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49-748: The traditional southern boundary of the area is an escarpment called La Bajada southwest of Santa Fe . The other boundaries are poorly defined. The map in Cobos (1983) is a guide: from La Bajada the boundary runs northwest about 50 miles (80 km) west of U.S. Routes 285 and 84 , and northeast about 20 miles (30 km) east of Interstate 25 , to the Colorado border. The area might also be described roughly as comprising Rio Arriba , Los Alamos , Taos , and Colfax Counties; northeastern Sandoval County , northern Santa Fe County ; and western San Miguel and Mora Counties, possibly with parts of adjoining counties. To

98-531: A Wild Horse Territory , and manages a herd of mustangs there. A separate band of feral horses in the vicinity is not managed; its members are thought to be domestic horses recently turned loose to fend for themselves. Caja del Rio Canyon (known locally as Diablo Canyon), is a popular local rock climbing area on the northern section of Canada Ancha, near its confluence with the Rio Grande. This area can be accessed by Camino La Tierra and Old Buckman Road. Although

147-549: A cultural and linguistic division in New Mexican Hispano society. New Mexico state government generally divides New Mexico into four regions: Eastern , Central , Southwestern and Northern New Mexico. For those purposes Northern includes the Four Corners area together with the cultural area, but excludes Sandoval County. The Northwest Region is frequently referred to as the "Four-Corners Region". For tourists, New Mexico

196-652: A linear weakness in the crust. The Lineament trends southwest to northeast, and underlies a string of volcanic features across Arizona and New Mexico. Those features include the San Carlos volcanic field , Springerville volcanic field , Zuni-Bandera volcanic field , Mount Taylor volcanic field, the Jemez volcanic field , the Taos Plateau volcanic field , and the Raton-Clayton volcanic field . The Caja del Rio volcanic field lies in

245-692: A range management plan were completed by 1939. In the same year, the Soil Conservation Service assumed administration of the federal lands pursuant to a cooperative agreement among the Indian Services, Resettlement Administration, and the SCS. Responsibility for management was passed to the Forest Service in 1953. The Caja is now managed as a geographically distinct unit of the Espanola District of

294-487: A series of intracontinental basaltic eruptions. The Rio Grande rift is a result of extensional , (or divergent) tectonic forces exerted upon the American Southwest. This feature runs southward from the vicinity of Leadville , Colorado , through the entire state of New Mexico, through the vicinity of El Paso , Texas , and into Chihuahua , Mexico . The rift began forming approximately 30 million years ago during

343-520: A short grass understory. Tree densities often range between 100 and 300 trees per acre. Another large community consists of open grassland, with blue grama ( Bouteloua gracilis ), galleta ( Pleuraphis jamesii ), and various species of Stipa being the most common grasses. Common woody shrubs include chamisa ( Chrysothamnus nauseosus ), Apache plume ( Fallugia paradoxa ), four-wing saltbush ( Atriplex canescens ), and big sagebrush ( Artemisia tridentata ). Predatory mammals known to live in

392-554: A trailhead for the 20-mile (32 km) Dale Ball Foothill Trail System. The Santa Fe River Watershed is 285 square miles (740 km ), ranging in elevations between 12,408 ft (3,782 m) to 5,220 ft (1,590 m). The environmental group American Rivers designated the Santa Fe River as America's Most Endangered River of 2007, and Santa Fe Mayor David Coss made reviving the river one of his administration's top priorities. Archaeological evidence shows that prior to

441-490: Is 60.0 degrees, with the average annual minimum at 35.8. The average annual precipitation is approximately 10-12 inches. Most of the annual precipitation is associated with summer thunderstorms, although the area also receives winter snow. Soils in the Caja del Rio are derived from Tertiary volcanic basalt flows and cinder cone eruptions. Most are best characterized as stony or cindery loam, with shallow horizons. Soil surveys of

490-518: Is a monogenetic volcanic field , which includes approximately 60 cinder cones , spatter cones , and basalt outflows. The volcanism can be explained by the field's location, which is very close to the intersection of the Rio Grande rift and the Jemez Lineament . These structural weaknesses create a thinned crust, and pathways for intrusion by magma originating in the mantle . The result has been

539-566: Is a federally designated National Heritage Area . It includes the area that has been inhabited by the Puebloan peoples since the early Pre-Columbian era . 36°13′N 106°00′W  /  36.217°N 106.000°W  / 36.217; -106.000 Caja del Rio#La Bajada Mesa Caja del Rio ( Spanish : " box of the river") is a dissected plateau , of volcanic origin, which covers approximately 84,000 acres of land in northern Santa Fe County , New Mexico , United States. The region

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588-554: Is also known as the Caja , Caja del Rio Plateau , and Cerros del Rio. The center of the area is approximately 15 miles (23 km) west of Santa Fe, New Mexico . Most of the Caja is owned by the United States Forest Service and managed by the Santa Fe National Forest . Access is through New Mexico Highway 599, Santa Fe County Road 62, and Forest Service Road 24. The landscape of the Caja del Rio Plateau

637-432: Is divided into six regions, with northern New Mexico being divided into north central region, northeast region and northwest region. Sandoval County is part of the central region to the south. Under that schema, the north central region includes the core part of cultural northern New Mexico. The Northern Rio Grande National Heritage Area is in the upper Rio Grande Valley and north central region of northern New Mexico. It

686-434: Is generally flat to rolling terrain, with numerous steep cones rising up to 800 feet above the plains. The highest points in the immediate area are the unnamed high point (7,472 feet), Cerro Micho (7,326 feet), Montoso Peak (7,315 feet), Ortiz Mountain (7,188 feet), and Cerro Rito (7,296 feet) The entire plateau is within the watershed of the Rio Grande ; portions of the Caja drain into the larger river through two tributaries:

735-479: Is similar to the basalt erupted at mid-ocean ridges . Many of the flows of the Caja del Rio are covered with a mantle of sand, probably originating in the Rio Grande floodplain to the southwest and brought in by prevailing winds. The Caja is not the only volcanic feature in this part of New Mexico. Approximately 20 miles (32 km) to its northwest is the Valles Caldera , a spectacular caldera which lies at

784-505: The Santa Fe River and Cañada Ancha . Virtually the entire perimeter of the Caja is ringed by cliffs or escarpments . White Rock Canyon forms the northwestern edge of the plateau. This canyon, through which the Rio Grande flows, has a maximum depth of over 1000 feet. Bandelier National Monument lies directly across the river to the west of the plateau. Along the eastern edge is Canada Ancha, an ephemeral stream that flows northward into

833-580: The 1610 founding of Santa Fe, four of the local Indigenous people's pueblos were built near several perennial springs along the Santa Fe River. The source of the Rio Chiquito, a tributary of the Santa Fe River, was a productive spring located near the Santa Fe Cathedral where the Archbishop's garden is currently located. The tributary meandered along what is now Water Street to join the Santa Fe River in

882-454: The 1890s, grazing levels throughout the Territory were as high as 9 million animal units. This overuse, combined with severe droughts in 1891 and 1892, led to the loss of top soils and major vegetative changes. Among the vegetative changes were the replacement of more palatable forbs and grasses by woody shrubs and trees. At the beginning of the 20th century, the Forest Service began to address

931-970: The Caja del Rio include black bear ( Ursus americanus ), mountain lion ( Felis concolor ), bobcat ( Lynx rufus ), coyote ( Canis latrans ), fox ( Vulpes spp.), gray fox ( Urocyon cinereoargenteus ), ringtail ( Bassariscus astutus ), badger ( Taxidea taxus ), long-tailed weasel ( Mustela frenata ), western spotted skunk ( Spilogale gracilis ), and striped skunk ( Mephitis mephitis ). Non-predatory mammals known to be present include Rocky Mountain elk ( Cervus elaphus ), mule deer ( Odocoileus hemionus ), raccoon ( Procyon lotor ), porcupine ( Erethizon dorsatum ), black-tailed jackrabbit ( Lepus californicus ), desert cottontail , ( Sylvilagus auduboni ), white-throated woodrat ( Neotoma albigula ), Botta's pocket gopher ( Thomomys bottae ), Colorado chipmunk ( Neotamias quadrivittatus ), pinyon mouse ( Peromyscus truei ), and deer mouse ( Peromyscus spp.). Sensitive mammalian species known to be present at

980-412: The Caja generally describe the soils as unsatisfactory, with a reduced potential for hydrologic and nutrient function. Three primary plant communities are frequently found on the Caja del Rio plateau: pinon-juniper savanna, pinon-juniper woodland, and Great Basin sage scrub. The most prevalent vegetative communities consist of a pinon ( Pinus edulis ) and juniper ( Juniperus monosperma ) overstory with

1029-763: The Caja include Gunnison's prairie dog ( Cynomys gunnisoni ). A small herd of wild horses (consisting of approximately 50 individuals) lives year round on the plateau. Birds of prey found in or near the Caja include bald eagle ( Haliaeetus leucocephalus ), golden eagle ( Aquila chrysaetos ), red-tailed hawk ( Buteo jamaicensis ), ferruginous hawk ( Buteo regalis ), Swainson's hawk ( Buteo swainsonii ), American kestrel ( Falco sparverius ), and peregrine falcon ( Falco peregrinus anatum ). Other resident non-migratory birds include Merriam's turkey ( Meleagris gallopavo ), pinyon jay ( Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus ), hairy woodpecker ( Picoides villosus ), and scaled quail ( Callipepla squamata ). Migratory birds found in or near

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1078-1322: The Caja include turkey vulture ( Cathartes aura ), killdeer ( Charadrius vociferus ), loggerhead shrike ( Lanius ludovicianus ), common nighthawk ( Chordeiles minor ), mourning dove ( Zenaida macroura , broad-tailed hummingbird ( Selasphorus platycercus ), ladder-backed woodpecker ( Picoides scalaris ), downy woodpecker ( Picoides pubescens ), northern flicker ( Colaptes auratus ), gray flycatcher ( Empidonax wrightii ), Say's phoebe ( Sayornis saya ), ash-throated flycatcher ( Myiarchus cinerascens ), Cassin's kingbird ( Tyrannus vociferans ), plumbeous vireo ( Vireo plumbeus ), horned lark ( Eremophila alpestris ), violet-green swallow ( Tachycineta thalassina ), northern rough-winged swallow ( Stelgidopteryx serripennis ), blue-gray gnatcatcher ( Polioptila caerulea ), western bluebird ( Sialia mexicana ), mountain bluebird ( Sialia currucoides ), Townsend's solitaire ( Myadestes townsendi ), American robin ( Turdus migratorius ), American pipit ( Anthus rubescens ), black-throated gray warbler ( Setophaga nigrescens ), western tanager ( Piranga ludoviciana ), chipping sparrow ( Spizella passerina ), lark sparrow ( Chondestes grammacus ), western meadowlark ( Sturnella neglecta ), and brown-headed cowbird ( Molothrus ater ). Waterfowl using

1127-563: The Rio Grande corridor include Canada goose ( Branta canadensis ), mallards ( Anas platyrhynchos ), northern pintails ( Anas acuta ), and American wigeon ( Mareca americana ). Sensitive bird species known to be present at the Caja include bald eagles, peregrine falcons, and gray vireos. Common reptiles include collared lizards ( Crotaphytus collaris ), roundtail horned lizard ( Phrynosoma modestum ), striped whipsnake ( Masticophis taeniatus ), and western diamondback rattlesnake ( Crotalus atrox ). Sensitive reptilian species include

1176-456: The Rio Grande near Buckman . Another deep canyon (approximately 400 feet in depth) runs along the southern edge of the Caja, cut by the Santa Fe River . The canyon of the Santa Fe River separates the Caja land grant from another land grant to the south: the Mesita de Juana Lopez Grant. At the southern part of the Caja is La Bajada Mesa , dominated by Tetilla Peak (7,203 feet). The western edge of

1225-530: The Santa Fe National Forest. This unit consists of approximately 67,197 acres in 2010. The Taos Field Office of the Bureau of Land Management manages additional acreage just outside the forest unit. The Caja del Rio Allotment is now managed as a community grazing allotment. Beginning in 1941, most of the existing allotment improvement were repaired or reconstructed. From 1954 to 1972, the average actual use

1274-446: The area is not marked, it has an undeveloped but very large parking area at its east end. The canyon walls include impressive trap rocks . The flat, sand bottom of the canyon is subject to spectacular flash floods during the summer monsoon season. The hike from Diablo Canyon to the Rio Grande is both scenic and easy White Rock Canyon . The wash is also popular with horse riders. After passing Diablo Canyon, Old Buckman Road continues to

1323-674: The area where the Santuario de Guadalupe is located. Several additional marsh areas and springs had existed in the downtown Santa Fe area forming wetlands that were "active well into the first half of the 20th century." These "ghost springs" still flood basements in numerous downtown buildings, such as the PERA Building adjacent to the State Capitol . The 1914 hydrographic survey of the river showed that there were at least 38 irrigation ditches used to water over 1,000 acres of farm land. Prior to

1372-555: The base of Caja del Rio. 35°41′18″N 106°10′48″W  /  35.68833°N 106.18000°W  / 35.68833; -106.18000 Santa Fe River (New Mexico) The Santa Fe River is a river in Santa Fe and Sandoval counties in New Mexico , United States, that is a tributary of the Rio Grande . The river starts in the Sangre de Cristo mountain range and passes through

1421-657: The city and county developed plans to link those segments. The initial push was to develop the trail from the city downstream; this was the corridor of the historic El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro , which approached Santa Fe from downstream via the Santa Fe River Canyon below the east rim of the Caja del Rio . The paraje on the Camino Real before Santa Fe was in La Cienega , at what is now El Rancho de las Golondrinas . In

1470-474: The deep plumbing of the volcano, which has been studied for clues to the nature of magmatic plumbing systems under cinder cones. The volcano itself has been radiometrically dated as 2.73 ± 0.06 million years old and erupted through three vents in at least two stages. Basalt flows on the west side of White Rock Canyon, across from the Caja, are considered geologically part of the Caja del Rio volcanic field. These are mostly composed of tholeiitic basalt , which

1519-542: The desert kingsnake ( Lampropeltis getula splendida ). Prehistoric Puebloans built dozens of village sites across the Caja del Rio and Pajarito plateaus. In contrast to its western neighbor, however, the canyon walls of the Caja are frequently made of basalt, rather than welded tuff . The latter material is much easier to excavate, and as a result, the Pajarito contains many more cliff houses. Both areas, however, contain countless petroglyphs . Most of them have been pecked into

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1568-635: The heart of the Jemez Mountains . This mountain range has been created by a series of eruptions since the Miocene. The ages of the first eruptions are difficult to determine, since the older rocks have been almost entirely buried by the material from younger eruptions. The oldest exposed volcanic rocks in the vicinity are approximately 16 million years old. The Jemez area experienced an intense pulse of basalt volcanism between 9 and 11 million years ago. The lavas from this cycle had little silica , and originated in

1617-626: The late Oligocene Epoch. The Rio Grande rift takes the form of a series of basins, each offset to the right from the previous basin as one travels along the rift. The Caja del Rio volcanic field lies almost on top of the Bajada Constriction Zone, which is the zone of offset between the Albuquerque Basin to the southwest and the Espanola Basin to the northeast. The Jemez Lineament is another, older feature, which also represents

1666-798: The mantle. Additional pulses of volcanism occurred between 7-10 million years ago, between 6-7 million years ago, between 3-6 million years ago, and between 2-3 million years ago. The last of these pulses is believed to have created the Cerros del Rio volcanic field, which covers the entire Caja del Rio Plateau. The climate of the Caja del Rio is arid and continental. The average daily maximum temperature at White Rock, New Mexico varies from 39.7 degrees Fahrenheit in January to 80.5 degrees in July. The average daily minimum temperature varies from 18.8 degrees in January to 54.4 degrees in July. That average annual maximum temperature

1715-462: The mesa is a large escarpment known as La Bajada ( Spanish : "the descent"), which is easily visible to highway traffic traveling north on Interstate 25 from Albuquerque to Santa Fe. After crossing the Santo Domingo Basin and the reservations of Cochiti and Santo Domingo Pueblo , the freeway makes a steep climb up the escarpment. Further north along La Bajada, at La Bajada Hill, is the site of

1764-644: The mid-20th century, there are differing opinions on whether the Santa Fe River was perennial along its length. Evidence exists that the waterway was fed by several springs historically located throughout the Santa Fe Plaza area, along Agua Fria Street, Frenchy's Field , the Santa Fe Canyon zone above La Bajada hill, and La Cieneguilla . As of 2007, the Santa Fe River Trail existed in short segments, within Santa Fe (city) and Santa Fe County , and

1813-404: The old route of El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro , the road from Mexico City to Santa Fe, which was also the original path of Route 66 ; it involves a tortuous series of 23 switchbacks up the bajada road, which is now closed. La Bajada traditionally forms the southern boundary of the río arriba or upper river area of New Mexico, also known as Northern New Mexico . The Caja del Rio plateau

1862-433: The plateau. The eruptive centers, which included Cerro Montoso, Cerro Colorado, and Tetilla Peak, are mostly large composite cinder cones. The second phase, which lasted from about 2.5 to 2.2 million years ago, was more prolonged but much less voluminous and included a wide range of compositions, including andesite that makes up much of the higher terrain of the Caja del Rio. The final phase, from 1.5 to 1.1 million years ago,

1911-560: The problem of degraded rangelands. The new solutions included the reduction of grazing permits and the institution of range improvement programs. In 1935, the government purchased portions of the Caja del Rio Grant and the Majada Grant under the "Land Program" of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration . That acreage forms what is today the Caja del Rio Unit of the Santa Fe National Forest. Range surveys, maps, and

1960-560: The site of Buckman , a former logging town and depot of the narrow gauge Chili Line . The Rio Grande can be forded in some seasons at Buckman. In fact, this crossing was a major transportation route between Santa Fe and the Pajarito Plateau. Diablo Canyon was a filming location for the 2007 film 3:10 to Yuma . The Caja has around 100 miles of mapped trails. Some of the more notable trails include: The proposed Rio Grande Trail , if it extends north of Bernalillo , may pass along

2009-526: The southeastern part of the Jemez volcanic field. The lavas erupted in the Caja are diverse in their characteristics, ranging from basalt with a silica content of 49% to dacite with a silica content of 63%. Most are alkali basalts and hawaiites , which are basaltic lavas low in silica and mildly enriched in alkali metal oxides . These originated in the Earth's mantle but mingled with melted crust on their way to

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2058-410: The spring of 2012 construction was completed on a new 1.3 mi section of the trail from Camino Alire west to Frenchy's Field Park. The work through this section includes extensive rehabilitation of the riverbed, significant erosion protection structures, and the addition of hundreds of cottonwood saplings and willows along the entire 1.3 mi stretch. Further west on the county-managed stretch of

2107-439: The state capital, Santa Fe providing approximately 40% of the city's water supply. It is an intermittent stream with two perennial reaches. The river is 46 miles (74 km) long. It was first dammed in 1881 and flows when water is released by the city of Santa Fe from two continuous reservoirs. The site of the 1881 dam, Two-Mile Dam, upstream of Santa Fe, is now part of the 190-acre (0.77 km ) Santa Fe Canyon Preserve,

2156-622: The surface. The more silica-rich lavas incorporated more melted crust and are described as evolved magmas. The hawaiites have unusual trace element compositions, suggesting they originated in the remnants of the Farallon plate known to lie below western North America. Eruptions came in three phases. The first and most voluminous phase lasted from about 2.7 to 2.6 million years ago. The lavas erupted during this phase were mostly basalt and basaltic andesite . Because of their low silica content, these lavas were highly fluid, and spread out to form most of

2205-436: The ubiquitous basalt. Europeans founded Santa Fe in 1610. It is likely that use of the Caja del Rio for the grazing of domesticated livestock began shortly thereafter. From the beginning of colonization until the 19th century, subsistence users treated the plateau as common property, and used it for summer grazing and timber harvesting. During the mid-19th century, commercial livestock ranching increased throughout New Mexico. By

2254-421: The water supply was substantially improved by the completion of the Caja del Rio Pipeline. From 2004, the Caja has been the focus of a grass roots campaign to develop recreational trail uses. The purpose of this campaign is to augment use of the Caja, rather than replacing grazing. The trail system is used primarily by mountain bike and horse riders. The United States Forest Service has designated Caja del Rio

2303-495: The west is the Four Corners region; to the east are the high plains of Eastern New Mexico . While northern New Mexico, also known as the río arriba or upper river area, did receive a lot of Hispanic settlement, much Hispanic colonial settlement also occurred in southern areas, known as the río abajo or lower river. The distinction between río arriba and río abajo dates back to colonial times, and continues to be

2352-475: Was 711 permitted cattle. In 2010, the Forest Service allows a maximum of 8,305 animal unit months. That capacity is divided among twelve permittees who graze 492 cow-calf pairs and 28 bulls on ten pastures, in a yearlong season. The allotment was restocked after 2002 due to drought, and has been below maximum rates since then. The allotment contains 18 earth tanks, 7 wells, 31 miles of pipelines, 14 drinking troughs, 10 storage tanks, and 77 miles of fencing. In 2006,

2401-560: Was restricted to a small area in lower White Rock Canyon east of the Rio Grande. These flows were basaltic andesite and dacite, and all overlie the lower Bandelier Tuff (Otowi Member) and the youngest overlies the upper Bandelier Tuff (Tsherige Member). One of the scoria cones of the Caja del Rio, the Cienega volcano ( 35°37′05″N 106°08′02″W  /  35.618°N 106.134°W  / 35.618; -106.134 ), has been quarried since 1919 for cinder. The quarry has exposed part of

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