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26-661: Some of the more recently proposed subgroupings of Penutian have been convincingly demonstrated. The Miwokan and the Costanoan languages have been grouped into a Utian language family by Catherine Callaghan . Callaghan has more recently provided evidence supporting a grouping of Utian and Yokutsan into a Yok-Utian family. There also seems to be convincing evidence for the Plateau Penutian grouping (originally named Shahapwailutan by J. N. B. Hewitt and John Wesley Powell in 1894) which would consist of Klamath–Modoc , Molala , and

52-556: A Mutsun group (1877). That grouping, now termed Utian , was later conclusively demonstrated by Catherine Callaghan . In 1903 Dixon & Kroeber noted a "positive relationship" among Costanoan, Maidu, Wintun, and Yokuts within a "Central or Maidu Type", from which they excluded Miwokan (their Moquelumnan). In 1910 Kroeber finally recognized the close relationship between the Miwokan and Costanoan languages . In 1916 Edward Sapir expanded Dixon and Kroeber's California Penutian family with

78-596: A 1964 conference in Bloomington, Indiana , retained all of Sapir's groups for North America north of Mexico within the Penutian Phylum. The opposite approach was taken following a 1976 conference at Oswego, New York , when Campbell and Mithun dismissed the Penutian phylum as undemonstrated in their resulting classification of North American language families. Consensus was reached at a 1994 workshop on Comparative Penutian at

104-418: A branch of Penutian. A lexicostatistical classification and list of probable Penutian cognates has also been proposed by Zhivlov (2014). Perhaps because many Penutian languages have ablaut , vowels are difficult to reconstruct. However, consonant correspondences are common. For example, the proto-Yokuts (Inland Penutian) retroflexes */ʈ/ */ʈʼ/ correspond to Klamath (Plateau Penutian) /t͡ʃ t͡ʃʼ/ , whereas

130-581: A fellow linguist, in 1931. They divorced in 1937. In 1963, Haas served as president of the Linguistic Society of America . She was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1964. She was elected a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1974, and she was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1978. She received honorary doctorates from Northwestern University in 1975,

156-662: A founder and director of the Survey of California Indian Languages , she advised nearly fifty dissertations, including those of many linguists who would go on to be influential in the field, including William Bright ( Karok ), William Shipley ( Maidu ), Robert Oswalt ( Kashaya ), Karl Teeter ( Wiyot ), Catherine Callaghan ( Penutian ), Margaret Langdon ( Diegueño ), Sally McLendon (Eastern Pomo ), Victor Golla ( Hupa ), Marc Okrand ( Mutsun ), Kenneth Whistler ( Proto-Wintun ), Douglas Parks ( Pawnee and Arikara ), and William Jacobsen ( Washo ). She married Morris Swadesh ,

182-525: A program to teach the Thai language . Her authoritative Thai-English Students' Dictionary , published in 1964, is still in use. In 1948, she was appointed assistant professor of Thai and Linguistics at the University of California, Berkeley Department of Oriental Languages , an appointment she attributed to Peter A. Boodberg , whom she described as "ahead of his time in the way he treated women scholars—a scholar

208-698: A sister stock, Oregon Penutian , which included the Coosan languages and also the isolates Siuslaw and Takelma: Later Sapir and Leo Frachtenberg added the Kalapuyan and the Chinookan languages and then later the Alsean and Tsimshianic families, culminating in Sapir's four-branch classification (Sapir 1921a:60): By the time Sapir's 1929 Encyclopædia Britannica article was published, he had added two more branches: resulting in

234-486: A six-branch family: (Sapir's full 1929 classification scheme including the Penutian proposal can be seen here: Classification of indigenous languages of the Americas#Sapir (1929): Encyclopædia Britannica .) Other linguists have suggested other languages be included within the Penutian grouping: Or have produced hypotheses of relationships between Penutian and other large-scale families: Note: Some linguists link

260-607: Is even more in need of emphasis, it points up the desirability of pursuing diffusional studies along with genetic studies. This is nowhere more necessary than in the case of the Hokan and Penutian languages wherever they may be found, but particularly in California where they may very well have existed side by side for many millennia. (Haas 1976:359) Despite the concern of Haas and others, the Consensus Classification produced at

286-573: The Sahaptian languages ( Nez Percé and Sahaptin ). The name Penutian is based on the words meaning "two" in the Wintuan , Maiduan , and Yokutsan languages (where it is pronounced something like [pen] ) and the Utian languages (where it is pronounced something like [uti] ). Although perhaps originally intended to be pronounced / p ɪ ˈ nj uː t i ə n / , which is indicated in some dictionaries,

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312-605: The University of Oregon that the families within the proposed phylum's California, Oregon, Plateau, and Chinookan clusters would eventually be shown to be genetically related. Subsequently, Marie-Lucie Tarpent reassessed Tsimshianic , a geographically isolated family in northern British Columbia, and concluded that its affiliation within Penutian is also probable. Earlier groupings, such as California Penutian and Takelma–Kalapuyan ("Takelman") are no longer accepted as valid nodes by many Penutian researchers. However, Plateau Penutian, Coast Oregon Penutian, and Yok-Utian (comprising

338-456: The Utian and Yokutsan languages ) are increasingly supported. Scott DeLancey suggests the following relationships within and among language families typically assigned to the Penutian phylum: The Wintuan languages , Takelma , and Kalapuya , absent from this list, continue to be considered Penutian languages by most scholars familiar with the subject, often in an Oregonian branch, though Takelma and Kalapuya are no longer considered to define

364-476: The Penutian hypothesis to the Zuni language . This link, proposed by Stanley Newman, is now generally rejected, and may have even been intended as a hoax by Newman. Scholars in the mid-twentieth century became concerned that similarities among the proposed Penutian language families may be the result of borrowing that occurred among neighboring peoples, not of a shared proto-language in the distant past. Mary Haas states

390-669: The Proto-Yokuts dental */t̪/ */t̪ʰ/ */t̪ʼ/ correspond to Klamath alveolar /d t tʼ/ . Kalapuya, Takelma, and Wintu do not show such obvious connections. Below are some Penutian sound correspondence proposed by William Shipley , cited in Campbell (1997). Utian languages Utian (also Miwok–Costanoan , Miwok–Ohlone or formerly Mutsun ) is a family of Indigenous languages spoken in Northern California , United States . The Miwok and Ohlone peoples both spoke languages of

416-549: The Utian language family. It has been argued that the Utian languages and Yokuts languages are sub-families of the Yok-Utian language family. Utian and Yokutsan have traditionally been considered part of the Penutian language phylum. All Utian languages are severely endangered , extinct or revitalizing. Mary Haas Mary Rosamond Haas (January 23, 1910 – May 17, 1996)

442-516: The age of 25, with a dissertation titled A Grammar of the Tunica Language . In the 1930s, Haas worked with the last native speaker of Tunica , Sesostrie Youchigant , producing extensive texts and vocabularies. Haas undertook graduate work on comparative philology at the University of Chicago . She studied under Edward Sapir , whom she would follow to Yale . She began a long career in linguistic fieldwork by studying various languages during

468-460: The age of 86. Haas was noted for her dedication to teaching linguistics, and to the role of the linguist in language instruction. Her student Karl V. Teeter pointed out in his obituary of Haas that she trained more Americanist linguists than her former instructors Edward Sapir and Franz Boas combined: she supervised fieldwork in Americanist linguistics by more than 100 doctoral students. As

494-477: The following regarding this borrowing: Even where genetic relationship is clearly indicated ... the evidence of diffusion of traits from neighboring tribes, related or not, is seen on every hand. This makes the task of determining the validity of the various alleged Hokan languages and the various alleged Penutian languages all the more difficult ... [and] point[s] up once again that diffusional studies are just as important for prehistory as genetic studies and what

520-575: The language. Her Creek texts were published after her death in a volume that was edited and translated by Jack B. Martin, Margaret McKane Mauldin, and Juanita McGirt. During World War II , the United States government viewed the study and teaching of Southeast Asian languages as important to the war effort, and under the auspices of the Army Specialized Training Program at the University of California at Berkeley , Haas developed

546-405: The proposal. The grouping, like many of Dixon & Kroeber's other phylum proposals, was based mostly on shared typological characteristics and not the standard methods used to determine genetic relationships. Starting from this early date, the Penutian hypothesis was controversial. Prior to the 1913 Penutian proposal of Dixon and Kroeber, Albert S. Gatschet had grouped Miwokan and Costanoan into

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572-604: The summer months. Over the ten-year period from 1931 to 1941, Haas studied the Wakashan language Nitinat ( Ditidaht ), as well as a number of languages that were mainly originally spoken in the American Southeast: Tunica , Natchez , Creek , Koasati , Choctaw , Alabama , Cherokee and Hichiti . Her first published paper, A Visit to the Other World, a Nitinat Text , written in collaboration with Morris Swadesh ,

598-513: The term is pronounced / p ɪ ˈ nj uː ʃ ən / by most if not all linguists. The original Penutian hypothesis, offered in 1913 by Roland B. Dixon and Alfred L. Kroeber , was based on similarities observed between five California language families: That original proposal has since been called alternately Core Penutian , California Penutian , or the Penutian Kernel . In 1919 the same two authors published their linguistic evidence for

624-558: Was a scholar in his book". She became one of the founding members of the UC-Berkeley Department of Linguistics when it was established in 1953. She was a long-term chair of the department, and she was Director of the Survey of California Indian Languages at Berkeley from 1953 to 1977. She retired from Berkeley in 1977 and in 1984 was elected a Berkeley Fellow. Mary Haas died at her home in Berkeley, California, on May 17, 1996, at

650-657: Was an American linguist who specialized in North American Indigenous languages, Thai , and historical linguistics . She served as president of the Linguistic Society of America . She was elected a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and a member of the National Academy of Sciences . Haas was born in Richmond, Indiana . She attended high school and Earlham College in Richmond. She completed her PhD in linguistics at Yale University in 1935 at

676-562: Was published in 1933. Shortly after, Haas conducted fieldwork with Watt Sam and Nancy Raven , the last two native speakers of the Natchez language in Oklahoma . Her extensive unpublished field notes have constituted the most reliable source of information on the now dead language. She conducted extensive fieldwork on the Creek language , and was the first modern linguist to collect extensive texts in

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