appropriation of $ 150,000 from Congress to pay for the costs of rooting out
8720-473: The owner of the Oriental Saloon, was also from Dodge City. Other known Cowboys included Billy Claiborne , Curly Bill Brocius , Johnny Ringo , Frank Patterson, Milt Hicks , Bill Hicks , Bill Johnson , Ed Lyle , and Johnny Lyle . In February 1882 , Diehl was running from the law, as a warrant was issued for his arrest relating to a January 1882 stagecoach robbery. He eventually was arrested for numerous crimes, including cattle rustling and robbery, and
8829-566: The people as "dog nomads ." He wrote: After seventeen days of travel, I came upon a 'rancheria' of the Indians who follow these cattle (bison). These natives are called Querechos. They do not cultivate the land, but eat raw meat and drink the blood of the cattle they kill. They dress in the skins of the cattle, with which all the people in this land clothe themselves, and they have very well-constructed tents, made with tanned and greased cowhides, in which they live and which they take along as they follow
8938-470: The plains long before this first reported contact. A competing theory posits their migration south, through the Rocky Mountains , ultimately reaching the American Southwest by the 14th century or perhaps earlier. An archaeological material culture assemblage identified in this mountainous zone as ancestral Apache has been referred to as the "Cerro Rojo complex". This theory does not preclude arrival via
9047-559: The popular image of 'the Apache'—a brutish, terrifying semi-human bent upon wanton death and destruction—is almost entirely a product of irresponsible caricature and exaggeration. Indeed, there can be little doubt that the Apache has been transformed from a native American into an American legend, the fanciful and fallacious creation of a non-Indian citizenry whose inability to recognize the massive treachery of ethnic and cultural stereotypes has been matched only by its willingness to sustain and inflate them. In 1875, United States military forced
9156-412: The prohibition of this ordinance. The initial version of Ordinance No. 9, in effect in April, 1880 unintentionally allowed individuals to carry deadly weapons in plain sight , only banning concealed weapons . It had little effect and the later version was passed with the intent to prevent carrying any deadly weapons without a permit. The revised version was in effect when Virgil Earp attempted to disarm
9265-497: The ranch, alongside the two McLaury brothers. By most accounts, Ike was not well liked in and around Tombstone because he was a drunk and a braggart . A few days after Wyatt Earp 's arrival in Tombstone in December 1879, one of his prized horses was stolen. He heard several times that the Clantons had his horse. Almost a year later he got a tip that it had been seen at the Clanton's ranch near Charleston. Earp rode to their ranch and saw
9374-484: The removal of an estimated 1,500 Yavapai and Dilzhe'e Apache (better known as Tonto Apache ) from the Rio Verde Indian Reserve and its several thousand acres of treaty lands promised to them by the United States government. At the orders of Indian Commissioner L. E. Dudley, U.S. Army troops made the people, young and old, walk through winter-flooded rivers, mountain passes and narrow canyon trails to get to
9483-516: The respectable portion of the community may be with him but it is not openly expressed." The lines were not always distinct between the outlaw element and law enforcement. Doc Holliday had a reputation as a killer. He was friends with Bill Leonard, who was implicated in a stagecoach robbery. On March 15 , 1881, three Cowboys tried to rob a Kinnear & Company stagecoach carrying US$ 26,000 in silver bullion (about $ 820,883 in today's dollars) near Drew's Station, just outside Contention City . It
9592-611: The same area, present day St. Martin (Prairie Marron) & Lafayette Parishes (Bayou Tortue), along the Vermilion (aka "Red") River. Two groups, Tcic n’ti óané (Trees Tall Standing People) & Gocłic Łit’xuné (People of the Red Mud) merged to form the Canneci Tinné , who continue to occupy this territory. They were mentioned in 1718 records as being near the newly established town of San Antonio, Texas . They expanded into Texas and south
9701-574: The same area. Most commonly, Europeans learned to identify the tribes by translating their exonym , what another group whom the Europeans encountered first called the Apache peoples. Europeans often did not learn what the peoples called themselves, their autonyms . While anthropologists agree on some traditional major subgrouping of Apaches, they have often used different criteria to name finer divisions, and these do not always match modern Apache groupings. Some scholars do not consider groups residing in what
9810-505: The scene of Virgil's shooting, but on February 2 , 1882, seven Cowboys provided him with an alibi, saying that he was in Charleston at the time. Charges were dismissed for lack of evidence. Pete Spence , Frederick Bode , Frank Stilwell , "Indian Charlie" Cruz , and one other individual were identified as suspects in Morgan's murder. The judge could not indict them because the primary witness
9919-453: The simmering distrust. Most of the Cowboys were Democrats and Confederate sympathizers from southern states, especially Texas. They considered the business owners and the lawmen, especially the Earps, to be Northern Republican carpetbaggers . Traditional, southern-style, " small-government " agrarianism of the rural bandit cowboys conflicted with Northern-style " big-government " oriented towards development. According to Virgil Earp,
10028-572: The summit. Apaches first encountered European and African people, when they met conquistadors from the Spanish Empire , and thus the term Apache has its roots in the Spanish language. The Spanish first used the term Apachu de Nabajo (Navajo) in the 1620s, referring to people in the Chama region east of the San Juan River . By the 1640s, they applied the term to Southern Athabaskan peoples from
10137-651: The term has also been applied to the Comanches , Mojaves , Hualapais , and Yavapais , none of whom speak Apache languages. The Jicarilla primarily live in Northern New Mexico and Southern Colorado. The term jicarilla comes from the Spanish word for "little gourd." Lipan (Ypandes) primarily live in New Mexico today on the Mescalero Apache Reservation . Other Lipan Apache descendants merged with
10246-511: The time his party attacked their dwellings, and that he saw some dwellings had been recently abandoned as he moved up the Rio Grande. This might indicate the semi-nomadic Southern Athabaskan had advance warning about his hostile approach and evaded encounter with the Spanish. Archaeologists are finding ample evidence of an early proto-Apache presence in the Southwestern mountain zone in the 15th century and perhaps earlier. The Apache presence on both
10355-568: The town of Tombstone it seems as if one of the leading industries is to be destroyed. There is not a teamster to-day who is not in fear and dread of the cow-boys, or so-styled "rustlers" depriving him of his hard earnings... How must such men feel to be robbed by a hand of thieves and cutthroats, who take pride in announcing to the public that they are "rustlers!" Where is the teamsters protection? Can you find any officers who will follow, arrest and recover your property? If you can, I would like to see him... These chaps seem to have no difficulty in evading
10464-407: The unlawful elements. He also asked for the power to suspend local officials for six months. The U.S. Congress was unwilling to allocate the funds needed to form such a group. Unable to create a group of rangers, Tritle instead called for the formation of volunteer militia to pursue hostile groups of Apache . To combat the depredations of the outlaw cowboys, General William T. Sherman , following
10573-436: The upper half of a four-pane windowed door that opened onto a dark alley. Morgan, about 10 feet (3.0 m) from the door, was struck in the right side and the bullet shattered his spine, passed through his left side, and entered the thigh of mining foreman George A. B. Berry. Another bullet lodged in the wall near the ceiling over Wyatt's head. Several men rushed into the alley but found the shooter had fled. After Morgan
10682-451: The word Apache was adopted into French, essentially meaning an outlaw. The term Apachean includes the related Navajo people . Many of the historical names of Apache groups that were recorded by non-Apache are difficult to match to modern-day tribes or their subgroups. Over the centuries, many Spanish, French and English-speaking authors did not differentiate between Apache and other semi-nomadic non-Apache peoples who might pass through
10791-559: Was Spence's wife, giving him protection under the law on spousal privilege . The Cowboys went free. Wyatt decided he had to take matters into his own hands. Newly named as Deputy US Marshal to replace Virgil, he assembled a posse including Warren Earp , Doc Holliday , and several cowboys. "Turkey Creek" Jack Johnson and Sherman McMaster guarded Virgil on his way to the train station in Tucson. The posse found Frank Stilwell lying in wait and killed him. A second person, possibly Ike Clanton,
10900-497: Was also seen but escaped. When Pima County issued warrants for the arrest of the Earps in the murder of Frank Stilwell in the Tucson railyards, Sheriff Behan deputized Johnny Ringo , Pete Spence , Johnny Barnes and about 17 other Cowboys to pursue and arrest the Earps. They were unsuccessful. Bat Masterson and Luke Short were faro dealers for Wyatt for a while at the Oriental Saloon, but both left in April 1881 . Lou Rickabaugh ,
11009-560: Was appointed by Tombstone Mayor John Clum as the permanent Tombstone City Marshal and was paid $ 150.00 per month. He was to enforce all town ordinances, including the city's ban against carrying a deadly weapon. John J. Gosper , Secretary of State for the Arizona Territory and acting governor after John C. Frémont 's virtual abandonment of his post, interviewed both Sheriff Behan and Deputy U.S. Marshal (and Town Marshal) Virgil Earp. Behan and Earp blamed each other for failing to bring
11118-504: Was appointed to replace him, gaining the position permanently on June 2 , 1881. He hired his brother Morgan as a deputy town marshal and occasionally called on Wyatt for assistance. The Earps had repeated conflicts with some of the Cowboys, particularly Ike Clanton , Frank McLaury , and Tom McLaury . This tension eventually resulted in the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral, on October 26 , 1881. Frank, Tom, and Billy Clanton were killed during that shootout. Most historians have considered
11227-503: Was born in Hamilton County, Texas , one of seven children of Newman Haynes Clanton and his wife Mariah Sexton (Kelso) Clanton: John Wesley, Joseph Isaac , Phineas Fay, Alonzo Peter, Mary Elise and Ester Ann. His father worked at times as a day laborer, a gold miner, a farmer, and by the late 1870s, a cattleman in Arizona Territory . In 1851 Newman Clanton moved his family to Adams County, Illinois. The family moved to California after
11336-500: Was convicted and sentenced to five years in prison at Santa Fe, New Mexico . He escaped in February 1885 but was recaptured after four days. He was returned to prison and not released until March 1887, at which point his name disappeared from public records; by some accounts he died in a gunfight. With the deaths of several Cowboy leaders and the departure of the Earp family, the dominance of
11445-439: Was directed to relocate to Tombstone to concentrate on suppressing the Cowboys' illegal activities. He arrived with his brothers Wyatt and Morgan . Wyatt looked for business opportunities. When those didn't work out, Wyatt Earp started riding shotgun for Wells, Fargo & Co. , guarding their silver bullion shipments. He was appointed as a Pima County deputy sheriff from June 1880 until November of that year, and Virgil Earp
11554-412: Was en route from Tombstone to Benson, Arizona , the nearest rail terminal. The Cowboys were later identified as Bill Leonard, Harry "The Kid" Head , and Jim Crane, assisted by Luther King. The brothers Frank and Tom McLaury had a ranch outside Tombstone, which they may have used to receive and sell stolen Mexican cattle. When six U.S. Army mules were stolen from Camp Rucker , Wyatt Earp assisted
11663-514: Was hired as Tombstone's city marshal in June 1881. The word cowboy did not begin to come into wider usage until the 1870s. The men who drove cattle for a living were usually called cowhands, drovers, or stockmen. While cowhands were still respected in West Texas, in Cochise County the outlaws' crimes and their notoriety grew such that during the 1880s it was an insult to call a legitimate cattleman
11772-466: Was hit in the back and left arm by three loads of buckshot from about 60 feet (18 m). The Crystal Palace Saloon and the Eagle Brewery beyond Virgil were struck by nineteen buckshot; three passed through the window and one about a foot over the heads of some men standing by a faro-table. George Parsons wrote that he heard "four shots in quick succession." Critically wounded, Virgil staggered into
11881-734: Was shot, his brothers tried to help him stand, but Morgan said "Don't, I can't stand it. This is the last game of pool I'll ever play." Morgan died less than an hour after he was shot. The main suspects in the ambush of Virgil Earp were Ike and Phin Clanton, and Pony Diehl. Wyatt was appointed as Deputy U.S. Marshal to replace Virgil; in turn, he deputized Sherman McMaster , "Turkey Creek" Jack Johnson , Origen Charles, Smith and Daniel "Tip" Tipton. On January 23 , 1882, Wyatt Earp obtained arrest warrants for Ike and Phin Clanton and Pony Diehl and led his posse after them. The lawmen searched in Charleston but were unsuccessful. Ike's hat had been found at
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