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26-703: El Cuilón , also known as Juan Rodriguez (born about 1680) was a leader of the Ervipiame during the 18th century and, at least by Spanish standards, the overall leader of the Rancheria Grande , a large and numerous collection of Native American tribes between the Brazos River and the Colorado River in what is today eastern Texas in the United States. El Cuilón was born in what is today Coahuila , probably between

52-761: A delegation along with the Yojuanes , Deadoses , and other residents of the Rancheria Grande to ask that a mission be built along the Brazos. In 1722, when the Spanish founded Mission San Francisco Xavier de Horcasitas on the San Gabriel River , the Ervipiame maintained a village nearby. In 1747 some of the Ervipiame moved to the mission. Throughout the 19th century, Ervipiame were seldom mentioned, and they likely merged into

78-632: A historic park. The Tonkawa Tribe is led by an elected president and council. Their current president is Russell Martin. The Tonkawa tribe operates several businesses which had an annual economic impact of over $ 10,860,657 in 2011. Along with several smoke shops, the tribe runs three different casinos: Tonkawa Indian Casino and Tonkawa Gasino located in Tonkawa , Oklahoma, and the Native Lights Casino in Newkirk , Oklahoma. The Tonkawa Hotel and Casino has

104-462: A short time and many of them were classed as "runaways" by the Spanish. Mariano Francisco de los Dolores y Viana starting before 1735 made annual trips to the Rancheria Grande and tried to get the Ervipiame and other groups there to move to the missions around San Antonio . Although many Ervipiame had fled the San Antonio missions they did see some advantages to the mission system and in 1745 sent

130-704: A steakhouse, the Buffalo Grill and Lounge. The Tonkawa's tribal jurisdictional area is in Kay County, Oklahoma, and their headquartered are in Tonkawa, Oklahoma . A 60-acre property (24 ha), was purchased by the Tonkawa Tribe in 2023 in commemoration of its status as a site sacred to the Tonkawa. Sugarloaf Mountain, the highest point in Milam County, Texas , will become part of a historical park. The tribe owns

156-509: Is believed to have been just before or during the early European contact period. By 1700, Apache and Wichita people had pushed the Tonkawa south to the Red River which forms the border between current-day Oklahoma and Texas. In the 16th century, the Tonkawa tribe probably had around 1,900 members. Their numbers diminished to around 1,600 by the late 17th century due to fatalities from European diseases and conflict with other tribes, most notably

182-552: Is derived from the Waco word, Tonkaweya , meaning "they all stay together". In 1601, the Tonkawa people lived in what is now northwestern Oklahoma. They were made up of related bands. Historically, they were nomadic people, who practiced some horticulture. The Tonkawa, long thought to have been prehistoric residents of Texas are now thought to have migrated into the state in the late seventeenth century. Arrival in Central Texas

208-647: The Apache . In the 1740s, some Tonkawa were involved with the Yojuanes and others as settlers in the San Gabriel Missions of Texas along the San Gabriel River . In 1758, the Tonkawa along with allied Bidais , Caddos , Wichitas , Comanches , and Yojuanes went to attack the Lipan Apache in the vicinity of Mission Santa Cruz de San Sabá , which they destroyed. The tribe continued their southern migration into Texas and northern Mexico , where they allied with

234-564: The Marques de Aguayo . In 1722 El Cuilón was the leader of the Ervipiame and associated tribes who settled at Mission San Francisco de Najera , in the general vicinity of modern San Antonio, Texas . Ervipiame The Ervipiame were also known as the Chivipane, Cibipane, Hierbipiane, Huvipane, Hyerbipiame, Yerbipiame, Yrbipia, Herbipiames, Yurbipames, Hervipiames, Yerbiapames, Barbipianes, Berttipanes, Irripianes, and Jerbipiam. Beginning in

260-526: The Rio Grande and the Rio Salado . He spent some time at Mission San Francisco Vizarron in about 1699 before moving north-eastward to join other Ervipiame who had already migrated to eastern Texas. El Cuilón was given a baton of command by Martin de Alarcón in 1719, indicating that at least the Ervipiame held him in high respect. In 1721 El Cuilón was the lead negotiator for the Rancheria Grande tribes with

286-464: The Tonkawa people. Tonkawa The Tonkawa are a Native American tribe from Oklahoma and Texas . Their Tonkawa language , now extinct , is a linguistic isolate . Today, Tonkawa people are enrolled in the federally recognized Tonkawa Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma , headquartered in Tonkawa, Oklahoma . They have more than 700 tribal citizens. The Tonkawa's autonym is Tickanwa•tic (meaning "real people"). The name Tonkawa

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312-499: The 16th century, Spanish settlement in what is today Northern Mexico and the accompanying diseases and slave raiding to supply ranches and mines with Indigenous labor had disruptive effects upon the inhabitants of the region The Ervipiame were first written about in 1673, when the Spanish encountered them in northeastern Coahuila. The Bosque-Larios expedition encountered them in 1675 in the Edwards Plateau of southern Texas. By

338-457: The 1710s. By 1719 they were led by a man named El Cuilón who the Spanish tried to set up as the leader of the Rancheria Grande. In 1722 El Cuilón lead a group of Rancheria Grande residents, many of them Erviiapame, westward to settle at Mission San Francisco Xavier de Najera . Later in the 1720s some of the Erviapame moved to Mission San Antonio de Valero . However they often only stayed there

364-442: The 17th century, Spanish colonists disrupted the lower Rio Grande Valley . In 1698, some Ervipiame joined Spanish missions in northern Coahuila. Some of them entered Mission San Juan Bautista and Mission San Francisco Vizzaron when these missions were founded about 1700. Later the Ervipiame were one of several people that lived in the Rancheria Grande along the Brazos River in what is today eastern Texas. They lived there by

390-496: The Bastrop camp August 22nd, 1843. He met with "Chief Campos (sic)" and visited a dry goods store where Tonkawa were busy trading with residents of Bastrop. Campo had recently returned from a buffalo hunt, and later that year planned to "visit the coast .. to see the ocean and hunt mustangs and deer". Bollaert's eye-witness account of the tribe in Bastrop shows a people still confident in their ability to move about. Earlier that year there

416-628: The Comanche. March 5th, 1842 the Mexican Army under Ráfael Vásquez (general) marched into Texas and seized San Antonio. Months later in support of the Republic of Texas the Tonkawa and Lipans were mustered for an expedition against the Mexican invasion: "We understand that the whole tribe of Lipans and Tonkewas (sic) have been ordered to move to the vicinity of Corpus Christi, to accompany the army on its march to

442-616: The Lipan Apache. In 1824, the Tonkawa entered into a treaty with Stephen F. Austin to protect Anglo-American immigrants against the Comanche . At the time, Austin was an agent recruiting immigrants to settle in the Mexican state of Coahuila y Texas. In 1840 at the Battle of Plum Creek and again in 1858 at the Battle of Little Robe Creek , the Tonkawa fought alongside the Texas Rangers against

468-603: The Ponca Agency, and arrived at nearby Fort Oakland on June 30, 1885. On October 21, 1891, the tribe signed an agreement with the Cherokee Commission to accept individual allotments of land. By 1921, only 34 tribal members remained. Their numbers have since increased to close to 950 as of 2023. The Tonkawa Tribe of Oklahoma incorporated under the Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act in 1938. December 12, 2023

494-653: The Rio Grande". The Tonkawas often visited the capital city of Austin during the days of the Republic of Texas (1836–1846) and during early statehood in the mid-19th century. By 1838 the Tonkawas' main camp was near Bastrop, Texas 30 miles east of Austin. The camp was on the east side of the Colorado River , below Alum Creek , on lands claimed by General Edward Burleson . William Bollaert, English writer, geographer, and ethnologist traveled through Texas in 1842 to 1843 visiting

520-599: The Tonkawa Tribal Museum in Tonkawa, Oklahoma, which shares the history and culture of the tribe through photographs, art, and artifacts with free admission. They also maintain the Tonkawa and Nez Perce cemeteries. The annual Tonkawa Powwow is held on the last weekend in June to commemorate the end of the tribe's own Trail of Tears when the tribe was forcefully removed and relocated from its traditional lands to present-day Oklahoma. The City of Austin and leadership from

546-488: The Tonkawa Tribe purchased Sugarloaf Mountain, near Gause, Texas in Milam County. The mountain figures into a number of tribes' histories and is along El Camino Real de los Tejas National Historic Trail near the site of Rancheria Grande. The tribe knows it as "Red Mountain" and is a part of their origin story. The tribe partnered with El Camino Real de los Tejas National Historic Trail Association with plans to make it into

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572-654: The Tonkawa were forced to move from Fort Griffin in Texas to the Oakland Agency in northern Indian Territory, present-day Kay County . They arrived on June 29, 1885, and have remained there to the present. This journey involved going to Cisco , Texas, where they boarded a railroad train that took them to Stroud in Indian Territory, where they spent the winter at the Sac and Fox Agency. The Tonkawas traveled 100 miles (160 km) to

598-568: The United States forcibly removed the Tonkawa and other Texas Indian tribes to the Wichita Agency in Indian Territory, and placed them under the protection of nearby Fort Cobb . During American Civil War , the Tonkawa allied with the Confederacy. Texas also declared for the Confederacy, so the federal troops at the fort received orders to march to Fort Leavenworth , Kansas, leaving the Indians at

624-567: The Wichita Agency unprotected. On October 24, 1862, Pro-Union tribes, including the Delaware , Shawnee , and Osage decimated the Tonkawa in the Tonkawa Massacre . After the attack on the Tonkawa, by the summer of 1863, some survivors began migrating back south into Texas, some going as far as Central Texas including Austin, Texas. As the capital of a Confederate state, Austin during the Civil War

650-547: Was fortified anticipating Union attack so provided a refuge for the pro-Confederate tribe. After the Civil War, Texas being a Confederate state, Union forces occupied Texas, and in 1867 as many as 135 Tonkawa were escorted back north from Austin to Jacksboro, Texas by the Indian agent for the United States. That same year the Tonkawa were then resettled on a reservation near Fort Griffin in Shackelford County. Later, in 1884,

676-430: Was news of a split in the tribe, one group heading to the Rio Grande raising Texas' concern of an alliance with Mexico, but as was reported "The main body of the tribe is still in the vicinity of Bastrop, and the chiefs profess to be still faithful to our [Republic of Texas] government". The group that split from the main tribe was described as "ten camps or families" comprising about "thirty or forty warriors". In 1859,

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