Misplaced Pages

#441558

79-670: Lipan Apache descendants today are enrolled members of the Mescalero Apache Tribe in New Mexico . Other Lipan descendants are enrolled with the Tonkawa Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma and Apache Tribe of Oklahoma , also known as the Kiowa Apache or Plains Apache . Other Lipan Apache descendants live primarily in Texas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Arizona, and northern Mexico. The name "Lipan"

158-647: A 12,003-foot (3,659 m) mountain. It is the southernmost alpine peak in the continental United States, and is part of the Sacramento Mountains. Using the EPA's Level III Ecoregion System, derived from Omernik, this mountain is included in the Arizona/New Mexico Mountains, which are south of the Southern Rocky Mountains of northern New Mexico. Sierra Blanca Peak, located on the reservation,

237-421: A dining room, and a pantry. A heavy outer wall was built around the main part of the mission, and rooms for 350 Indians were built into the walls. A new church, which still stands, was constructed in 1768 from local limestone. The mission lands were given to its Indians in 1794, and mission activities officially ended in 1824. After that, the buildings were home to soldiers, the homeless, and bandits. It

316-748: A direct response to fear of French encroachment when the remains of La Salle's Fort Saint Louis were discovered near Matagorda Bay in 1689, and a response to the first permanent French outposts along the Gulf Coast ten years later. Following government policy, Franciscan missionaries sought to make life within mission communities closely resemble that of Spanish villages and Spanish culture. To become Spanish citizens and "productive" inhabitants, Native Americans learned vocational skills, such as plows , farm implements, and gear for horses, oxen, and mules fell into disrepair, blacksmithing skills soon became indispensable. Weaving skills were needed to help clothe

395-632: A group, when they are there," "place where people get together") or today Mashgalé-ne bikéyaa ("Mescalero Apache Country"; "Mescalero Apache Homelands"). When many Mescalero bands were displaced by the enemy Comanche ( 'Indaa tse'-éõde or Indassene ; modern name: Gumáõchí-í) from the Southern Plains in northern and central Texas between 1700 and 1750, they took refuge in the mountains of New Mexico, western Texas, and Coahuila and Chihuahua in Mexico. Some southern Mescalero bands, together with Lipan, lived in

474-644: A homeland that spanned from the Southern Great Plains to the Gulf of Mexico, with significant presence in what is now Texas. While little archeological history was left behind by the Lipan Apache, the pictographs at Hueco Tanks which were made between 1500 AD and 1879 AD are attributed to Mescalero Apache. Ancestors of the Lipan Apache living along the Canadian River made the first known European contact during

553-660: A museum, campground and archeology lab in 2000. Since July 1, 2016, the Texas Historical Commission has operated the site as Mission Dolores State Historic Site . Mission San Miguel de Linares de los Adaes was the fifth mission established in East Texas in 1716–1717. The mission was to serve the Native American village of Adaes just 20 miles (32 km) west of the French fort at Natchitoches, Louisiana . At that time,

632-597: A total of 43 years, until his death on November 4, 1998. Soon after Chino's death, the late Sara Misquez was elected as president. Chino's son, Mark Chino, also has been elected and served as president. In 2022, Mr. Eddie Martinez was sworn in as the new president of the Mescalero Apache tribe. Leadership from Holloman Airforce Base attended the tribal council ceremony for the newly elected president, officers, and Tribal Council. Mr. Kelton Starr, retired Army veteran and Tribal Defense Liaison maintained coordination with

711-490: A wall surrounded the buildings. Outside the wall were farmlands and ranches owned by the mission. The mission served the Coahuiltecan Native Americans until 1793, when mission activities ended. At that time the land and livestock were divided among the thirty-nine Indians remaining at the mission. The buildings later served as a home for a Mexican army unit before becoming a military hospital in 1806. During

790-529: A wide number of names: Apaches de Cuartelejo, Apaches del Río Grande, Apachi, Faraones, Mezcaleros, Natage (more correctly, one of the Lipan Apache subdivisions, along with the Nahizan), Natahene, Querechos, Teyas, Tularosa Apaches, and Vaqueros. They were also distinguished as Sierra Blanca Apaches, Sacramento Mountains Apaches, Guadalupe Mountains Apaches, Limpia Mountains Apaches. according to their homelands in northern or southern Mescalero territory. Originally

869-641: Is Shis-Inday ("People of the Mountain Forests") or Mashgaléńde / Mashgaléneí ("People close to the mountains" or "Mescalero Apache People"). The Navajo (in Mescalero: ’Indaa’bixúńde / ’Indabixúńde, modern name: Chusht’a ’íízhańde), another Athabascan -speaking tribe, call the Mescalero Naashgalí Dineʼé. Like other Apache peoples they often identify simply as Ndé / Nndéí / Ndéne / Ndéńde ("The People", "Apaches"). Neighboring Apache bands called

SECTION 10

#1732844128442

948-535: Is a Spanish adaption of their self-designation as Łipa-į́ Ndé or Lépai-Ndé ("Light Gray People"), reflecting their migratory story. The earliest known written record of the Lipan Apache identified this tribe as Ypandes . Nancy McGown Minor wrote that the word Lipan stems from the Lipan words lépai, which means 'the color gray', and ndé, which means 'the people', which would make Lipan mean 'The Light Gray People'. The name Apache may be of Zuni origin, coming from

1027-698: Is an Apache tribe of Southern Athabaskan –speaking Native Americans . The tribe is federally recognized as the Mescalero Apache Tribe of the Mescalero Apache Reservation , located in south-central New Mexico . In the 19th century, the Mescalero opened their reservation to other Apache tribes, such as the Mimbreno (Chíhéńde, Warm Springs Apaches) and the Chiricahua (Shá’i’áńde or Chidikáágu). Some Lipan Apache (Tú’édįnéńde and Túntsańde) also joined

1106-655: Is filled with legends of the past. For instance, four mountains represent the direction of everyday life for the Mescalero Apache people: those being (1) Sierra Blanca Peak (White Peak) , (2) El Capitan within the Guadalupe Mountains , (3) Three Sisters Mountain (Las Tres Hermanas) and (4) Oscura Mountain Peak (sometimes the Salinas Peak within the San Andres Mountains is listed as the fourth sacred mountain instead of

1185-541: Is sacred ground for the Mescalero Apache Tribe. They do not allow access without a permit. The Mescalero Apache Tribe holds elections for the office of president every two years. The eight tribal council members also are elected for two years. Strong woman leadership is welcomed and encouraged in the Mescalero Apache Tribal Council. Election for the council is held every year, when one half of

1264-640: Is still an active parish. The name was changed because the mission no longer served the Ainais tribe, and its new name honored the current viceroy of Mexico. The mission inherited the lands of the closed Mission San Francisco Xavier de Najera 3 miles (5 km) south of San Antonio de Valero. Most of the Native Americans at the mission were Coahuiltecans who disliked the hard work of mission life. The Native Americans often ran away and were brought back forcibly by soldiers or priests. The current church building

1343-664: The Alpine Sports including equestrian center and zip lines requires effective resource management. They reflect the entrepreneurial vision and resilience of the Mescalero Tribe. These resorts are premier destination tourism spots according to New Mexico, US, North American and global travel guides. Native American heritage combined with one-of-a kind resorts that features hand made cultural accessories to high tech operations. The mountains and foothills are forested with pines; resource and commercial development are managed carefully by

1422-782: The Bolsón de Mapimí , moving between the Nazas River , the Conchos River and the Rio Grande to the north. The Mescalero were divided into some regional bands, which were known to the Spanish/Mexican ('indantûhé-õde) and later Americans ('indaa łiga-ńne bindáa-í datł'ij-í – "white [enemy] people with blue eyes" or 'indáá-ńne – "white people"; "[white] enemies"; modern name: nndé bindáa datł'ijé-ńne – "white people"; lit. "blue-eyed people") by different names (most were transliterations or renderings of

1501-605: The Brothers of Mary , who cleaned it and began conducting services again. It is now open to the public for prayer, and is part of the National Park Service. Mission Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe was established in 1756 in central Texas near present-day New Braunfels, Texas , to serve the local Waco and Tonkawa tribes congregating near the headwaters of the Comal river. It was closed in 1758 because of Comanche depredations and

1580-976: The Colorado River to the Gulf of Mexico and east to the Rio Grande . They were allied to the Tonkawa beginning in this century. To resist their enemies the Comanche and the Mexicans, the Lipan Apache allied with the Republic of Texas in the 1830s. They served as scouts to the Texas Militia during the Texas Revolution of 1835–36. The State of Texas owned massive war debts and used land sales to raise funds following statehood, leaving almost no land to American Indians. Texas established

1659-737: The Texas Revolution , the buildings served as the site of the Battle of the Alamo , and during the Mexican–American War supplies for the U.S. Army were stored there. The buildings are now owned by the state of Texas and operated as memorial by the Daughters of the Republic of Texas . Shortly after its founding, Mission San Antonio de Valero became overcrowded with refugees from the closed East Texas missions, and Father Antonio Margil received permission from

SECTION 20

#1732844128442

1738-516: The 17th century, Spaniards raided Apache communities for slaves . The Acho, a branch of Lipan, fought with Taos Pueblo and Picuris Pueblo people against the Spanish in the 1680 Pueblo Revolt . In 1684, Spanish colonists completed the Mission San Francisco de los Julimes near Presidio, Texas , to serve Jumano , Julime , and neighboring tribes. These tribes taught the peyote ceremony to

1817-743: The 20th anniversary of their two premier tourist destination resorts. The Mescalero designed, developed and own the Inn of the Mountain Gods (IMG) Casino and Golf Resort within the Lincoln National Forest. The Mescalero designed, developed, own and operate Ski Apache Resort in the Sierra Blanca Mountains. This is the southern most large ski resort in North America. The Mescalero ownership and management of these facilities including all of

1896-717: The Brazos Reservation in 1854, where around 2,000 members of the Caddo, Anadarko, Waco, and Tonkawa tribes, but then the tribes to relocate to Indian Territory by 1859. In 1855, some Lipan Apache joined the Brazos Reservation; however, most did not. Some joined the Plains Apache in Oklahoma; others joined the Mescalero in New Mexico, and others fled to Mexico. In 1869, Mexican troops from Monterrey were brought to Zaragosa to eliminate

1975-608: The Canadian [river] - the Chipaines, Conejeros, Rio Colorados, and Anchos - were Lipan ancestors." Lipan Apache is a Southern Athabaskan language , considered to be closely related to the Jicarilla Apache language . Today, there are no fluent speakers. In 1981, two elders on the Mescalero Apache Reservation were fluent Lipan speakers. There are current efforts and funding to revitalize the language. Confederated eastern Apache bands had

2054-570: The Comanche and their allies. By about 1720, the Comanche drove the Lipan Apache from the southern Great Plains. By the early 18th century, the Lipan were divided into regional groupings/divisions comprising several bands - the Forest Lipan division (Lower Lipan bands), the Plains Lipan division (Upper Lipan bands), and bands who lived primarily in northern Mexico (Mexican Lipan bands). Mexican Lipan bands The Spanish associated these groupings with

2133-611: The Defense Research Labs and US military bases in New Mexico. The new leadership was focused on building on past successes and accelerating economic development projects with a new focus on Native Innovation and the “Made-in-Native-America” campaign. Mr. Martinez was appointed chair of the Native American Regional Commission (comprising all 34 states with Federally recognized tribes) to accelerate economic security, development, and defense projects that benefit

2212-537: The El Paso district, which were turned over to diocesan pastors only in 1852. In 1881, the Jesuits took control and renamed it Mission de Nuestra Señora del Monte Carmelo. In 1980, the name was changed to Mission San Antonio de los Tiguas. The church is still in use today. In 1779, Antonio Gil Y'Barbo led a group of settlers who had been removed from Los Adaes to the area to settle in the empty mission buildings. This began

2291-564: The Expedition of Francisco Vásquez de Coronado , who traveled there in 1541, and were still in the region when Diego de Vargas arrived in 1694. Historians believe the Teya Indians of the Texas Panhandle likely merged into the Lipan. Lipan Apache obtained horses from the Spanish by 1608 and adopted a nomadic lifestyle. They were excellent horsemen and freely raided settlements. Throughout

2370-462: The Hasinai became convinced that the missionaries had caused the deaths. Fearing an attack, on October 25, 1693, the missionaries buried the mission bell, set the building ablaze, and retreated to Mexico. The mission was reestablished on July 3, 1716, as Nuestro Padre San Francisco de los Tejas. In 1721, it was renamed Mission San Francisco de los Neches. It was moved in 1731 to San Antonio where it

2449-609: The Lipan Apache near present-day Latimer County, Oklahoma , in 1719. The Lipan were first mentioned in Spanish records in 1718 when they raided Spanish settlements in San Antonio . They frequently raided Spanish supply trains traveling from Coahuila to the newly established San Antonio. In 1749, two Lipan Apache chiefs joined other Apache leaders in signing one of the earliest recorded peace treaties with Spain in San Antonio. Some Lipan Apache people settled northwest of San Antonio during

Lipan Apache people - Misplaced Pages Continue

2528-634: The Lipan Apache, who were blamed for inciting conflict. Chief Magoosh (Lipan, ca. 1830–1900) led his band from Texas and joined the Mescalero Apache on the Mescalero Reservation in 1870. Troops attacked many Lipan camps; survivors fled to the Mescaleros in New Mexico. From 1875 to 1876, United States Army troops undertook joint military campaigns with the Mexican Army to eliminate the Lipan from

2607-607: The Lipan population between 1845-1855 ranged from 500 to 1000. The 1910 U.S. census lists 28 Lipan Apache people. Lipan Apache descendants are enrolled with the Mescalero Apache Tribe in New Mexico, Tonkawa Tribe in Oklahoma, and the Apache Tribe of Oklahoma. Multiple unrecognized tribes in Texas identify as being descendants of Lipan Apache. These include: In 2019, State of Texas 86th Legislature, adopted concurrent resolutions, Senate Concurrent Resolution No. 61 (SCR 61) and House Concurrent Resolution No. 171 (HCR 171), that affirmed

2686-590: The Lipan: Ethnographer James Mooney estimated that there were 500 Lipan Apache in 1690. Missionary priest Friar Diego Ximenez estimated the Lipan population to total 5,000 in 1762, 3,000 in 1763, and 4,000 in 1764. In 1778, Spanish military commanders meeting in Monclova, Coahuila, estimated the population of Lipan men to be 5,000. By 1820, Mexican government official Juan Padilla estimated that there were 700 Lipans in Texas. Opler and Ray estimated that

2765-747: The Mescalero Nadahéndé ("People of the Mescal"), because the mescal agave ( Agave parryi ) (Apache: naa’da / ’inaa’da / na’da) was a staple food source for them. In times of need and hunger, they depended on stored mescal for survival. They adopted and identify today also as Naa'dahéńdé / Naa’dańde ("The People of the Mescal"). Since 1550 Spanish colonists referred to them as the Mescalero. Mescalero Apache bands were often referred to by European colonists and settlers by different names, some related to their geographic territory. They were recorded in documents by

2844-475: The Mescalero Apache Tribal Council. The Mescalero Apache developed a cultural center near the tribal headquarters on U.S. Route 70 in the reservation's largest community of Mescalero . On display are tribal artifacts and important historical information. The tribe also operates another, larger museum on the western flank of the Sacramento Mountains in Dog Canyon, south of Alamogordo (T'iis ntsaadz-í 'úú'á). New museums and exhibits are being planned to fully capture

2923-491: The Mescalero Apache Tribe and all Native American and other Indigenous peoples. In 2024, Thora Walsh Padilla serves as Tribe's president along side Vice President Duane Duffy. The Mescalero language is a Southern Athabaskan language which is a subfamily of the Athabaskan and Dené–Yeniseian families. Mescalero is part of the southwestern branch of this subfamily; it is very closely related to Chiricahua , and more distantly related to Western Apache . These are considered

3002-402: The Mescalero Apache reservation. One hundred and eighty-three elected to go to New Mexico, while seventy-eight remained in Oklahoma. Their descendants still reside in both places. Northern Mescalero Southern Mescalero Eastern Mescalero / Plains Mescalero Mescalero Apache Schools is the tribal school. Spanish missions in Texas The Spanish Missions in Texas comprise

3081-454: The Mescalero Space Innovation integration capabilities through partnerships with the New Mexico Space Consortium, Spaceport America, NASA, other commercial space companies, the Intl Institute for Homeland Security Defense and US military partners (Air Force-AFRL and Space Force) the Mescalero Apache Space Innovation and Integration Centers. The ski area is situated adjacent to the massive peak of Sierra Blanca (Dziãgais'â-ní = "sacred mountain")

3160-415: The Mexican Army. In October 1903, 19 Lipan Apaches who fled Texas into Coahuila were taken to northwest Chihuahua and kept as prisoners of war until 1905. They were released to the Mescalero Reservation. The Lipan Apache emerged from an amalgamation of several Eastern Apache bands united within a large confederacy and who shared a cultural and historic bond. As a confederacy, they united to defend against

3239-460: The Mexican provinces of Chihuahua and Coahuila to the south. The diverse landscape of this area has high mountains up to 12,000 feet, as well as watered and sheltered valleys, surrounded by arid semi-deserts and deserts, deep canyons and open plains. The Mescalero Apache Reservation is located at geographical coordinates 33°10′42″N 105°36′44″W  /  33.17833°N 105.61222°W  / 33.17833; -105.61222 . Mescalero identity

Lipan Apache people - Misplaced Pages Continue

3318-562: The Oscuru Mountain Peak). Moreover, their forefathers spoke of a creator giving them life on White Mountain. It was there that White Painted Woman gave birth to two sons, Child of Water and Killer of Enemies Since each band of Mescalero had the right to use the resources of deer and plants of the neighboring groups, the different bands felt at home in any area of their wide tribal territory. The Mescalero or Mashgalé-õde bands often ranged widely for hunting, gathering, warring and raiding. They called their home Indeislun Nakah ("people, forming

3397-412: The Plains joined forces with their Lipan kin ( Cuelcahen Ndé , Te'l kóndahä , Ndáwe qóhä and Shá’i’áńde ) to the east and south of them. In August 1912, by an act of the U.S. Congress, the surviving members of the Chiricahua tribe were released from their prisoner-of-war status. They were given the choice to remain at Fort Sill , Oklahoma, where they had been imprisoned since 1894, or to relocate to

3476-447: The Spanish claimed the Red River as the eastern boundary of Texas, so the mission was considered part of Spanish Texas , despite being in what is now considered Louisiana. The mission was attacked by French soldiers in 1719 and was closed. Three years later, the Marquis de San Miguel de Aguayo reopened the mission, but at a site closer to the Presidio of Los Adaes . The mission remained open until 1773. Mission San Antonio de Valero

3555-405: The Texas Legislature's views that the Lipan Apache Tribe of Texas was "the present-day incarnation of a proud people who have lived in Texas and northern Mexico for more than 300 years" and commended the people of this Tribe for their contributions to the state. Each concurrent resolutions was signed by the Senate, House, and the Governor. Likewise, the Lipan Apache Band of Texas has been honored by

3634-581: The Texas state legislator in a congratulary resolution. The National Congress of American Indians identifies the Lipan Apache Tribe of Texas as being a state-recognized tribe . Texas currently has no state-recognized tribes; however, Texas senate bills for formal state recognition of the Lipan Apache Tribe of Texas were introduced in 2021 and in 2022. Both bills died in committee. Below are historical chiefs with estimated times of when they were active. Mescalero Apache Tribe Mescalero or Mescalero Apache ( Mescalero-Chiricahua : Naa'dahéńdé )

3713-541: The Tonkawa and Lipan, who in turn, shared it with the Comanches, Mescalero Apaches, and Plains Apaches. In the 1860s, Spanish chroniclers wrote that some Lipan Apache lived near the Gulf Coast and adopted lifeways of the neighboring Karankawa . By 1700, Lipan had settled across southern Texas and into Coahuila , Mexico . They still lived in agricultural settlements, where they farmed indigenous crops such as pumpkins, corn, and beans, as well as watermelons, introduced from Africa. French explorer Bénard de La Harpe encountered

3792-417: The Twin Villages . Missions established for the Lipan at Candelaria and San Lorenzo were destroyed by the Comanche in 1767. By 1767, all Lipan had completely deserted the Spanish missions. In the same year, Marquis of Rubí started a policy of Lipan extermination after a 1764 smallpox epidemic had decimated the tribe. In the early 19th century, Lipan Apache primarily lived in south and west Texas, south of

3871-429: The bands Apache name). The Naa’dahéńdé had had a considerable influence on the decision-making of some bands of the Western Lipan in the 18th century, especially on the Tindi Ndé , Tcha shka-ózhäye , Tú’édįnéńde and Tú sis Ndé . To fight their common enemy, the Comanche, and to protect the northeastern and eastern border of the Apacheria against the Comancheria , the Mescalero ( Naa’dahéńdé and Gułgahéńde ) on

3950-422: The different Mescalero bands and local groups ranged in an area between the Rio Grande (Tú 'ichii-dí – "the water that is the color of red ocher") in the west and the eastern and southern edge of the Llano Estacado and the southern Texas Panhandle in Texas in the east; from present-day Santa Fe (Yuutu') in the northwest and the Texas Panhandle in the northeast, down to the Big Bend of Texas and what became

4029-406: The eastern flank of the Sacramento Mountains and borders the Lincoln National Forest . A small, unpopulated section is in Lincoln County just southwest of Ruidoso (Tsé tághe' si'â-yá). U.S. Route 70 is the major highway through the reservation. Given that the Mescalero Tribal lands in the Lincoln National Forest are ranked as one of the most beautiful scenic locations in the world, much of

SECTION 50

#1732844128442

4108-507: The ecology and were able to utilize their resources very effectively. The Mescalero Apache relied on hunting and gathering for subsistence. Men led the hunting parties for buffalo, antelope, and deer. Women accompanied men and dressed the meat and skins and would also participate in the hunting of small game such as rabbits. Women would gather Mescal Agave in groups of 4–10 people, mainly consisting of female friends and family members and usually several men. Men would also take an active role in

4187-402: The following year Alonso De León led an expedition to establish a mission in East Texas . It was completed near the Hasinai village of Nabedaches in late May, and its first mass was conducted on June 1, 1690. In its first two years of existence, the mission faced much hardship, as floodwaters and then drought destroyed their crops. After an epidemic killed half of the local population,

4266-451: The governor of Coahuila and Texas , the Marquis de San Miguel de Aguayo, to build a new mission. On February 23, 1720, the new mission, San José y San Miguel de Aguayo was established 5 miles (8 km) south of San Antonio de Valero. Like San Antonio de Valero, Mission San José served the Coahuiltecan natives. The first buildings, made of brush, straw, and mud, were quickly replaced by large stone structures, including guest rooms, offices,

4345-585: The inhabitants. As buildings became more elaborate, mission occupants learned masonry and carpentry under the direction of craftsmen contracted by the missionaries. In the closely supervised setting of the mission the Native Americans were expected to mature in Christianity and Spanish political and economic practices until they would no longer require special mission status. Then their communities could be incorporated as such into ordinary colonial society. This transition from official mission status to ordinary Spanish society, when it occurred in an official manner,

4424-406: The last decades of the 18th century. This mission system was developed in response to the often very detrimental results of leaving the Hispanic control of relations with Native Americans on the expanding frontier to overly enterprising civilians and soldiers. This had resulted too often in the abuse and even enslavement of the Indians and a heightening of antagonism. In the end, the mission system

4503-409: The many Catholic outposts established in New Spain by Dominican , Jesuit , and Franciscan orders to spread their doctrine among Native Americans and to give Spain a toehold in the frontier land. The missions introduced European livestock , fruits, vegetables, and industry into the Texas area. In addition to the presidio (fortified church) and pueblo (town), the misión was one of

4582-432: The members are up for re-election. The Apache nation of over 64,000 coordinate with each other through tribal meetings. The tribe comprised over 12,468 with 8,652 according to the United States Census . In 1959, the tribe elected Virginia Klinekole as its first woman president. She later was elected to the tribal council, serving on it until 1986. The tribe repeatedly re-elected Wendell Chino as president; he served

4661-405: The mid-18th century. Spanish colonists built forts and missions near Lipan settlements. A mission on the San Sabá River was completed in 1757 but destroyed by the Comanche and the Wichita. That same year, the Lipan Apache fought the Hasinais , a band of Caddo people . The Lipan participated in a Spanish expedition against the Wichita and Comanche in 1759 but were defeated in the Battle of

4740-480: The most superior military aircraft i.e. the Boeing Manufactured Apache helicopter, the Sikorsky Blackhawk etc. after the Native Americans. They traveled east on the arid plains to hunt the buffalo and south into the desert for gathering Mescal Agave . Spanish colonists associated them with this plant and named them Mescalero Apache. The Mescalero Apache, along with the other Apache groups, lived by traditional hunting and gathering. The Mescalero Apache culture protected

4819-431: The next year, Father Margil founded Mission San José (Texas) . Mission Dolores was reestablished in 1721. Missionaries continued their work until 1773 when the East Texas missions were once again closed. Archeologists confirmed the location of the mission in the late 1970s. It is one of three archeologically confirmed mission locations in East Texas and the only site open to the public. The City of San Augustine constructed

SECTION 60

#1732844128442

4898-451: The other tribes of Rancheria Grande natives, such as the Yojuanes and the Mayeye to guide him to East Texas to reopen the missions there; in return, Aguayo promised to open a mission along the San Antonio River for the chief's tribe. The new mission was established 3 miles (5 km) south of San Antonio de Valero and was initially populated by fifty families under the leadership of El Cuilón. The families did not stay long, and by 1726

4977-492: The processing of mescal. Family descent was matrilineal , but men's heritage would be remembered especially if there was a famous warrior in his lineage. Extended families consisted of grandparents, unmarried children, and their remarried daughters' nuclear families. The Mescalero also practiced matrilocal residence patterns. When a woman married, the couple would move into a new tipi or wickiup close to her parents' home. The Mescalero's autonym, or name for themselves,

5056-420: The reservation. Their descendants are enrolled in the Mescalero Apache Tribe. Originally established on May 27, 1873, by executive order of President Ulysses S. Grant , the reservation was first located near Fort Stanton (Zhúuníidu). The present reservation was established in 1883. It has a land area of 1,862.463 km (719.101 sq mi), almost entirely in Otero County . The 463,000-acre reservation lies on

5135-423: The state of Coahuila in northern Mexico. In 1879, a group of 17 Lipan settled near Fort Griffin, Texas , but in 1884 they were forcibly removed to Indian Territory , where they joined the Tonkawa. In 1891, the Lipans negotiated with President of Mexico Porfirio Diaz to preserve the Lipan’s tribal land in Zaragosa. This agreement lasted about 12 years until they were displaced from Zaragosa after resisting joining

5214-471: The three dialects of Apachean. Although Navajo is a related Southern Athabaskan language, its language and culture are considered distinct from those of the Apache. The Mescalero Apache were primarily a nomadic mountain people . They were innovative warriors, stealth, fierce, precise and tactical. Their capabilities are forever recognized as superior military tactics. Modern defense industrial base utilizes this irregular warfare precision and “brand” in naming

5293-454: The three major agencies employed by the Spanish crown to extend its borders and consolidate its colonial territories . In all, twenty-six missions were maintained for different lengths of time within the future boundaries of the state of Texas. Since 1493, Spain had maintained missions throughout New Spain (Mexico and portions of what today are the southwestern United States ) to facilitate colonization . The eastern Tejas missions were

5372-437: The town of Nacogdoches, Texas . The first mission established within the boundaries of Spanish Texas was San Francisco de la Espada. In 1689, Spanish authorities found the remnants of a French settlement, Fort Saint Louis . During their expedition, the Spanish met representatives of the Caddo people, who lived between the Trinity and the Red Rivers. The Caddo expressed interest in learning about Christianity , and

5451-411: The tribal economy is in hospitality and tourism. The trades and ranching also contribute to their growing economy. With a growing technology sector their Native Innovation Centers and multi state University Consortiums will soon provide a robust research and development sector to their economy. The Mescalero Department of Resource Management and Land Development celebrated 60 years of success in 2022 on

5530-415: The word apachu , which means 'enemy', or perhaps from the Ute , who referred to this group as Awa'tehe. Apaches' autonym is Inde or Nde, meaning "the people." The terms Eastern Apache and Texas Apache can also include them as well as the Chiricahua and Mescalero. I Fought a Good Fight: A History of the Lipan Apaches notes that Spanish explorers recorded their encounters with "Apaches living along

5609-445: Was called "secularization." In this official transaction, the mission's communal properties were privatized, the direction of civil life became a purely secular affair, and the direction of church life was transferred from the missionary religious orders to the Catholic diocesan church. Although colonial law specified no precise time for this transition to take effect, increasing pressure for the secularization of most missions developed in

5688-457: Was completed in 1755 and is the oldest unrestored stone church in the United States. It is built in the shape of a cross, with walls that are 45 inches (1.1 m) thick. The mission was closed in 1794, with the property divided among the resident Native Americans, all of whom has left by 1800. For a time, the buildings were used as a cattle barn, but in 1855 the land and church were given to

5767-488: Was established on May 1, 1718, as the first Spanish mission along the San Antonio River . It was named for Saint Anthony of Padua , the patron saint of the mission's founder, Antonio de Olivares , as well as for the viceroy of New Spain, Baltasar de Zúñiga y Guzmán, Marquis of Valero . The mission later became known as the Alamo. Its first location was west of San Pedro Springs, and after being moved several times, it

5846-523: Was finally established above a bend in the San Antonio River, where it would be easy to defend. The early mission buildings were made of grass, and the first stone building was built in 1727. The building now known as the Alamo was not built until 1744, and most of its actual structure does not remain. The mission eventually grew to include a granary, workhouse, and rooms for the priests, native peoples, and soldiers. To protect from frequent Apache raids,

5925-519: Was named Mission San Francisco de la Espada. The surviving structure is now part of San Antonio Missions National Historical Park operated by the National Park Service . A commemorative representation of Mission San Francisco de los Tejas, is located in Weches at Mission Tejas State Park . Located 3 miles (5 km) south of Mission San José, San Juan Capistrano served Coahuiltecan natives. It

6004-510: Was never protected by a complementing presidio garrison. Mission Nuestra Señora de los Dolores de los Ais was originally established in 1717 in the area of Ayish Bayou (modern San Augustine, Texas ) by Father Antonio Margil de Jesus . The mission was built to convert the local Ais Native Americans. Following the Chicken War in 1719, Spanish officials closed the East Texas missions and Father Margil and others were relocated to San Antonio. During

6083-410: Was not politically strong enough to protect the Native Americans against the growing power of ranchers and other business interests that sought control over mission lands and the manpower represented by the Native Americans. In the first few years of the new Republic of Mexico —between 1824 and 1830—all the missions still operating in Texas were officially secularized, with the sole exception of those in

6162-553: Was restored in the 1930s and is now a state and national historic site. Mission San Francisco Xavier de Nájera was established in 1722 in San Antonio , as a result of a promise made by the Marquis de San Miguel de Aguayo, the governor of Spanish Texas. The previous year, Aguayo had asked the El Cuilón (also known as Juan Rodriguez) the chief of the Ervipiame and influential among many of

6241-547: Was the most distant of the missions from the presidio at Bexar and was often raided by Apaches. By 1762, the mission consisted of a stone chapel with stone rooms for the priests and the soldiers who lived at the mission. Rooms made of adobe were built along the walls to house the 200 resident Native American peoples. The mission was secularized in 1794, with the property divided among the remaining mission Indians. A priest continued to hold church services there, but other mission activities ended. The church has been restored and

#441558