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36-450: [REDACTED] Look up lipan in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Lipan may refer to: Lipan Apache people , an indigenous people of Texas and northern Mexico Lipan language Lipan, Texas , a city Lipan Independent School District Mereta, Texas or Lipan, an unincorporated community Lipan Point , a promontory of

72-675: A 1930 novel by Mihail Sadoveanu See also [ edit ] Lipany (disambiguation) Lipiany (disambiguation) Lipiny (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Lipan . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lipan&oldid=762966934 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Disambiguation pages with surname-holder lists Hidden categories: Short description

108-762: A Keresan-Zuni grouping. J. P. Harrington wrote one unpublished paper with the title "Zuñi Discovered to be Hokan" (Campbell 1997). As Zuni is a language in the Pueblo linguistic area , it shares a number of features with Hopi , Keresan, and Tanoan (and to a lesser extent Navajo ) that are probably due to language contact . The development of ejective consonants in Zuni may be due to contact with Keresan and Tanoan languages which have complete series of ejectives. Likewise, aspirated consonants may have diffused into Zuni. Other shared traits include: final devoicing of vowels and sonorant consonants, dual number , ceremonial vocabulary, and

144-646: A homeland that spanned from the Southern Great Plains to the Gulf of Mexico, with significant presence in what is now Texas. While little archeological history was left behind by the Lipan Apache, the pictographs at Hueco Tanks which were made between 1500 AD and 1879 AD are attributed to Mescalero Apache. Ancestors of the Lipan Apache living along the Canadian River made the first known European contact during

180-412: A number of words from Keres , Hopi , and O’odham pertaining to religion and religious observances. A number of possible relationships of Zuni to other languages have been proposed by various researchers, although none of these have gained general acceptance. The main hypothetical proposals have been connections with Penutian (and Penutioid and Macro-Penutian), Tanoan , and Hokan phyla , and also

216-538: Is a Spanish adaption of their self-designation as Łipa-į́ Ndé or Lépai-Ndé ("Light Gray People"), reflecting their migratory story. The earliest known written record of the Lipan Apache identified this tribe as Ypandes . Nancy McGown Minor wrote that the word Lipan stems from the Lipan words lépai, which means 'the color gray', and ndé, which means 'the people', which would make Lipan mean 'The Light Gray People'. The name Apache may be of Zuni origin, coming from

252-644: Is a language of the Zuni people , indigenous to western New Mexico and eastern Arizona in the United States . It is spoken by around 9,500 people, especially in the vicinity of Zuni Pueblo , New Mexico , and much smaller numbers in parts of Arizona . Unlike most indigenous languages in the United States, Zuni is still spoken by a significant number of children and, thus, is comparatively less threatened with language endangerment . Edmund Ladd reported in 1994 that Zuni

288-805: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Lipan Apache people Lipan Apache descendants today are enrolled members of the Mescalero Apache Tribe in New Mexico . Other Lipan descendants are enrolled with the Tonkawa Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma and Apache Tribe of Oklahoma , also known as the Kiowa Apache or Plains Apache . Other Lipan Apache descendants live primarily in Texas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Arizona, and northern Mexico. The name "Lipan"

324-424: Is still the main language of communication in the pueblo and is used in the home (Newman 1996). The Zuni name for their own language, Shiwiʼma ( shiwi "Zuni" + -ʼma "vernacular"; pronounced [ˈʃiwiʔma] ) can be translated as "Zuni way", whereas its speakers are collectively known as ʼA꞉shiwi ( ʼa꞉(w)- "plural" + shiwi "Zuni"). Zuni is considered a language isolate . The Zuni have, however, borrowed

360-478: Is used to avoid using adult names, which have religious meanings and are very personal. There are twenty letters in the Zuni alphabet. This orthography was largely worked out by Curtis Cook. Linguists and anthropologists have created and used their own writing system for Zuni before the alphabet was standardized. One was developed for Zuni by linguist Stanley Newman (Newman 1954). This practical orthography essentially followed Americanist phonetic notation with

396-979: The Colorado River to the Gulf of Mexico and east to the Rio Grande . They were allied to the Tonkawa beginning in this century. To resist their enemies the Comanche and the Mexicans, the Lipan Apache allied with the Republic of Texas in the 1830s. They served as scouts to the Texas Militia during the Texas Revolution of 1835–36. The State of Texas owned massive war debts and used land sales to raise funds following statehood, leaving almost no land to American Indians. Texas established

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432-704: The Keresan languages . The most clearly articulated hypothesis is Newman's (1964) connection to Penutian, but even this was considered by Newman (according to Michael Silverstein ) to be a tongue-in-cheek work due to the inherently problematic nature of the methodology used in Penutian studies (Goddard 1996). Newman's cognate sets suffered from common problems in comparative linguistics , such as comparing commonly borrowed forms (e.g. "tobacco"), forms with large semantic differences (e.g. "bad" and "garbage", "horse" and "hoof"), nursery forms, and onomatopoetic forms (Campbell 1997). Zuni

468-518: The 17th century, Spaniards raided Apache communities for slaves . The Acho, a branch of Lipan, fought with Taos Pueblo and Picuris Pueblo people against the Spanish in the 1680 Pueblo Revolt . In 1684, Spanish colonists completed the Mission San Francisco de los Julimes near Presidio, Texas , to serve Jumano , Julime , and neighboring tribes. These tribes taught the peyote ceremony to

504-771: The Brazos Reservation in 1854, where around 2,000 members of the Caddo, Anadarko, Waco, and Tonkawa tribes, but then the tribes to relocate to Indian Territory by 1859. In 1855, some Lipan Apache joined the Brazos Reservation; however, most did not. Some joined the Plains Apache in Oklahoma; others joined the Mescalero in New Mexico, and others fled to Mexico. In 1869, Mexican troops from Monterrey were brought to Zaragosa to eliminate

540-684: The Canadian [river] - the Chipaines, Conejeros, Rio Colorados, and Anchos - were Lipan ancestors." Lipan Apache is a Southern Athabaskan language , considered to be closely related to the Jicarilla Apache language . Today, there are no fluent speakers. In 1981, two elders on the Mescalero Apache Reservation were fluent Lipan speakers. There are current efforts and funding to revitalize the language. Confederated eastern Apache bands had

576-572: The Comanche and their allies. By about 1720, the Comanche drove the Lipan Apache from the southern Great Plains. By the early 18th century, the Lipan were divided into regional groupings/divisions comprising several bands - the Forest Lipan division (Lower Lipan bands), the Plains Lipan division (Upper Lipan bands), and bands who lived primarily in northern Mexico (Mexican Lipan bands). Mexican Lipan bands The Spanish associated these groupings with

612-568: The Expedition of Francisco Vásquez de Coronado , who traveled there in 1541, and were still in the region when Diego de Vargas arrived in 1694. Historians believe the Teya Indians of the Texas Panhandle likely merged into the Lipan. Lipan Apache obtained horses from the Spanish by 1608 and adopted a nomadic lifestyle. They were excellent horsemen and freely raided settlements. Throughout

648-595: The Grand Canyon Lipán M3 , an Argentine Army unmanned aerial vehicle USS Lipan (AT-85) , a US Navy tug Battle of Lipany or Lipan, a 1434 battle of the Hussite Wars, fought near Prague People with the surname [ edit ] Ovidiu Lipan (born 1953), Romanian drummer Teresa Lipan , a character in the Syphon Filter video game series Victoria Lipan, the protagonist of The Hatchet ,

684-612: The Lipan Apache near present-day Latimer County, Oklahoma , in 1719. The Lipan were first mentioned in Spanish records in 1718 when they raided Spanish settlements in San Antonio . They frequently raided Spanish supply trains traveling from Coahuila to the newly established San Antonio. In 1749, two Lipan Apache chiefs joined other Apache leaders in signing one of the earliest recorded peace treaties with Spain in San Antonio. Some Lipan Apache people settled northwest of San Antonio during

720-637: The Lipan Apache, who were blamed for inciting conflict. Chief Magoosh (Lipan, ca. 1830–1900) led his band from Texas and joined the Mescalero Apache on the Mescalero Reservation in 1870. Troops attacked many Lipan camps; survivors fled to the Mescaleros in New Mexico. From 1875 to 1876, United States Army troops undertook joint military campaigns with the Mexican Army to eliminate the Lipan from

756-680: The Lipan population between 1845-1855 ranged from 500 to 1000. The 1910 U.S. census lists 28 Lipan Apache people. Lipan Apache descendants are enrolled with the Mescalero Apache Tribe in New Mexico, Tonkawa Tribe in Oklahoma, and the Apache Tribe of Oklahoma. Multiple unrecognized tribes in Texas identify as being descendants of Lipan Apache. These include: In 2019, State of Texas 86th Legislature, adopted concurrent resolutions, Senate Concurrent Resolution No. 61 (SCR 61) and House Concurrent Resolution No. 171 (HCR 171), that affirmed

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792-595: The Lipan: Ethnographer James Mooney estimated that there were 500 Lipan Apache in 1690. Missionary priest Friar Diego Ximenez estimated the Lipan population to total 5,000 in 1762, 3,000 in 1763, and 4,000 in 1764. In 1778, Spanish military commanders meeting in Monclova, Coahuila, estimated the population of Lipan men to be 5,000. By 1820, Mexican government official Juan Padilla estimated that there were 700 Lipans in Texas. Opler and Ray estimated that

828-482: The Mexican Army. In October 1903, 19 Lipan Apaches who fled Texas into Coahuila were taken to northwest Chihuahua and kept as prisoners of war until 1905. They were released to the Mescalero Reservation. The Lipan Apache emerged from an amalgamation of several Eastern Apache bands united within a large confederacy and who shared a cultural and historic bond. As a confederacy, they united to defend against

864-813: The Southwest, Zuni employs switch-reference . Newman (1965, 1996) classifies Zuni words according to their structural morphological properties (namely the presence and type of inflectional suffixes), not according to their associated syntactic frames. His terms, noun and substantive , are therefore not synonymous. Zuni uses overt pronouns for first and second persons. There are no third person pronouns. The pronouns distinguish three numbers (singular, dual and plural) and three cases (subject, object and possessive). In addition, some subject and possessive pronouns have different forms depending on whether they appear utterance-medially or utterance-finally (object pronouns do not occur utterance-medially). All pronoun forms are shown in

900-686: The Texas Legislature's views that the Lipan Apache Tribe of Texas was "the present-day incarnation of a proud people who have lived in Texas and northern Mexico for more than 300 years" and commended the people of this Tribe for their contributions to the state. Each concurrent resolutions was signed by the Senate, House, and the Governor. Likewise, the Lipan Apache Band of Texas has been honored by

936-580: The Texas state legislator in a congratulary resolution. The National Congress of American Indians identifies the Lipan Apache Tribe of Texas as being a state-recognized tribe . Texas currently has no state-recognized tribes; however, Texas senate bills for formal state recognition of the Lipan Apache Tribe of Texas were introduced in 2021 and in 2022. Both bills died in committee. Below are historical chiefs with estimated times of when they were active. Zuni language Zuni / ˈ z uː n i / (also formerly Zuñi , endonym Shiwiʼma )

972-649: The Tonkawa and Lipan, who in turn, shared it with the Comanches, Mescalero Apaches, and Plains Apaches. In the 1860s, Spanish chroniclers wrote that some Lipan Apache lived near the Gulf Coast and adopted lifeways of the neighboring Karankawa . By 1700, Lipan had settled across southern Texas and into Coahuila , Mexico . They still lived in agricultural settlements, where they farmed indigenous crops such as pumpkins, corn, and beans, as well as watermelons, introduced from Africa. French explorer Bénard de La Harpe encountered

1008-476: The Twin Villages . Missions established for the Lipan at Candelaria and San Lorenzo were destroyed by the Comanche in 1767. By 1767, all Lipan had completely deserted the Spanish missions. In the same year, Marquis of Rubí started a policy of Lipan extermination after a 1764 smallpox epidemic had decimated the tribe. In the early 19th century, Lipan Apache primarily lived in south and west Texas, south of

1044-560: The beginning of words where it is not written. Additionally, in Tedlock's system, long vowels are written doubled instead of with a length mark ⟨꞉⟩ as in Newman's system (e.g. ⟨aa⟩ instead of ⟨a꞉⟩ ) and ⟨h⟩ and ⟨kw⟩ are used instead of ⟨j⟩ and ⟨q⟩ . Finally, Tedlock writes the following long consonants – ⟨cch, llh, ssh, tts⟩ – with

1080-419: The following table: There is syncretism between dual and plural non-possessive forms in the first and second persons. Utterances with these pronouns are typically disambiguated by the fact that plural pronouns agree with plural-marked verb forms. Zuni adults are often known after the relationship between that adult and a child. For example, a person might be called "father of so-and-so", etc. The circumlocution

1116-662: The mid-18th century. Spanish colonists built forts and missions near Lipan settlements. A mission on the San Sabá River was completed in 1757 but destroyed by the Comanche and the Wichita. That same year, the Lipan Apache fought the Hasinais , a band of Caddo people . The Lipan participated in a Spanish expedition against the Wichita and Comanche in 1759 but were defeated in the Battle of

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1152-446: The presence of a labialized velar [kʷ] (Campbell 1997). The 16 consonants of Zuni (with IPA phonetic symbol when different from the orthography) are the following: The vowels are the following: Zuni syllables have the following specification: Word order in Zuni is fairly free with a tendency toward SOV. There is no case-marking on nouns. Verbs are complex, compared to nouns, with loose incorporation. Like other languages in

1188-575: The state of Coahuila in northern Mexico. In 1879, a group of 17 Lipan settled near Fort Griffin, Texas , but in 1884 they were forcibly removed to Indian Territory , where they joined the Tonkawa. In 1891, the Lipans negotiated with President of Mexico Porfirio Diaz to preserve the Lipan’s tribal land in Zaragosa. This agreement lasted about 12 years until they were displaced from Zaragosa after resisting joining

1224-651: The substitution of some uncommon letters with other letters or digraphs (two-letter combinations). A further revised orthography is used in Dennis Tedlock's transcriptions of oral narratives . See the table below for a comparison of the systems. In Newman's orthography (used in his dictionary, Newman 1958), the symbols, ⟨ch, j, lh, q, sh, z, /, :⟩ replaced Americanist ⟨č, h, ł, kʷ, š, c, ʔ, ˑ ⟩ (used in Newman's grammar, Newman 1965). Tedlock's orthography uses ⟨ʼ⟩ instead of Newman's ⟨/⟩ except at

1260-570: The word apachu , which means 'enemy', or perhaps from the Ute , who referred to this group as Awa'tehe. Apaches' autonym is Inde or Nde, meaning "the people." The terms Eastern Apache and Texas Apache can also include them as well as the Chiricahua and Mescalero. I Fought a Good Fight: A History of the Lipan Apaches notes that Spanish explorers recorded their encounters with "Apaches living along

1296-596: Was also included under Morris Swadesh 's Penutioid proposal and Joseph Greenberg 's very inclusive Penutian sub-grouping – both without convincing arguments (Campbell 1997). Zuni was included as being part of the Aztec-Tanoan language family within Edward Sapir 's heuristic 1929 classification (without supporting evidence). Later discussions of the Aztec-Tanoan hypothesis usually excluded Zuni (Foster 1996). Karl-Heinz Gursky published problematic unconvincing evidence for

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