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91-589: The gunfight at the O.K. Corral pitted lawmen against members of a loosely organized group of cattle rustlers and horse thieves called the Cowboys on October 26, 1881. While lasting less than a minute, the gunfight has been the subject of books and films into the 21st century. Taking place in the town of Tombstone in Arizona Territory, the battle has become one archetype of the American Old West . The gunfight

182-406: A bowling alley, four churches, an ice house , a school, an opera house , two banks, three newspapers, and an ice cream parlor, along with 110 saloons , fourteen gambling halls , and numerous brothels , all situated among a number of dirty, hardscrabble mines. Horse rustlers and bandits from the countryside often came to town, and shootings were frequent. In the 1880s, the theft of cattle and

273-535: A handbill in which he named Frank McLaury as specifically assisting with hiding the mules. He re-printed this in The Tombstone Epitaph on July 30, 1880. Virgil later said that McLaury had asked him if he had posted the handbills. When Virgil said he had not, McLaury said if Virgil had printed the handbills it was Frank's intention to kill Virgil. He warned Virgil, "If you ever again follow us as close as you did, then you will have to fight anyway." This incident

364-491: A livery or saloon soon after entering town. To Provide against Carrying of Deadly Weapons Section 1 . It is hereby declared unlawful to carry in the hand or upon the person or otherwise any deadly weapon within the limits of said city of Tombstone, without first obtaining a permit in writing. Section 2 : This prohibition does not extend to persons immediately leaving or entering the city, who, with good faith, and within reasonable time are proceeding to deposit, or take from

455-421: A boxer and was reputed to be an expert with a pistol . According to author Leo Silva, Earp showed no fear of any man. Wyatt had been an assistant marshal when he and policeman James Masterson , along with a few other citizens, fired their pistols at several cowboys who were fleeing town after shooting up a theater. A member of the group, George Hoyt (sometimes spelled Hoy), was shot in the arm and died of his wound

546-552: A class of officers (i.e. Conservation Officers, Park Rangers and Commercial Vehicle Safety and Enforcement) to be peace officers. United States federal law enforcement personnel include but are not limited to the following: In addition, many departments in the U.S. Federal Government contain Inspector Generals who are able to appoint criminal investigators to work under them. For an exhaustive list of all federal law enforcement, you can find it on Federal law enforcement in

637-410: A contaminant in chalcopyrite and galena , important ores of copper and lead , respectively. Some ores are actually mined explicitly for their silver value vs. the silver being a byproduct of other metals. However, silver is only found rarely in a native form as nuggets, in placer deposits, and veins. Methods for mining silver change for every body of ore. The method that's chosen depends on

728-546: A deputy took Brocius in a wagon the next day to Tucson to stand trial, possibly saving him from being lynched . Wyatt testified that he thought the shooting was accidental. It was also demonstrated that Brocius's pistol could be fired from half-cock . Fred White left a statement before he died two days later that the shooting was not intentional. Based on the evidence presented, Brocius was not charged with White's death. The Tombstone council convened and appointed Virgil Earp as "temporary assistant city marshal" to replace White for

819-474: A fearless lawman in the American Old West and the legend of the "Gunfight at the O.K. Corral" in the public consciousness. But Lake and many others in the popular media wildly exaggerated Wyatt's role as the central figure in the gunfight. It was only discovered much later that Wyatt Earp: Frontier Marshal , based on eight interviews with Earp, was largely fictional. The book and later Hollywood portrayals embellished Wyatt's reputation and magnified his mystique as

910-743: A handful of which are still active today. The first major silver ore deposits in the United States were discovered at the Comstock Lode in Virginia City, Nevada , in 1859. By the 1870's, silver production had increased from 40 millions ounces per year to 80 million. From 1872 to 1920, a surge of technological innovation increased global silver production to 120 million ounces produced per year. New silver deposits had been discovered in Australia, Canada, United States, Africa, Mexico, Chile, and Japan, and by

1001-563: A large, loose association of cattle smugglers and horse thieves known as the Cowboys, outlaws who had been implicated in various crimes. Ike Clanton was prone to drinking heavily and threatened the Earp brothers numerous times. Tombstone resident George Parson wrote in his diary, "A Cowboy is a rustler at times, and a rustler is a synonym for desperado — bandit , outlaw, and horse thief." The San Francisco Examiner wrote in an editorial, "Cowboys [are]

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1092-497: A law enforcement officer is tasked with, but may or may not be armed with a weapon. The term peace officer in some jurisdictions is interchangeable with law enforcement officer or police officer, but in others peace officer is a totally separate legal designation with quasi-police powers. In Canada, the Criminal Code (R.S., c. C-34, s. 2.) defines a peace officer as: Peace officer includes Section (b) allows for designation as

1183-492: A living as a gambler since late 1879. There, he first met future Tombstone sheriff Johnny Behan , a sometime gambler and saloon owner. In late September 1880, Holliday followed the Earps to Tombstone. The ranch owned by Newman Haynes Clanton near Charleston, Arizona was believed to be the local center for the Cowboys' illegal activities. Tom and Frank McLaury worked with the rustlers buying and selling stolen cattle. Many of

1274-507: A month later. Wyatt always claimed to have been the one to shoot Hoyt, although it could have been anyone among the lawmen. Wyatt had developed a reputation as a no-nonsense, hard-nosed lawman, but prior to the gunfight he had been involved in only one other shooting, in Dodge City, Kansas, during the summer of 1878. The 1931 book Wyatt Earp: Frontier Marshal was a best-selling biography by Stuart N. Lake . It established Wyatt Earp's role as

1365-419: A narrow lot on the side of C. S. Fly 's photography studio on Fremont Street, six doors west of the O.K. Corral's rear entrance. Some members of the two opposing parties were initially only about 6 feet (1.8 m) apart. About thirty shots were fired in thirty seconds. Ike Clanton subsequently filed murder charges against the Earps and Holliday. After a thirty-day preliminary hearing and a brief stint in jail,

1456-596: A passage known as Guadalupe Canyon. In August 1881, 15 Mexicans carrying gold, coins and bullion to make their purchases were ambushed and killed in Skeleton Canyon . The next month Mexican Commandant Felipe Neri dispatched troops to the border, where they killed five Cowboys, including Newman Haynes "Old Man" Clanton , in Guadalupe Canyon . The Earps knew that the McLaurys and Clantons were reputed to be mixed up in

1547-555: A peace officer for a member of the Correctional Service of Canada under the following via the Corrections and Conditional Release Act : *10. The Commissioner may in writing designate any staff member, either by name or by class, to be a peace officer, and a staff member so designated has all the powers, authority, protection and privileges that a peace officer has by law in respect of Also, provincial legislatures can designate

1638-519: A peace officer, and certain acts (e.g., battery) committed against a peace officer carry more severe penalties than the same acts against a private person. It is unlawful to resist, delay, or obstruct a peace officer in the course of the officer's duties (Penal Code § 148[a][1]). New York State grants peace officers very specific powers under NYS Criminal Procedure Law , that they may make warrantless arrests , use physical and deadly force, and issue summonses under section 2.20 of that law. There

1729-515: A person or property. A private person (i.e., ordinary citizen) may arrest another person for an offense committed in the arresting person's presence, or if the other person has committed a felony whether or not in the arresting person's presence (Penal Code § 837), though such an arrest when an offense has not occurred leaves a private person open to criminal prosecution and civil liability for false arrest . A peace officer may: Persons are required to comply with certain instructions given by

1820-635: A personal vendetta . He was pursued by county sheriff Johnny Behan , who had received a warrant from Tucson for Wyatt's killing of Frank Stilwell . Tombstone , located in Arizona Territory about 30 miles (50 km) from the Mexican border, was founded in March 1879 after silver was discovered in the area. Like many mining boomtowns on the American frontier , Tombstone grew rapidly. At its founding, it had

1911-478: A population of just 100, and only two years later, in late 1881, the population was more than 7,000 (excluding Chinese, Mexicans, women, and children), making it the largest boomtown in the American Southwest . Silver mining and its attendant wealth attracted many professionals and merchants, who brought their wives and families. With them came churches and ministers. By 1881 the town boasted fancy restaurants,

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2002-464: A reputation as a gunman and had reportedly been in nine shootouts during his life, although it has only been verified that he killed three men. One well-documented episode occurred on July 19, 1879, when Holliday and his business partner, former deputy marshal John Joshua Webb , were seated in their saloon in Las Vegas, New Mexico . Former U.S. Army scout Mike Gordon got into a loud argument with one of

2093-461: A salary of $ 100 per month (equivalent to $ 3,200 in 2023) until an election could be held on November 12. For the next few weeks, Virgil represented federal and local law enforcement and Wyatt represented Pima County. In the November 2, 1880, election for Pima County sheriff, Democrat Shibell ran against Republican Bob Paul , who was expected to win. Votes arrived as late as November 7, and Shibell

2184-440: A significant amount of mental stress on indigenous workers due to the long hours of work, rough working conditions, repetitive nature of the work, roster schedules, and potential job loss. The use of addictive substances is also an active concern amongst indigenous workers. When income increases, workers are more likely to purchase alcohol and binge drink . This leads to a variety of social and health effects such as cirrhosis of

2275-414: A source of recycled metal compared to electronics and photographic film. The main techniques to process silver scrap: electrolysis , metallic replacement, and precipitation . Electrolytic silver recovery refers to the process where silver cations are reduced to their metallic state, adhering to an electrode. In metallic replacement, a solution of silver thiosulfate is converted to the metallic state by

2366-525: A western lawman. Morgan Earp had been a police officer in Montana , but had no known experience with gunfighting prior to their arrival in Tombstone. While Wyatt was Pima County Deputy Sheriff on July 27, 1880, Morgan Earp took over his job as shotgun messenger for Wells Fargo. Morgan also occasionally assisted Virgil and at the time of the gunfight was a special deputy policeman and drawing pay. Doc Holliday had

2457-705: Is a Spanish adjective meaning "silvery". Silver mining was a driving force in the settlement of western North America , with major booms for silver and associated minerals (lead, mostly) in the galena ore silver is most commonly found in. Notable silver rushes were in Colorado ; Nevada ; Cobalt, Ontario ; California and the Kootenay region of British Columbia ; notably in the Boundary and "Silvery" Slocan . A silver rush in Idaho produced mines in an area known as Silver Valley ,

2548-399: Is a full list of peace officers under Section 2.10 of that law. Below are some examples. Texas Statutes, Code of Criminal Procedure, Art. 2.12, provides: Art. 2.12, WHO ARE PEACE OFFICERS. The following are peace officers: Notes Silver mining Silver mining is the extraction of silver by mining . Silver is a precious metal and holds high economic value. Because silver

2639-402: Is a technique used to extract gold and silver from lower-grade ores. Mercury quickly sticks to gold and silver and forms pasty amalgams, making extraction easier. After separating it from the ore, amalgam is roasted and mercury vapor escapes into the atmosphere and also makes its way into rivers and soils. From the years 1545 to 1803, over 25,000 tons of silver were produced using amalgamation in

2730-518: Is also produced during the electrolytic refining of copper and by application of the Parkes process on lead ores. Commercial grade fine silver is at least 99.9 percent pure silver, and purities greater than 99.999 percent are available. About 5000 tons of silver are annually recovered from scrap. Jewelry , photographic film , silverware , coins , and electronics are sources of recyclable silver. However, jewelry and silverware are not as important of

2821-611: Is often found in intimate combination with other metals, its extraction requires the use of complex technologies. In 2008, approximately 25,900 metric tons of silver were consumed worldwide, most of which came from mining. Silver mining has a variety of effects on the environment, humans, and animals. Silver-bearing ore typically contains very little silver, with much higher percentages of copper and lead. Specific minerals include argentite (Ag 2 S ), chlorargyrite ("horn silver," Ag Cl ), polybasite (Ag, Cu) 16 Sb 2 S 11 ), and proustite (Ag 3 AsS 3 ). Silver mainly occurs as

Gunfight at the O.K. Corral - Misplaced Pages Continue

2912-520: The Epitaph and the Nugget initially supported the lawmen's version of events. Woods, the publisher of the pro-Cowboy Nugget , was out of town during the hearings, and an experienced reporter, Richard Rule, wrote the story. The Nugget staff had a close relationship with Behan, but Rule's story, as printed in the Nugget the day after the shootout, backed up the Earps' account. This varied widely from Behan's and

3003-591: The Union Army during the American Civil War and in 1877 became a police officer in Prescott, Arizona Territory . He followed that with a job as a night watchman before he became a constable. Wyatt had held jobs as either a guard or police officer in the cattle-drive towns of Wichita and Dodge City , Kansas . James, Virgil, and Wyatt Earp, together with their wives, arrived in Tombstone on December 1, 1879, during

3094-623: The liquation process creating a boost to the mining and metallurgy industries of Central Europe . Vast amounts of silver were brought into the possession of the crowns of Europe after the conquest of the Americas from the now Mexican state of Zacatecas (discovered in 1546) and Potosí (also discovered in 1546), which triggered the Spanish Price Revolution in Europe. Between 1500 and 1800, Bolivia , Peru , and Mexico made of 85% of

3185-466: The smuggling of alcohol and tobacco across the border were common. The Mexican government assessed heavy export taxes on these items, and smugglers earned a handsome profit by stealing them in Mexico and selling them in Tombstone. James , Virgil , and Wyatt Earp arrived in Tombstone on December 1, 1879, when the town was mostly composed of tents as living quarters, a few saloons and other buildings, and

3276-717: The Americas since the patio process was first used. 60-65% of this is likely released into the atmosphere, being the single largest contributor to the global mercury cycle . In the year 2000, small-scale miners in Chile experienced many risks to their health, safety, and hygiene from toxic pollution. This was due to wastewater being released into underground waters and creating significant quantities of mercury. Contaminants are also known to enter drinking water in and around abandoned silver mines. Well water in South Morelos State, Mexico,

3367-516: The Cowboys' later court testimony. Subsequent stories about the gunfight published in the Nugget after that day supported Behan's and the Cowboys' view of events. Other stories in the Epitaph countered the Nugget ' s later view entirely and supported the lawmen. Dr. George Goodfellow, who examined the Cowboys after their deaths, told the court that the angle of the wound in Billy Clanton's wrist indicated that his hands could not have been in

3458-626: The Earp family and both the Clanton and McLaury clans increased through 1881. On July 25, 1880, Captain Joseph H. Hurst, of Company A, 12th U.S. Infantry , and Commanding Officer of Fort Bennett , asked Deputy U.S. Marshal Virgil Earp to help him track Cowboys who had stolen six U.S. Army mules from Camp Rucker . This was a federal matter because the animals were U.S. property. Hurst brought four soldiers, and Virgil invited Wyatt and Morgan Earp, as well as Wells Fargo agent Marshall Williams. The posse found

3549-491: The Earps' complaints about the McLaurys' and Clantons' horse thieving and cattle rustling. The Earps were known to bend the law in their favor when it affected their gambling and saloon interests, which earned them further enmity with the Cowboy faction. To reduce crime in Tombstone, on April 19, 1881, the city council passed ordinance 9 , requiring anyone carrying a bowie knife , dirk , pistol or rifle to deposit their weapons at

3640-492: The Earps' version of events, the fight was in self-defense because the Cowboys, armed in violation of local ordinance , defied a lawful order to hand over their weapons and drew their pistols instead. The Cowboys maintained that they raised their hands, offered no resistance, and were shot in cold blood by the Earps. Sorting out who was telling the truth was difficult then and remains so to this day. Though usually opposing each other in their depiction of events, reporting by both

3731-667: The Pacific, contributing to the rise of the Spanish Empire . The rise and fall of its value affected the world market. In the first half of the 19th century Chilean mining revived due to a silver rush in the Norte Chico region, leading to an increased presence of Chileans in the Atacama desert and a shift away from an agriculture based economy. The country of Argentina was named after its silver resources by Spanish conquistadors; Argentina

Gunfight at the O.K. Corral - Misplaced Pages Continue

3822-527: The Potosi mines. At its peak, the town had over 6,000 smelting furnaces spreading toxic Mercury. Mercury-rich tailings are also often left in mines. The amalgamation methods have proven problematic. It is estimated that 90% of the mercury consumed in the United States from 1850 to 1900 was used to extract silver and gold . An estimated 257,400 tonnes of mercury were lost to the environment in this process in

3913-544: The United States . Arizona Revised Statutes defines a peace officer in Title 13, Section 105, as "any person vested by law with a duty to maintain public order and make arrests and includes a constable." Title 1, Section 215(27) enumerates those who are peace officers in the State of Arizona. It includes: Arizona Revised Statutes 41-1823 states that except for duly elected or appointed sheriffs and constables, and probation officers in

4004-419: The action of a solid reducing agent, such a steel wool . The equipment in this process is commonly referred to as "metallic recovery cartridges". Precipitation refers to the process of extracting silver from silver-rich solutions. This technique uses precipitating agents to form silver sulfide in the solution. The precipitation method is not extensively utilized due to the fact that excess sulfide can result in

4095-541: The air, or holding his coats open by the lapels , as witnesses loyal to the Cowboys testified. Part-time newspaper reporter Howell "Pat" Hayhurst transcribed the testimony from the hearings in the early 1930s as part of a Federal Writers' Project , which was part of the Works Progress Administration . According to one report, Hayhurst was a friend of the Behan family. After he completed his transcription, he kept

4186-465: The air. When he attempted to disarm Curly Bill Brocius, the gun discharged, striking White in the abdomen. Wyatt saw the shooting and pistol-whipped Brocius, knocking him unconscious, and arrested him. Wyatt later told his biographer John Flood that he thought Brocius was still armed at the time, and did not see Brocius' pistol on the ground. Brocius waived the preliminary hearing so he and his case could be immediately transferred to Tucson . Wyatt and

4277-463: The conflict has been portrayed with varying degrees of accuracy in numerous Western films and books, and has become an archetype for much of the popular imagery associated with the Old West. Despite its name, the gunfight did not take place within or next to the O.K. Corral , which fronted Allen Street and had a rear entrance lined with horse stalls on Fremont Street. The shootout actually took place in

4368-545: The course of their duties, no person may exercise the authority or perform the duties of a peace officer unless he is certified by the Arizona peace officers standards and training board. Sections 830 through 831.7 of the California Penal Code list persons who are considered peace officers within the State of California. Peace officers include, in addition to many others, Most peace officers have jurisdiction throughout

4459-595: The defendants were shown to have acted lawfully. The gunfight was not the end of the conflict. On December 28, 1881, Virgil was ambushed and maimed in a murder attempt by the Cowboys. On March 18, 1882, a Cowboy fired from a dark alley through the glass door of Campbell & Hatch's saloon and billiard parlor, killing Morgan. The suspects in both incidents furnished alibis supplied by other Cowboys and were not indicted . Wyatt, newly appointed as Deputy U.S. Marshal in Cochise County , then took matters into his own hands in

4550-726: The early period of rapid growth associated with mining, when there were only a few hundred residents. Virgil was appointed Deputy U.S. Marshal shortly before he arrived in town. In the summer of 1880, Morgan and Warren Earp also moved to Tombstone. Wyatt arrived hoping he could leave "lawing" behind. He bought a stagecoach , only to find the business was already very competitive. The Earps invested together in several mining claims and water rights. The Earps were Republicans and Northerners who had never worked as cowmen or ranchers. The Earps quickly came into conflict with Frank and Tom McLaury , Billy and Ike Clanton , Johnny Ringo , and William "Curly Bill" Brocius, among others. They were part of

4641-412: The end of 1920, global production surged to 190 million ounces annually. The mining techniques during the 1900's had also dramatically changed. Seam-assisted drilling, mine dewatering , and improved haulage all contributed to the spike in silver production in the 1900's. By 2019, technological innovation has allowed silver production to grow to almost 800 million ounces per year. Mercury amalgamation

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4732-632: The first shot killing Philpot had been meant for him. Law enforcement officer Modern legal codes use the term peace officer (or in some jurisdictions, law enforcement officer ) to include every person vested by the legislating state with law enforcement authority. Traditionally, anyone "sworn, badged, and armable" who can arrest, or refer such arrest for a criminal prosecution . Security officers may enforce certain laws and administrative regulations, which may include detainment or apprehension authority, including arresting in some jurisdictions. Peace officers may also be able to perform all duties that

4823-423: The governor, and Wyatt and Behan both wanted the job. The Cochise County sheriff's position was worth more than $ 40,000 a year (equivalent to $ 1.3 million in 2023) because the office holder was also county assessor and tax collector, and the board of supervisors allowed him to keep ten percent of the amounts paid. Behan used his existing position and his superior political connections to successfully lobby for

4914-433: The grade of the ore, the steepness and shape of the terrain, its depth, host rock, transportation availability, and other economic factors. Commonly, silver ore is obtained from open pit mines , and underground drifts and shafts . Explosives are frequently used to shatter veins into manageable pieces, which are transported via mine cars and then lifted to the surface. This process can be dangerous. Once removed from

5005-421: The gunfight and details of the gunfight itself conflict with each other. Newspapers of the day were not above taking sides, and news reporting often editorialized on issues to reflect the publisher's interests. John Clum , publisher of The Tombstone Epitaph , had helped organize a "Committee of Safety" (a vigilance committee ) in Tombstone in late September 1881. He was elected as Tombstone's first mayor under

5096-564: The islands of the Aegean Sea indicate that silver was being separated from lead as early as the 4th millennium BC . By 1,200 BC, silver mining shifted into the mines of Laurion in Greece, and continued growing the surrounding empire. The silver mines at Laurion were very rich and helped provide a currency for the economy of ancient Athens , where the process involved mining the ore in underground galleries, washing and then smelting it to produce

5187-460: The leader, that they would kill us." Among the lawmen involved in the O.K. Corral shooting, only Virgil had any real experience in combat. Virgil had been constable in Prescott and was the deputy United States Marshal in Tombstone. He was appointed Deputy U.S. Marshal for eastern Pima County by U.S. Marshal Crawley Dake , on November 27, 1879, before the Earps arrived in Tombstone on December 1. He

5278-441: The liver, brain damage , and fetal alcohol syndrome. Silver mining operations in indigenous communities lead to increased hunting pressure and a decline in traditional practices due to population growth and better hunting technologies. This affects local animal populations and cultural rituals. Employment in mines results in longer working hours, reducing time for traditional activities like hunting and fishing , which threatens

5369-602: The metal. Elaborate washing tables still exist at the site which used rain water held in cisterns and collected during the winter months. By the year 100 AD, the epicenter of silver mining transitioned into Spain, where the Roman Empire flourished. The Romans took over silver mining in Spain from Carthage after their acquisition of Carthaginian territories there following the Second Punic War . Extraction of silver from lead ore

5460-428: The mine, silver-containing ore is crushed ( comminution ) into a fine powder to expose individual grains to chemical processing. As a byproduct of the mining of lead and copper, silver ores are often purified by froth flotation . After froth flotation, silver is extracted by a cyanide process , akin to technology used for gold extraction . In some cases, the ore is treated by smelting before cyanide treatment. Silver

5551-574: The mines. Virgil had been hired as Deputy U.S. Marshal for eastern Pima County , with his offices in Tombstone, only days before his arrival. In June 1881 he was also appointed as Tombstone's town marshal (or police chief). Though not universally liked by the townspeople, the Earp brothers tended to protect the interests of the town's business owners and residents; even so, Wyatt helped protect outlaw "Curly Bill" Brocius from being lynched after he accidentally killed Tombstone town marshal Fred White . In contrast, Cochise County Sheriff Johnny Behan

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5642-459: The most reckless class of outlaws in that wild country ... infinitely worse than the ordinary robber." During the 1880s in Cochise County, it was an insult to call a legitimate cattleman a "Cowboy". The Cowboys teamed up for various crimes and came to each other's aid. Virgil thought that some of the Cowboys had met at Charleston and taken "an oath over blood drawn from the arm of Johnny Ringo,

5733-503: The mules on the McLaury's Ranch on Babacomari Creek, northwest of Tombstone, as well as the branding iron used to change the "US" brand to "D8." To avoid bloodshed, Cowboy Frank Patterson promised Hurst they would return the mules and Hurst persuaded the posse to withdraw. Hurst went to nearby Charleston , but the Cowboys showed up two days later without the mules, laughing at Hurst and the Earps. In response, Hurst had printed and distributed

5824-412: The new city charter that year. Clum and his newspaper tended to side with the interests of local business owners and supported Deputy U.S. Marshal Virgil Earp. Harry Woods, the publisher of the other major newspaper, The Daily Nugget , was an undersheriff to Behan. He and his newspaper tended to side with Behan, the Cowboys (some of whom were part-time ranchers and landowners) and the rural interests of

5915-450: The original document in his home, where it was destroyed in a house fire. The interpersonal conflicts and feuds leading to the gunfight were complex. Each side had strong family ties. The brothers James, Virgil, Wyatt, Morgan , and Warren Earp were a tight-knit family, working together as lawmen, pimps , and saloon owners in several frontier towns, among other occupations, and had moved together from one town to another. Virgil served in

6006-407: The place of deposit such deadly weapon. Section 3 : All fire-arms of every description, and bowie knives and dirks, are included within the prohibition of this ordinance. The ordinance was the legal basis for City Marshal Virgil Earp's decision to confront the Cowboys on the day of the shootout. In the borderlands south of Tombstone there was only one passable route between Arizona and Mexico ,

6097-518: The position. He also promised Wyatt a position as his undersheriff if he was appointed over Wyatt. Wyatt withdrew from the political contest and the governor and legislature appointed Behan to the job of Cochise County sheriff on February 10, 1881. Behan reneged on his deal with Earp and appointed Harry Woods as undersheriff instead. Behan said he broke his promise to appoint Earp because Wyatt Earp used Behan's name to threaten Ike Clanton when Wyatt recovered his stolen horse from Clanton. Tensions between

6188-476: The ranchers. Much of what is known of the event is based on month-long preliminary hearings held afterward, generally known as the Spicer hearings . Reporters from both newspapers covered the hearings and recorded the testimony there and at the coroner's inquest , but only the reporter from the Nugget knew shorthand . The testimony recorded by the court recorder and the two newspapers varied greatly. According to

6279-425: The release of toxic gas. The principal sources of silver are copper , copper- nickel , gold , lead , and lead - zinc ores obtained from Canada , Mexico , Poland , Peru , Bolivia , Australia and the United States . Mexico was the world's largest silver producer in 2014, producing 5,000 metric tons (161 million troy ounces ), 18.7 percent of the 26,800 tonnes (862 million troy ounce) production of

6370-560: The robbery and murder in Skeleton Canyon. Wyatt Earp said in his testimony after the shootout, "I naturally kept my eyes open and did not intend that any of the gang should get the drop on me if I could help it." On July 27, 1880, Pima County Sheriff Charles A. Shibell , whose offices were in the county seat of Tucson, appointed Wyatt Earp as deputy sheriff . On October 28, 1880, Tombstone Marshal Fred White attempted to disarm some late-night revelers who were shooting their pistols in

6461-411: The rural ranchers and Cowboys resented the growing influence of the city residents over county politics and law enforcement. The ranchers largely maintained control of the country outside Tombstone, due in large part to the sympathetic support of Cochise County Sheriff Johnny Behan , who favored the Cowboys and rural ranchers, and who also grew to intensely dislike the Earps. Behan tended to ignore

6552-422: The saloon girls whom he wanted to take with him. Gordon stormed from the saloon and began firing his revolver into the building. Before Gordon could get off his second shot, Holliday killed him. Holliday was tried for murder but acquitted, mostly based on the testimony of Webb. Holliday had saved Wyatt Earp's life at one time and had become a close friend. He had been living in Prescott, Arizona Territory and making

6643-1154: The spreading of ecological knowledge and cultural practices. While mining can provide economic resources for purchasing hunting equipment, it also accelerates the decline in traditional lifestyles and cultural heritage, impacting food security and community cohesion in indigenous populations. Mining projects also pose significant threats to family integrity, manifesting in decreased quality and quantity of family time due to long working hours and associated stressors, as well as disruptions to traditional familial roles and responsibilities. Limited time for communication and support may exacerbate existing problems within families. This leads to fragmentation and potential conflicts, with spouses having increased household responsibilities and children facing adverse consequences such as behavioral issues and academic struggles. Silver mining in indigenous communities lead to cultural shifts, with Western values often replacing traditional ones. While some argue that mining can promote cultural values such as independence and pride through job creation and increased disposable income, others highlight negative impacts such as

6734-478: The stage. Paul, in the driver's seat, fired his shotgun and emptied his revolver at the robbers, wounding a Cowboy later identified as Bill Leonard in the groin. Philpot, riding shotgun, and passenger Peter Roerig, riding in the rear dickey seat , were both shot and killed. The horses spooked and Paul was not able to bring the stage under control for almost one mile (1.6 km), leaving the robbers with nothing. Paul, who normally rode shotgun, later said he thought

6825-416: The state, but many have limited powers outside their political subdivisions. Some peace officers require special permission to carry firearms. Powers are often limited to the performance of peace officers' primary duties (usually, enforcement of specific laws within their political subdivision); however, most have power of arrest anywhere in the state for any public offense that poses an immediate danger to

6916-624: The world's total silver production. Silver mining required large amounts of mercury to extract the metal from ore. In the Andes, the source was the Huancavelica mercury mine; Mexico was dependent on mercury from the Almadén mercury mine in Spain. Mercury had a high adverse environmental impact. Silver was extremely valuable in China , and became a global commodity. Manila galleons carried Spanish dollars across

7007-642: The world. Silver mining companies engage in the discovery and production of silver. While these companies prioritize in silver, many of them also engage in other metals such as gold , palladium , lead , and zinc . The historical record of silver mining dates back to 3,000 BC in Anatolia . As silver is a precious metal often used for coins and bullion, its mining has historically often been lucrative. As with other precious metals such as gold or platinum , newly discovered deposits of silver ore have sparked silver rushes of miners seeking their fortunes. Silver

7098-497: Was a valuable metal that helped early civilizations around Ancient Greece. In recent centuries, large deposits were discovered and mined in the Americas, influencing the growth and development of Mexico, Andean countries such as Bolivia, Chile and Peru, as well as Argentina, Canada and the United States. Silver is mentioned in the Book of Genesis , and slag heaps found in Asia Minor and on

7189-547: Was appointed Pima County Deputy Sheriff . He held this position for only three months, until after the election of November 9, 1880, when he resigned. When Virgil was maimed by an assassination attempt, Wyatt was appointed Deputy U.S. Marshal in his place. He held that position until he left Cochise County in April 1882. Wyatt was an imposing, handsome man: blond, 6 feet (1.8 m) tall, weighing 165 to 170 pounds (75 to 77 kg), broad-shouldered, long-armed, and muscular. He had been

7280-660: Was appointed as Tombstone's acting town marshal on September 30, 1880, after popular Tombstone town marshal Fred White was accidentally shot and killed by Brocius. Wyatt had been a deputy city marshal in Kansas, as well as deputy sheriff in Tombstone. Only six weeks later, Virgil ran for the office on November 12, 1880, but lost to Ben Sippy . However, on June 6, 1881, Sippy asked for a two-week leave of absence . The city soon discovered $ 3,000 (equivalent to $ 95,000 in 2023) in financial improprieties in Sippy's records. A few days later Virgil

7371-426: Was appointed as town marshal in his place. At the time of the gunfight, Virgil was both Deputy U.S. Marshal and town marshal. The city suspended him as town marshal after Ike Clanton filed murder charges. After Wyatt first arrived in Tombstone, his business efforts yielded little profit, and he took a job as a stagecoach shotgun messenger for Wells Fargo , guarding shipments of silver bullion. On July 28, 1880, Wyatt

7462-525: Was found to have high concentrations of toxic minerals including arsenic , iron , manganese , lead , and fluorine . This is attributed to the abandoned and flooded silver mine at Huautla. Groundwaters flooded the mine-shafts after they were abandoned in the early 1990s, which allowed for oxidation and mobilization of these dangerous contaminants. Mining has negative impacts on both humans and societies. It affects Indigenous peoples living in communities nearby silver mines in many ways. Silver mining puts

7553-473: Was generally sympathetic to the interests of the rural ranchers and members of the loosely organized outlaw group called the Cochise County Cowboys , or simply the Cowboys, to which Brocius belonged. (In that time and region, the term cowboy generally meant an outlaw; legitimate cowmen were instead referred to as cattle herders or ranchers .) Many of the sources describing the events leading up to

7644-558: Was in charge, and it was his decision to enforce the ordinance that led to the shoot out. His two brothers and Doc Holliday were temporary assistant marshals. The Cowboys were a loosely-connected group of outlaws. In Tombstone at the time of the gunfight were five members of the Cowboys: Billy Claiborne , brothers Ike and Billy Clanton , and brothers Tom and Frank McLaury . During that brief battle, three men were killed, three were wounded, two ran away, and one fought but

7735-414: Was one of the election judges. Paul finally became sheriff in April 1881, but it was too late to re-appoint Wyatt Earp as deputy sheriff because on February 1, 1881, the eastern portion of Pima County containing Tombstone had been split off into the new Cochise County , which would need its own sheriff, based in the county's largest city, Tombstone. This position was filled by a political appointment from

7826-512: Was temporarily working once again as the Wells Fargo shotgun messenger . He had taken the reins and driver's seat in Contention City because the usual driver, a well-known and popular man named Eli "Bud" Philpot, was ill. Philpot was riding shotgun . Near Drew's Station , just outside Contention City , a man stepped into the road and commanded them to "Hold!" Three Cowboys attempted to rob

7917-463: Was the first run-in between the Clantons and McLaurys and the Earps. On the evening of March 15, 1881, a Kinnear & Company stagecoach carrying $ 26,000 in silver bullion (equivalent to $ 820,000 in 2023) was en route from Tombstone to Benson, Arizona , the nearest freight terminal. Bob Paul , who had run for Pima County Sheriff and was contesting the election he lost due to ballot-stuffing ,

8008-549: Was the result of a long-simmering feud between five outlaws (including two sets of brothers) and four representatives of the law, including three brothers. The trigger for the event was the local marshal's decision to enforce a city ordinance that prohibited the carrying of weapons into town. To enforce that ordinance, the lawmen would have to disarm the Cowboys. Among the lawmen were three brothers, Virgil , Wyatt , and Morgan Earp , as well as Wyatt’s close friend Doc Holliday . As Deputy U.S. Marshal and Town Marshal , Virgil

8099-432: Was unexpectedly re-elected. He immediately appointed Johnny Behan as the new deputy sheriff for eastern Pima County, a job that Wyatt wanted. A controversy ensued when Paul uncovered ballot-stuffing by Cowboys and he sued to overturn the election. While San Simeon precinct, east of Tombstone, only had 10 registered voters, Shibell won that precinct with 103 votes to 1. Ike Clanton was the election inspector and Johnny Ringo

8190-447: Was unharmed. The gunfight was not widely known until two years after Wyatt Earp's death, when Stuart Lake published his 1931 Wyatt Earp: Frontier Marshal . The book was the basis for the 1939 film Frontier Marshal , with Randolph Scott and Cesar Romero, the 1946 film My Darling Clementine , directed by John Ford , and the 1957 film Gunfight at the O.K. Corral , after which the shootout became known by that name. Since then,

8281-671: Was widespread in Roman Britain very soon after the Roman conquest of the first century AD. One of the main aims of the Viking expansion throughout Europe was to acquire and trade silver. Bergen and Dublin are still important centres of silver making. An example of a collection of Viking-age silver for trading purposes is the Galloway Hoard . From the mid-15th century silver began to be extracted from copper ores in massive quantities using

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